Scandinavian history in the Viking age - Department of Anglo-Saxon ...
Scandinavian history in the Viking age - Department of Anglo-Saxon ...
Scandinavian history in the Viking age - Department of Anglo-Saxon ...
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<strong>Scand<strong>in</strong>avian</strong> History <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Vik<strong>in</strong>g Age<br />
market-town <strong>of</strong> Ribe (N185 ff.) and <strong>the</strong> co<strong>in</strong>s produced <strong>the</strong>re (C257). The first recorded Christian<br />
missions to Scand<strong>in</strong>avia were planned for Denmark <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> eighth century, see (B46, B95). For early<br />
central places and manors (C70 ff., N144), and for <strong>the</strong> legendary (?) royal seat at Lejre:<br />
[D31] T. Christensen, ‘Lejre beyond legend: <strong>the</strong> archaeological evidence’, JDA 10 (1991), 163-85<br />
[D32] S.W. Andersen, ‘Lejre: skibsætn<strong>in</strong>ger, vik<strong>in</strong>gegrave, Grydehøj’, ANOH 1993, 7-142<br />
The Danevirke<br />
The earliest phases <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ‘Danevirke’, <strong>the</strong> fortified rampart extend<strong>in</strong>g across <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Jutland pen<strong>in</strong>sula, date from <strong>the</strong> early eighth century. For surveys <strong>in</strong> English, see (D7):141-46 and (D27),<br />
and for more detail:<br />
[D35] V. La Cour, Danevirkestudier: en arkæologisk-historisk undersøgelse (1951)<br />
[D36] H.H. Andersen et al., Danevirke: tekst, plancher, JASS 13 (1976) [UL S460:01.b.23.14-15]<br />
The n<strong>in</strong>th century<br />
Denmark emerges <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> light <strong>of</strong> recorded <strong>history</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> n<strong>in</strong>th century due to <strong>the</strong> (usually uneasy)<br />
relations with <strong>the</strong> Frankish empire; <strong>the</strong> essential sources are <strong>the</strong> various sets <strong>of</strong> Frankish annals (B50 ff.),<br />
which reveal a bewilder<strong>in</strong>g multiplicity <strong>of</strong> ‘k<strong>in</strong>gs’ eng<strong>age</strong>d <strong>in</strong> various activities.<br />
[D40] O. Olsen, ‘Royal power <strong>in</strong> Vik<strong>in</strong>g <strong>age</strong> Denmark’, (O55):27-32<br />
[D41] K.L. Maund, ‘“A turmoil <strong>of</strong> warr<strong>in</strong>g pr<strong>in</strong>ces”: political leadership <strong>in</strong> n<strong>in</strong>th-century Denmark’,<br />
Hask<strong>in</strong>s Society Journal 6 (1994), 29-47<br />
[D42] S. Coupland, ‘From poachers to gamekeepers: <strong>Scand<strong>in</strong>avian</strong> warlords and Carol<strong>in</strong>gian k<strong>in</strong>gs’,<br />
EME 7 (1998), 85-114<br />
Godfred<br />
Of particular importance is <strong>the</strong> role <strong>of</strong> k<strong>in</strong>g Godfred <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> first decade <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> century, not least <strong>in</strong> his<br />
establishment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> town <strong>of</strong> Hedeby (N195 ff.). For retrospective assessments <strong>of</strong> Godfred see (D40, D70<br />
ff.); for recent archaeological excavations:<br />
[D44] M. Ravn, ‘Nybro: en trævej fra Kong Godfreds tid’, Kuml 1999, 227-57 (E.s.)<br />
Horik I<br />
N. Lund, ‘Horik den Førstes udenrigspolitik’, DHT (2001), 1-22.<br />
Anskar and Christianity<br />
The o<strong>the</strong>r major development <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> early n<strong>in</strong>th century was <strong>the</strong> beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> organised Christian<br />
missions sponsored by <strong>the</strong> Frankish emperor Louis <strong>the</strong> Pious, as recorded by Ermold (B47) and above all<br />
Rimbert (B72); see (L115 ff.). For <strong>the</strong> important correspondence relat<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> establishment <strong>of</strong><br />
Hamburg-Bremen as responsible for <strong>the</strong>se missions, see (B741 ff.); pope Nicholas I’s letter to k<strong>in</strong>g Horik<br />
<strong>of</strong> 864 can be found <strong>in</strong> (B736b):293-94. Scattered remarks on Franco-Danish relations can be found <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> general textbooks cited <strong>in</strong> (A), see also <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g collection <strong>of</strong> essays:<br />
[D47] P. Godman and R. Coll<strong>in</strong>s, (edd.), Charlemagne’s heir: new perspectives on <strong>the</strong> reign <strong>of</strong> Louis <strong>the</strong><br />
Pious (814-840) (1990) [UL 560:46.c.95.30]<br />
The early tenth century<br />
Accord<strong>in</strong>g to Adam <strong>of</strong> Bremen (B73) a ‘Swedish’ dynasty established itself around Hedeby at <strong>the</strong><br />
beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> tenth century, but <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>terpretation <strong>of</strong> this material is highly debatable. The names <strong>of</strong><br />
some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se rulers seem to be attested on runestones from <strong>the</strong> town, while chroniclers such as<br />
Widuk<strong>in</strong>d (B61) and Thietmar (B63) report <strong>the</strong> forced baptism <strong>of</strong> a k<strong>in</strong>g Chnuba (Gnúpa) <strong>in</strong> 934 by<br />
Henry I.<br />
[D50] N. Lund, ‘Svenskevældet i Hedeby’, ANOH 1980 (1982), 114-25<br />
[D51] E. H<strong>of</strong>fmann, Beiträge zur Geschicte der Beziehungen zwischen dem deutschen und dem<br />
dänischen Reich für die Zeit von 934 bis 1035’, 850 Jahre St.-Petri-Dom zu Schleswig, 1134-1984, edd.<br />
C. Radtke and W. Körber (1984), 105-32<br />
[D52] E. Moltke, ‘Det svenske Hedebyrige og Danmarks saml<strong>in</strong>g’, ANOH 1985 (1986), 16-28<br />
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