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Scandinavian History in the Viking Age TEXTBOOKS, REFERENCE WORKS, AND WRITTEN SOURCES A. TEXTBOOKS AND REFERENCE WORKS Most of the major serial works on Viking-age and mediaeval Scandinavia have been produced in an uneasy mixture of the vernacular Scandinavian languages and are now tending to look somewhat outdated. This applies, for example, to the volumes of the Nordisk kultur series, which nevertheless in some cases remain the most significant guides to various aspects of Scandinavian culture, e.g. (B900-01). A profoundly useful guide to virtually anything anyone could conceivably wish to know on the subject is provided by the Kulturhistorisk leksikon for nordisk middelalder fra vikingetid til reformationstid (A70), although with an inevitable drift towards the mediaeval period; for a more recent, although rather less copious, encyclopaedia see (A73). General textbooks Due to popular interest in the subject there is a vast array of general handbooks available on ‘the Vikings’, most of which say much the same thing and concentrate extensively on Viking activity abroad rather than Scandinavia. The rise to prominence of archaeology as the most significant discipline in the field means that many of the most useful and more recent contributions are well illustrated; (A14) and (A21) can be particularly recommended as accessible and informative guides. For a faster-paced rollercoaster of a ride through Viking history (A12) has a lot going for it. The Vikings [A1] T.D. Kendrick, A history of the Vikings (1930; repr. 1968) [UL 592:12.c.95.10] [A2] H. Arbman, The Vikings, Ancient peoples and places 21 (1961) [UL 592:12.d.95.1] [A3] J. Brøndsted, The Vikings (1965; repr. 1976) [UL 9592.d.29, S592.d.97.4] [A4] E. Oxenstierna, The Norsemen (1966) [UL 592:12.b.95.2] [A5] P. Sawyer, The age of the Vikings (1962), 2nd edn (1971) [UL 1st edn 592:12.c.95.7, 2nd edn 592:12.c.95.17]; the classic and provocative re-assessment of Viking activity in the West [A6] P. Brent, The Viking saga (1975) [UL 592:12.b.95.4] [A7] D.M. Wilson, The Vikings and their origins (1970), 2nd edn (1980) [UL 1st edn 592:12.c.95.16, 2nd edn 592:12.b.95.5] [A8] D.M. Wilson, (ed.), The northern world: the history and heritage of northern Europe, AD 400-1100 (1980) [UL 9530.b.203] [A9] J. Graham-Campbell and D. Kidd, The Vikings (1980) [UL 592:12.b.95.6], with accompanying catalogue guide: J. Graham-Campbell, Viking artefacts: a select catalogue (1980) [UL S592.b.98.1] [A10] P. Sawyer, Kings and Vikings: Scandinavia and Europe AD 700-1100 (1982) [UL 592:12.c.95.32] [A11] F.D. Logan, The Vikings in history (1983) [UL 592:12.c.95.37]; heavy emphasis on the Viking expansion [A12] G. Jones, A history of the Vikings (1969), 2nd edn (1984) [UL 1st edn 592:12.c.95.12; 2nd edn 592:12.d.95.5, pbk 1994.7.205; 1997 repr. 9001.b.4736]; a rattling good yarn, which inspires interest and scepticism in equal measure [A13] J. Graham-Campbell et al., The Viking world (1980), 2nd edn (1989) [UL 1st edn 9530.b.204, 2nd edn 1993.11.3192] [A14] E. Roesdahl, The Vikings (1991) [UL 592:12.c.95.46] [A15] T. Deary, The vicious Vikings, Horrible histories (1994); only for students with serious application [A16] E. Christiansen, The Norsemen in the Viking Age (2002) [UL 592:12.c.200.2] As the subject has split up into separate components or disciplines, so it has become more and more difficult for individual scholars to master the whole of the wide and disparate range of material available. Accordingly, many recent contributions consist of contributions by specialists in particular fields; all of the following are highly recommended. [A20] E. Roesdahl and D.M. Wilson, (edd.), From Viking to Crusader: the Scandinavians and Europe 800-1200 (1992) [UL S400:2.b.9.45]; an exhibition catalogue grown large [A21] C. Batey et al., Cultural atlas of the Viking world (1994) [UL 9000.a.2202] 1
Scandinavian History in the Viking Age [A22] P. Sawyer, (ed.), The Oxford illustrated history of the Vikings (1997) [UL 592:12.c.95.52] [A23] K. Helle, (ed.), The Cambridge history of Scandinavia, vol. 1: prehistory to 1520 (2003) [UL 592:1.c.200.2] Viking-age Scandinavia Relatively less popular attention has been paid to the history of Scandinavia during the Viking age, and a further problem for the English-speaking student is that most of the detailed research has naturally been conducted in the Scandinavian languages. The deceptively named (A33) is still the most comprehensive attempt to address the social history of Viking-age Scandinavia in English, even though it is now outdated on many points; a better place to start would be with the sections devoted to Scandinavia in many of the volumes cited above, especially (A21). For more specific work on Viking-age Scandinavia, as well as references to material concerning the pre-Viking (Iron age) and post-Viking (mediaeval) periods, see section (C). [A30] A. Olrik, Viking civilization, rev. by H. Ellekilde (1930) [UL 592:12.d.90.3] [A31] L. Musset, Les peuples scandinaves au moyen age (1951) [UL 592:12.c.95.6]; a classic study for those willing to tackle a bit of French [A32] G. Turville-Petre, The heroic age of Scandinavia (1951) [UL 9592.d.17] [A33] P.G. Foote and D.M. Wilson, The Viking achievement: the society and culture of early medieval Scandinavia (1970), 2nd edn (1980) [UL 1st edn 592:12.c.95.15, 2nd edn 592:12.c.95.30] [A34] J. Jesch, Women in the Viking age (1991) [UL 592:1.c.95.23] [A35] B. and P. Sawyer, Medieval Scandinavia from conversion to Reformation, circa 800-1500, The Nordic series 17 (1993) [UL 592:1.c.95.34] [A36] N. Lund, ‘Scandinavia, c. 700-1066’, (A101):202-27 Major series Most volumes of collected papers, including Festschriften and conference proceedings, are gathered together at the end in section (O). However, some series are too significant to be relegated as endnotes in this way. The Viking congresses The most significant is the series of Viking congresses held every few years since 1950 in various locations of Scandinavian significance. These are of significance not only for showing the development of thinking in the field, but also for providing numerous presentations in condensed form that would otherwise be inaccessible in English. [A40] The Viking congress, Lerwick, July 1950, ed. W.D. Simpson, Aberdeen University studies 132 (1954) [UL 592:12.c.95.2]; with a heavy concentration on the Scottish isles [A41] Annen Viking kongress, Bergen 1953, ed. K. Falck, Universitetet i Bergen årbok: hist.-antikv. rekke 1955:1 [UL P500.b.171.8] [A42] Þriðji víkingafundur: third Viking Congress, Reykjavík 1956, ed. K. Eldjárn, Árbók hins íslenzka fornleifafélags, fylgirit 1958 [UL P599.b.1.14] [A43] The fourth Viking Congress, York, August 1961, ed. A. Small, Aberdeen University studies 149 (1965) [UL 592:12.c.95.8] [A44] The fifth Viking congress, Tórshavn, July 1965, ed. B. Niclasen (1968) [UL 592:12.c.95.13] [A45] Proceedings of the sixth Viking congress, Uppsala 3-10 August, Bonäs, Dalarna, 10-12 August 1969, edd. P. Foote and D. Strömbäck (1971) [UL 592:12.c.95.19] [A46] Proceedings of the seventh Viking congress, Dublin, 15-21 August 1973, edd. B. Almqvist and D. Greene (1976) [UL 592:12.c.95.25] [A47] Proceedings of the eighth Viking Congress, Århus, 24-31 August 1977, edd. H. Bekker-Nielsen et al., Mediaeval Scandinavia supplement 2 (1981) [UL P592.b.7.2] [A48] The Viking age in the Isle of Man: select papers from the ninth Viking congress, Isle of Man, 4-14 July 1981, edd. C. Fell et al. (1983) [UL 480:1.c.95.23] [A49] Proceedings of the tenth Viking Congress, Larkollen, Norway, 1985, ed. J.E. Knirk, Universitetets Oldsaksamlings skrifter ny rekke 9 (1987) [UL 592:12.c.95.44] 2
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