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Scandinavian History in the Viking Age conquest of England, but also occasionally contain stray remarks about Scandinavia itself. Only a few of the major sources are listed here. [B110] William of Jumièges finished his Gesta Normannorum ducum ‘Deeds of the dukes of Normandy’ in the early 1070s; it provides the sole evidence for saint Olaf Haraldsson’s baptism in Rouen. Text and transl.: E.M.C. van Houts, The Gesta Normannorum ducum of William of Jumièges, Orderic Vitalis, and Robert of Torigni, 2 vols (1992-95) [UL 716:01.c.2.79-80] [B111] William of Malmesbury is definitely one of the most important Anglo-Norman historians, not only in terms of the breadth of his work but also because he seems to have had access to many source materials now lost; he was active in the first half of the twelfth century. [a] His Gesta regum Anglorum ‘Deeds of the kings of the English’ contains a full account of the reign of Æthelstan (924-39), where it mentions relations with a king Harald (presumably Harald fairhair (E30 ff.) of Norway). Text and transl.: R.A.B. Mynors et al., William of Malmesbury, Gesta regvm Anglorvm: the history of the English kings, 2 vols (1998-99) [UL 716:01.c.2.94-95]; the relevant excerpts can be found in (B81):303-10. [b] His history of the abbey of Glastonbury is also surprisingly interesting, in that it contains an obituary list of bishops from the reign of king Edgar (959-75) which mentions one Sigfrid ‘bishop of Norway’. Text and transl.: J. Scott, The early history of Glastonbury: an edition, translation and study of William of Malmesbury’s De antiquitate Glastonie ecclesie (1981) [UL 479:7.c.95.46]; cf. also (L40) [B112] John of Worcester wrote his Chronicon ex chronicis (formerly attributed to Florence of Worcester) around 1140, and provides some extra material on the period of the Anglo-Danish kings in particular. Text and transl.: P. McGurk et al., The chronicle of John of Worcester. II: The annals from 450 to 1066 (1995) [UL 716:01.c.2.86]; further excerpts transl. in (B81):310-19 (on the Anglo-Danish kings), (B82):215-28 [B113] Orderic Vitalis wrote his epic Historia ecclesiastica in the early twelfth century; it contains some useful observations on Scandinavian history, particularly during the eleventh century. Text and transl.: M. Chibnall, The ecclesiastical history of Orderic Vitalis, 6 vols (1969-80) [UL 716:01.c.2.28-33] Celtic sources Sources from the Celtic-speaking areas of Scotland, Ireland, and Wales are naturally most informative on the Vikings abroad in the British isles, yet they also occasionally provide extra information on the Scandinavian background. The Irish sources are particularly striking in their rare ability (or simply willingness) to distinguish Danes from Norwegians through the contrast between Dubgaill ‘Black foreigners’ referring to the former and Finngaill ‘White foreigners’ for the latter. On the other hand, they frequently tend to be disappointingly reticent on the fate of the Viking colonies in the northern and western isles of Scotland, where Scandinavian culture took root most firmly in Britain. Only a selection of sources from the Celtic-speaking areas has been included here; for further guidance, see (I240) and (B125). Anthologies [B120] A.O. Anderson, Early sources of Scottish history A.D. 500 to 1286, 2 vols, rev. by M. Anderson, Paul Watkins medieval studies 1 (1990) [UL 550:4.c.95.37-38]; contains a wide collection of primary sources relating to Scotland, all in English translation Guides [B122] K. Hughes, Early Christian Ireland: introduction to the sources, The sources of history: studies in the uses of historical evidence (1972) [UL 554:6.c.95.3] [B123] R.I. Jack, Medieval Wales, The sources of history: studies in the uses of historical evidence (1972) [UL 485:2.c.95.27] For a survey of Irish perceptions and presentations of the Vikings in a wide range of sources: [B125] M. Ní Mhaonaigh, ‘Friend and foe: Vikings in ninth- and tenth-century Irish literature’, (O82):381-402 15
Scandinavian History in the Viking Age Annals The annals of Ireland, most of which are preserved in manuscripts no older than the late mediaeval period, are the most comprehensive source; for guidance within this tricky body of material, see: [B130] G. Mac Niocaill, The medieval Irish annals, Medieval Irish history series 3 (1975) [UL Uc.7.6398]; K. Grabowski and D. Dumville, Chronicles and annals of mediaeval Ireland and Wales: the Clonmacnoise-group texts, Studies in Celtic history 4 (1984) [UL 541:12.c.95.57]; cf. also (B122), ch. 4: ‘The annals’ Ireland For the early Viking age at least most of the various recensions of annals are closely interrelated, and seem to betray the existence of an earlier ur-chronicle, often called the ‘Chronicle of Ireland’. [B131] Ulster. Text and transl.: W.M. Hennessy and B. Mac Carthy, Annala Uladh: annals of Ulster, otherwise, Annala Senait: annals of Senat; a chronicle of Irish affairs A.D. 431-1131, 1155-1541, 4 vols (1887-1901) [UL OP.11.24-27]; S. Mac Airt and G. Mac Niocaill, The annals of Ulster (to A.D. 1131) (1983) [UL 488:3.c.95.35] (lacks discussion or index) [B132] Clonmacnoise. These annals only survive in the form of an English translation made in the early seventeenth century. Text: D. Murphy, The annals of Clonmacnoise, being annals of Ireland from the earliest period to A.D. 1408, translated into English A.D. 1627 by Conell Mageoghagan (1896; repr. 1993) [UL S488:01.b.1.10; repr. 1994.8.1078] [B133] Tigernach. Text and transl.: W. Stokes, ‘The annals of Tigernach: the fourth fragment, A.D. 973- A.D. 1088’, Revue Celtique 17 (1896), 337-420, repr. along with other fragments as The annals of Tigernach (1993), 229-312 [UL 9001.d.4768-69] [B134] Chronicon Scotorum. Text and transl.: W.M. Hennessy, Chronicon Scotorum: a chronicle of Irish affairs, RS 46 (1866) [UL R542.30.46] [B135] Inisfallen. Text and transl.: S. Mac Airt, The annals of Inisfallen (MS. Rawlinson B.503) (1951) [UL 733:3.c.95.2] A large amount of material is preserved in various compilations from the early modern period that seem to have been based on older sources, some of which are now lost. [B136] The work of the Four masters is among the most comprehensive, put together in the 1630s by four clerics from Donegal. Text and transl.: J. O’Donovan, Annala rioghachta Eireann: annals of the kingdom of Ireland, by the Four Masters, from the earliest period to the year 1616, 7 vols, 2nd edn (1856) [UL Acton.b.25.223-29] [B137] The seventeenth-century scholar Duald Mac Firbis left a number of useful texts, including some fragments of annals copied from older documents which provide some interesting observations on early Norwegian and Orcadian history in particular. Text and transl.: J. O’Donovan, Annals of Ireland: three fragments copied from ancient sources by Dubhaltach mac Firbisigh (1860) [UL S488:01.c.1.19]; J.N. Radner, Fragmentary annals of Ireland (1978) [UL 554:6.c.95.5]. For background and commentary, see also: N. Ó Muraile, The celebrated antiquary Dubhaltach Mac Fhirbhisigh (c. 1600-1671): his lineage, life and learning, Maynooth monographs 6 (1996) [UL 488:16.b.95.28] Scotland Scottish annals and genealogies are far less copious than the Irish ones, and often interrelated textually; see (B120) for an anthology in translation. For a collection of early chronicles, regnal lists, and much else besides, see: [B140] Text: W.F. Skene, Chronicles of the Picts, Chronicles of the Scots, and other early memorials of Scottish history (1867) [UL OP.6.24]. For more recent discussion and some newly edited versions of the texts, see M.O. Anderson, Kings and kingship in early Scotland (1973; rev. edn 1980) [UL 550:1.c.95.6; rev. edn 550:1.c.95.8] Wales [B145] The title Annales Cambriæ reflects various mediaeval Welsh annals. Text: J. Williams ab Ithel, Annales Cambriæ, RS 20 (1860; repr. 1965) [UL R542.30.20]. For the oldest versions covering the years up to 954, see: E. Phillimore, ‘The Annales Cambriæ and Old-Welsh genealogies from Harleian MS. 16
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