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Scandinavian History in the Viking Age to mainland Scandinavia; for the Viking settlements abroad, see the respective sections on each area. One of the most striking aspects of settlement in the Viking age is the mobility of sites, which shift around in search of fresh land until the advent of the mediaeval era; cf. (M30 ff.). Aside from archaeology, placenames are also an invaluable source; a basic approach to the principles of using onomastic research is provided by: [M25] J. Kousgård Sørensen, ‘Place-names and settlement history’, Names, words and graves: early medieval settlement, ed. P.H. Sawyer (1979), 1-33 [UL 498:6.c.95.5] And for a recent guide to landscape studies and settlement, with a heavy emphasis on the Iron age in general, see: [M27] C. Fabech and J. Ringtved, (edd.), Settlement and landscape: proceedings of a conference in Århus, Denmark, May 4-7 1998 (1999) [UL 466:1.b.95.95] Denmark The greater concentration of arable land in Denmark has always made the region more conducive to the cultivation of crops than further north in Scandinavia; it also presumably played a role in the relatively early development of village-style settlements, at least by contrast with Norway. [M30] A series of ground-breaking excavations of settlements were published in AA 50 (1979): I. Stoumann, ‘Sædding: a Viking-age village near Esbjerg’, 95-118; L.B. Jørgensen and T. Skov, ‘Trabjerg: a Viking-age settlement in north-west Jutland’, 119-36 (cf. now (M37)); S. Hvass, ‘Vorbasse: the Vikingage settlement at Vorbasse, central Jutland’, 137-72; L.C. Nielsen, ‘Omgård: a settlement from the late Iron age and the Viking period in west Jutland’, 173-208 [M31] C.J. Becker, ‘Viking age villages and “manors” in Denmark: recent discoveries’, (A47):25-36 [M32] Further results are summarised in JDA 2 (1983): S. Hvass, ‘Vorbasse: the development of a settlement through the first millenium A.D.’, 127-36; P. Birkedahl Christensen, ‘Søby: a Viking age settlement on Samsø’, 149-55 [M33] S. Hvass, ‘Viking age villages in Denmark: new investigations’, (N20):211-28 For a recent survey of the contrast between villages and single farmsteads, see: [M35] D.K. Mikkelsen, ‘Single farm or village? Reflections on the settlement structure of the Iron age and the Viking period’, (M27):177-93 And for a sample full-length study: [M37] L.B. Jørgensen, Trabjerg: en vestjysk landsby fra vikingetiden, JASS 31.1 (1995) [UL S460:01.b.23.45a] (E.s.) Norway The terrain of Norway is particularly rugged, and settlement patterns tend therefore to concentrate more around single farm-complexes than village systems. Of particular interest also is the internal expansion into previously unsettled highland and forest areas; although really a phenomenon of the Middle ages, this drift can be identified in the Viking age and is frequently associated with the collection of raw resources such as iron. [M40] A. Hagen, ‘The Norwegian Iron age farm’, (A41):49-58 [M41] T. Sjøvold, The Iron age settlement of Arctic Norway: a study in the expansion of European Iron age culture within the Arctic circle. I: Early Iron age (Roman and Migration periods). II: Late Iron age (Merovingian and Viking periods), Tromsø museums skrifter 10 (1962-74) [UL 594:3.b.95.1-2] [M42] E. Bakka, ‘Ytre Moa: eit gardsanlegg frå vikingtida i Årdal i Sogn’, Viking 29 (1965), 121-45 [M43] J. Sandnes, ‘Stadnamn og busetnad i tida ca. 800-1300’, Norrøn kulturhistorie, edd. O. Bø and O. Høyland (1974), 150-72 [UL 593:2.c.95.8] [M44] K. Sognnes, ‘The relationship between coastal and inland areas in the Viking period of west Norway’, AA 50 (1979), 223-33 [M45] A. Holmsen, Gård og gods i Norge i eldre tid (1980) [UL 221.c.98.113] [M46] I. Martens, ‘Recent investigations of iron production in Viking age Norway’, NAR 15 (1982), 29- 44 123
Scandinavian History in the Viking Age [M47] O.S. Johansen, ‘Viking age farms: estimating the number and population size; a case study from Vestvågøy, north Norway’, NAR 15 (1982), 45-69 [M48] I. Martens, ‘Some aspects of marginal settlement in Norway during the Viking age and middle ages’, (H8):1-7 [M49] P. Sveaas Andersen, ‘The Norwegian background’, (I124):16-25 [M50] D. Skre, Rural settlements in medieval Norway, AD 400-1400 (1996) [M51] B. Solli, Narratives of Veøy: an investigation into the poetics and scientifics of archaeology, Universitetets Oldsaksamlings skrifter ny rekke 19 (1996), 183-207 [UL 594:3.c.95.14] Sweden Settlement patterns in Sweden are perhaps more diverse than in the rest of mainland Scandinavia, which is partially a reflection of the great regional disparities in this large area. Swedish surveys are also particularly significant for the interaction with aspects of administration and government (C230 ff.). [M55] U. Sporrong, Kolonisation, bebyggelseutveckling och adminstration: studier i agrar kulturlandskapsutveckling under vikingatid och tidig medeltid med exempel från Uppland och Närke, Meddelanden från Kulturgeografiska Institutionen vid Stockholms Universitet B:23 (1971) [UL 595:2.c.95.3] [M56] Å. Hyenstrand, Production of iron in outlying districts and the problem of Järnbäraland, Early medieval studies 4, AArkiv 46 (1972) [Haddon] [M57] Å. Hyenstrand, Centralbygd—randbygd: strukturella, ekonomiska och administrativa huvudlinjer i mellansvensk yngre järnålder, Acta universitatis Stockholmiensis: studies in North-European archaeology 5 (1974) [UL S592:01.b.3.6] (E.s.) [M58] Å. Hyenstrand, ‘Iron and iron economy in Sweden’, (F17):134-56 [M59] U. Sporrong, ‘Studies of rural society based on field evidence in central Sweden’, (N20):201-10 [M60] J. Callmer, ‘To stay or to move: some aspects of the settlement dynamics in southern Scandinavia in the seventh to twelfth centuries A.D. with special reference to the province of Scania, southern Sweden’, MLUHM new series 6 (1985-86), 167-208 [M61] P. Hansson, Samhälle och järn i Sverige under järnåldern och äldre medeltiden: exemplet Närke, Aun 13 (1989) [UL 466:01.b.4.13] [M62] B. Stjernquist, ‘Uppåkra, a central place in Skåne during the Iron age’, LAR 1995, 89-120; L. Larsson and B. Hårdh, ‘Uppåkra: ett hövdinga- eller kungasäte’, FV 92 (1997), 139-54 (E.s.) Architecture Relatively little is available in English on Scandinavian architecture in general. The textbooks in (A) contain good overall surveys, while for individual sites see (M25 ff.) and (N140 ff.). [M70] S. Erixon, (ed.), Byggnadskultur, Nordisk kultur 17 (1952) [UL 592:01.b.1.17] Halls and houses For the significance of halls see (C70 ff.). [M72] A. Roussell, ‘Det nordiske hus i vikingetid’, (G15):193-200 (E.s. 321-22) [M73] B. Myhre et al., (edd.), Vestnordisk byggeskikk gjennem to tusen år: tradisjon og forandring fra romertid til det 19. århundrede, Arkeologisk museum i Stavanger skrifter 7 (1982) [UL 401:7.b.95.97] (E.s.) [M74] B. Stoklund, ‘Building traditions in the northern world’, (I121):96-115 [M75] H. Schmidt, ‘Viking age buildings’, JDA 9 (1990), 194-202 [M76] H. Schmidt, ‘Reconstruction of the Lejre hall’, JDA 10 (1991), 186-90 [M77] F. Herschend, ‘The origin of the hall in southern Scandinavia’, Tor 25 (1993), 175-99 [M78] H. Schmidt, Building customs in Viking age Denmark (1994) [UL 598:3.b.95.21] [M79] H. Skov, ‘Hustyper i vikingetid og tidlig middelalder: udviklingen af hustyperne i det gammeldanske område fra ca. 800-1200 e.Kr.’, Hikuin 21 (1994), 139-62 [M80] S. Norr and A. Sundkvist, ‘Valsgärde revisited: fieldwork resumed after 40 years’, Tor 27 (1995), 395-417 [M81] B. Magnus, ‘Dwellings and settlements: structure and characteristics’, (O86):5-33. 124
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