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Scandinavian History in the Viking Age [I198] G.F. Bigelow, ‘Issues and prospects in Shetland Norse archaeology’, (H8):9-32 [I199] B.E. Crawford et al., The Biggings, Papa Stour, Shetland: the history and excavation of a royal Norwegian farm, Society of Antiquaries of Scotland monograph 15 (1999) [UL T486.b.18.15] For place-names and settlement cf. (B875) and: [I205] L.J. Macgregor, ‘Norse settlement in Shetland: a case study’, (A60) vol. 6 (1987), 27-45 [UL L592.c.25.6] Ireland The pattern of Norse activity in Ireland is similar in outline, at least at first, to many colonies elsewhere. The first raids are documented from the end of the eighth century and persisted throughout the early ninth; there appear to have been rival Norwegian and Danish fleets in operation during this period, and many Vikings seem to have hired themselves out to local rulers as mercenaries. The first period of Scandinavian involvement in Ireland can perhaps be said to have ended with the expulsion of many warlords around 902, seemingly helping to prompt a large-scale emigration to Iceland (G40 ff.). The tenth century is characterised by the shifting kingdoms of Dublin and York under supposed descendants of Ivar the boneless (I30 ff.), but the influence of their rulers faded after the middle of the tenth century, culminating in the battle of Clontarf in 1014. In the course of the eleventh century, most of the Viking towns or camps returned to Irish control, and the reign of the last major Viking ruler of Dublin, Sigtrygg silkbeard (from 989 to 1042) signalled the serious assimilation of the Norse settlers. The annals are the most important source for the Viking raids and activities, see (B122):148-59; for texts in translation, (B120): I,255-75 and (B130 ff.). For initial guidance, see (I10 ff.), and the items in (A114). [I210] P.H. Sawyer, ‘The Vikings and Ireland’, Ireland in early mediaeval Europe, edd. D. Whitelock et al. (1982), 345-61 [UL 554:6.c.95.6] [I211] B. Jaski, ‘The Vikings and the kingship of Tara’, Peritia 9 (1995), 310-51 [I212] A number of useful contributions can be found in (O82), see particularly: R. Ó Floinn, ‘The archaeology of the early Viking age in Ireland’, 131-65; J. Sheehan, ‘Early Viking age silver hoards from Ireland and their Scandinavian elements’, 166-202; C. Doherty, ‘The Vikings in Ireland: a review’, 288- 330; S. Stumman Hansen and A-C. Larssen, ‘Viking Ireland and the Scandinavian communities in the north Atlantic’, 115-26; D. Ó Corráin, ‘Viking Ireland: afterthoughts’, 421-52 [I213] The Vikings in Ireland, ed. A. C. Larsen (2003): D. Ó Corráin, ‘The Vikings in Ireland’, 17-27; C. Doherty, ‘The Viking impact upon Ireland’, 29-35. [I214] H. Mythun, ‘The Vikings in Ireland: ethnicity, identity and cultural change’, (H11):113-137 The Viking raids The earliest Viking activity in Ireland in the ninth century involved smash and grab raids, the proceeds of which were maintained through a series of temporary, or not so temporary, forts. For surveys of this activity in the Irish sea area, see (I125 ff.) and the more general items in (I10 ff.); for the effects on Irish society, particularly in ecclesiastical terms, also: [I215] C.D. Morris, ‘The Vikings and Irish monasteries’, Durham University journal 71 (1979), 175-85 [I216] C. Etchingham, Viking raids on Irish church settlements in the ninth century: a reconsideration of the annals, Maynooth monographs series minor 1 (1996) [UL 1998.8.6817] The Viking kings These settlements gradually took on a more permanent nature, with the establishment of towns and the Viking kingdom at Dublin; see (I30 ff.), and for urbanisation more specifically (N350 ff.). The history of these various kings is a highly tangled one, as also is the question of whether figures from Scandinavian history can be reasonably identified with any of the Viking leaders or their dynasties. [I220] P. Hunter Blair, ‘Olaf the white and the Three Fragments of Irish annals’, Viking 3 (1939), 1-35 [I221] J. Stewart, ‘The death of Turgesius’, SBVS 18 (1970-73), 47-58 [I222] D. Ó Corráin, ‘High-kings, Vikings and other kings’, Irish historical studies 21 (1978-79), 283- 323 99
Scandinavian History in the Viking Age The end of Viking Ireland The battle of Clontarf in 1014 goes some way towards symbolising the gradual end of the Viking kingdoms of Britain. The best overall guides are in (A114). [I225] E. Linklater, ‘The battle of Clontarf’, Viking 15 (1951), 1-14 [I226] J. Ryan, ‘The Northmen in Ireland after the battle of Clontarf’, (A41):123-29 [I227] W. Sayers, ‘Clontarf, and the Irish destinies of Sigurðr digri, earl of Orkney, and Þorsteinn Síðu- Hallsson’, SS 63 (1991), 164-86 [I228] B. Hudson, ‘Knútr and Viking Dublin’, SS 66 (1994), 319-35 The Isle of Man The fortunes of the Norse on the isle of Man are so inextricably linked to the whole Irish sea area that much of the most useful reading is to be found scattered throughout the various earlier sections (I1 ff., I25 ff.). After settlement during the Viking age, a Norse dynasty ruled in Man from the late eleventh century onwards; it is from this point that the island’s history can be charted through (B148). For the splendid runic crosses see also (B831), (I47), and (M155 ff.). [I230] G. Bersu and D.M. Wilson, Three Viking graves in the Isle of Man, Society for Mediaeval Archaeology monograph series 1 (1966) [UL 474:01.b.3.1] [I231] D.M. Wilson, ‘Manx memorial stones of the Viking period’, SBVS 18 (1970-73), 1-18 [I232] D.M. Wilson, The Viking age in the isle of Man: the archaeological evidence, C.C. Rafn lecture 3 (1974) [UL 9474.c.1392] [I233] M. Dolley, ‘The palimpsest of Viking settlement on Man’, (A47):173-81 [I234] The Ninth Viking congress (A48) was devoted to the Isle of Man in the Viking age, and is therefore full of interesting contributions, see: M. Cubbon, ‘The archaeology of the Vikings in the Isle of Man’, 13-26; G. Fellows-Jensen, ‘Scandinavian settlement in the Isle of Man and northwest England: the place-name evidence’, 37-52; J. Graham-Campbell, ‘The Viking-age silver hoards of the Isle of Man’, 53-80; R.I. Page, ‘The Manx rune-stones’, 133-46 [I235] K. Holman, ‘The dating of Scandinavian runic inscriptions from the Isle of Man’, Innskrifter og datering: dating inscriptions, Senter for middelalderstudier skrifter 8, edd. A. Dybdahl and J.R. Hagland (1998), 43-54 [ASNC] Wales The Scandinavian involvement in Wales was on the whole more peripheral than in most other parts of the British isles, and its most visible legacy is the series of Norse place-names for the coastal islands. For a general survey of this activity, see (A115). [I240] B.G. Charles, Old Norse relations with Wales (1934) [UL 9530.d.99] [I241] H.R. Loyn, The Vikings in Wales, Dorothea Coke memorial lecture in northern studies 1976 (1976) [UL 9540.b.278] [I242] M. Redknap, Vikings in Wales: An Archaeological Quest (2000) [UL 2003.9.3502] The Frankish empire The literature on the Vikings in mainland Europe is extensive; for guidance, see (A117). Since Viking activity on the western European mainland falls outside the scope of the activities of the Department for which this bibliography is intended, only a few key or recent items are included here. [I250] J.M. Wallace-Hadrill, The Vikings in Francia, The Stenton lecture 8 (1975) [UL Uc.7.5033] [I251] J.L. Nelson, ‘The Frankish empire’, (A22):19-47 The raids of the ninth century The Viking raids of the ninth century were aimed for the most part at targets that were either coastal or along navigable rivers. For general surveys, see (I1 ff.). [I255] T. Reuter, ‘Plunder and tribute in the Carolingian empire’, TRHS 5th ser. 35 (1985), 75-94 [I256] C. Gillmor, ‘War on the rivers: Viking numbers and mobility on the Seine and Loire, 841-886’, Viator 19 (1988), 79-109 1988 [I257] J.L. Nelson, Charles the bald (1992) [UL 560:46.c.95.35] [I258] S. Coupland, ‘The fortified bridges of Charles the bald’, JMH 17 (1991), 1-12 100
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