Scandinavian history in the Viking age - Department of Anglo-Saxon ...

Scandinavian History in the Viking Age
[I77] D.M. Hadley, The northern Danelaw: its social structure, c. 800-1100, Studies in the early history
of Britain (2000) [UL 541:12.c.200.2]
[I78] D.M. Hadley, ‘Viking and native: re-thinking identity in the Danelaw’, EME 11 (2002), 45-70
The Five Boroughs
The five boroughs of Derby, Leicester, Lincoln, Nottingham, and Stamford bounded a hotbed of
Scandinavian settlement in the east midlands that was gradually brought under the authority of the
English kings in the mid-tenth century.
[I80] R.A. Hall, ‘The Five Boroughs of the Danelaw: a review of present knowledge’, ASE 18 (1989),
149-206
The kingdom of York
For much of the tenth century the region around York was effectively governed by Scandinavian kings of
various backgrounds. For the wider context, see (I30 ff.); for the urban history of York (N345 ff.).
[I83] W.S. Angus, ‘Christianity as a political force in Northumbria in the Danish and Norse periods’,
(A43):142-65
[I84] A. Binns, ‘The York Viking kingdom: relations between Old English and Old Norse culture’,
(A43):179-89
[I85] D.W. Rollason et al., Sources for York history to AD 1100, The archaeology of York 1 (1998) [UL
9474.c.1422a]
[I86] M. Townend, ‘Whatever happened to York Viking poetry? Memory, tradition and the transmission
of skaldic verse’, SBVS 27 (2003), 48-90
Other regional studies
For a variety of regional studies conducted with place-names see (B870 ff.).
[I88] J.R. Baldwin and I.D. Whyte, (edd.), The Scandinavians in Cumbria (1985) [UL L592.c.19.3]; see
in particular N. Higham, ‘The Scandinavians in north Cumbria: raids and settlement in the later ninth to
mid tenth centuries’, 37-51
The ‘second Viking age’
Towards the end of the tenth century serious Viking raids in England began again after a distinct gap; see
(C45 ff.). It may be no coincidence that this was just when the vast supply of Arabic silver dirhams into
Scandinavia was running out (N70 ff.), in which case it could be argued that Scandinavian leaders were
seeking an alternative source of moveable wealth.
[I90] S. Jansson, Swedish Vikings in England: the evidence of the runestones, Dorothea Coke memorial
lecture in northern studies 1965 [UL Ub.7.712]
[I91] N. Lund, ‘Peace and non-peace in the Viking age: Ottar in Biarmaland, the Rus in Byzantium, and
the Danes and Norwegians in England’, (A49):255-70; on the treaty between Ethelred and Olaf
Tryggvason
On the evidence of skaldic verse (B483 ff.) see:
[I93] A. Campbell, Skaldic verse and Anglo-Saxon history, Dorothea Coke memorial lecture in northern
studies 1970 (1971) [UL 9752.c.102]
[I94] R. Poole, ‘Skaldic verse and Anglo-Saxon history: some aspects of the period 1009-1016’,
Speculum 62 (1987), 265-98
The Danish conquest
This movement drifted into the idea of what might be termed nationally sponsored invasions under the
Danish kings Svein and Knut (D96; D100 ff.) which culminated in the expulsion of the English royal
heirs and the foundation of an Anglo-Danish empire; on the levying of the Danish armies, see also (C220
ff.). For surveys of the large payments of ‘Danegeld’ levied from the English by marauding Danish
armies, and the heregeld ‘army-tax’ collected by the Anglo-Danish kings, see:
95