Scandinavian history in the Viking age - Department of Anglo-Saxon ...
Scandinavian history in the Viking age - Department of Anglo-Saxon ...
Scandinavian history in the Viking age - Department of Anglo-Saxon ...
Create successful ePaper yourself
Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.
<strong>Scand<strong>in</strong>avian</strong> History <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Vik<strong>in</strong>g Age<br />
[I77] D.M. Hadley, The nor<strong>the</strong>rn Danelaw: its social structure, c. 800-1100, Studies <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> early <strong>history</strong><br />
<strong>of</strong> Brita<strong>in</strong> (2000) [UL 541:12.c.200.2]<br />
[I78] D.M. Hadley, ‘Vik<strong>in</strong>g and native: re-th<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g identity <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Danelaw’, EME 11 (2002), 45-70<br />
The Five Boroughs<br />
The five boroughs <strong>of</strong> Derby, Leicester, L<strong>in</strong>coln, Nott<strong>in</strong>gham, and Stamford bounded a hotbed <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>Scand<strong>in</strong>avian</strong> settlement <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> east midlands that was gradually brought under <strong>the</strong> authority <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
English k<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> mid-tenth century.<br />
[I80] R.A. Hall, ‘The Five Boroughs <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Danelaw: a review <strong>of</strong> present knowledge’, ASE 18 (1989),<br />
149-206<br />
The k<strong>in</strong>gdom <strong>of</strong> York<br />
For much <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> tenth century <strong>the</strong> region around York was effectively governed by <strong>Scand<strong>in</strong>avian</strong> k<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>of</strong><br />
various backgrounds. For <strong>the</strong> wider context, see (I30 ff.); for <strong>the</strong> urban <strong>history</strong> <strong>of</strong> York (N345 ff.).<br />
[I83] W.S. Angus, ‘Christianity as a political force <strong>in</strong> Northumbria <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Danish and Norse periods’,<br />
(A43):142-65<br />
[I84] A. B<strong>in</strong>ns, ‘The York Vik<strong>in</strong>g k<strong>in</strong>gdom: relations between Old English and Old Norse culture’,<br />
(A43):179-89<br />
[I85] D.W. Rollason et al., Sources for York <strong>history</strong> to AD 1100, The archaeology <strong>of</strong> York 1 (1998) [UL<br />
9474.c.1422a]<br />
[I86] M. Townend, ‘Whatever happened to York Vik<strong>in</strong>g poetry? Memory, tradition and <strong>the</strong> transmission<br />
<strong>of</strong> skaldic verse’, SBVS 27 (2003), 48-90<br />
O<strong>the</strong>r regional studies<br />
For a variety <strong>of</strong> regional studies conducted with place-names see (B870 ff.).<br />
[I88] J.R. Baldw<strong>in</strong> and I.D. Whyte, (edd.), The <strong>Scand<strong>in</strong>avian</strong>s <strong>in</strong> Cumbria (1985) [UL L592.c.19.3]; see<br />
<strong>in</strong> particular N. Higham, ‘The <strong>Scand<strong>in</strong>avian</strong>s <strong>in</strong> north Cumbria: raids and settlement <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> later n<strong>in</strong>th to<br />
mid tenth centuries’, 37-51<br />
The ‘second Vik<strong>in</strong>g <strong>age</strong>’<br />
Towards <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> tenth century serious Vik<strong>in</strong>g raids <strong>in</strong> England began aga<strong>in</strong> after a dist<strong>in</strong>ct gap; see<br />
(C45 ff.). It may be no co<strong>in</strong>cidence that this was just when <strong>the</strong> vast supply <strong>of</strong> Arabic silver dirhams <strong>in</strong>to<br />
Scand<strong>in</strong>avia was runn<strong>in</strong>g out (N70 ff.), <strong>in</strong> which case it could be argued that <strong>Scand<strong>in</strong>avian</strong> leaders were<br />
seek<strong>in</strong>g an alternative source <strong>of</strong> moveable wealth.<br />
[I90] S. Jansson, Swedish Vik<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>in</strong> England: <strong>the</strong> evidence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> runestones, Doro<strong>the</strong>a Coke memorial<br />
lecture <strong>in</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn studies 1965 [UL Ub.7.712]<br />
[I91] N. Lund, ‘Peace and non-peace <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Vik<strong>in</strong>g <strong>age</strong>: Ottar <strong>in</strong> Biarmaland, <strong>the</strong> Rus <strong>in</strong> Byzantium, and<br />
<strong>the</strong> Danes and Norwegians <strong>in</strong> England’, (A49):255-70; on <strong>the</strong> treaty between E<strong>the</strong>lred and Olaf<br />
Tryggvason<br />
On <strong>the</strong> evidence <strong>of</strong> skaldic verse (B483 ff.) see:<br />
[I93] A. Campbell, Skaldic verse and <strong>Anglo</strong>-<strong>Saxon</strong> <strong>history</strong>, Doro<strong>the</strong>a Coke memorial lecture <strong>in</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
studies 1970 (1971) [UL 9752.c.102]<br />
[I94] R. Poole, ‘Skaldic verse and <strong>Anglo</strong>-<strong>Saxon</strong> <strong>history</strong>: some aspects <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> period 1009-1016’,<br />
Speculum 62 (1987), 265-98<br />
The Danish conquest<br />
This movement drifted <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> idea <strong>of</strong> what might be termed nationally sponsored <strong>in</strong>vasions under <strong>the</strong><br />
Danish k<strong>in</strong>gs Sve<strong>in</strong> and Knut (D96; D100 ff.) which culm<strong>in</strong>ated <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> expulsion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> English royal<br />
heirs and <strong>the</strong> foundation <strong>of</strong> an <strong>Anglo</strong>-Danish empire; on <strong>the</strong> levy<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Danish armies, see also (C220<br />
ff.). For surveys <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> large payments <strong>of</strong> ‘Danegeld’ levied from <strong>the</strong> English by maraud<strong>in</strong>g Danish<br />
armies, and <strong>the</strong> heregeld ‘army-tax’ collected by <strong>the</strong> <strong>Anglo</strong>-Danish k<strong>in</strong>gs, see:<br />
95