Savory - Arachnida 1977

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232 III. PROLES ARACH~ES Grou;J Heterosphyronida Sub-order Heterosphyronida Chthonioidca Families Tridenehthoniidae. Chthoniidae Group Homosphyronida Sub-order Diplosphyronida Super-family Neobisioidca Families Neobisiidac, Gymnobisiidae, Syarinidea, Hyidae, Ideoroncidac Super-family Families Olpiidac, Garypidac Super-family Fcaelloidca Families Synsphyronidca, Fenellidae Sub-order Monosphyronida Super-family Cheiridioidea F arnilies Pseudoeheiridiidae, Cheiridiidae, Sternophoridac Super-family Chelifcroidea Families Myrmoehernetidae, Chernetidae, Atemnidae, Cheliferidae The structural details on which the main parts of this classification is based are contained in the follo'vith rapid backward dartings, is like nothing else in the animal kingdom. To the zoologist they present a combination of primitive features, like a fully-segmented abdomen, with spccializations of their own, like chelicera} silk glands and complex methods of maternal care; as well as a cocoon-building habit \Vhich for instinctiYe capacity equals that of the spider in spinning its web. All this leads to a rather surprising conclusion. \Ve are sometimes told that, except statistically, there is no such thing as an average man, and this may be true, but in false scorpions ·we see an excellent example of a typical, average, arachnid. A wide distribution, a cryptozoic life, intricate structure, characteristic habits, and puzzles in plenty, all this builds up to the biology of a group of wholly delightful creatures. 29 The Order Solifugae [Solpugides Leach, 1815; Solifugae Sundevall, 1833; Solpugae Koch, 1842; Solpugidea Cambridge, 1872; Solpugida Pearse, 1936; M ycetophora J (Sun-spiders, Camel-spiders, vYind-scorpions; W alzenspinnen) Arathnida in which the prosoma is covered ~v a propeltidiam, marking a putative head,followed by three te1gites. There are two,four orsix €Yes. There is no pedicel. The opisthosoma is of 11 somites, without a telson. The sternum is absent or hidden. The chelicerae are of two segments, chelate, poweiful and projecting forward, u·ith a flagellum in the male. The pedipalpi are of six segments, leg-like, and can] suckers on their tarsi. The legs are of seven segments, with the trochanters of the last three pairs sub-segmented, and the fourth pair caruing three to five malleoli or racketorgans on their coxae and trochanters. The prosoma of Solifugae is as fully segmented as is that of any other arachnid. The anterior part consists of a conspicuously swollen "head", the size of which is due to the muscles of the powerful chelicerae within covered by a single sclerite, the propeltidium 99). Three small plates of chitin lie on each side below the edges of this; they have called the lobus exterior, the lamina exterior major and the lamina exterior minor, and are particularly clear in the genus Rhagodes (Fig. 100). Behind the propeltidium lies the median plagula, followed by two paired transverse strips, the arcus anterior and the arcus posterior These show considerable variations among the different genera, and as a result different authorities have regarded them as having different relations to the underlying six somites of the prosoma. Finally, behind the arcus there are two transverse quadrate tergites, the mesopeltidium and the metapeltidium. The divergent opinions mentioned are compared as follows:
234 Ill. PROLES ARACHNES 29. THE ORDER SOLIFUGAE 235 ROEWER I. Propeltidium 2. Propeltidium 3. Arcus anterior 4. Arcus posterior 5. J\ 1 Iesopeltidium 6. Metapeltidium KAESTNER Propeltidium Propeltidium Propeltidium Arcus ant. and post. l\Iesopeltidium Metapeltidium VACHON Propeltidium Propeltidium Propeltidium Propeltidium Arcus ant. and post. Mesopeltidium vi FIG. 100. Prosoma of : lateral aspect. After Roewer. (i) Propeltidium; (ii) lobus exterior; lamina exterior major; (iv) lamina exterior minor; (v) arcus anterior; plagula arcus posterior; (viii-x) tergites. FIG. 99. Solifugae; dorsal aspect. Species Galeades arabs. Two eyes are placed on a small eminence near the fore-edge of the propeltidium. It is evident that in Vachon's opinion the metapeltidium is to be regarded as the tergite of the first opisthosomatic or pre-genital somite. The opisthosoma has no pedicel, and consists of 11 clearly defined somites. Their tergites are undivided transverse plates, except the last, which is united to the last sternite to a circumanal ring, a feature that is found in several other orders. The sternite of the pre-genital somite is a small triangular plate between the fourth coxae; some of the anterior sternites are partially divided by a split running forward from the hind-edge: the rest are undivided. The genital orifice is placed on the second sternite. It is a longitudinal slit-like aperture, peculiar among <strong>Arachnida</strong> in being guarded by movable lips, so that it can open and close. In several families (Eremobatidae, Karschiidae and Gylippidae) the female orifice lies transversely. The third, fourth and fifth show just behind their posterior edges the orifices of the opisthosomatic tracheae. There is a pair of these behind the third and the fourth sternites and a median one behind the fifth. The pleural membrane between the opisthosomatic sclerites is remarkably elastic and after a large meal the body of a solifuge may be swollen surprisingly. In this respect, as also in its general form, the body of Soli fugae resembles that of the Pseudoscorpiones. During pregnancy the increase in the size of the opisthosoma is immense; the stretched membrane seems to be almost at bursting point and the heavy mass to be almost beyond the animal's control. There is great flexibility between the two parts of the body. During courtship the opisthosoma of the female is raised by the male; the female appears to raise the prosoma. Flexion generally occurs posthumously, so that Solifugae preserved in spirit usually lie in this flexed position. This peculiar freedom is emphasized because it is a possible factor in determining the positions of the prosomatic sclerites. As the opisthosoma is raised there is a tendency for the last two prosomal tergites to be pushed forward, so that those directly behind the propeltidium pushed to the sides. The chelicerae ofSolifugae are large and powerful, so large that they
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Arachnida THEODORE SAVORY 2nd editi
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Contents Preface Acknowledgements .
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MAIAE CARISSIMAE UXORI SECUNDAE LIB
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1 The Phylum Arthropoda The phylum
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6 I PROLEGOMENA The comparison impl
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10 I. PROLEGOME);A one time so rare
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14 I. PROLEGOMENA The most striking
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18 U. DE ARACHNIDIS it, move to a f
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3. MORPHOLOGY: EXTERNAL APPEARANCE
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26 II. DE ARACHNIDIS 3. MORPHOLOGY;
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30 II. DE ARACHNIDIS yet arachnolog
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34 II. DE ARACHNlDIS curved. It oft
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38 II. DE ARACHNIDIS 4. PHYSIOLOGY:
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42 II. DE ARACHNIDIS fibres run upw
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46 II. DE ARACH~IDIS As a rule the
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50 11. DE ARACHNIDIS (iii) Inversio
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54 II. DE ARACHNIDIS FIG. 21. Newly
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58 II. DE ARACHNIDIS Pseudoscorpion
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62 11. DE ARACHNIDIS of the exoskel
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66 II. DE ARACHNIDIS Sometimes the
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70 II. DE ARACHNIDIS using a scanni
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74 II. DE ARACHNIDIS constitutes th
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78 II. DE ARACHNIDIS think of Arach
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82 II. DE ARACH::-.;IDIS declined t
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86 II. DE ARACHNIDIS .Man is the on
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90 11. DE ARACHNIDIS Autecology con
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11. PHYLOGENY: EVOLUTION 95 11 Phyl
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98 II. DE ARACHNIDIS An obvious ass
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102 II. DE ARACHNIDIS start preserv
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106 II. DE ARACHNIDIS Here are thre
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110 11. DE ARACHNIDIS Araneae, and
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13 The Order Scorpiones [Scorpionid
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118 Ill. PROLES ARACHNES 13. THE OR
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122 III. PROLES ARACHNES CLASSIFICA
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126 III. PROLES ARACHNES 14. THE OR
Page 71 and 72: 130 Ill. PROLES ARACHXES The lowly
Page 73 and 74: 134 Ill. PROLES ARACHNES to be seen
Page 75 and 76: 16. THE ORDER SCHIZOMIDA 139 16 The
Page 77 and 78: 142 Ill. PROLES ARACHKES power, an
Page 79 and 80: 146 III. PROLES ARACHNES DISTRIBUTI
Page 81 and 82: 150 III. PROLES ARACHNES chelicerae
Page 83 and 84: 154 Ill. PROLES ARACHNES FIG. 53. S
Page 85 and 86: 158 Ill. PROLES ARACHNES (vi) Lobed
Page 87 and 88: 162 III. PROLES ARACHNES is found i
Page 89 and 90: 166 III. PROLES ARACHNES 4 (3) Chel
Page 91 and 92: 20. THE ORDER TRIGONOTARBI 171 20 T
Page 93 and 94: 174 Ill. PROLES ARACHNES 22 The Ord
Page 95 and 96: 178 III. PROLES ARACHNES The family
Page 97 and 98: 182 III. PROLES ARACHNES are above
Page 99 and 100: 186 Ill. PROLES ARACHNES opisthosom
Page 101 and 102: 190 Ill. PROLES ARACHNES Sub-order
Page 103 and 104: 194 III. PROLES ARACIINES 25. THE O
Page 105 and 106: 26 The Order Acari 26. THE ORDER AC
Page 107 and 108: 202 III. PROLES ARACHNES Tetrastigm
Page 109 and 110: 206 Ill. PROLES ARACHNES 26. THE'.
Page 111 and 112: 210 Ill. PROLES ARACHNES ( 1) Notos
Page 113 and 114: 214 Ill. PROLES ARACHNES The sevent
Page 115 and 116: 218 Ill. PROLES ARACHNES family, Ho
Page 117 and 118: 222 Ill. PROLES ARACHNES posterior
Page 119 and 120: 226 III. PROLES ARACHNES 28. THE OR
Page 121: 230 Ill. PROLES ARACHNES From the f
Page 125 and 126: 238 Ill. PROLES ARACHNES The chelic
Page 127 and 128: 242 IlL PROLES ARACHNES 29. THE ORD
Page 129 and 130: 30 Economic Arachnology The Arachni
Page 131 and 132: 250 IV. DE ARACHNOLOGIA Although th
Page 133 and 134: ··~~- -..... 254 IV. DE ARACHNOLO
Page 135 and 136: 31 Historical Arachnology The histo
Page 137 and 138: 262 IV. DE ARACHNOLOGIA spiders qui
Page 139 and 140: 266 IV. DE ARACHNOLOGIA little was
Page 141 and 142: 32 Practical Arachnology The practi
Page 143 and 144: 274 IV. DE ARACHNOLOGIA hard. In th
Page 145 and 146: 278 IV. DE ARACHNOLOGIA EXCURSUS A
Page 147 and 148: 33 Chemical Arachnology In the stud
Page 149 and 150: 286 IV. DE ARACHNOLOGIA not very pl
Page 151 and 152: 290 IV. DE ARACHNOLOGIA seventeenth
Page 153 and 154: 294 IV. DE ARACHNOLOGIA A new aspec
Page 155 and 156: 298 IV. DE ARACHNOLOGIA For more th
Page 157 and 158: 36 The Spider's Web The webs that s
Page 159 and 160: 306 V. HETEROGRAPHIA a number ofver
Page 161 and 162: 310 V. HETEROGRAPHIA dramatically p
Page 163 and 164: 314 ( i) ( ii) ( iii) (iv) (v) V. H
Page 165 and 166: 318 V. HETEROGRAPHIA this may be ad
Page 167 and 168: 322 V. HETEROGRAPHlA .1\Jenge in 18
Page 169 and 170: 326 VI. EPILEGO:VIENA Vellard, J.,
Page 171 and 172: i 330 Vl. EPILEGO~iENA Lamoral, B.
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334 VI. EPILEGOMENA Ill. Bibliograp
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INDEX ANIMALIUM 339 Index Animalium
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Savory - Arachnida 1977

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