Polymer surface modification by plasmas and photons

Polymer surface modification by plasmas and photons
Chan C.-M., Ko T.-M., Hiraoka H.
Department of Chemical Engineering, Hong Kong Univ. of Sci. and Technol., Clear Water Bay, Kowloon,
Hong Kong; Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Univ. of Sci. and Technol., Clear Water Bay, Kowloon,
Hong Kong
Abstract: Polymers have been applied successfully in fields such as adhesion, biomaterials, protective
coatings, friction and wear, composites, microelectronic devices, and thin-film technology. In general,
special surface properties with regard to chemical composition, hydrophilicity, roughness, crystallinity,
conductivity, lubricity, and cross-linking density are required for the success of these applications. Polymers
very often do not possess the surface properties needed for these applications. However, they have excellent
bulk physical and chemical properties, are inexpensive, and are easy to process. For these reasons, surface
modification techniques which can transform these inexpensive materials into highly valuable finished
products have become an important part of the plastics and many other industries. In recent years, many
advances have been made in developing surface treatments to alter the chemical and physical properties of
polymer surfaces without affecting bulk properties. Common surface modification techniques include
treatments by flame, corona, plasmas, photons, electron beams, ion beams, X-rays, and γ-rays. Plasma
treatment is probably the most versatile surface treatment technique. Different types of gases such as argon,
oxygen, nitrogen, fluorine, carbon dioxide, and water can produce the unique surface properties required by
various applications. For example, oxygen-plasma treatment can increase the surface energy of polymers,
whereas fluorine-plasma treatment can decrease the surface energy and improve the chemical inertness.
Cross-linking at a polymer surface can be introduced by an inert-gas plasma. Modification by plasma
treatment is usually confined to the top several hundred ångstro̊ms and does not affect the bulk properties.
The main disadvantage of this technique is that it requires a vacuum system, which increases the cost of
operation. Thin polymer films with unique chemical and physical properties are produced by plasma
polymerization. This technology is still in its infancy, and the plasma chemical process is not fully
understood. The films are prepared by vapor phase deposition and can be formed on practically any
substrate with good adhesion between the film and the substrate. These films, which are usually highly
cross-linked and pinhole-free, have very good barrier properties. Such films find great potential in
biomaterial applications and in the microelectronics industry. Very high-power microwave-driven mercury
lamps are available, and they are used in UV-hardening of photoresist patterns for image stabilization at
high temperatures. Other applications of UV irradiation include surface photo-oxidation, increase of
hydrophilicity, and photocuring of paintings. Pulsed UV-lasers are used in surface modification in many
areas. Pulsed UV-laser irradiation can produce submicron periodic linear and dot patterns on polymer
surfaces without photomask. These interference patterns can be used to increase surface roughness of inert
polymers for improved adhesion. These images can also be transferred to silicon surfaces by reactive ion
etching. Pulsed laser beams can be applied to inert polymer surfaces for increased hydrophilicity and
wettability. Polymer surfaces treated by pulsed UV-laser irradiation can be positively or negatively charged
to enhance chemical reactivity and processability. Pulsed UV-laser exposures with high fluence give rise to

photoablation with a clean wall profile. There are many other practical applications of laser photoablation,
including via-hole fabrication, and diamond-film deposition. The present review discusses all these current
applications, especially in the biomedical and microelectronics areas.
Index Keywords: Biomaterials; Crosslinking; Laser ablation; Microelectronics; Oxygen; Photons; Plasma
applications; Polymerization; Surface treatment; Thin films; Ultraviolet radiation; Vapor deposition; Oxygen
plasma treatment; Plasma polymerization; Plasma treatment; Pulsed ultraviolet laser irradiation; Plastic films
Year: 1996
Source title: Surface Science Reports
Volume: 24
Issue: 2-Jan
Page : 1-54
Cited by: 368
Link: Scorpus Link
Correspondence Address: Chan, C.-M.; Department of Chemical Engineering, Hong Kong Univ. of Sci. and
Technol., Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
Document Type: Article
Source: Scopus
Authors with affiliations:
1. Chan, C.-M., Department of Chemical Engineering, Hong Kong Univ. of Sci. and Technol., Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong
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Ko, T.-M., Department of Chemical Engineering, Hong Kong Univ. of Sci. and Technol., Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong
Kong
Hiraoka, H., Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Univ. of Sci. and Technol., Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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