Magnesium Alloys in Aerospace Applications, Past Concerns ...
Magnesium Alloys in Aerospace Applications, Past Concerns ...
Magnesium Alloys in Aerospace Applications, Past Concerns ...
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<strong>Magnesium</strong> <strong>Alloys</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Aerospace</strong><br />
<strong>Applications</strong>, <strong>Past</strong> <strong>Concerns</strong>, Current<br />
Solutions<br />
Triennial International Aircraft Fire &<br />
Cab<strong>in</strong> Safety Research Conference<br />
October 29 - November 1, 2007<br />
Bruce Gwynne – VP Divisional Strategic<br />
Development<br />
Paul Lyon - Market & Materials Development<br />
Manager
Mg Components on Aircraft - Historical 1943 - 1944 (prototypes)<br />
Northrop XP-56 Black Bullet<br />
Experimental Fly<strong>in</strong>g W<strong>in</strong>g Fighter<br />
The All <strong>Magnesium</strong><br />
Aircraft<br />
• <strong>Magnesium</strong> Alloy<br />
Airframe & Sk<strong>in</strong><br />
• Heliarc welded<br />
structure
Mg Components on Aircraft - Historical 1949 - 1957 USAF Service<br />
Pan Am ordered 15 before<br />
program cancellation<br />
Convair XC - 99<br />
First Modern Double Deck Airl<strong>in</strong>er<br />
Capacity: 400 fully equipped troupes<br />
Consolidated Vultee Model 37<br />
Proposed Civilian Version<br />
<strong>Magnesium</strong> Alloy<br />
Structure & Sk<strong>in</strong>
<strong>Magnesium</strong> Elektron Mg <strong>in</strong> <strong>Aerospace</strong><br />
• <strong>Magnesium</strong> <strong>Alloys</strong><br />
• Corrosion Resistant <strong>Alloys</strong><br />
• Current Aircraft <strong>Applications</strong><br />
• EFV<br />
• Automotive Growth<br />
• Flammability<br />
• Conclusions
<strong>Magnesium</strong> Cast<strong>in</strong>g <strong>Alloys</strong><br />
<strong>Magnesium</strong> Cast<strong>in</strong>g Alloy Families – Commonly<br />
used alloy systems employed today<br />
Al -Zn -Mn Zn -RE -Zr Ag - RE - Zr Y -RE -Zr<br />
AZ81<br />
AZ91<br />
AZ92<br />
EZ33<br />
ZE41<br />
ZE63<br />
Al - Zn - Mn 1930s ��<br />
QE22<br />
EQ21<br />
WE43<br />
WE54<br />
mid 1980s �<br />
Nd -Gd -Zn -Zr<br />
Elektron 21 (EV31)<br />
Zn - RE - Zr late 1940s � late 1960s �<br />
Ag - RE - Zr early 1960s �<br />
Y - RE - Zr late 1980s �<br />
Elektron21 late 1990s �
Tensile Stress (ksi)<br />
Elevated Temperature Exposure on the Tensile Properties of<br />
Various <strong>Magnesium</strong> & Alum<strong>in</strong>um <strong>Alloys</strong><br />
50<br />
40<br />
30<br />
20<br />
10<br />
0<br />
0 100 200 300 400 500 600<br />
Temperature, °F<br />
Tensile Yield<br />
WE43A-T6 ELEKTRON 21 QE22A-T6 A356-T6 C355-T71<br />
Alum<strong>in</strong>ium Data from ASM Metals handbook Vol 2<br />
50<br />
40<br />
30<br />
20<br />
10<br />
0<br />
Revised March 28, 2005<br />
0 100 200 300 400 500 600<br />
Temperature, °F
<strong>Magnesium</strong> Elektron Mg <strong>in</strong> <strong>Aerospace</strong><br />
• <strong>Magnesium</strong> <strong>Alloys</strong><br />
• Corrosion Resistant <strong>Alloys</strong><br />
• Current Aircraft <strong>Applications</strong><br />
• EFV<br />
• Automotive Growth<br />
• Flammability<br />
• Conclusions
Mg Components on Aircraft - Historical 1948 - 1954<br />
Convair B-36 B 36 “<strong>Magnesium</strong> <strong>Magnesium</strong> Overcast” Overcast<br />
<strong>Past</strong> concern:<br />
Corrosion<br />
*Source: Aviation Week, 12 th July 1948, P21<br />
• 4 tonnes of magnesium<br />
alloy - 10% of structural<br />
weight*<br />
• 1,900 lbs weight sav<strong>in</strong>g -<br />
Range extended by 190<br />
miles*
Mg Components on Aircraft - Historical<br />
B52 Stratofortress<br />
One of many brake<br />
applications<br />
<strong>Past</strong> concern:<br />
Corrosion<br />
Cast<strong>in</strong>gs courtesy of Lite Metal Cast<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
1955 to Present<br />
B-52s have been <strong>in</strong><br />
service for almost<br />
52 years, with many<br />
magnesium<br />
components last<strong>in</strong>g<br />
way beyond the<br />
<strong>in</strong>itial design life.
AZ92/91/81 Sand & Permanent Mold Cast<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
Boe<strong>in</strong>g 727 had 1200<br />
magnesium part nos.<br />
<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g lead<strong>in</strong>g &<br />
trail<strong>in</strong>g edge flaps, control<br />
surfaces, actuators, door<br />
frames, wheels, eng<strong>in</strong>e<br />
gear boxes, power<br />
generation components,<br />
structural items (not<br />
primary), and others.<br />
No Parts Rejected for:<br />
<strong>Past</strong> concern:<br />
Corrosion<br />
Boe<strong>in</strong>g 727<br />
1,832 built between<br />
1962 and 1984<br />
Krueger Flaps<br />
AZ92 Cast<strong>in</strong>gs
Corrosion Comparison of Some <strong>Magnesium</strong><br />
& Alum<strong>in</strong>um Cast<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>Alloys</strong>-Test Coupons<br />
ASTM B117 Salt Fog<br />
Corrosion Rate (mils<br />
penetration per year)<br />
1,100<br />
1,000<br />
900<br />
800<br />
700<br />
600<br />
500<br />
400<br />
300<br />
200<br />
100<br />
-<br />
C355<br />
A356<br />
A357<br />
AMS<br />
specification limits<br />
A201<br />
A203<br />
A206<br />
WE43<br />
WE54<br />
AZ91E<br />
Al <strong>Alloys</strong> Mg <strong>Alloys</strong><br />
Elektron 21<br />
WITH SPEC<br />
LIMITS<br />
ZE41<br />
EZ33<br />
AZ91C
Corrosion Test Cyl<strong>in</strong>ders after ASTM B117<br />
Salt Fog Test<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Corrosion<br />
Resistant<br />
<strong>Alloys</strong>:<br />
WE43<br />
AZ91E<br />
Standard<br />
Purity<br />
Alloy:<br />
AZ91C<br />
WE43 AZ91E AZ91C
Salt Fog Corrosion Improvement<br />
Cast<strong>in</strong>g<br />
approximately<br />
24” x 16” x 4”<br />
AZ91C vs. AZ91E Tested 10 days<br />
to ASTM<br />
B117
<strong>Magnesium</strong> Elektron Mg <strong>in</strong> <strong>Aerospace</strong><br />
• <strong>Magnesium</strong> <strong>Alloys</strong><br />
• Corrosion Resistant <strong>Alloys</strong><br />
• Current Aircraft <strong>Applications</strong><br />
• EFV<br />
• Automotive Growth<br />
• Flammability<br />
• Conclusions
AZ92A Cast<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
provided by<br />
Consolidated<br />
Foundries<br />
Thrust<br />
Reverser<br />
Cascade<br />
Cast<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Found on:<br />
737<br />
747<br />
757<br />
767
AZ91E Cast<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
Piper Comanche<br />
Cast<strong>in</strong>gs courtesy of Lite Metal Cast<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
Piper Chiefta<strong>in</strong><br />
Lycom<strong>in</strong>g 540<br />
Series<br />
Extra 300
AZ91E Cast<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
Sikorsky CH53D<br />
Sea Stallion<br />
630 lbs. (285 kgs.)
ZE41 Cast<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
Transmission<br />
designed <strong>in</strong><br />
ZE41 for ½<br />
hour dry run<br />
capability<br />
Sikorsky<br />
UH60 Family (Blackhawk)
ZE41 Cast<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
Multiple Drivetra<strong>in</strong> Cast<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
CH-47D<br />
Boe<strong>in</strong>g<br />
CH47 Ch<strong>in</strong>ook
AH-64D Longbow<br />
ZE41 Cast<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
Boe<strong>in</strong>g AH64<br />
Apache<br />
AH-64C
EZ33A Cast<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
Rolls Royce<br />
RB211 gearbox
ZE41 Cast<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
Bombardier Q Series Dash 8<br />
BAe ATP<br />
PW150 Series – 7000 shp class<br />
Pratt & Whitney Canada<br />
PWC 100 Series Turboprop<br />
Operat<strong>in</strong>g on >1900 aircraft
ZE41 Cast<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
GLOBAL HAWK<br />
CITATION X<br />
EMB ERJ<br />
Over 900 ERJ’s produced s<strong>in</strong>ce 1995<br />
Rolls-Royce Rolls Royce Allison AE- AE 3007
ZE41 Cast<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
Cessna Citation Excel<br />
Pratt & Whitney Canada PW535<br />
Turbofan<br />
PW500 Family: 2,500 to 4,000 lbs Thrust
ZE41 Cast<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
Pratt & Whitney Canada PW535<br />
Turbofan<br />
PW500 Family: 2,500 to 4,000 lbs Thrust<br />
provided by<br />
Fansteel<br />
Wellman<br />
Dynamics
ZE41 Cast<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
Hamilton Sundstrand<br />
F16 AMAD<br />
Cast<strong>in</strong>g mold conta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g<br />
~ 100 cores<br />
4000 th F-16
QE22 Cast<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
BAE 146 with<br />
ALF 507s
QE22 Cast<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
General Electric<br />
F110 Eng<strong>in</strong>e<br />
ACCESSORY DRIVE GEARBOX<br />
F-16C/D<br />
General Dynamics F16
WE43 Cast<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
MD500 Upgrade Gear Box<br />
MD 600 Gear Box<br />
MD500 / MD 600
WE43 Cast<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
Ma<strong>in</strong> transmission<br />
cast<strong>in</strong>gs are <strong>in</strong><br />
WE43<br />
Believed to be 10<br />
cast<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>in</strong> total<br />
Sikorsky S92
WE43 Cast<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
First flight March 7, 2003<br />
QUILL<br />
Bell Agusta 609<br />
TILT-AXIS GEARBOX<br />
(20” x 20” x 20”, 25.5#)<br />
COVER<br />
QUILL
WE43 Cast<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
F-22A<br />
Pratt &<br />
Whitney<br />
F119<br />
EMAD
WE43 Cast<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
Lockheed Mart<strong>in</strong><br />
S<strong>in</strong>gle Eng<strong>in</strong>e Jo<strong>in</strong>t Strike Fighter<br />
planned production ranges from<br />
3,000 to 6,000 aircraft<br />
numerous participat<strong>in</strong>g countries<br />
F-35A<br />
Air Force<br />
F-35B<br />
Mar<strong>in</strong>es<br />
F-35C<br />
Navy
Elektron 21 Cast<strong>in</strong>gs Military Rotary Aircraft - Attack<br />
Boe<strong>in</strong>g Mesa has selected Northstar <strong>Aerospace</strong> as<br />
the source for the Block III transmission.<br />
Elektron 21 has been<br />
selected for use on seven<br />
drive tra<strong>in</strong> cast<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g<br />
the ma<strong>in</strong> transmission hous<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Boe<strong>in</strong>g AH-64D AH 64D<br />
Apache<br />
Tw<strong>in</strong> Eng<strong>in</strong>e Medium Attack Helicopter<br />
AH-64D
<strong>Magnesium</strong> Elektron Mg <strong>in</strong> <strong>Aerospace</strong><br />
• <strong>Magnesium</strong> <strong>Alloys</strong><br />
• Corrosion Resistant <strong>Alloys</strong><br />
• Current Aircraft <strong>Applications</strong><br />
• EFV<br />
• Automotive Growth<br />
• Flammability<br />
• Conclusions
Expeditionary Fight<strong>in</strong>g Vehicle - EFV<br />
The EFV will be<br />
capable of<br />
transport<strong>in</strong>g 18<br />
Mar<strong>in</strong>es and a crew of<br />
three over water at<br />
speeds of 29 miles an<br />
hour; the design uses<br />
a plan<strong>in</strong>g hull<br />
propelled by two<br />
water jets. On land, it<br />
will achieve speeds of<br />
45 miles an hour,<br />
with cross-country<br />
mobility equal to an<br />
M1 Abrams tank.
6<br />
Elektron 21 Cast<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
EFV Transmission<br />
Cast<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
5<br />
0.8 m<br />
4<br />
PTM<br />
3<br />
1<br />
17<br />
2<br />
16<br />
copy of<br />
opposite end<br />
8<br />
1 PTM ma<strong>in</strong> hous<strong>in</strong>g Elektron 21<br />
2 HYD. Output cover Elektron 21<br />
3 PTM center reta<strong>in</strong>er Al Alloy<br />
4 water jet output hous<strong>in</strong>g Elektron 21<br />
5 water jet planet cover Elektron 21<br />
6 water jet w<strong>in</strong>g cover Elektron 21<br />
7 ma<strong>in</strong> drive <strong>in</strong>put hous<strong>in</strong>g Elektron 21<br />
8 ma<strong>in</strong> drive center hous<strong>in</strong>g Elektron 21<br />
9 right trunion cover Elektron 21<br />
10 right ma<strong>in</strong> output Elektron 21<br />
11 left ma<strong>in</strong> output adapter ZE41<br />
12 left ma<strong>in</strong> output ZE41<br />
13 left trunion cover Elektron 21<br />
15 controls cover AZ91E<br />
16 pump control hous<strong>in</strong>g Elektron 21<br />
17 controls cover AZ91E<br />
PTM=power transfer module (converts from driv<strong>in</strong>g water jets<br />
to tracks)<br />
X4560 TRANSMISSION 15<br />
11<br />
10<br />
12<br />
7<br />
1.2 m<br />
13
1 st EFV SDD Transmission Completion<br />
July 24 th , 2002
<strong>Magnesium</strong> Elektron Mg <strong>in</strong> <strong>Aerospace</strong><br />
• <strong>Magnesium</strong> <strong>Alloys</strong><br />
• Corrosion Resistant <strong>Alloys</strong><br />
• Current Aircraft <strong>Applications</strong><br />
• EFV<br />
• Automotive Growth<br />
• Flammability<br />
• Conclusions
Major <strong>Magnesium</strong> Based Auto Products<br />
Transfer Case<br />
Eng<strong>in</strong>e Cradle<br />
Instrument Panel<br />
Front End Structures<br />
Steer<strong>in</strong>g Column Brackets<br />
Transmission Case<br />
Bucket Seat Frames<br />
Information from<br />
Meridian Technologies<br />
Cam Covers<br />
Center Console<br />
3 rd Row Seat Frames<br />
Header Bow
<strong>Magnesium</strong> Elektron <strong>Magnesium</strong> Die Cast<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>Alloys</strong><br />
Major Platforms Us<strong>in</strong>g <strong>Magnesium</strong><br />
• GM Full Sized Vans - Savana & Express - up to 26,3 kg<br />
• Audi A6-2,8 Multitronic - up to 20,31 kg<br />
• GM M<strong>in</strong>ivans - Safari & Astro - up to 16,7 kg<br />
• Ford F-150 Truck - 14,9 kg<br />
• VW Passat, Audi A4 & A6 - from 13,6 to 14,5 kg<br />
• Audi TT - from 11,48 to 12,51 kg<br />
• Porsche Boxster Roadster - 9,9 kg<br />
• Buick Park Avenue - 9,5 kg<br />
• Alfa Romeo 156 - 9,3 kg<br />
• Jaguar XJ - 8,7 kg<br />
• Golf & Polo - from 8,16 to 9,19 kg<br />
• DaimlerChrysler SLK Roadster - 7,7 kg<br />
A Division of Luxfer Group
<strong>Magnesium</strong> Industry Growth WORLD DEMAND FOR MAGNESIUM<br />
'000<br />
tonnes<br />
600<br />
500<br />
400<br />
300<br />
200<br />
100<br />
0<br />
1990<br />
1991<br />
1992<br />
1993<br />
World Demand For <strong>Magnesium</strong><br />
1994<br />
1995<br />
1996<br />
1997<br />
Ga<strong>in</strong> of 280,000 metric tonnes of magnesium (>600m lbs) s<strong>in</strong>ce early 1990’s<br />
A Division of Luxfer Group<br />
1998<br />
Year<br />
1999<br />
2000<br />
2001<br />
2002<br />
2003<br />
2004<br />
2005
<strong>Magnesium</strong> Die Cast<strong>in</strong>g FORECAST GROWTH IN AUTOMOTIVE<br />
'000<br />
tonnes<br />
300<br />
250<br />
200<br />
150<br />
100<br />
50<br />
0<br />
1991<br />
1992<br />
1993<br />
Western World Demand For Die Cast<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
1994<br />
North America<br />
Europe<br />
Pac Rim & Others<br />
1995<br />
1996<br />
1997<br />
1998<br />
1999<br />
• 85% of all die cast<strong>in</strong>gs manufactured are used for automotive components.<br />
A Division of Luxfer Group<br />
2000<br />
2001<br />
Year<br />
2002<br />
2003<br />
2004<br />
2005<br />
2006<br />
2007<br />
2008<br />
2009<br />
2010
Automotive Trends Elektron AJ62<br />
• Mg/Al Composite<br />
Eng<strong>in</strong>e Block<br />
• 10 kg weight<br />
sav<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
• Now <strong>in</strong> full<br />
production -<br />
450,000 units per<br />
annum.<br />
A Division of Luxfer Group
<strong>Magnesium</strong> Elektron Mg <strong>in</strong> <strong>Aerospace</strong><br />
• <strong>Magnesium</strong> <strong>Alloys</strong><br />
• Corrosion Resistant <strong>Alloys</strong><br />
• Current Aircraft <strong>Applications</strong><br />
• EFV<br />
• Automotive Growth<br />
• Flammability<br />
• Conclusions
How To Start A fire !<br />
FACTS<br />
• Must Reach Melt<strong>in</strong>g Po<strong>in</strong>t<br />
– (Pure <strong>Magnesium</strong> = 1200 0 F 650 0 C)<br />
• Must Susta<strong>in</strong> Heat Source<br />
– to overcome conductivity<br />
• Must Have Oxygen<br />
• Solid magnesium is not easy to burn<br />
• <strong>Magnesium</strong> powders can be<br />
. designed & used <strong>in</strong> flares<br />
• Alum<strong>in</strong>ium powder is used <strong>in</strong><br />
. propulsion systems …
1900 0 F (1000 0 C + ) Flame test – Elektron 21<br />
Temperature (C)<br />
1400<br />
1200<br />
1000<br />
800<br />
600<br />
400<br />
200<br />
0<br />
0<br />
50mm 100mm<br />
150mm Flame<br />
120<br />
240<br />
360<br />
480<br />
600<br />
720<br />
840<br />
960<br />
Time (s)<br />
1080<br />
1200<br />
1320<br />
1440<br />
1560<br />
1680<br />
1800<br />
1920<br />
2500<br />
2000<br />
1500<br />
1000<br />
500<br />
0<br />
Temperature (F)
Time to Ignition with 1900 0 F (1000 0 C + )Flame<br />
TIME TO INITIATE BURNING (M<strong>in</strong>s)<br />
40<br />
30<br />
20<br />
10<br />
0<br />
1 2 3 4<br />
AZ91 ZE41 WE43 Elektron 21
FAATC Tests - Prelim<strong>in</strong>ary Mg Burn<strong>in</strong>g Characteristics<br />
• FAR 25.853 Appendix F Part 2 – Seat Cushion test<br />
– 1900F flame with heat flux of 10.5 Btu/ft 2 /sec<br />
– 2 m<strong>in</strong>ute exposure plus 5 m<strong>in</strong>ute dwell time<br />
• Tests on <strong>Magnesium</strong> exceeded 2 m<strong>in</strong>utes – flame on<br />
4 - 5 m<strong>in</strong>utes, until melted & beyond
FAA Test data - FAR 25.853 Part 25, Appendix F, Part 2<br />
Modified Seat Cushion Test<br />
WE43, Elektron 21 - Did not Burn when melted or self ext<strong>in</strong>guished<br />
Part 2 Seat Cushion<br />
test used as severe<br />
condition for<br />
prelim<strong>in</strong>ary Mg Alloy<br />
data.<br />
AZ31 - Burned when<br />
melted
Behaviour of Elektron WE43 versus AZ91*<br />
AZ91<br />
T ignition = 1075 0 F<br />
* Courtesy EADS/Grenoble University<br />
Elektron WE43<br />
regular surface with appearance of cracks<br />
with oxides there<strong>in</strong><br />
O<br />
T ignition = >1275 0 F<br />
non-cracked<br />
region<br />
cracked<br />
cracked region<br />
Mg<br />
EDX analysis<br />
Y
Airbus Commissioned FAA Flammability Tests<br />
Airbus commissioned tests at an FAA approved laboratory.<br />
Industrial flame test accord<strong>in</strong>g to IGC 04.24.106, correspond<strong>in</strong>g to<br />
US FAA, CS25 / JAR 25 / FAR 25§25-853
Airbus Commissioned FAA Flammability Tests<br />
Both Elektron WE43 and Elektron 21 tested,<br />
2mm and 6mm (0.08 <strong>in</strong>ch & 0.25 <strong>in</strong>ch) thick cast sheets.<br />
With and without HAE surface treatment.<br />
0°, 45° and 90° angle flame imp<strong>in</strong>gement.<br />
Elektron 21T6, horizontal flammability test<br />
All tests passed<br />
WE43T6, vertical flammability test
<strong>Magnesium</strong> Elektron Mg <strong>in</strong> <strong>Aerospace</strong><br />
• <strong>Magnesium</strong> <strong>Alloys</strong><br />
• Corrosion Resistant <strong>Alloys</strong><br />
• Current Aircraft <strong>Applications</strong><br />
• EFV<br />
• Automotive Growth<br />
• Flammability<br />
• Conclusions
Conclusions<br />
• Many successful past & present aircraft applications of<br />
<strong>Magnesium</strong><br />
• <strong>Past</strong> concerns were ma<strong>in</strong>ly corrosion, few for Fire<br />
• Solid <strong>Magnesium</strong> requires significant heat to melt<br />
• Melt<strong>in</strong>g po<strong>in</strong>t is the same as Alum<strong>in</strong>ium<br />
• Melt<strong>in</strong>g must occur before opportunity to burn<br />
• Newer alloys (WE43, Elektron 21) are more “flame resistant”<br />
than older alloys<br />
• <strong>Magnesium</strong> used <strong>in</strong> Aircraft Eng<strong>in</strong>es. More recently ,<br />
resurgence of <strong>in</strong>terest <strong>in</strong> <strong>Magnesium</strong> for <strong>in</strong>terior applications<br />
to save weight
<strong>Magnesium</strong> Elektron Mg <strong>in</strong> <strong>Aerospace</strong><br />
• <strong>Magnesium</strong> <strong>Alloys</strong><br />
• Corrosion Resistant <strong>Alloys</strong><br />
• Current Aircraft <strong>Applications</strong><br />
• EFV<br />
• Automotive Growth<br />
• Flammability<br />
• Conclusions<br />
• One Last Th<strong>in</strong>g
Airbus Internal Regulation Change<br />
Airbus are evaluat<strong>in</strong>g Elektron 21 and Elektron WE43,<br />
both <strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>vestment cast and sand cast form, for use on<br />
their commercial aircraft.
Airbus Internal Regulation Change<br />
These alloys are no longer banned on the A380 (except<br />
for the primary structure).
<strong>Magnesium</strong> Elektron Mg <strong>in</strong> <strong>Aerospace</strong><br />
The End<br />
Thank you for your attention
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