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Chapter 7—Asynchronous Loads 7–15 Figure 7: Pump performance curves for Jacuzzi Model FL6 centrifugal pump: (a) headcapacity curves as the impeller size is varied; (b) head-capacity curves for a 9 3 8 -in.-diameter impeller at variable speed. (Courtesy of Jacuzzi Bros. Inc., Little Rock, Arkansas.) Wind Energy Systems by Dr. Gary L. Johnson November 21, 2001
Chapter 7—Asynchronous Loads 7–16 The normal operation of a wind pumping system would be variable speed operation of a given impeller with a fixed head, rather than fixed speed operation of several different impellers at different heads. When we operate the largest possible impeller of Fig. 7a at variable speed, the resulting head capacity curves are shown in Fig. 7b. Suppose we have a fixed head of 80 ft. There will be no flow at all for the pump of Fig. 7b until the pump speed exceeds 1650 r/min. As speed increases further, the operating point moves to the right along the 80-ft head line. The flow rate is 680 gal/min at 1750 r/min, with an efficiency of about 82 percent. At 1900 r/min, the flow rate is 1080 gal/min with an efficiency of 83 percent. The efficiency begins to decrease rapidly at greater speeds, dropping to 70 percent at a flow rate of 1380 gal/min. The input shaft power increases from less than 10 bhp to about 40 bhp along this constant head line. We can begin to see the importance of careful design of the wind driven pump system. We would not want to use this particular pump if the head were 120 ft or more because of the high rotational speeds required and also because of the losses which would be experienced at wind speeds below cut-in. We would probably not want to use this pump on heads below 60 ft since we are moving into a lower efficiency region with such low heads. The turbine mechanical output power would need to be rated at no more than about 35 bhp, assuming the water source can supply the corresponding flow rates. If we are pumping from a well that can deliver only 500 gal/min, with a head of 80 ft, a turbine rated at more than about 13 bhp will pump the well dry momentarily, probably ruining the pump. A good design, therefore, requires site specific information about the head and flow rate capability of the source, detailed characteristic curves of a family of pumps, and power versus speed curves of the wind turbine. Satisfactory results will be obtained only when all the system components are carefully matched. There is another set of curves on Fig. 7a which we have not discussed thus far, but which should be discussed because they indicate another limitation of pump operation. The axis at the right is labeled NPSH, which stands for Net Positive Suction Head. To explain this term, we draw on our background in physics and recall that a vacuum in the top of a pipe inserted into a tank of 0 o C water exposed to a sea level atmosphere will pull the water up in the pipe to a level of 33.90 ft or 10.33 m above the level in the tank. Pump operation can create a partial vacuum in the input or suction line so it is possible for a pump to be located above the level of water which is to be pumped. A practical limit is about 20 ft because of pump tolerances. The pump and input line will probably need to be filled with water from some source, or primed, before pumping can occur, when it is located above the water level. As pump sizes or rotational speeds increase, however, a dynamic effect becomes apparent which requires the pump to be lowered with respect to the water level. This effect is called cavitation, which refers to the formation and subsequent collapse of vapor-filled cavities in the water or other liquid being pumped. When the local pressure at some point on the suction side of an impeller blade drops below the vapor pressure, a bubble of vapor is formed. As the bubble flows through the pump, it will encounter a region where the local pressure is greater than the vapor pressure, at which time it will collapse. This causes noise, vibration, and Wind Energy Systems by Dr. Gary L. Johnson November 21, 2001
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