WIND ENERGY SYSTEMS - Cd3wd

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Chapter 1—Introduction 1–20 cars would have a mass of 328,000 kg. Each rotor would be spun with a 450 kW, 500 volt dc motor. Each of the four wheels would drive a 250 kW induction generator. There would be about 200 cars on the track with a total rating of about 200 MW. Power would be extracted from the system by a 4160 V, three-phase, 500 A overhead trolley bus. Cost estimates for the electricity costs from this large system were comparable to those from the MOD-1. Wind tunnel tests and field tests on a rotating cylinder on a fixed platform indicate that the concept will work. The questions remain whether the aerodynamic, mechanical, and electrical losses will be acceptable and whether the reliability will be adequate. Only a major development effort can answer these questions and there will probably not be sufficient interest in such a development if the horizontal axis wind turbines meet the basic requirements for cost and reliability. All the wind turbines discussed thus far have a problem with capital costs. Although these machines work satisfactorily, capital costs are large. The Darrieus may become more cost effective than the two-bladed propeller turbine, but neither is likely to produce really inexpensive electricity. There is a desire for a breakthrough, whereby some new and different concept would result in substantial cost reductions. One candidate for such a wind machine is the augmented vortex turbine studied by James Yen at Grumman Aerospace Corporation[18]. An artist’s concept of the machine is shown in Fig. 11. The turbine tower has vertical vanes which direct the wind into a circular path around the inside of the tower. Wind blowing across the top of the tower tends to pull the air inside in an upward direction, causing the entering air to flow in a spiral path. This spiral is a vortex, which is characterized by a high speed, low pressure core. The vortex is basically that of a confined tornado. The pressure difference between the vortex core and outside ambient air is then used to drive a relatively small, high speed turbine at the base of the tower. The vortex machine is extracting power from pressure differences or the potential energy in the air, rather than directly from the kinetic energy of the moving air. The potential energy in the air due to pressure is vastly more than the kinetic energy of the air in moderate wind speeds, so there is a possibility of large energy outputs for a given tower size which could result in very inexpensive electricity. One problem with the vortex machine is the potential for spawning tornadoes. If the vortex extending out of the top of the tower should become separated from the tower, grow a tail, and become an actual tornado, a permanent shutdown would be highly probable. In fact, based on the experience of the nuclear industry, fear of such an occurrence may prevent the implementation of such a wind machine. Many other wind machines have been invented over the last few hundred years. The propeller type and the Darrieus have emerged as reasonably reliable, cost competitive machines which can provide a significant amount of electrical energy. Barring a major breakthrough with another type of wind machine, we can expect to see a wide deployment of these machines over the next few decades. Wind Energy Systems by Dr. Gary L. Johnson November 20, 2001
Chapter 1—Introduction 1–21 Figure 11: Augmented vortex turbine. c○1977 Times Mirror Magazines, Inc.) (Reprinted from Popular Science with permission. 6 CALIFORNIA <strong>WIND</strong>FARMS Over 1500 MW of wind turbines have been installed in California, starting about 1980. On average, wind energy supplies around 1 % of California’s electricity demand. Among electric utilities, Pacific Gas & Electric (PG&E), one of the largest in the country, uses the most wind power. At peak times during the summer, as much as 7 % of its demand is supplied by wind[2]. These are primarily horizontal-axis turbines, with two- or three-bladed rotors. Power ratings are in the range of 100 to 250 kW, with some smaller older units and a few larger new units. These turbines are deployed in large arrays known as windfarms. In addition to tower foundations and interconnecting cables, windfarms require construction and maintenance roads, a central control station, a distribution substation, and transmission lines. Some Wind Energy Systems by Dr. Gary L. Johnson November 20, 2001
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WIND ENERGY SYSTEMS - Cd3wd

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