WIND ENERGY SYSTEMS - Cd3wd

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Chapter 1—Introduction 1–6 aspects of Wind Energy Collection Systems (WECS). Sandia Laboratories, a DOE Laboratory located at Albuquerque, New Mexico, became responsible for federally sponsored research on Darrieus wind turbines. Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories, Richland, Washington, became responsible for wind resource assessments. Solar Energy Research Institute, (now the National Renewable Energy Laboratory) Golden, Colorado, became responsible for innovative wind turbines. Small wind turbine research was handled by Rockwell, International at their Rocky Flats plant near Golden, Colorado. Agricultural applications were handled by the U. S. Department of Agriculture from facilities at Beltsville, Maryland, and Bushland, Texas. This division of effort allowed existing personnel and facilities to be shifted over to wind power research so that results could be obtained in a relatively short time. It was decided very early in the program that the MOD-0 would be rated at 100 kW and have a 38-m-diameter rotor with two blades[12]. This machine would incorporate the many advances in aerodynamics, materials, controls, and data handling made since the days of the Smith-Putnam machine. The choice of the two bladed propeller over some more unusual wind turbines was made on the basis of technology development. The two bladed machines had been built in larger sizes and had been operated more hours than any other type, hence had the highest probability of working reasonably well from the start. For political reasons it was important to get something working as soon as possible. This machine became operational in September, 1975, at the NASA Plumbrook facility near Sandusky, Ohio. A diagram of the turbine and the contents of the nacelle (the structure or housing on top of the tower which contains the gearbox, generator, and controls) is shown in Fig. 1. The rotor and nacelle sit on top of a 4-legged steel truss tower about 30 m high. The rotor is downwind of the tower, so the wind strikes the tower before striking the rotor. Each rotor blade thus sees a change in wind speed once per revolution when it passes through the tower shadow. This introduces vibration to the blades, which has to be carefully considered in blade design. An upwind design tends to introduce vibration in the tower because of blade shadowing so neither design has strong advantages over the other. In fact, the MOD-0 was operated for brief periods as an upwind machine to assess some of the effects of upwind operation on structural loads and machine control requirements. The MOD-0 was designed so the rotor would turn at a constant 40 r/min except when starting up or shutting down. A gear box increases the rotational speed to 1800 r/min to drive a synchronous generator which is connected to the utility network. Startup is accomplished by activating a control which aligns the wind turbine with the wind. The blades are then pitched by a hydraulic control at a programmed rate and the rotor speed is brought to about 40 r/min. At this time an automatic synchronizer is activated and the wind turbine is synchronized with the utility network. If the wind speed drops below the value necessary to get power from the rotor at 40 r/min, the generator is disconnected from the utility grid, the blades are feathered (pitched so no power output is possible) and the rotor is allowed to coast to a stop. All the steps of startup, synchronization, power control, and shutdown are automatically controlled by a microprocessor. Wind Energy Systems by Dr. Gary L. Johnson November 20, 2001
Chapter 1—Introduction 1–7 Figure 1: NSF–NASA MOD-0 wind power system: (a) general view; (b) superstructure and equipment. Rated power output, 100 kW; rated wind speed, 8 m/s (18 mi/h). (Courtesy of DOE.) Wind Energy Systems by Dr. Gary L. Johnson November 20, 2001
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