Key findings from the 2009 New Zealand ... - Ministry of Health
Key findings from the 2009 New Zealand ... - Ministry of Health Key findings from the 2009 New Zealand ... - Ministry of Health
Chapter 2: Methodology The 2008 NZTUS Methodology Report is available on the Ministry of Health’s website (Ministry of Health 2009b). This report contains detailed information on the sample design and analysis. A 2009 NZTUS methodology report will not be produced, because there were very few differences between the two surveys in terms of methodology. Any changes from the 2008 NZTUS methodology are discussed in this section. Survey design and analysis In order to be consistent with previous Tobacco Use Surveys, the target population for the 2009 NZTUS was the usually resident population aged 15–64 years living in permanent private dwellings in New Zealand. A multi-stage, stratified, probability-proportional-to-size sampling design was used. The design included a Pacific stratum, as well as sampling by District Health Board area and a screen sample to boost the proportions of Māori, Pacific people and those aged 15–24 years. Participation in the 2009 NZTUS was voluntary, relying on the good will of participants, and consent was obtained without coercion. The survey was carried out by trained interviewers from January to May 2009 using a face-to-face computer-assisted personal interview system. A total sample size of 5222 people aged 15–64 years was achieved, with a weighted response rate of 71.3%. The total sample included 980 Māori, 522 Pacific people, 560 Asian people and 3202 European/Other people. 3 The survey data were weighted so that estimates of population totals, averages and proportions are representative of the total resident population of New Zealand. Survey weights can be thought of as the number of members of the population represented by each survey participant. Using weights in analyses ensures that no population group is under- or over-represented in estimates from the survey. The process used to calculate the survey weights is described in more detail in the 2008 Methodology Report (Ministry of Health 2009b). What has been analysed and reported? Data in this report have been presented for the total adult population aged 15–64 years, by sex. Analyses by age group, ethnic group and neighbourhood socioeconomic deprivation (NZDep2006) have also been reported, where possible. Important information about the analyses presented in this report is set out below. 3 Note that these sample sizes sum to more than 5222 because total response ethnicity was used. 2 Tobacco Use in New Zealand
Total response ethnicity Ethnicity is a self-defined concept. Participants in the 2009 NZTUS were able to report affiliation with multiple ethnicities, using the Statistics New Zealand standard ethnicity question and Level 4 response categories. For this report, participants’ ethnicity was output to the following ethnic groups: European/Other, Māori, Pacific, Asian. The ‘Other’ ethnic group (comprising mainly Middle-Eastern, Latin-American and African ethnicities) was combined with ‘European’ to avoid small number problems. Because participants could be counted in one or more of the four ethnic groups, the sum of the ethnic group populations exceeds the total New Zealand population. This method is referred to as total response ethnicity. For more information on total response ethnicity, refer to Statistics New Zealand’s classification for ethnicity output (Statistics New Zealand 2009), or see Presenting Ethnicity: Comparing prioritised and total response ethnicity in descriptive analyses of New Zealand Health Monitor surveys (Ministry of Health 2008). In this report unadjusted prevalences by ethnic group for some indicators have been presented, to show the burden on different population groups, and include estimates of the number of people affected in each group. Age-standardised rate ratios are presented after the unadjusted prevalence to allow comparisons of each ethnic group with a reference group. For example, Pacific male current smokers are compared with male current smokers in the total population. The reference group does not represent ‘the best outcome group’ but provides an indication of the current level in New Zealand for comparison. Ethnic groups should not be compared with each other (eg, comparing Māori and Pacific data) using either the unadjusted rates or the standardised rate ratios. Instead, comparisons should be made with the reference population as explained in the following section on ‘How to interpret graphs in this report’. Ethnic groups have not been compared with independent comparison groups (ie, Māori/ non-Māori, Pacific/non-Pacific and Asian/non-Asian) in this report. These will be available in online web tables in 2011. Age standardisation Age is an important determinant of cigarette smoking, so populations with different age structures (such as males and females, due to females having a longer life expectancy) will have different rates of smoking due to these age differences. Age standardisation involves adjusting for the effects of any differences in the age distributions between population groups. For this report, age standardisation was performed by the direct method using the World Health Organization (WHO) world population age distribution (Ahmad et al 2000). This statistical method of standardising for age has been used in analyses by sex, ethnic group and neighbourhood deprivation (NZDep2006), and for time-trend comparisons. Age standardisation is not used when data are presented by age group and for youth. Tobacco Use in New Zealand 3
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Chapter 2: Methodology<br />
The 2008 NZTUS Methodology Report is available on <strong>the</strong> <strong>Ministry</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Health</strong>’s website<br />
(<strong>Ministry</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Health</strong> <strong>2009</strong>b). This report contains detailed information on <strong>the</strong> sample<br />
design and analysis. A <strong>2009</strong> NZTUS methodology report will not be produced, because<br />
<strong>the</strong>re were very few differences between <strong>the</strong> two surveys in terms <strong>of</strong> methodology. Any<br />
changes <strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong> 2008 NZTUS methodology are discussed in this section.<br />
Survey design and analysis<br />
In order to be consistent with previous Tobacco Use Surveys, <strong>the</strong> target population for<br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>2009</strong> NZTUS was <strong>the</strong> usually resident population aged 15–64 years living in<br />
permanent private dwellings in <strong>New</strong> <strong>Zealand</strong>.<br />
A multi-stage, stratified, probability-proportional-to-size sampling design was used. The<br />
design included a Pacific stratum, as well as sampling by District <strong>Health</strong> Board area and<br />
a screen sample to boost <strong>the</strong> proportions <strong>of</strong> Māori, Pacific people and those aged<br />
15–24 years.<br />
Participation in <strong>the</strong> <strong>2009</strong> NZTUS was voluntary, relying on <strong>the</strong> good will <strong>of</strong> participants,<br />
and consent was obtained without coercion. The survey was carried out by trained<br />
interviewers <strong>from</strong> January to May <strong>2009</strong> using a face-to-face computer-assisted personal<br />
interview system.<br />
A total sample size <strong>of</strong> 5222 people aged 15–64 years was achieved, with a weighted<br />
response rate <strong>of</strong> 71.3%. The total sample included 980 Māori, 522 Pacific people,<br />
560 Asian people and 3202 European/O<strong>the</strong>r people. 3<br />
The survey data were weighted so that estimates <strong>of</strong> population totals, averages and<br />
proportions are representative <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> total resident population <strong>of</strong> <strong>New</strong> <strong>Zealand</strong>. Survey<br />
weights can be thought <strong>of</strong> as <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> members <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> population represented by<br />
each survey participant. Using weights in analyses ensures that no population group is<br />
under- or over-represented in estimates <strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong> survey. The process used to calculate<br />
<strong>the</strong> survey weights is described in more detail in <strong>the</strong> 2008 Methodology Report (<strong>Ministry</strong><br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>Health</strong> <strong>2009</strong>b).<br />
What has been analysed and reported?<br />
Data in this report have been presented for <strong>the</strong> total adult population aged 15–64 years,<br />
by sex. Analyses by age group, ethnic group and neighbourhood socioeconomic<br />
deprivation (NZDep2006) have also been reported, where possible.<br />
Important information about <strong>the</strong> analyses presented in this report is set out below.<br />
3<br />
Note that <strong>the</strong>se sample sizes sum to more than 5222 because total response ethnicity was used.<br />
2 Tobacco Use in <strong>New</strong> <strong>Zealand</strong>
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