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Country profiles of health system responses to the crisis | Greece 395 goal of alleviating pressure on ambulatory and emergency care in public hospitals (2011). • Introduction of compulsory e-prescribing (2012). • Introduction of prescribing by active substance rather than brand, to promote the use of generics (2012). Waiting times • No response reported. Health promotion and prevention • Health promotion initiatives in cardiovascular diseases, cancer, obesity, nutrition, oral health, and maternal and child health (2008–2012). • Smoking ban in public places (2010) but poorly enforced.
Hungary Csaba Dózsa and Szabolcs Szigeti Economic trends • Real per capita GDP declined slightly in 2009; since then Hungary's economic growth has been below the European mean. • Unemployment rates have been slightly above the European mean from 2008 to 2011. • Ten-year bond rates are high relative to other European countries. • Government health spending as a share of the total budget has remained constant. Per capita expenditure growth for public and private sources has been positive throughout the 2008 to 2011 period (Hungary: Figs 1 and 2). Policy responses Changes to public funding for the health system • The new government announced it would increase public spending on health (2010) but the centrally set SHI budget did not change much nominally between 2008 and 2012, resulting in a decline in real terms. • SHI contributions paid by employers were reduced from 5% to 2% between 2008 and 2011 and to compensate SHI, government transfers on behalf of non-contributing persons increased from HUF 4500 to HUF 9300 per person, falling to HUF 5850 in 2012. • Tax transfers as a share of the SHI budget rose in 2009 and exceeded 50% for the first time in 2010, before reaching an estimated 60% in 2011 and remaining above an estimated 50% in 2012. • The itemized health contribution (a tax of HUF 1950 per month per employee paid by employers) was abolished (2010). • A new tax earmarked for health was levied on food products high in salt, sugar or carbohydrates (2011). • The employer social security contribution (which includes the SHI contribution) was renamed “social contribution tax” (2012). • To compensate SHI for reduced revenues, the employee contribution rate was increased by one percentage point and the base for the proportional health care tax levied on non-wage-related income was broadened (2011).
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Economic crisis, health systems and
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The European Observatory on Health
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Keywords: DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE E
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vi Economic crisis, health systems
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viii Economic crisis, health system
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List of abbreviations ACS Health in
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List of tables and figures Tables P
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xiv Economic crisis, health systems
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xvi Economic crisis, health systems
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xviii Economic crisis, health syste
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xx Economic crisis, health systems
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xxii Economic crisis, health system
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xxvi Economic crisis, health system
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Acknowledgements This book represen
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Preface This book maps health polic
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Part I Country case studies
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4 Economic crisis, health systems a
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10 Economic crisis, health systems
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Chapter 4 The impact of the crisis
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Chapter 4 | The impact of the crisi
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Albania Genc Burazeri and Enver Ros
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Country profiles of health system r
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Austria Thomas Czypionka and Maria
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Azerbaijan Fuad Ibrahimov Economic
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Page 382 and 383: Bulgaria Antoniya Dimova and Mina P
Page 390 and 391: Cyprus Elisavet Constantinou and Ma
Page 394 and 395: Czech Republic Tomáš Roubal and J
Page 404 and 405: Estonia Triin Habicht and Mall Lein
Page 408 and 409: Finland Jan Klavus and Lauri Vuoren
Page 412 and 413: France Karine Chevreul, Karen Berg
Page 420 and 421: Germany Klaus-Dirk Henke and Wilm Q
Page 434 and 435: Iceland Sigrún Gunnarsdóttir and
Page 438 and 439: Ireland Anne Nolan and Steve Thomas
Page 444 and 445: Israel Bruce Rosen and Amir Shmueli
Page 452 and 453: Kazakhstan Ninel Kadyrova and Tata
Page 458 and 459: Latvia Uldis Mitenbergs and Maris T
Page 470 and 471: Malta Natasha Azzopardi Muscat Econ
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Montenegro Ratka Knežević Economi
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Norway Anne Karin Lindahl and Jon M
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The Russian Federation Elena Potapc
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Serbia Vukasin Radulovic Economic t
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Spain Enrique Bernal-Delgado, Sandr
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Switzerland Alberto Holly and Phili
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Tajikistan Ghafur Khodjamurodov Eco
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Ukraine Valeria Lekhan and Mariia T
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