south-asian-militant-groups-and-global-jihad-in-2015

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QUILL IAM Afghanistan Counter-terrorism policy: As far as the Taliban is concerned, the immediate future of Afghanistan’s counter-terrorism and counter-extremism strategy depends on whether or not Mullah Omar resurfaces, how hawkish he will be upon his return, and how much authority he has left over his Taliban. Judicial system: A recent study in the Anti-Terrorism Prosecutors’ Department (ATPD) of Afghanistan found weaknesses in critical thinking, indictment drafting, and case preparation. Because judges did not necessarily understand changes that were made to the legal framework in 2013 and 2014, there were a high number of failed prosecutions, and cases vulnerable to appeal. Some of these changes included the passage of a new Criminal Procedure Code, as well as the implementation of anti-terrorism and anti-money laundering legislation. Over 30% of the prosecutors surveyed reported that they did not have the training that was necessary in order to do their job to a high standard. 77 Education: Despite efforts to change the national school curriculum, and replace textbooks containing extremist teachings with new ones, policy remains to be finalized. There remains no standard curriculum for secondary school textbooks, and high school textbooks remain inadequate in both number and in content. For many years, the Taliban and other groups have attacked schools, teachers, and students. In May, 2012, the Ministry of Education reported that more than 590 schools were closed in areas at risk; most of these schools were in the Helmand, Kabul, and Kandahar provinces. 78 Military: The Taliban will be the chief factor in the ISAF/NATO strategy for reducing troop levels in Afghanistan. Factions have emerged among the Taliban in recent years, largely due to Mullah Omar’s invisibility, and this appears to be leading to a stagnation of loyalty, particularly among younger fighters. 79 Although the Taliban “brand” risks being seen as tired, in contrast to the wave of fear and publicity that has greeted the rise of IS, the Taliban may be able to recover some of their former prestige if they make significant gains in the wake of the ISAF force withdrawal. 80 It is feared that this is a real possibility. 81 Levels of terrorist activity along the Afghanistan-Pakistan border are also contingent on the relationship between India and Pakistan. For example, an active effort to resolve the Kashmir issue could result in a reduction of Indian and Pakistani security forces along common borders, and a bilateral agreement on nuclear and conventional forces. This would bolster Pakistan’s ability to act against militants in border areas between 32
NEW AG EN T S OF GLOB AL JIHAD Afghanistan and Pakistan, and it would significant improve the success of counter-terrorism efforts. Funding (internal and external): Afghanistan benefits from a US special operation force to conduct counterterrorism missions as part of new NATO training and advisory mission. The training mission will focus on the larger Afghan Army and police headquarters, as well as the ministries of defense and interior in Kabul. Afghanistan still requires assistance in working within a wide range of sectors (including education, criminal justice, faith, charities, online and health) where there are risks of radicalization. India Counter-terrorism policy: No comprehensive national policy on countering radicalization exists. This creates gaps in long-term effectiveness. India’s upper house of Parliament banned IS in December 2014, after detaining IS operative Mehdi Biswaas who ran the popular Twitter account @ShamiWitness from Karnataka, Bengaluru 82 . However, India is studying the applicability of an ‘extremism counseling hotline’ set up by Austrian authorities in India that would enable parents, teachers, and friends of “vulnerable and indoctrinated” youth to seek help. 83 Judicial system: The 1987 Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act was India’s first attempt at a counter-terrorism law. It was replaced by the Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002. Under these statutes, individuals were prosecuted for, amongst other things, the use of hawala for the financing of terrorism. However, both these statutes have since been repealed, and it does not look as though India has a specific anti-terrorism law, although the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Act (2008) makes it illegal to support both secessionist movements, and any claims to Indian territories that are made by foreign powers. 84 Education: Following fears that Bangladeshi nationals were radicalizing Indian Muslims in two madrassahs in West Bengal, a recent report by the BJP released in November 2014 found that “the main danger" of radicalization comes from foreign teachers employed in madrassahs, not madrassahs where Indian Muslims teach children. 85 Military: States along India’s border, namely in North-East India, Punjab, and J&K, have aired grievances by taking up arms against the central Indian government. The central government has responded with mostly military action. India’s counter-terrorism program is intelligence heavy: it 33
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