south-asian-militant-groups-and-global-jihad-in-2015

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QUILL IAM PART 3 STATE OF PLAY I n t e ra c t i o n b e t w e e n t e r ro rist groups a n d n a t i o n a l, re g i o n a l, and i n t e rn a t i o n a l forces In this section, the ways that Pakistan, Afghanistan, and India are combatting the threat of Islamist extremism will be outlined. In particular, this report will provide a brief summary of the counter-terrorism, judicial, educational, military, and finance orientated policies that are being implemented within the aforementioned regions. Due to the status of Jammu and Kashmir as a contested territory, it will be subject to a different set of analytical criteria. From our findings, gaps will be identified in the counter-extremism policies that are being used by each country - or state, as is the case in Indian and Pakistani administered Jammu and Kashmir - in order to combat the spread of Islamist extremism; a series of region specific policy suggestions will be made in Part 4 of this report. Jammu and Kashmir Although Jammu and Kashmir was a princely state in its own right up to the conclusion of British rule in the Indian subcontinent in 1947, it has been a heavily contested territory ever since, with both India and Pakistan vying for its ownership. 75 It is currently under Indian administration, as a federal state with a degree of autonomy guaranteed under Article 370 of the Indian Constitution. A small proportion of it, known as Azad Kashmir, is under Pakistani administration. As such, the interactions between terrorist groups and national, regional, and international forces have been complicated, and in many ways dictated, by the wars that have been, and are being fought between the Indian army, and proxy militant groups such as Hizb-ul- Mujahideen (HM), Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT), and Harkat-ul-Mujahideen (HuM) (see Part 2 of this report). 76 As such, the counter-terrorism initiatives that are taken within this region are divided amongst the Indian and the Pakistani administrations. The details of these initiatives are not explicitly relevant to this report, however, an analysis on how these Governments can directly develop their policies in order to restore peace to the region, and to mitigate the proliferation of said militant groups, will be offered in Part 4 of this report. 30
NEW AG EN T S OF GLOB AL JIHAD Pakistan Counter-terrorism policy: Pakistan’s new national policy to combat terrorism, the NAP, was released in 2014. Part of this plan includes Operation Zarb-e-Azb, a military offensive by the Pakistan Armed Forces against various militant groups: TTP, LeJ, Jundallah, AQ, IMU, and the Haqqani Network. The operation in North Waziristan (part of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas along the Afghan border) is a renewed effort against militancy in the wake of the 8 June attack on Jinnah International Airport in Karachi, for which the TTP and the IMU claimed responsibility. Judicial system: Pakistan has lifted the death penalty moratorium for terrorists, ordered the military to escalate attacks on terrorist hideouts, and targeted ‘extremism’ in Karachi and Punjab. Education: The NAP has emphasised the need to study the role of Pakistan’s education system in developing extremist mind-sets. Fiscal constraints have meant that the government partly relies on religious institutes to fill a vacuum in education and governance. Pakistan’s counter-terrorism and counter-extremism strategies hinge on Afghanistan’s cooperation, as well as the promotion of a clear narrative that unequivocally condemns terrorism and suicide bombings on both sides of the border. The Pakistani government has mandated the regulation of madrassahs. It has also forbidden banned groups to operate under different names, and strengthened the country’s National Counter Terrorism Authority. However, clerics who openly challenge the government, preach extremism, and sympathize with the Taliban are actively countering these initiatives. Military: Pakistan’s intelligence is focused on increasing cooperation between federal intelligence agencies and provinces, and on a newly launched anti-terrorism helpline. Funding (internal and external): The Pakistani government has implemented a ban on hate speech, and on literature preaching sectarianism and extremism. Furthermore, it has evoked sanctions on those spreading sectarianism. However, the implementation of these counter-extremism policies remains ineffective because of a low terror conviction rate; for example, the leader of the JuD/LeT, Hafiz Saeed, remains a free man in Pakistan. 31
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