Connotations 18.1-3 (2008/2009)

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122 EDWARD LOBB Brooker, Jewel Spears. T. S. Eliot: The Contemporary Reviews. Cambridge: CUP, 2004. Childs, Donald J. T. S. Eliot: Mystic, Son, and Lover. London: Athlone, 1997. Donoghue, Denis. The Third Voice: Modern British and American Verse Drama. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1959. Eliot, T. S. The Complete Poems and Plays. London: Faber, 1969. ——. The Family Reunion. Ed. Neville Coghill. London: Faber, 1969. ——. “In Memory of Henry James.” Egoist 5.1 (Jan. 1918): 1-2. ——. “Poetry and Drama.” 1951. On Poetry and Poets. London: Faber, 1957. 72-88. ——. “‘Rhetoric’ and Poetic Drama.” 1919. Selected Essays. London: Faber, 1951. 37-42. ——. “Shakespeare and the Stoicism of Seneca.” 1927. Selected Essays. London: Faber, 1951. 126-40. Evans, Giles. Wishwood Revisited: A New Interpretation of T. S. Eliot’s The Family Reunion. Lewes: Book Guild, 1991. Goldman, Michael. “Fear in the Way: The Design of Eliot’s Drama.” Eliot in His Time: Essays on the Fiftieth Anniversary of The Waste Land. Ed. A. Walton Litz. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1973. 155-80. Gordon, Lyndall. T. S. Eliot: An Imperfect Life. New York: Norton, 1999. James, Henry. “The Jolly Corner.” Complete Stories. Ed. David Bromwich. Vol. 5. 1898-1910. New York: Library of America, 1996. 697-731. 5 vols. 1996-1999. Jones, David E. The Plays of T. S. Eliot. Toronto: U of Toronto P, 1960. Lobb, Edward. “Chamber Music: Eliot’s Closed Rooms and Difficult Women.” T. S. Eliot: Man and Poet. Ed. Laura Cowan. 2 vols. Orono: U of Maine/National Poetry Foundation, 1990. 1: 167-80. Matthiessen, F. O. The Achievement of T. S. Eliot: An Essay on the Nature of Poetry. New York: OUP, 1947. Moody, A. David. Thomas Stearns Eliot, Poet. Oxford: OUP, 1994. Pater, Walter. The Renaissance. London: Jonathan Cape, 1928. Raine, Craig. T. S. Eliot. New York: OUP, 2006. Savoy, Eric. “The Queer Subject of The Jolly Corner.” The Henry James Review 20.1 (Winter 1999): 1-21. Smith, Carol H. T. S. Eliot’s Dramatic Theory and Practice: From Sweeney Agonistes to The Elder Statesman. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1963. Smith, Grover, Jr. T. S. Eliot’s Poetry and Plays: A Study in Sources and Meaning. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1961. Williams, Raymond. Drama from Ibsen to Eliot. London: Chatto and Windus, 1954.
“The Road Not Taken” in Hemingway’s “The Snows of Kilimanjaro” *1 SILVIA AMMARY Connotations Vol. 18.1-3 (2008/2009) Although the speaker of Robert Frost’s poem “The Road Not Taken” tells us that the road he takes is “less traveled,” in the second and third stanzas, he makes it clear that “the passing there” had worn these two paths “really about the same” and that “both that morning equally lay/ in leaves no step had trodden black” (835). The poem is told from the point of view of a speaker who imagines that he will contemplate his life later, “I shall be telling this […],” and whether he will have made the right choice or not. In fact, the only marker for the present tense is the word “hence.” Ambiguity is felt in Frost’s most famous words: “I took the one less traveled by, and that has made all the difference.” 2 We are never told whether or not the difference made in the life of that person was good or bad; whether it enriched his life or made it miserable. Even the few clues that we have—the telling all this with a “sigh” and that both roads were equally fair—are vague. Is the “sigh” an expression of satisfaction and contentment that the speaker has taken a successful path? Or is it an expression of regret and remorse that he has not taken the other road and has left behind the possibilities it might have offered? If the roads are equally fair, then why does the speaker say “that has made all the difference”? What about the title of the poem? Which road is “the road not taken”? Is it the one the speaker takes, which according to his last description is “less traveled by,” i.e., had not been taken by others, or does the title refer to the supposedly better-traveled road that the speaker himself fails to take? * For debates inspired by this article, please check the Connotations website at .
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Connotations 18.1-3 (2008/2009)

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