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Anupama A. Suralkar et al. / International Journal of Advances in Pharmaceutical Research 

IJAPR 

Available Online through 

www.ijapronline.org 

Research Paper 

ISSN: 2230 – 7583 

ANTIALLERGIC AND ANTIANAPHYLACTIC ACTIVITY OF Sida rhombifolia Linn IN 

MANAGEMENT OF ASTHMA 

Anupama A. Suralkar*, Kuldeep K. Gaikwad, Asha S. Jadhav, Gayatri S. Vaidya. 

Center for Innovation in Pharmaceutical Education, Research and Development (CIPERD), Padm. Dr. D.Y. Patil, 

Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research, Pimpri, Pune-411018 

Received on 10 – 08 - 2012 Revised on 17 – 09- 2012 Accepted on 01– 10 – 2012 

ABSTRACT 

Traditionally, Sida rhombifolia (SR) Linn is use in treatment of allergic diseases such as a bronchial asthma, 

bronchitis, wheezing, cough, short windedness, swelling, wounds, burns, itch, sores, eczema and skin diseases. 

Leaves are used in all kinds of inflammations. Leaves are reported to contain flavonoids which display several 

pharmacological properties in treating the allergic inflammations. Hence, the present study was undertaken to 

investigate the effect of ethanolic extract of Sida rhombifolia (SR) (Linn.) leaves on milk induced leukocytosis and 

eosinophilia in mice, compound 48/80 induced mast cell degranulation in rats and egg albumin induced passive 

paw anaphylaxis in rats. In milk induced leukocytosis and eosinophilia SR showed significant decrease in 

difference in no. of leucocytes and eosinophils count (p


disorders from mild to life-threatening and affect 

many organs. Atopy is the tendency to produce an 

exaggerated IgE immune response to otherwise 

harmless environmental substances and an allergic 

disease may be defined as the clinical manifestation 

of this inappropriate IgE immune response. (4) 

The number of individuals suffering with allergic 

illnesses is increasing in the industrialized as well as 

in large cities of developing countries. Allergies also 

have reached high prevalence and incidence in all 

over the world. Allergy and anaphylaxis are the most 

responsible factor for diseases like asthma, rhinitis, 

bronchitis, cold, cough, pain; inflammation etc. (3) 

Allergic asthma is the most common type of asthma. 

About 90% of kids with childhood asthma have 

allergies, compared with about 50% of adults with 

asthma. Inhaling specific substances called allergens 

(allergy triggers such as pollen, mites, or molds) 

brings on the asthma symptoms associated with 

allergic asthma. Allergic asthma, airways are 

hypersensitive to the allergens. Once these allergens 

get into airways, immune system overreacts. The 

muscles around your airways tighten (an effect 

called bronchospasm).The airways themselves 

become inflamed and flooded with thick mucus. (5) 

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory lung disease that 

is characterized by airway edema and increased 

mucus secretion. A propensity for allergic responses, 

atopy, is associated with the development of asthma. 

(6) 

Allergic asthma, which affects an estimated 100 

million individuals worldwide is caused by chronic 

airway inflammation associated with IgE- synthesis 

and subsequent Th2 (T-helper type-2 cell)-responses. 

The pathophysiological hallmark of asthma is the 

infiltration of inflammatory cells, including 

eosinophils, neutrophils, lymphocytes and 

macrophages. These cells release various 

inflammatory mediators, including histamine and 

cytokines. (7) According to World Health 

Organization (WHO) statistics it is estimated that 

300 million have asthma, markedly affecting the 

quality of life of these individuals and their families 

and negatively impacting the socio-economic 

welfare of society and 250,000 avoidable asthma 

deaths occur in the world each year. (8) 

Modern approaches includes mast cell stabilizers, 

leukotriene receptor antagonists, histamine receptor 

blockers, β 2 receptor agonists, methylxanthines and 

corticosteroids but clinical evaluations of these drugs 

have shown incidences of relapse, side effects and 

drug interactions. For examples, β 2 receptor agonists 

like salbutamol may cause muscle tremors, 

palpitation, restlessness, nervousness and throat 

irritation while leukotriene receptor antagonists like 

montelukast and zafirlukast can cause headache and 

(9, 10) 

gastrointestinal disturbances. 

These therapeutic limitations have provided 

incentive anti-asthmatic drugs. Due to those side 

effects, there is a need to find new anti-asthmatic 

compound(s) with potentially less or no side effects. 

Herbal medicines are being increasingly utilized to 

treat a wide variety of diseases, though the 

knowledge about their mode of action is relatively 

scanty. So there is a growing interest regarding the 

pharmacological evaluation of various plants used in 

(3) 

traditional system of medicine. The use of 

traditional medicine is expanding to newer horizons 

and plants still remain as the novel source of 

structurally important compounds that lead to the 

development of innovative drugs. Naturally 

occurring compounds from plants are still used in 

pharmaceutical preparations in pure or extracted 

forms. (11) 

Plants extracts, however are some of the attractive 

sources of new drug and have shown to produce 

promising results in treatment of allergic 

inflammatory diseases such as asthma. (12, 13) It is a 

short-lived perennial subshrub (woody stem and 

herbaceous branches) commonly growing to 60 cm, 

but sometimes reaching 1.5 min height. The alternate 

leaves are variable in both shape and size and grows 

today in over 70 countries throughout the tropical, 

subtropical and warm temperate regions. (14) It is 

commonly known as Huang hua mu [China], Arrow 

leaf sida [English], Bala, Mahabala [India], Chikana, 

Sadeva [Marathi], Bariara, Swetbarela [Hindi], 

(15, 16, 17) 

Baladana [Gujarati] and Sittamutti [Madras]. 

Leaves contains chemical constituents such as 

ascorbic-acid, beta-carotene, beta-phenethylamine, 

calcium, carbohydrates, fat, fiber, gums, riboflavin, 

zinc, iron, niacin, thiamin and hipaphorine while 

phytochemical constituents such as flavonoids (& 

their glycosides),alkaloids (pseudoephedrine, vascin, 

vasicine.), phenolic compounds, saponins, steroids 

(& their glycosides), tannins, triterpenoids (& their 

glycosides). (13, 15) Roots contain alkaloids, choline, 

cobalt, copper, cryptolepine, and ephedrine. Stems 

contain magnesium, mucilage. (15) Fruits contain 

tannins, phenolics, alkaloids, flavonoids while seeds 

(18, 19) 

contain ecdysterone. Plant is reported to 

possess activities such as antinociceptive and antiinflammatory 

activity, (13) In-Vitro antioxidant, (20) 

(21) 

analgesic activity, anti-inflammatory and 

hepatoprotective activity, (22) Free radical scavanging 

activity, (23) antiproliferative activity, (24) antigout 

activity, (25) antidirrhoeal activity, (26) antiarthritic 

(27) 

(28) 

activity, nephroprotective activity and 

hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity (29) etc. 

Flavonoids display several pharmacological 

properties in treating the allergic inflammations, 

IJAPR / Oct. 2012/ Vol. 3 /Issue. 10 / 1193 – 1202 1194


acting as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents. 

(30) 

Saponins, (31) steroids, (7) tannins (32) and their 

related compounds are reported to possess antiinflammatory 

activity. 

Traditionally, Sida rhombifolia Linn ssp. rhombifolia 

commonly known as a “Mahabala” is use in 

treatment of allergic diseases such as a bronchial 

asthma, bronchitis, wheezing, cough, short 

windedness, swelling, wounds, burns, itch, sores, 

eczema, skin diseases, dermatosis, tonsilitis and 

respiratory inflammations. (15) Traditionally leaves 

are used in all kinds of inflammations. It removes 

“Tridosha”. (16) 

Hence, taking into consideration the traditional 

claims, phytochemical constituents and reported 

activities, the present study was planned to evaluate 

the antiallergic and antianaphylactic activity of Sida 

rhombifolia Linn in management of asthma. 

MATERIALS AND METHODS 

Experimental animals 

Swiss albino mice weighing 20-25 gm and Wistar 

albino rats weighing 150-250g were housed in 

standard cages at room temperature 25 ± 2 °C and 

50±5% relative humidity, under a light/dark cycle of 

12/12 h, for 1 week before the experiments. Animals 

were provided with standard rodent pellet diet 

(Amrut laboratory animal feed, Sangli, Maharashtra, 

India) and water ad libitum. Laboratory animal 

handling and experimental procedures were 

performed in accordance with the guidelines of 

CPCSEA and experimental protocol was approved 

by Institutional Animal Ethics Committee. 

(CPCSEA Approval No: 198/99). 

Selection, procurement of plant material and 

preparation of extract 

The leaves of Sida rhombifolia (SR) Linn 

(33, 34) 

(Malvaceae) were selected for study. Fresh 

leaves of SR were collected from local areas of 

Tiruvanantpuram, Kerala, India. The specimen was 

authenticated at Botanical Survey of India (BSI), 

Pune. The extractions of leaves of SR were carried 

by soxhlation method using soxhlate’s apparatus. (20) 

In this method 1000 gm of leaf powder was extracted 

with 95% ethanol. It was then filtered and 

concentrated to obtain the ethanolic extract of SR. 

The % yield obtained from leaves was 25 gm. (25% 

w/w). Extract was subjected to qualitative chemical 

tests for the identification of various 

phytoconstituents. (35) 

Experimental design 

Acute oral toxicity study and selection of doses 

Dose was selected by using acute oral toxicity study. 

(36) The toxicity study for ethanolic extract of leaves 

of was performed using rats. The animals were 

fasted overnight prior to the experiment and 

maintained under standard conditions. To find the 

LD50 of ethanolic extract of leaves of SR, six groups 

of rats, containing six in each group, were given SR 

in the doses of 500, 1000and 2000 mg/kg orally. The 

animals were observed for 5 min every 30 min till 2 

h and then at 4, 8 and 24 h after treatment for any 

behavioral changes/mortality. They were further 

observed daily for 7 days for mortality. No mortality 

up to 7 days after treatment was observed with the 

ethanolic extract of leaves of SR and therefore was 

found safe up to dose of 2000 mg/kg. Accordingly 

100,200 and 400 mg/kg p.o. doses were selected for 

rats and mice. 

Effect of ethanolic extract of Sida rhombifolia 

(EtOH-SR) leaves on milk induced leukocytosis 

(3, 31) 

and eosinophilia in mice: 

Mice were divided into five groups (n=5). Animals 

belonging to group I served as positive control and 

was administered with only boiled and cooled milk 

(4 ml/kg, s.c.).Animals belonging to group II served 

as standard and were administered with 

Dexamethasone (50 mg/kg i.p.) while animals 

belonging to group III to V served as test group and 

were received respective doses of ethanolic extract 

of Sida rhombifolia and 1 hr later boiled and cooled 

milk (4 ml/kg, s.c.) was administered to the same 

animals. After 24 hr, blood samples were collected 

from all animals from their retro orbital plexus, 

under light ether anesthesia. Total leukocytes and 

eosinophils counts were recorded in each group 24 

hr after milk injection and difference in no. of 

leucocytes and eosinophils count was calculated. 


(EtOH-SR) leaves on compound 48/80- induced 

mast cell degranulation in rats: (37) 

Procedure: 

Rats were divided into five groups (n=5). On the 1st 

day of sensitization, all the animals from each group 

were injected with Compound 48/80 (1mg/kg, s.c.). 

Animals belonging to group II served as standard 

and were administered with Ketotifen fumarate 

(1mg/kg, p.o.). While animals belonging to group III 

to group V served as test group and were 

administered with respective doses of ethanolic 

extract of Sida rhombifolia for 15 days. On day 15th, 

2 hour after the assigned treatment, mast cells were 

collected from the peritoneal cavity. Ten ml of 

normal saline solution was injected into peritoneal 

cavity and abdomen was gently massaged for 90 

second. The peritoneal cavity was carefully opened 

and the fluid containing mast cells were aspirated 

and collected in siliconised test tube containing 7 to 

10 ml of RPMI-1640 Medium (pH 7.2- 7.4).The 



mast cells were then washed thrice by centrifugation 

at low speed (400-500 rpm) and the pallets of mast 

cells were taken in the RPMI-1640 medium. The 

mast cell suspension (approximately 1 x 10 6 

cells/ml) was challenged with 5 μg/ml of compound 

48/80 solution and stained with 0.1 % toluidine blue 

and observed under high power microscope (45 

X).Total 100 cells were counted from different 

visual areas. The numbers of intact and degranulated 

cells was counted and the percent protection was 

calculated using the formula, 

% Protection = [1-(T / C)] x 100 

Where,T- No. of degranulated cells of test, C-No. of 

degranulated cells of control. 


(EtOH-SR) leaves on egg albumin induced 

passive paw anaphylaxis in rats: (3) 

Wistar rats were divided into five groups (n=5). 

Antiserum to egg albumin was raised in rats by using 

aluminum hydroxide gel as an adjuvant. On 1st, 3rd 

and 5th day, animals were given three doses of 250 

μg of egg albumin (s.c.) adsorbed on 12 mg of 

aluminum hydroxide gel prepared in 0.5 ml of saline. 

On 10th day of sensitization, the blood of each 

animal was collected from the retro orbital plexus 

under light ether anesthesia. The collected blood was 

allowed to clot and serum is separated by 

centrifugation at 1500 rpm. The animals were 

passively sensitized with 0.1 ml of the undiluted 

serum into the left hind paw. The right hind paw 

received an equal volume of saline. Animals 

belonging to group I served as control and was 

administered with only distilled water (10 ml/kg, 

p.o.). Animals belonging to group II served as 

standard and were administered by Dexamethasone 

(0.5 mg/kg, i.p.); whereas animals belonging to 

group III to group V served as test group and were 

administered with respective doses of ethanolic 

extract of Sida rhombifolia 24 hr after sensitization. 

One hr after drug administration, animals were 

challenged by giving 10 μg of egg albumin in 0.1 ml 

of saline in the left hind paw and the paw 

inflammation was measured by using a 

Plethysmometer (UGO Basile, 7140).The difference 

in the reading prior to and after antigen challenge 

represents the edema volume and the percent 

inhibition of edema was calculated by using the 

formula, 

% Inhibition = [1-(T / C)] x 100 

T - Mean relative change in paw volume in test 

group,C- Mean relative change in paw volume in 

control group. 

Statistical analysis 

The results were expressed as mean ± SEM from 5 

animals. Statistical analysis done by using one way 

ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test. (12) p


3rd and 4th hrs time intervals and the percent 

inhibition was found to be 44.09 %, 53.39 %, 61.37 

%, 65.65 % and 74.68 % respectively. Treatment 

with ethanolic extract of Sida rhombifolia at the dose 

of 100 mg/kg, p.o. significantly reduced (p


Thus, the present study shows that Sida rhombifolia 

extract prevent the release of inflammatory 

mediators by decreasing the leucocytic and 

eosinophilic count and which further may contribute 

in the management of allergic asthma. 

Compound 48/80 is a polymeric base having 

histamine releasing activity. Histamine release by the 

amine-exchange mechanism would require access of 

the releaser to intracellular binding sites of 

histamine. Alkalinity should enhance this process; it 

would favour the passage of the compound across 

lipoid barriers on the mast cell membrane. 

Approximately 4.5 times more histamine was 

released at pH 8.2 than at 7.4. (41) 

The pathological mechanisms involved in Type-I 

allergy has been explained as the degranulation of 

mast cells, followed by the release of mediators such 

as histamine, leukotrienes and prostaglandins from 

these cells . The degranulation of mast cells occurs 

in response to the immunological stimuli in which 

the antigen– antibody reaction on the cell surface 

predominates. The mast cell stabilizing effect can be 

attributed to a great extent to the presence of 

flavonoids, as many of these compounds have been 

reported to possess this activity. (37) Stimulation of 

mast cells with compound 48/80 or antiserum 

initiates the activation of signal transduction 

pathway, which leads to histamine release. Some 

recent studies showed that compound 48/80 and 

other polybasic compounds are able to activate G 

proteins. The compound 48/80 increased the 

permeability of the lipid bilayer membrane by 

causing a perturbation of the membrane. These 

results indicated that the membrane permeability 

increase may be an essential trigger for the release of 

the mediators from the mast cells. (42) It has been 

reported that agents that induce the elevation of 

intracellular cAMP levels can attenuate the 

stimulated release of mediators from mast cells. (43) 

Mast cells are the primary effector cells involved in 

an allergic or immediate hypersensitivity response. 

Activation of mast cells occurs in response to a 

challenge by a specific antigen against which the 

surface immunoglobulin E (IgE) is directed, or by 

other IgE-directed ligands. Activated mast cells can 

produce histamine, as well as a wide variety of other 

inflammatory mediators such as eicosanoids, 

proteoglycans, proteases and several proinflammatory 

and chemotactic cytokines such as 

tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL) - 6, IL-4, 

IL-8, and IL-13. Among them, histamine remains the 

best-characterized and most potent vasoactive 

mediator implicated in the acute phase of immediate 

hypersensitivity. Various acute and chronic allergic 

responses are caused by these mediators. (43) Mast 

cell degranulation can also be elicited by the basic 

secretagogues. The most potent secretagogues 

include the synthetic compound 48/80 and polymers 

of basic amino acids. Compared with the natural 

process, a high concentration of compound 48/80 

induces an almost 90% release of histamine from 

mast cells. Thus, an appropriate amount of 

compound 48/80 has been used as a direct and 

convenient reagent to investigate the mechanisms of 

allergy and anaphylaxis. The murine mast cell is a 

good experimental model for the study of compound 

48/80-induced histamine release. It is wellrecognized 

that compound 48/80 can induce a mast 

cell-dependent, non-specific anaphylactoid reaction. 

The mechanism of anaphylactoid response triggered 

by compound 48/80 is considered to be due to the 

massive release of vasoactive amines, such as 

histamine, from mast cells and basophils. As noted, 

histamine is a typical mediator that causes various 

pathophysiologic events in acute allergic reactions. 

(43) 

In the present study, control group treated with 

Compound 48/80 showed more mast cell 

degranulation where as group treated with Ketotifen 

fumarate significantly reduced the mast cell 

degranulation while group treated with Sida 

rhombifolia extract also significantly reduced the 

mast cell degranulation but reduction was found to 

be less as compared to Ketotifen fumarate and the 

effect may be due to its mast cell stabilizing activity 

and thereby reduction in release of histamine and 

other vasoactive amines and further array of 

inflammatory cascade and which further may 

contribute in the management of allergic asthma. 

Egg allergy is one of the most common food 

allergies, affecting 1% to 2% of young children. It is 

overall second only to milk allergy in prevalence and 

in most studies has been shown to be the most 

common food allergy in children with atopic 

dermatitis. In addition, early sensitization to egg is a 

marker of later sensitization to aeroallergens and the 

(44) 

development of asthma. There is much 

resemblance in clinical features between 

inflammation and immune reaction in the tissue. In 

both condition, there is local vasodilatation, 

increased capillary permeability and formation of 

oedema due to local release of various vasoactive 

amines like histamine, bradykinin, SRS-A and 

prostaglandins. One of the most important 

approaches used in the examination of the immune 

pathological mechanisms of anaphylactic and 

inflammatory disorder is to elicit the formation of 

paw oedema, injecting various substances into the 

sub plantar injection of a number of substances in the 

hind paw of rats. (45) 



Basophils, mast cells and their preformed de novo 

synthesized mediators, play a pivotal role in the 

pathogenesis of allergic disorders. These molecules 

are potent vasoactive and bronchoconstrictor agents 

and they modulate local immune responses and 

inflammatory cell infiltration. Immunoglobulin E 

(IgE) mediated mast cell stimulation is an important 

initial event in the development of type I allergic 

reactions like asthma and atopic disorders. Clinical 

studies have found a close association between 

asthma and serum IgE levels as well as IgE 

dependent skin test reactivity to allergens. Antigen 

challenge, in sensitized animals, results in 

degranulation of mast cells, which is an important 

feature of anaphylaxis. The antigen and antibody 

(AG: AB) reaction taking place on the surface of 

mast cells leading to release of mediators. 

Degranulated mast cells release a number of 

mediators like leukotrienes, platelet activating factor, 

eosinophilic chemotactic factor and eosinophilderived 

neurotoxin. The prevention of degranulation 

process by the extract indicates a possible stabilizing 

effect on the biomembrane of mast cells. (46) 

Anaphylactic allergic reaction is a life-threatening 

syndrome induced by the sudden systemic release of 

inflammatory mediators such as histamine and 

proinflammatory cytokines and can be elicited by 

various stimulators including compound 48/80 and 

IgE. IgE is prominently related to atopic diseases 

such as allergy. (47) 

In the present study, control group treated with egg 

albumin showed increase in paw edema while group 

treated with Dexamethasone significantly inhibited 

the paw edema while group treated with Sida 

rhombifolia extract also significantly inhibited the 

paw edema but inhibition was found to be less as 

compared to Dexamethasone and the effect may be 

due to its antiallergic (inhibition of AG: AB 

reaction) and mast cell stabilizing activity and which 

further may contribute in the management of allergic 

asthma. 

Table 1: Effect of ethanolic extract of Sida rhombifolia (EtOH-SR) leaves on milk induced leukocytosis and 

eosinophilia in mice 

Groups 

( n = 5) 

Difference in number of leukocyte 

count (per cu mm) 

Difference in number of eosinophil 

count (per cu mm) 

I (Control) 4508.6± 48.590 120.2±4.587 

II (Std) 837.6±24.266** 54.8±4.317** 

III (SR 100) 3793.6±61.845** 104.4±2.731* 

IV (SR 200) 2287.2±28.909** 80±3.162** 

V (SR 400) 978.2±23.865** 70.4±4.434** 

*p


Group-III (SR 100) = Ethanolic extract of leaves of Sida rhombifolia (100 mg/kg p.o.). + Compound 48/80 

(1mg/kg, s.c.). 

Group- IV (SR 200) = Ethanolic extract of leaves of Sida rhombifolia (200 mg/kg, p.o.) + Compound 48/80 

(1mg/kg, s.c.). 

Group- V (SR 400) = Ethanolic extract of leaves of Sida rhombifolia (400 mg/kg, p.o.) + Compound 48/80 

(1mg/kg, s.c.). 

Table 3: Effect of ethanolic extract of Sida rhombifolia (EtOH-SR) leaves on egg albumin induced passive 

paw anaphylaxis in rats 

Groups 

Paw edema volume (ml) (Mean ± SEM) 

(n=5) 

0.5 hr 1 hr 2 hr 3 hr 4hr 

I (Control) 0.49± 

0.53± 

0.57± 

0.6± 

0.65± 

0.005 

0.003 

0.004 

0.007 

0.005 

II (Std) 0.27± 

0.24± 

0.22± 

0.20± 

0.16± 

0.005** 

0.003** 

0.004** 

0.005** 

0.005** 

III (SR 100) 0.48± 

0.51± 

0.44± 

0.35± 

0.31± 

0.003 

0.005 

0.005** 

0.007** 

0.005** 

IV (SR 200) 0.47± 

0.50± 

0.35± 

0.33± 

0.29± 

0.005* 

0.005** 

0.004** 

0.007** 

0.002** 

V (SR 400) 0.45± 

0.42± 

0.31± 

0.30± 

0.25± 

0.005** 

0.003** 

0.003** 

0.005** 

0.003** 

Groups 

(n=5) 

Percent inhibition of 

paw edema(%) 

0.5 hr 1 hr 2 hr 3 hr 4hr 

II (Std) 44.09 53.39 61.37 65.65 74.68 

III (SR100) 2.40 3.01 22.07 40.66 52.13 

IV (SR 200) 4.41 5.26 38.58 44.98 54.87 

V (SR 400) 7.64 19.55 44.19 48.98 60.67 

*p


CONCLUSION 

Thus, the results obtained in the present investigations indicates 

that ethanolic extract of leaves of SR may prove to be useful in 

preventing allergic conditions and diseases such as a asthma 

owing to its ability to decrease the increased eosinophilic, 

leucocytic count, prevention of mast cell degranulation and 

inhibition of paw edema volume and the effect may be due to 

adaptogenic, antistress, mast cell stabilizing, inhibition of antigen: 

antibody (AG:AB) reaction and anti-inflammatory activity of 

the extract and the presence of phytochemical constituents such as 

flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins and steroids. Thus, our 

studies established a significant antiallergic effect of EtOH-SR. 

However, further studies are required to establish its exact mode 

of action and the active principles involved in its antiallergic and 

antianaphylactic effect. 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 

Authors are grateful to Dr. S. S. Chitlange, Principal, Padm. Dr. 

D. Y. Patil, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 

Pimpri, Pune-411018, Maharashtra, India, for providing 

laboratory facilities. 

CONFLICT-OF-INTEREST 

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. 

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INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS IN PHARMACY AND HEALTH SCIENCES 

Pharma Science Tech Association, Foundation No: AP/PSTA/56/2012. 

Please visit for Details: www.icphsmembership.com 

Totally three types 

FICPHS (Fellowship in International Congress in Pharmacy and Health Sciences), MICPHS (Member in International Congress in 

Pharmacy and Health Sciences), AMICPHS (Associate Member in International Congress in Pharmacy And Health Sciences) 

Eligibility 

FICPHS: Ph.D in Chemistry/ Pharmacy / M.Sc / M.Pharm with 2 years experience, MICPHS: M.Sc / M.Pharm (or) B.Sc / B.Pharm with 

2 years experience, AMICPHS: B.Sc (or) B.Pharmacy

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