Living Standards Measurements Study - Serbia 2002 - 2007

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Table 9.6. Employment and unemployment rates by age and gender, LSMS 2007 Rates Employment Unemployment Total Male Female Total Male Female Total 47.0 56.0 38.7 13.2 11.1 15.7 15-24 19.2 24.1 14.2 37.2 33.0 43.2 25-34 67.9 76.3 59.1 17.3 14.8 20.5 35-44 76.6 85.8 68.0 11.3 8.6 14.3 45-54 71.4 80.5 62.9 8.9 7.0 10.9 55- 64 39.6 52.3 28.0 6.7 6.4 7.3 65+ 14.0 19.1 10.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 Working age 15-64 55.3 64.1 46.8 13.9 11.8 16.5 Education level is undoubtedly one of the most important factors having an impact on the economic position of the employed. There is a very high correlation between education level and poverty, and this correlation is even higher where the employed population is concerned, because employment position and status are determined by the education level. Investments in education certainly contribute to the welfare of both the individual and society as a whole. This is best illustrated by the fact that 11 percent of the loweducated workers are poor, whereas the poor account for less than 0.5 percent of workers with college or university education (tertiary education). Generally speaking, employed men are poorer than employed women. This can probably be attributed to the fact that, in many cases, an employed woman has a working husband, whereas due to the low employment rate for women, it is more usual that an employed husband does not have a working wife. age Graph 9.2. Employed and unemployed by age, LSMS 2007 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55- 64 65 + 0.0% 6.3% 6.2% 6.0% 13.1% 24.8% 22.2% 24.1% 20.2% 18.1% 30.7% 28.2% Table 9.7. Employed and unemployed by education level and gender, LSMS Employed Unemployed Total Women Total Women Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Primary 23.9 24.7 21.7 22.9 Secondary 57.0 52.9 67.6 64.2 Tertiary 19.1 22.5 10.7 12.9 Employment Unemployment Examining education level, people with secondary education are the most numerous (57 percent), those with primary school education make up 23.9 percent of the total number of employed people, while the proportion of employed with college or university education is the lowest (19.1 percent). 120 Living Standards Measurements Study - Serbia 2002 - 2007
9.3. Employment in the informal sector The definition of the employed in the informal sector is the same as that used in LSMS 2002. According to that definition, persons employed in the informal sector were all people without a formal and legal regulated employment relation i.e. persons who are not employed in registered companies, have no own registered company or have no employment-related insurance. According to LSMS 2007, almost 35 percent of employed persons were engaged in the informal sector, some 4 percent more compared to 2002, but at the same level as in 2003. In urban areas the number of the employed in the informal sector fell by 0.3 percent. In rural areas over 52 percent of employees work in the informal sector, 11.3 percent up on 2002. Given that people in rural areas represent the majority of those employed in the informal sector, it can be assumed that such persons mainly work in agriculture. The high percentage of people employed in the informal sector is, among other things, the result of greater flexibility offered by such type of work in terms of timing and number of working hours and avoidance of costs related to the payment of contributions and taxes. There are significant regional differences in the informal sector. The lowest percentage of people employed in the informal sector is in Belgrade (21 percent) and the highest (over 47 percent) is found in West Serbia which, simultaneously, has the largest number of employed persons (55 percent). Since 2002, the trends shows that the informal sector has been increasingly absorbing unqualified and unskilled labour. Of the total number of employees in the informal sector, 53 percent are educated up to primary school level, 39 percent secondary and 8 percent to college and university level. Even though, compared to 2002, the number of employed at all educational levels increased in the informal sector, those with lower education represents the overwhelming majority. Whereas in 2002, some 49 percent of employed persons with primary school education were engaged in the informal sector, in 2007, than number reaches some 70 percent. Of the total number of employed people with secondary education, a little less than 28 percent, work in the informal sector, whereas the smallest percentage of persons with college and university education are employed in the informal sector. Employment status Graph 9.3. Formal and informal employment by education level, LSMS 2007 elementary secondary tertiary 11,1% 8,3% 25,6% Formal 38,9% Informal 52,8% 63,3% As compared to 2002, significant changes have taken place in the social and economic position of the employed in the formal and informal sectors. While in 2002, a higher percentage of employees in the formal sector were reported living below the poverty line (58 percent) as compared to the informal sector (42 percent), the data for 2007 point to the reverse situation. Of the total number of employed persons below the poverty line, over 72 percent work in the informal sector. Among the employed in the poorest quintile, 40 percent are engaged in formal employment and 60 percent work in the informal. While for the 20% from the richest quintile 82 percent have formal employment and 18 percent informal. The data testifies that the economic position of the formally employed has substantially improved. 9.4. Transformation from state to private ownership Over recent years, ownership transformation led to the prevalence of the private sector over the state one, while the social sector, which was dominant in the socialist regime, was reduced to a little more than 4 percent of employed persons. The privatization of the remainder of socially-owned enterprises, which is to be completed by the end of 2008, will remove the social ownership sector from the historical scene. Private ownership, with 48.4 percent of the employed in the registered and 19.7 percent in the unregistered form, has become the most widespread ownership type in which the working activity of Serbians is undertaken. Compared to LSMS 2002, the number of employed in private companies rose by 28.7 percent. Both registered and unregistered companies saw an increase. 121
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Living Standards Measurement Study
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Publisher: Statistical Office of th
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The statistical system of Serbia ha
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Living Standards Measurements Study
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1. POVERTY PROFILE IN SERBIA IN THE
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Absolute and extreme poverty of Rom
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Table 1.4. Subjective evaluation of
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However, notwithstanding the highli
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Table 1.8. Poverty by regions in Se
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1.9. Education and demographic feat
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Table 1.14. Poverty by household ty
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Table 1.16. Regression of consumpti
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2. The total number of the poor hal
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Natasa Mijakovac Income and expendi
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Aggregate income does not contain r
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In the five-year period, the struct
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’Х’ axis, except for the last
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Таble 2.6. Average monthly expend
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Graph 2.5. Cumulative overview of h
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2.5. Conclusion 1. From 2002 - 2007
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3. DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF T
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widows were aged over 60 and 17 per
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However, there is an increase in th
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4. MIGRATION IN SERBIA Migration as
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Table 4.4. Migration by type of set
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Table 4.6. Migration characteristic
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Graph 4.3. Households by migratory
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5. HOUSING CONDITIONS AND POSSESION
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Table 5.1. Indicators of housing co
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Table 5.2. Households by type of he
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Table 5.5. Proportion of monthly ex
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Table 5.10. Average number of month
Page 71 and 72: Mirosinka Dinkic Social welfare in
Page 73 and 74: municipality level. Again, municipa
Page 75 and 76: 6.1.4. Amounts of benefit received
Page 77 and 78: support from authorities to fill in
Page 79 and 80: It is noticeable that more PWDs age
Page 81 and 82: Graph 6.6. PWDs by education level
Page 83 and 84: 6.2.6. Health care of PWDs LSMS sho
Page 85 and 86: Jasmina Grozdanov Health 7 7.1. Int
Page 87 and 88: educe the negative trends in the he
Page 89 and 90: 7.5. Use of Health Care Services ac
Page 91 and 92: given significantly more by residen
Page 93 and 94: Table 7.1. Average expenditure on s
Page 95 and 96: Snezana Klasnja Education 8 Introdu
Page 97 and 98: study of mother tongue and elements
Page 99 and 100: Graph 8.1. School attendance, relat
Page 101 and 102: distributed geographically. Accordi
Page 103 and 104: 8.3. Primary education 8.3.1. Gener
Page 105 and 106: and only children from families wit
Page 107 and 108: The number of classes and teachers
Page 109 and 110: Participation of young people in va
Page 111 and 112: universities, pursuant to approved
Page 113 and 114: Table 8.1. shows the proportion of
Page 115: Endnotes, Part 8 1 All data refer t
Page 118 and 119: 9. EMPLOYMENT STATUS Despite signif
Page 120 and 121: the past five years did not lead to
Page 124 and 125: If the economic position of the emp
Page 126 and 127: possible to examine hidden unemploy
Page 128 and 129: Graph 9.7. Employment and unemploym
Page 130 and 131: job. While 26 percent of the popula
Page 132 and 133: Table 9.13. Respondents aged 15+ by
Page 135 and 136: Natalija Bogdanov Agriculture 10 10
Page 137 and 138: 10.2. Rural poverty in Serbia Inter
Page 139 and 140: Box 4. Types of Individual Agricult
Page 141 and 142: Graph 10.2. Income of rural househo
Page 143 and 144: favourable compared to the non-agri
Page 145 and 146: The physical capital of agricultura
Page 147 and 148: Graph 10.12. Structure of farms by
Page 149 and 150: The greatest profit from animal liv
Page 151 and 152: Table 10.5. Features of agricultura
Page 153: 7. Bogdanov N. (2007): «Small Rura
Page 156 and 157: 11. WATER AND SANITATION SERVICES (
Page 158 and 159: Table 11.2. Water and sewerage char
Page 160 and 161: The improvements varied by both typ
Page 162 and 163: 11.13. Contact with water suppliers
Page 164 and 165: 162 Living Standards Measurements S
Page 166 and 167: 12. METHODOLOGY 12.1. Fieldwork App
Page 168 and 169: 12.2. Data production Data files ar
Page 170 and 171: p hij = overall probability of sele
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12.4.1. Comparing number of househo
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Table 12.6. New Estimates of Total
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ent paid by the tenants was used. I
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from the separate survey on regiona
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steps. First, the daily caloric val
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poverty in Serbia in 2007 were impr
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Annex А 183
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Annex Table 1.2. Household Sample S
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Annex Table 2.2. Monthly consumptio
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Annex Table 2.4. Monthly income per
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Annex Table 3.3. Household residenc
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Annex Table 3.5. Education level (p
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Annex Table 3.7. Reason why do not
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Annex Table 3.9. Individual economi
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Annex Table 3.12. Marital status of
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Annex Table 3.14. Economic status o
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Annex Table 3.16. Number of househo
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Annex Table 3.19. Households with o
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Annex Table 3.21. Households by num
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Annex Table 5.3. Average number of
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Annex Table 5.6. Households with in
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Annex Table 5.8. Average household
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Annex Table 5.10. Average household
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Annex Table 5.14. Household durable
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Annex Table 5.16. Household ownersh
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Annex Table 6.2. Average amount rec
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Annex Table 6.4. Reasons for non ap
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Annex Table 6.7. Reason did not app
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Annex Table 6.10. Reason did not ap
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Annex Table 7.1. Whether respondent
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Annex Table 7.9. Respondents use of
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Annex Table 7.12. Average frequency
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Table 7.14. Respondents insured in
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Annex Table 7.16. Respondents with
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Annex Table 8.2. Children from 3 to
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Table 8.6. Average number of hours
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Annex Table 8.12. Average amount sp
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Table 8.14. Children from 15 to 19
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Annex Table 8.17. Percentage of cit
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Annex Table 8.20. Average value of
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Annex Table 9.2. Population 15+ by
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Annex Table 9.5. Employed 15+ by Ac
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Annex Table 9.8. Employment by owne
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Annex Table 9.11. Average number of
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Annex Table 9.15. Average amount re
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Annex Table 10.2. Agricultural hous
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Annex Table 10.11. Households which
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Annex Table 10.13. Estimated value
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Annex Table 10.15. Average estimate
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Annex Table 10.18. Agricultural hou
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Living Standards Measurements Study - Serbia 2002 - 2007

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