Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)

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Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) IET-Radar 2013 Electromagnetic wave around a Material Specimen Air-Coupled Wave Air-coupled Wave Tx Tx Tx Rx Rx Rx Ground Surface Lateral Wave Time (ns) Groundwater Table Body Wave Offset Distance (m) 79 80 1 Specimen (35cm) S11 test of 1 specimen (35cm) 2 Specimen (70cm) S11 test of 2 specimen (70cm) 4 35cm (with metal plate) 70cm (with metal plate) 35cm (without metal plate) 2 2 70cm (without metal plate) Amplitude 0 -2 6 x 10-3 Time [ns] S11 test of 1 specimen (35cm) Amplitude 0 -2 4 x 10-3 Time [ns] S11 test of 2 specimen (70cm) 6 x 10-3 Time [ns] 4 x 10-3 Time [ns] -4 35cm (with metal plate) 4 35cm (without metal plate) 35cm -6 -150 -100 2 -50 0 50 100 150 Amplitude 0 -2 -4 70c -4 70cm (with metal plate) 2 70cm (without metal plate) m -6 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 0 Amplitude -2 -4 -6 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 -6 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 6.4cm gypsum Frequency spectrum Vivaldi transmitter Spiral transmitter Reflection signals in Frequency Domain Reflection signals in Frequency Domain 0 -20 -10 -30 Tx 6.4cm 2cm Metal plate Tx Raw data Amplitude [dB] After Deconvolution Amplitude [dB] -20 -30 Rx1 -40 Rx2 Rx3 -50 Rx4 Rx5 -60 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Frequency [GHz] Reflection signals in Frequency Domain 40 Rx1 30 Rx2 Rx3 20 Rx4 Rx5 10 0 -10 -20 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Frequency [GHz] Amplitude [dB] Amplitude [dB] -40 -50 -60 -70 -80 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Frequency [GHz] Reflection signals in Frequency Domain 10 0 -10 -20 -30 Rx1 Rx2 Rx3 Rx4 Rx5 Rx1 Rx2 Rx3 Rx4 Rx5 -40 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Frequency [GHz] Motoyuki Sato (Tohoku University, Japan) 14
Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) IET-Radar 2013 Raw data Amplitude After Deconvolution Amplitude Time domain signal Vivaldi transmitter Reflection signals Rx1 Rx2 Rx3 Rx4 Rx5 1.5 x 10-3 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1.5 -2 0 1 2 Time [ns] 3 4 Reflection signals 0.03 Rx1 0.02 0.01 0 -0.01 -0.02 c Rx2 Rx3 Rx4 Rx5 -0.03 0 1 2 3 4 Time [ns] Amplitude Amplitude Spiral transmitter Reflection signals Rx1 Rx2 Rx3 Rx4 Rx5 4 x 10-4 2 0 -2 -4 0 1 2 Time [ns] 3 4 Reflection signals Rx1 c Rx2 Rx3 Rx4 Rx5 6 x 10-3 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 0 1 2 Time [ns] 3 4 Velocity and thickness estimate Raw data (x 2 [m 2 ] (x 2 [m 2 ] 0.02 0.01 0.02 After 0.01 Deconvolution 0 0 Vivaldi transmitter t 2 - x 2 -0.02 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 t 2 [ns 2 ] t 2 - x 2 -0.02 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 t 2 [ns 2 ] (x 2 [m 2 ] 0.03 0.02 0.01 0 t 2 - x 2 -0.03 0 0.5 1 1.5 t 2 [ns 2 ] -0.01 -0.01 Epsilon=2.25, D=6.3cmEpsilon=2.13, -0.02 D=7.1c (x 2 [m 2 ] Spiral transmitter -0.01 -0.01 Epsilon=2.13, D=6.6cm Epsilon=2.0, -0.02 D=7.5cm 0.03 0.02 0.01 0 t 2 - x 2 -0.03 0 0.5 1 1.5 t 2 [ns 2 ] Velocity and thickness estimate Raw data Time (ns) Vivaldi transmitter Spiral transmitter Velocity spectrum 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 2.5 3 Epsilon=2.10, 3 D=6.7cm3.5 3.5 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 Velocity (m/ns) Velocity (m/ns) Time (ns) Velocity spectrum 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 Epsilon=2.12, D=7.6c 3- Dimensional Subsurface Fracture Estimation RX After Deconvolution Time (ns) Velocity spectrum 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 Time (ns) Velocity spectrum 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 2.5 3 3 Epsilon=2.16, D=6.7cmEpsilon=1.72, D=6.7c 3.5 3.5 TX 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 Velocity (m/ns) 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 Velocity (m/ns) 3-D Subsurface Fracture Orientation S E30S E30N Survey for Subway Construction N W30N W30S E30N E30S S N W30N W30S W N S E 90 Motoyuki Sato (Tohoku University, Japan) 15
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