Annex 8.3 - Environmental Protection of International River Basins ...

“Environmental Protection of International River Basins” 

Service Contract No. ENPI/2011/279-666 

"Environmental Protection of International River Basins” 

Inception Report 

Activity 1.1: Review of the national monitoring systems and tools for assessing data obtained from monitoring 

activities 

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Task 1.1.2. Assess the current monitoring activities in the beneficiary states 

Prepared by Bernardas Paukstys, KE5, September 2012 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................................................................ 3 

INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................. 4 

CURRENT GROUNDWATER MONITORING ACTIVITIES IN THE BENEFICIARY STATES ......................................... 5 

1. ARMENIA. ................................................................................................................................................... 5 

1.1. Hydrogeology....................................................................................................................................... 5 

1.2. Responsible institution ........................................................................................................................ 5 

1.3. Groundwater monitoring network ...................................................................................................... 7 

1.4. Databases and tools for assessing monitoring data ............................................................................ 8 

2. AZERBAIJAN .............................................................................................................................................. 10 

2.1. Hydrogeology..................................................................................................................................... 10 

2.2. Responsible institutions .................................................................................................................... 10 

2.3. Groundwater monitoring network .................................................................................................... 12 

2.4. Databases and tools for assessing monitoring data .......................................................................... 13 

3. BELARUS ................................................................................................................................................... 13 

3.1. Hydrogeology..................................................................................................................................... 13 

3.2. Responsible institution ...................................................................................................................... 14 



4. GEORGIA ................................................................................................................................................... 17 

4.1. Hydrogeology..................................................................................................................................... 17 




5. MOLDOVA ................................................................................................................................................. 18 

5.1. Hydrogeology..................................................................................................................................... 18 




6. UKRAINE ................................................................................................................................................... 21 

6.1. Hydrogeology..................................................................................................................................... 21 




CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................................................................................. 22 

GAP ANALYSIS AND WORK TO BE DONE .......................................................................................................... 24 

REFERENCES...................................................................................................................................................... 28 

Annex 8: Report on Activity 1.1. 

Human Dynamics KG Consortium 

Page 1 of 28




ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 

BelNIGRI 

CWM 

DTL 

KE 

MAC 

RGF 

TDS 

TL 

USAID 

WFD 

Belarusian Research Geological Exploration Institute 

Country Water Manager 

Deputy Team Leader 

Key Expert 

Maximal Allowable Concentration 

Republican Geological Fund 

Total dissolved solids/Total mineralisation 

Team Leader 

United States Agency for International Development 

Water Framework Directive 




ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 




Key experts on hydromorphology (KE4) and groundwater (KE5) visited the Project countries during the fact finding 

missions of 13 May - 12 June, 2012. The missions to the Caucasus countries were organised by Zurab Jincharadze, DTL 

with the assistance of Armenia CWM Vahagn Tonoyan and Azerbaidjan CWM Rustam Rajabov. The missions to 

Moldova and Belarus were organised respectively by Victor Bujac (CWM Moldova) and Aliaksandr Stankewich (CWM 

Belarus). The mission to Ukraine was organised by Andriy Demydenko, the TL. In addition to these people, local 

experts in the project countries kindly assisted in collecting information and providing professional advice. The 

following local experts, dealing with groundwater monitoring, were contacted during the field missions to beneficiary 

countries: 

Country Institution Contact person 

Armenia 

Azerbaijan 

Belarus 

Georgia 

Moldova 

Ukraine 

Hydrogeology Monitoring Centre, Ministry of Nature 

Protection, Republic of Armenia 

Complex Hydrogeological Expedition, National Geological 

Survey, Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources, Republic 

of Azerbaijan 

State Enterprise ”BelNIGRI“, Ministry of Natural Resources 

and Environmental Protection of the Republic of Belarus 

Department of Geological Hazards Management, 

Engineering Geology Division, National Environmental 

Agency, Ministry of Environmental Protection 

Hydrogeological Expedition of Moldova, Ministry of Ecology 

and Natural Resources, Republic of Moldova 

Agency for Geology and Mineral Resources, Ministry of 

Ecology and Natural Resources, Republic of Moldova 

Laboratory of Hydrogeology, Institute of Geology and 

Seismology, Academy of Sciences of Moldova 

Department of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology 

Institute of Geological Sciences, National Academy of 

Sciences of Ukraine 

Division of State Environmental Monitoring, Ministry of 

Ecology and Natural Resources, Republic of Ukraine. 

Hovik Aghinyan and Harutyun 

Yeremyan 

Pasha Kerimov 

Olga Vasniova 

Merab Gaprindashvili 

Viktor Jeleapov 

Boris Iurciuk 

Constantin Moraru 

Dmitri Bugai and Oleksandr Skalskyy 

Valentyna Vasylenko 

Dniepr River Basin Management Board I. Dremlyuga, M. Stetsenko and I. 

Strelets 

Brief information on existing groundwater monitoring in the beneficiary countries is provided below. This information 

will be provided in more detail and updated during the next phases of the Project. 







INTRODUCTION 

Groundwater plays important role as an indispensable element of the water cycle and also as a naturally protected 

source of drinking, industrial and agricultural water supply. Despite their significance, groundwater aquifers are much 

less investigated than surface water resources. 

The EU WFD establishes equal status between surface water and groundwater, highlighting importance of hidden 

subsurface waters not only for human beings but also for natural environmental processes. The WFD stresses the 

necessity of assessment of surface-groundwater interaction using monitoring as an obligatory means for observation 

of this interaction. 

Groundwater use, protection and monitoring are essential environmental issues in all Project countries. 

In Armenia approximately 96% of the drinking water supplied to domestic, industrial and agricultural users comes 

from groundwater aquifers. The quality of drinking water sources is relatively high. It is possible to use groundwater 

for drinking without additional treatment almost everywhere in Armenia. 

In Azerbaijan about 90% of the fresh groundwater aquifers fall into the category of transboundary basins and they can 

potentially produce over 12 million m 3 of good quality groundwater per day. The largest transboundary aquifers with 

fresh water are Gianja-Gazakh, Mil-Garabakh, Alazan-Agrachai and Gusar-Divichi. More than 80% of the existing 

reserves of fresh groundwater in Azerbaijan are contained in these basins. 

Belarus possesses large resources of groundwater, including drinking water, mineral water and brine. Fresh 

groundwater is the major source for industrial and drinking water consumption. From 95 to 97% of domestic and 

industrial water supply in the country is provided from the groundwater aquifers. There are 251 explored well fields 

(water intakes) with a total potential production of 6.5 million m 3 /day. 

In Georgia fresh groundwater resources are also generally of high quality, often with therapeutic characteristics. Due 

to its specific geological location, Georgia has considerable resources of natural thermal waters and has a long 

tradition of their exploitation. At present, approximately 250 natural thermal springs and artificial wells are known, as 

well as spring clusters with water temperatures of 30-108 o C. For future drinking water supplies in Georgia it is 

expected that a large amount of water will be used - 500 litres per person, which is much higher than the average 

European norm (150 l/person). Despite this fact the groundwater monitoring network, as well as technical monitoring 

capacities in the country, are completely missing. 

Groundwater in Moldova is widely used for supplying drinking water to big cities, rural settlements and industry. It is 

the main source of potable water for over 1.5 million rural residents (more than 95% of the rural population) and 

about 300,000 residents of small and medium-sized towns. Groundwater comprises 80% of total water consumption. 

Intensive abstraction of groundwater resulted in piezometric depression cones, which have appeared in several 

places. Piezometric levels are lowered by almost 100 m below Sea level and continue to decrease. 

In Ukraine groundwater is not sufficiently used for drinking water supply. At present, groundwater accounts for about 

20% of the total balance of domestic water supply and this figure will increase in the future. In 2011 there were 467 

fresh groundwater and 214 mineral water deposits explored and approved by the State. The present change in the 

economic situation in Ukraine requires a more complete assessment of the state of groundwater resources, including 

an assessment of the impact of groundwater abstraction, a more detailed description of groundwater contamination 

sources and the establishment of a comprehensive groundwater monitoring network. 







CURRENT GROUNDWATER MONITORING ACTIVITIES IN THE BENEFICIARY STATES 

1. ARMENIA. 

1.1. Hydrogeology 

Groundwater resources are distributed unevenly in Armenia. It is estimated that the recharge of groundwater reaches 

4 billion m 3 /year. Deep groundwater resources in Armenia are generally of high quality and due to favourable geologic 

conditions (depth and overlaying sediments) and are well protected from contamination. In some areas, upward 

pressure prevents contaminants from infiltrating the groundwater. Shallow aquifers, however, may become 

contaminated from industrial discharges, agricultural activities (e.g. application of pesticides), waste dumps and 

improperly installed landfills. Luckily, only the deep aquifers in Ararat Valley are used for drinking water supply. 

There are 12 major fresh groundwater aquifers in the country, with evaluated groundwater reserves, occurring mostly 

in inter-mountain troughs and sub-mountain zones of volcanic ridges (figure 1). The main groundwater deposits of 

economic significance are listed below (source: Re-Establishment of Groundwater Monitoring in Armenia. USAID 

Completion Report, 2008) 

1. Ararat artesian basin 

2. Sevan artesian basin 

3. Arteni-Aragats 

4. Gyumri 

5. Upper Akhuryan 

6. Upper Pambak 

7. Lori groundwater deposits 

8. Kasakh river basin 

9. Hrazdan river basin 

10. Azat river basin 

11. Arpa river basin 

12. Vorotan river basin 

1.2. Responsible institution 

Since the 1950s, regular observations on groundwater wells and springs have been implemented by the 

Hydrogeological Expedition of the Geological Department. The last summary report was published in 1994, based on 

1990-1993 monitoring data. Since then, the status of Armenia’s groundwater resources has not been monitored until 

2009, despite the fact that groundwater resources are the major source of the country’s drinking water supply. 







Figure 1. Schematic hydrogeological map of Armenia (courtesy of Hydrogeological Monitoring Centre). 

According to Decree No 1616-N of September 8, 2005 of the Government of Armenia, the "Hydrogeological 

Monitoring Centre" was established under the Ministry of Nature Protection. Its primary functions are: 1) the 

systematic and routine monitoring of fresh, mineral and thermal groundwater resources, and 2) the supplementary 

exploration of not yet fully studied parts of aquifers. 







In 2006-2008 the monitoring of groundwater resources conducted by the Hydrogeological Monitoring Centre was 

fragmented due to insufficient financial resources, but since 2009 it is being implemented at present levels. The 

hydrogeological monitoring includes measurements of water level (pressure), as well as water temperature at springs 

and wells (boreholes). The measurements are taken in 6 river basin management areas: Akhuryan, Northern, Sevan, 

Hrazdan, Araratian and Southern. As the basis for the establishment of the monitoring network, the hydrodynamic 

approach was used, which takes into consideration the natural-climatic and geological-hydrogeological conditions and 

the factors impacting on the formation regime of groundwater resources. 

In addition to state groundwater monitoring the Hydrogeological Monitoring Centre is allowed to perform monitoring 

by means of contracts. The budget for state groundwater monitoring in 2011 was 18 million dram (~45 thous. USD). 

During the fact finding mission of May 2012, there were 146 contract-based monitoring wells (mainly for fish farms). 

There are 30 employees in the Hydrogeological Monitoring Centre, including the field observers who collect 

information on water levels and temperature 6 times a month, and then, on a monthly basis, send that information to 

Yerevan. 

Legal and personal entities applying for water user permits have to get a positive response from the Hydrogeological 

Monitoring Centre. From May 2011 to May 2012, 203 water use permits have been analysed by the Centre and 

responses provided. Applications for water use permitting are supplementary sources of groundwater information. 

The Water Resources Management Agency maintains and operates the State Water Cadastre Information System, 

which includes information on consumption of water by all water users, both from groundwater and surface water 

sources. 

1.3. Groundwater monitoring network 

Following the requirements of the National Water Programme Law of 2006 on the re-establishment of a groundwater 

monitoring programme, within four years of the adoption of the law, 70 monitoring points were recommended for 

rehabilitation, comprising 46 natural springs and 24 wells (boreholes) distributed in various hydrogeological areas. 

Measurements include water level, yield (pressure in the case of self-flowing wells), and temperature with a frequency 

of 6 times/month. Groundwater levels are measured by self-manufactured mechanical cable meters and pressures of 

overflowing wells are measured by manometers. The Capacity (yield) of monitoring wells is measured by a special 

volumetric device (a weir) or a mechanical hydrological flow meter. Monitoring points are located in the following 

areas: 

1. Ararat valley – total number of monitoring wells – 19, of which 17 are boreholes installed in artesian aquifers and 

2 are wells in unconfined aquifers. 

2. Sevan valley – 5 monitoring wells, all installed in artesian aquifers. 

3. 46 springs located near the mountain and within mountain areas. These are mainly downhill springs or places of 

discharge of local unconfined groundwater. 

Due to a lack of funding, groundwater monitoring in the Akhuryan, Pambak, Voxchi and Megri basins is not 

performed. 

From 23 monitoring wells located in 8 artesian aquifers, groundwater samples are collected twice/year during the high 

and low groundwater seasons. Main anions (Cl - , SO 4 2- , HCO 3 - , NO 2 - , NO 3 - , PO 4 3- ) and cations (Na + , K + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Fe 2+ , 

Fe 3+ , NH 4 + , H 3 SiO 4 

-,), total hardness, dry residue, odour, taste and colour of water samples are analysed. Results of 

groundwater chemical analyses are processed by conventional computer software (Word, Excel) and transferred to 

the Water Resource Management Agency, in the Ministry of Nature Protection. 

Within the pilot Akhurian river basin the intermountain Gyumri and Upper Akhuryan valleys contain fresh and mineral 

groundwaters, saturated with carbon gases and hydrogen sulphide gases. Mineral groundwaters in the Gyumri and 

Upper Akhuryan valleys are intensively abstracted by springs and wells. Groundwater monitoring is not performed in 

these parts, however, due to a lack of financing. 







Figure 2. Rehabilitated groundwater monitoring well (photo of Bernardas Paukstys) 

1.4. Databases and tools for assessing monitoring data 

All material on hydrogeological surveys and groundwater monitoring data are stored in the archive of the Republican 

Geological Fund (RGF), the sole keeper of historical and present groundwater data and information. Data on regular 

observations of the wells and springs is stored in annual groundwater monitoring reports. In addition to the annual 

reports, RGF also receives summary reports on groundwater monitoring. 

The archive materials available in RGF include: 

1. Hydrogeological survey reports; 

2. Maps of the explored areas/sites; 

3. Hydrogeological profiles; 

4. Charts and tables based on well pump-tests; 

5. Registration cards and technical passports for all wells and springs (observation and production). 







Figure 3. Existing groundwater monitoring network (source: USAID project. Figure modified by Vahagn Tonoyan) 

According to legislation, “passports” for newly drilled production wells are to be submitted to the State Water 

Cadastre and RGF. These “passports” could serve as additional information on groundwater resources in Armenia. 

Groundwater monitoring data is also used for the evaluation and re-evaluation of available groundwater resources. 







The database of the National Reference Groundwater Monitoring Network, which includes historical data and updated 

information on the 70 monitoring points, was developed in Excel. The database contains data compiled from the RGF’s 

archive, as well as updated/verified information on each monitoring point: 

 

 

 

 

ID/Registration number 

Type of monitoring point (e.g. spring, self-flowing well) 

Basin management area 

Location 

Coordinates (N, E) 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Altitude, ASL (m) 

Aquifer (abstracted area) or the group of springs the point represents 

Average Annual Discharge (l/s) 

Period (years) of available monitoring data in RGF 

Groundwater level (m) 

Water quality (chemical composition) 

Previous status (before 1994): reference/”milestone” or local network. 

In addition to that, discharge/level measurement methods (volumetric, by weir and/or flow meter, water level) and 

monitoring parameters are provided as well. Following the endorsement of the state groundwater monitoring 

programme, the database should be supplemented with information on monitoring/sampling frequencies, average 

annual discharge/level and water quality parameters monitored (e.g. T o C, pH, TDS). 

The database serves as a reference monitoring information source, with historical data (before 1994), and is intended 

for use in trend analysis of groundwater levels and quality changes caused by human and/or natural impacts. 

2. AZERBAIJAN 


The geological structures of the Caucasus mountains in Azerbaijan are composed of Meso-Cenozoic and Palaeo- 

Cenozoic rock formations. A distinguishing geological feature of the Azerbaijani part of the Greater Caucasus is a 

prevalence of sedimentary deposits. The aquifers, composed of fractured and Karstic formations, contain large 

volumes of groundwater. Natural groundwater springs, with yields changing from 5-10 l/s to 60-100 l/s, discharge 

onto the slopes of the hills. The depths of confined and unconfined aquifers vary from 40-50 to 200-250 m (figure 4). 

Fourteen out of eighteen aquifers in the territory of the Azerbaijan Republic are transboundary. Major surface 

watercourses and part of the groundwater sources in Georgia and Armenia have a natural flow towards the territory 

of Azerbaijan. The largest fresh water transboundary aquifers are Gianja-Gazakh, Mil-Garabakh, Alazan-Agrachai and 

Gusar-Divichi. More than 80% of the existing reserves of fresh groundwater in Azerbaijan are confined to these basins. 

Hydrogeological, geological and hydrological analysis of available information indicates strong surface-groundwater 

interaction in Azerbaijan. 

2.2. Responsible institutions 

Several state institutions, and a few shareholding companies with 100% of the shares belonging to the State, are 

responsible for the management of water resources in Azerbaijan. 







The following organisations are involved in water resource management: 

The Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources is a central body with executive power responsible for the 

implementation of the national environmental protection policy and the rational use and rehabilitation of natural 

resources, including surface waters and groundwater, in the country. 

The above Ministry, and its subordinate institution – The National Geological Survey, are responsible for groundwater 

investigations and monitoring and coordinate arrangements associated with groundwater use. Groundwater levels are 

measured by local observers 3 times/month using self-made mechanical cable meters. The pressure of artesian wells 

is measured by manometers. Paper data is sent by local observers to the Hydrogeological Expedition on a monthly 

basis and entered into computer programmes there. Groundwater samples are collected by the hydrogeologists of the 

Expedition twice a year for the analysis of main cations and anions. Chemical analyses are performed in the lab of the 

Complex Hydrogeological Expedition at the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources. 

Figure 4. Hydrogeological basins of Azerbaijan. (source: Alakbarov, A., Imanov, F. Transboundary Aquifers of 

Azerbaijan: Current Conditions, Challenges and Mitigation Possibilities). 







Other organizations involved in the management of water resources are: 

The State Water Resources Agency, at the Ministry of Emergency Situations, which is an executive body responsible 

for the implementation of measures to improve water resource management and the permanent control of the 

technical status of reservoirs, hydrotechnical installations and water supply systems. It also performs surface and 

groundwater monitoring and ensures the safety of state water assets in the country. 

The Stock Company "Melioration and Water Economy of Azerbaijan" provides services for the melioration and water 

economy of the country and also supplies agricultural land with water. At present this company owns 700 artesian 

wells, which are used for soil irrigation. 

The Azersu Stock Company provides and regulates water supply and sanitation services. 

The Tariff Council, at the Ministry of Economic Development, approves the costs of all water uses. 

All water structures, including aquifers in Azerbaijan, belong to the State. All legal and natural entities have the right 

to consume groundwater. 


The groundwater monitoring network in Azerbaijan has been operational since the 1940s and 1950s. Although many 

observation wells have been abandoned in the course of the years, the present monitoring network is still composed 

of 800 observation points and covers all hydrogeological areas in the country. In the process of land privatisation some 

monitoring points ended up on the private land and this has caused some problems associated with the maintenance 

of observation wells. 

In the pilot Gianja river basin area there are 52 monitoring wells, of which 27 are installed in shallow (unconfined) 

aquifers (figure 5) and 25 drilled into artesian aquifers (figure 6). 12 artesian monitoring wells are self-flowing. 

Figure 5. Monitoring of unconfined aquifers in the Gianja pilot basin (courtesy of Hydrogeological Expedition). 







Figure 6. Monitoring of artesian aquifers in the Gianja pilot basin (courtesy of Hydrogeological Expedition). 


As mentioned earlier, groundwater levels and temperature data is sent by local observers to the Hydrogeological 

Expedition as hard (paper) copies. Information is processed by hydrogeologists using conventional computer software 

– Word and Excel. Monitoring results are stored, for future use, in the Geological Fund of the National Geological 

Survey at the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources. 

3. BELARUS 


The water-bearing strata containing fresh groundwater, used for water supply, belong to Quaternary, Paleogene and 

Neogene, Cretaceous, upper Jurassic, upper Devonian and upper Proterozoic sediments (figure 7). As a rule, exploited 

aquifers are shallow (50–200 m). They contain hydrocarbonate calcium as well as magnesium and calcium water with 

mineralization between 20 mg/l and 1g/l. 







Figure 7. Main groundwater aquifers of Belarus (source: Современное состояние подземных источников 

питьевого водоснабжения. Ред. Л.С. Язвин et.al). 


The Republican Unitary Enterprise “Belarusian Research Geological Exploration Institute” (State Enterprise 

“BelNIGRI”), of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection, is responsible for groundwater 

monitoring. This institute was established in 1927 and is one of the oldest research institutes in the Republic of 

Belarus. The State Enterprise “BelNIGRI” performs investigations and research of subsurface and mineral resources, 

carries out fundamental and applied investigations, provides the scientific background for geological exploration work, 

carries out geotechnological research on mining mineral deposits, provides post-graduate courses to train qualified 

scientists, performs editing and publication of scientific journals and is engaged in museum and exhibition activities. 

Staff of the enterprise comprise 178 workers, among whom are 80 researchers, including 6 doctors of sciences and 31 

masters of sciences. The Institute consists of 12 research departments (source: 

http://geology.org.by/English/indexengl.html). 


The Groundwater monitoring network of Belarus consisted of 363 observation wells located in 94 clusters, in 2010 

(figure 8). Groundwater samples, for , quality analysis, are collected once a year from 257 wells. 33 macro- and microquality 

indices are analysed. Groundwater sampling is performed by the Central Geological section (party) of the 

“Belgeologija“ institute and chemical analysis of groundwater is performed in the lab of the same institute. 







Water levels are measured 3 times a month by the local observers. Since 2009 water levels have been measured by 

automatic water level meters, called microradars, produced in Belarus. 

Analysis of groundwater quality parameters in 2010 showed that 94,4% of selected samples met drinking water 

quality requirements. Average concentrations of the main elements analysed showed slight increases compared with 

2009 but did not exceed MAC (table 1). 

Table 1. Average concentrations of analysed groundwater chemical parameters in 2008-2010 

No/No Parameter MAC Average values 

Unconfined aquifers 

Artesian aquifers 

2008 г. 2009 г. 2010 г. 2008 г. 2009 г. 2010 г. 

1 рН 6-9 7,9 7,5 7,61 8,06 8,0 7,8 

2 Total mineralisation (TDS), 

mg/l 

1000 217,6 240,0 252,1 219,65 343,7 244,28 

3 Dry residue, mg/l 1000 182,16 190,0 216,0 170,89 286,6 185,0 

4 Total hardness, mg-ekv/l 7 2,4 2,7 2,91 2,38 3,3 3,3 

5 Carbonate hardness, mgekv/l 

- 2,0 2,23 2,19 2,14 2,46 2,47 

6 Permanganate index, mgО 2 /l 5 2,27 3,4 3,75 2,28 2,4 2,71 

7 Cl - , mg/l 350 23,7 20 30,0 13,94 12,41 11,4 

8 SO 2- 4 , mg/l 500 11,85 19,6 19,76 8,05 11,89 7,15 

9 CO 2- 3 , mg/l - 4,94 4,5 6,6 4,56 6 6,5 

10 HCO - 3 , mg/l - 123,95 137,9 134,3 142,15 179,2 164,2 

11 NO - 3 , mg/l 45 3,87 7,3 4,74 3,23 7,87 2,33 

12 Na + , mg/l 200 8,4 8,9 8,3 8,93 8,83 9,7 

13 K + , mg/l - 2,67 3,25 3,6 2,87 2,63 1,9 

14 Ca 2+ , mg/l - 34,17 37,1 42,2 32,35 34,7 38,9 

15 Mg 2+ , mg/l - 8,42 11,2 9,9 9,02 10,8 9,6 

16 N-NH 4 , mg/l 2 0,3 0,66 0,4 0,35 0,7 0,5 

17 CO 2 , mg/l - 6,21 5,6 6,6 5,56 5 6,5 

18 Total iron, mg/l 0,3 4,5 16,6 9,51 2,34 7 2,65 

19 SiO 2 , mg/l 10 4,31 7,05 6,72 4,54 8 7,98 

20 NO - 2 , mg/l 3 0,28 0,17 0,33 0,09 0,16 0,35 







Figure 8. Existing groundwater monitoring network of Belarus in 2010 (.ppt presentation of Olga Vasniova, 

BelNIGRI). 

Concentrations of trace elements are rather low, although these concentrations have slightly increased since 2009. 

High concentrations of iron have been detected in the groundwater of the Pripiatj river basin (in shallow aquifers up 

to 16,4 mg/l, in artesian aquifers up to 28,2 mg/l) and in the river basin of Western Bug (up to 2,92 mg/l in shallow and 

artesian aquifers). Fluoride concentrations in shallow aquifers vary from 0,05 to 1,08 mg/l, in artesian aquifers from 

0,05 to 0,54 mg/l (MAC=1,5 mg/l). 

Elevated concentrations of Fe, Mn, and F are a consequence of natural geochemical conditions. Monitoring results 

show the influence of human activity on groundwater quality. Compared with 2009 more groundwater samples with 

pollution indices have been collected. From the total amount of 121 samples collected in 2010 from shallow 

groundwater aquifers 14% of samples had an increased permanganatic index, 3,3% – elevated concentrations of 

nitrites, 1,65% – ammonia nitrogen and 0,82% – nitrates. In confined aquifers from 136 samples the permanganatic 

index was exceeded in 11% of samples, ammonia nitrogen – 7,35%, nitrates – 3,67% and nitrites – 2,2% of samples. 


The Department of Hydrogeology and Groundwater Monitoring, “BelNIGRI” is, in addition to other functions, 

responsible for the operation and improvement of the automated information system “Groundwater of Belarus”. This 







information system contains historical data about drilled wells, hydrodynamic and hydrochemical characteristics of 

aquifers, groundwater monitoring data, etc. The database is continuously updated with new information. 

4. GEORGIA 


Evaluated natural groundwater resources in Georgia deliver 573 m 3 /sec (49, 5 million m 3 /day) and are distributed in 4 

large hydrogeological systems (figure 9): 

1. The Artesian zone of the Great Caucasus – estimated groundwater reserves reach 25.5 million m 3 /day; 

2. The Southern Caucasus artesian basin, which has a groundwater resource capacity of 14.3 million m 3 /day; 

3. The Artesian basin of the Adjara-Trialeti zone, with estimated groundwater reserves of 4.67 million m 3 /day; 

4. The Artvin-Bolniski hydrogeological region, with estimated resources of 5.1 million m 3 /day. 

Territorially fresh ground water resources are distributed unevenly: 65% belong to West Georgia, 25% - East Georgia, 

and 13% come from South Georgia. 

The depth of fresh groundwater also varies throughout the country. Cold groundwater aquifers (average temperature 

20 o C) vary from several tens to 500 metres in depth, with a prevailing depth of 100-300 metres. For future potable 

water supplies the estimated norm in Georgia reaches 500 litres/person, which is much higher than the average norm 

in European countries -150 l/person. An estimation of available groundwater resources indicates the need to reduce 

groundwater consumption. 


Formally the Department of Geological Hazards Management, Engineering Geology Division, subordinated to the 

National Environmental Agency, is responsible for groundwater monitoring, but practically groundwater monitoring in 

Georgia is not performed and only historical data is available, in hard copies at the State Geological Fund. 


There are no state owned groundwater observation points in Georgia. Some wellfields measure water levels and 

groundwater chemistry and this source of information will be used by the project, at least for the assessment of 

abstraction impacted hydrodynamic and hydrochemical situations. The installation of proper monitoring wells is an 

important task of the Government in the near future. 


There are no digital databases on groundwater in Georgia. Soviet era paper reports are stored in the Geological 

Archive (Geological Fund). 







Hydrogeological regions 

I. Zone of unconfined groundwater of the Great Caucasus 

II 

III. 

IV. 

Artesian Zone of Great Caucasus Southern Slope 

Artesian zone of Georgian belt 

Artesian mountain zone of Adjara-Trialeti 

V. Ground water zone of Artvini-Bolnisi belt 

Figure 9. Schematic hydrogeological map of Georgia (source: M. Gaprindashvili. Fresh ground water resources in 

Georgia and management problems of the transboundary artesian basins UNESCO-IAH-UNEP Conference, 

Paris, 6-8 December 2010). 

5. MOLDOVA 


There are four regional groundwater basins in Moldova: 

1. The Prut River Valley; 

2. The Nistru River Valley; 

3. Small rivers draining into the Danube; 

4. Rivers draining into the Black Sea. 







Regional groundwater basins comprise the aquifers and sets of water bearing layers (hydrodynamic complexes). The 

following main aquifers are used for groundwater supply in Moldova: 

1. The Holocene- alluvial (unconfined) aquifer. 

2. The Pontic aquifer. 

3. The Upper Sarmatian – Meotic set of aquifers (complex). 

4. The Middle Sarmatian aquifer. 

5. The Baden-Sarmatian set of aquifers (complex). 

6. The Cretaceous-Silurian set of aquifers (complex). 

7. The Vendian-Rifean set of aquifers (complex). 

Almost all aquifers have monitoring wells which allow observation of water level fluctuations and temperature 

variations, as well as changes in chemical composition. 

The Baden-Sarmatian and Middle Sarmatian aquifers contain about 80% of the exploitable groundwater resources of 

Moldova. Other aquifers contribute the remaining 20%. The total estimated groundwater reserves in Moldova 

amount to 3478,3 thous. m 3 /day. 

The quality of groundwater is largely influenced by geological and geochemical conditions. There are natural 

anomalies of fluoride, strontium and selenium in some groundwater aquifers. The concentrations of fluoride range 

from 0,2 to 18,0 mg/l, strontium between 0,1 and 17,0 mg/l and selenium between 0,01 and 0,17 mg/l. Often 

ammonia occurs naturally, in concentrations as high as 20 mg/l. 

Shallow groundwater aquifers are highly vulnerable to anthropogenic impacts. The range of natural and man-induced 

pollutants includes nitrates, pesticides, sulphates, etc. Water hardness often exceeds sanitary-hygienic standards by 2- 

5 times and more. 


Routine national groundwater monitoring is performed by the State Enterprise “Hydrogeology Expedition”, which is 

subordinate to the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources. The expedition employs 38 local observers for on-site 

groundwater level and temperature measurements. The total number of staff in the Expedition in 2011 was ~150, 

including field observers. Groundwater samples are collected by the hydrogeologists of the Expedition twice a year 

and analysed in the laboratory of the Geological Agency. 

The Institute of Geology and Seismology, under the Academy of Sciences of Moldova, also carries out hydrogeological 

research projects and some of these involve groundwater monitoring elements. The Institute of Geology and 

Seismology submits research data to the Geological Archive (the Geological Fund). 


Regular groundwater observations of production groundwater aquifers and sets of aquifers (complexes) in Moldova 

have been performed since 1960. 

In January 2010, the groundwater monitoring network of Moldova consisted of 179 observation wells, located in 33 

clusters (figure 10). Of these 54 wells are used for the observation of slightly human impacted conditions and the 

remaining 125 wells are used for the observation of abstraction impacted aquifers. It is planned to supplement the 

national groundwater monitoring network with 22 additional wells. Observation points are distributed unevenly in the 

territory of Moldova because monitoring wells have been selected from previous geological prospecting and 

exploration projects. 

Groundwater levels and temperatures in the present monitoring network are measured by locally located observers, 

from once to 10 times/month, with locally manufactured mechanical and electrical water level meters (РГ-ЛМ-30,50; 

electrical meter УСК-ТЛ-150-200; and thermometer ТМ-10). Paper data is send by the observers to the 

Hydrogeological Expedition on a monthly basis. 







Groundwater samples are collected by staff of the Hydrogeological Expedition once-twice/year, depending on the 

available budget. Groundwater samples are analysed for the main cations and anions in the lab of the Hydrogeological 

Expedition in Chisinau. 

Monitoring network of Quaternary aquifers 

Monitoring network of Lower Sarmatian aquifer 

Monitoring network of Middle-Sarmatian aquifers 

Monitoring network of Cretaceous-Silurian aquifers 

Figure 10. Groundwater monitoring network in Moldova (source: Изучение режима и элементов баланса 

подземных вод, государственный учет и ведение гвк на территории Республики Молдова). 

Page 20 of 28 


Human Dynamics KG Consortium





Processing of monitoring data collected is performed by specialists of the Hydrogeological Expedition using standard 

software (Excel, Word). The results of the groundwater monitoring are published in annual bulletins in which the 

analysis of environmental and human induced changes in groundwater levels and quality are presented. Groundwater 

monitoring results are also submitted to the State Geological Fund, which is responsible for the compilation of the 

State Water Cadastre – a computerized information system where all geological data, including groundwater 

monitoring, is systematized, stored and processed in a unified way. By January 2011 there were 241 explored 

groundwater well fields (groundwater deposits) in the State Water Cadastre. Groundwater monitoring information 

from the Cadastre is used for various economic planning activities in the country. 

6. UKRAINE 


The hydrogeological structure of Ukraine is quite complicated and is difficult to describe it in few lines. The subsurface 

of Ukraine contains not only large amounts of mineral resources but also fresh and mineral groundwater. At the 

beginning of 2011 there were 467 fresh groundwater deposits (wellfields), 214 deposits of mineral water, one deposit 

of thermal groundwater and one deposit of industrial groundwater explored. Groundwater reserves approved by the 

State Commission in 2010 comprised over 15,5 million m 3 /day. Groundwater consumption varies greatly within the 

country, with an average of 5,5 mill/m 3 /day, or about 36 % of approved groundwater reserves. 


The State Geological Service, under the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources, is responsible for groundwater 

monitoring and the collection, processing and storage of groundwater information. The depths of ground waters and 

their natural geochemical composition are assessed twice a year at the monitoring sites. Twenty two parameters, 

including the concentration of heavy metals and pesticides, are being measured. 

Besides groundwater monitoring, the State Geological Service is also responsible for the following monitoring-related 

activities: 

 

 

 

collecting, processing and providing information on water abstraction, use of groundwaters and their 

quality; 

collecting, processing and providing of information on the results of the monitoring of geological and 

geophysical processes; 

participating in the development of information systems, data exchange and providing information to 

governmental institutions and the general population; 

the management of information systems and databases related to groundwater. 


In January 2011 the state groundwater monitoring network consisted of 923 observation stations, of which 307 

monitoring wells are used for the monitoring of unconfined aquifers, 224 monitoring points are installed into subartesian 

aquifers and in 392 reference monitoring stations observations of the formation of groundwater resources 

are carried out (figure 11). 

Apart from the Geological Service, the Hydrometeorology Service measures shallow groundwater levels in 50 

meteorological stations and has its own monitoring network for unconfined aquifers. 







Figure 11. State groundwater monitoring network of Ukraine (source: Нацiональна доповiдь про стан 

навколишнього природного середовища в Украiнi у 2010 роцi). 


An Access database is used for the collection, storage and archiving of groundwater monitoring data. This database is 

part of an automatic information system of the State Water Cadastre, which contains all available information on 

national water resources. Economic entities, governmental organisations and individuals have access to the Water 

Cadastre for economic activity planning and other types of decision making. In addition, groundwater monitoring 

information is also transferred to the State Informational Geological Fund of Ukraine. 

The Hydrometeorology Service, which monitors shallow groundwater levels in 50 meteorological stations, uses its own 

software for the processing of monitored data. This software is developed by Ukrainian programmers to meet the 

specific requirements and activities of the Hydrometeorology Service. 

CONCLUSIONS 

 

 

 

The comprehensiveness of groundwater monitoring and the information available on subsurface varies 

widely among the beneficiary countries. In 2011 there were 923 groundwater monitoring points in Ukraine, 

around 800 observation points in Azerbaijan, Belarus performs groundwater monitoring in 363 wells, 

Moldova in 179 observation wells, Armenia has 70 monitoring points (24 wells and 46 springs) and Georgia 

has not a single state groundwater monitoring station. 

The EU WFD requires that groundwater monitoring is carried out in such a way that the density of the 

monitoring network and the frequency of observations are sufficient to allow assessment of groundwater 

quantitative and chemical status, taking into account short and long-term variations in recharge and aquifer 

characteristics. Existing groundwater monitoring networks in the EaP countries do not reflect this 

requirement. 

Current monitoring schedules in the majority of beneficiary countries provide a general picture of the water 

levels and chemical composition of the aquifers, but do not allow for the assessment of the aquifer’s 

response to withdrawals. 







 

 

 

 

 

 

Groundwater level measurements in all countries are performed with outdated, locally produced mechanical 

cable meters, from 0 to 10 times a month. Belarus stands out, with 110 units of locally produced automatic 

water level meters (microradars), installed in monitoring wells since 2009. 

Local observers are employed for water level and temperature measurements and they send paper data to 

responsible institutions on a monthly basis. 

Groundwater samples are collected by hydrogeologists from responsible institutions once or twice per year. 

Parameters analysed include main cations and anions and some trace elements. The number of components 

analysed varies from a few to 33 elements. Laboratories in some Project countries are quite well equipped 

(e.g. in Armenia, Georgia) and are capable of analysing a much wider range of chemical components, if 

needed. 

Databases and monitoring data processing tools in the project countries are mainly based on Access and 

Excel software. Although some countries (e.g. Ukraine, Belarus) are developing more sophisticated 

information management systems, proper data assessment tools are still lacking and need to be developed. 

The spatial gaps in groundwater level and quality trend monitoring will be addressed by installing additional 

wells, after the delineation of groundwater bodies in the pilot basins. 

In one project country (Georgia) groundwater monitoring would need to be re-established; in two others 

(Armenia and Moldova), this has to be expanded and in the remaining three countries (Azerbaijan, Belarus 

and Ukraine) it groundwater monitoring would need to be revised and adjusted to the WFD requirements in 

order to detect long-term natural and human-induced groundwater changes. 







GAP ANALYSIS AND WORK TO BE DONE 

A review of groundwater monitoring systems in the beneficiary countries has revealed that, although the number of 

observation points varies from country to country, none of the existing monitoring networks or the amount and 

quality of collected data comply with the WFD and Groundwater Directive requirements. This is a major gap in the 

countries and the task of the project will be to help responsible institutions to at least partially meet required EU 

obligations and fill in data gaps. 

The requirements of the WFD and Groundwater Directive are briefly presented below. 

The WFD requirements for groundwater monitoring 

Article 8 of the WFD requires monitoring of both groundwater chemical and quantitative status. A precautionary 

principle should be used for groundwater quality protection. It comprises a prohibition on direct discharges to 

groundwater, and a requirement to monitor changes in the chemical composition, and to reverse any 

anthropogenically induced upward pollution trend. 

Annex V of the WFD indicates that monitoring information from groundwater is required to: 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Provide a reliable assessment of the chemical status of all groundwater bodies or groups of bodies; 

Estimate the direction and rate of flow in transboundary groundwater bodies; 

Supplement and validate the impact assessment procedures; Help assess long term trends, both as a 

result of changes in natural conditions and through anthropogenic activity; 

Establish the chemical status of all groundwater bodies, or groups of bodies, determined to be at risk.; 

Establish the presence of significant and sustained upwards trends in the concentrations of pollutants 

and, 

Assess the reversal of such trends in the concentration of pollutants in groundwater. 

Quantity is an important issue for groundwater resources. There is only a certain amount of annual groundwater 

recharge and, of this recharge, some is needed to support connected ecosystems (surface water bodies or terrestrial 

systems such as wetlands). Only that portion of the overall recharge not needed by the ecology can be abstracted and 

this is called the available resource, and the Directive limits abstraction to that quantity. 

The Groundwater directive requirements 

The EU Directive 2006/118/EC on the Protection of Groundwater Against Pollution and Deterioration (further 

referred to as the Groundwater Directive) sets out criteria for assessing the chemical status of groundwater, as 

required by Article 17 of the Water Framework Directive. The Groundwater Directive has been developed for the 

establishment of specific measures to prevent and control groundwater pollution. These measures include criteria for 

assessing good chemical status, criteria for identifying significant and sustained upward trends in the concentration of 

pollutants in groundwater and criteria for defining the starting points for trend reversals. Criteria for the assessment 

of good chemical status of groundwater include: 

quality standards 

threshold values for those pollutants that put groundwater at risk and that take into account the 

natural variability of national groundwaters. 

The Groundwater Directive lists substances for which EU-wide standards for groundwater already exist (Table 2). 

Table 2. Quality standards for selected pollutants 

Name of pollutant 

Nitrate 

Active ingredients in pesticides, including their relevant metabolites, 

degradation and reaction products 

Quality Standard 

50 mg/l 

0,1 g/l 

0,5 g/l 







For other substances that put groundwater at risk, countries should establish threshold values. The recommended list 

of pollutants is presented in Table 3 but countries are free to select other relevant substances that have adverse 

effects on associated aquatic ecosystems or dependent terrestrial ecosystems. 

Table 3. List of recommended pollutants for which threshold values should be developed 

Natural and human induced 

Human induced pollutants 

Pollution indicators 

components 

Arsenic Trichlorethylene Specific conductivity 

Cadmium 

Tetrachlorethylene 

Lead 

Mercury 

Ammonium 

Chloride 

Sulphate 

Those threshold values shall be established at a national level, at the level of the river basin district or at the level of a 

body or group of groundwater bodies. 

The decision to reverse a trend shall be based on the environmental significance of the upward and sustained increase 

in pollutant concentrations. As a recommended value, the starting point for trend reversal shall be at a maximum of 

75% of the level of the quality standards and/or of the established threshold values. 

Unless otherwise decided, it is proposed to use national drinking water standards as criteria for groundwater quality 

assessment. According to Annex IV A 2(a) of the Groundwater Directive the selection of monitoring frequencies and 

monitoring locations should: 

 

 

ensure that upward trends can be distinguished from natural variation with an adequate level of 

confidence and precision; 

identify upward trends in sufficient time to allow measures to be implemented;take into account 

physical and chemical temporal characteristics, including groundwater flow conditions, recharge rates 

and percolation time through soil or subsoil. 

Work to be done in the beneficiary countries 

Existing groundwater monitoring systems in the beneficiary countries would need to be modified and reconstructed to 

become WFD-compliant groundwater monitoring programmes. According to WFD requirements, as a minimum, 

surveillance monitoring should be carried out once per planning period (6 years). Operational monitoring frequency 

shall generally be based on the characteristics of the aquifer and human impact. 

In reference monitoring wells groundwater samples shall be collected at least 4 times a year in order to determine 

seasonal fluctuations of groundwater levels and chemistry. Later, sampling frequency can be reduced, but not less 

than 2 sampling rounds a year should be undertaken. 







The following minimum set of parameters is proposed for groundwater monitoring in the beneficiary countries (Table 

4) 

Table 4. Groundwater monitoring parameters and frequency 

Parameters and indices 

Main anions and cations (Na + , K + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , 

Fe tot , NH 4 + , HCO 3 - , Cl - , SO 4 2- , NO 3 - , NO 2 - ) 

Physical properties (pH, specific conductivity, 

permanganate index or TOC) 

Pesticides 

E.1.1 

Trace 

elements (Fe, As, Hg, Cd, Pb, Zn, 

Cu, Cr, etc.) 

PAH, BTEX, petroleum hydrocarbons, 

Phenols 

Groundwater levels in monitoring wells, 

boreholes and natural springs 

Frequency, at least 

Twice a year 

Twice a year 

Once a year 

Once every six years 

Once every 2 years 

Monitoring wells with automatic water level meters - once a 

day, mechanical meters – 3-10 times/month, other 

monitoring wells & springs- during the sampling programme 

(2 times/year) 

National groundwater monitoring programmes in all project countries would need to evenly cover all groundwater 

bodies as well as different aquifers (from shallow to confined ones). 

Surveillance monitoring programmes shall be designed to allow assessment of long-term changes in water levels and 

chemical composition and take into account an estimate of background values in monitored groundwater bodies. 

Specific sub-programmes for groundwater level monitoring shall be designed to validate the results of pressure and 

impact analysis, with appropriate monitoring density and frequency to assess impacts on abstractions, leading to salt 

water intrusions, and discharges. 

Operational monitoring shall be designed for groundwater bodies which are at risk of not achieving good status. 

Specific sub-programmes shall also be designed for the monitoring of drinking water protected areas. 

The general objectives of groundwater quantity monitoring will be the acquisition of information about groundwater 

levels (hydraulic pressures), the direction and quantity of groundwater flows, including recharge and discharge areas, 

and to provide information about groundwater balances. 

Groundwater level reference stations should not be influenced by pumping wells and other human activities 

(excavation of gravel near the wells, lowering of water tables due to construction works, etc.). On the other hand, 

groundwater levels also have to be measured at the impacted points of water abstraction to observe development of 

depression cones, particularly near coastal zones. Groundwater level measurements will be also used for evaluation of 

surface-groundwater interaction. 

There will be a need for the Project to fill in groundwater data gaps in the majority of beneficiary countries during the 

field surveys and some modern groundwater monitoring equipment rental will be needed to fulfil this task. Such 

equipment may include automatic water level, temperature and conductivity meters (divers) and portable 

laboratories for field analysis of some parameters (pH, DO, EC, t o C, etc.). Field training for relevant personnel will 

include surveying, monitoring, sampling and equipment programming and calibration. Samplers will be trained to 







ensure that appropriate field sheets are completed and contain all relevant field observations and measurements, 

including information on sample preservation. 

In Armenia and Moldova the density of the groundwater monitoring network is insufficient. The networks would have 

to be expanded to measure quality and quantity trends in all productive aquifers and later on in delineated 

groundwater bodies. The starting point for this monitoring exercise will be the pilot river basins. 

In Ukraine and Azerbaijan groundwater monitoring networks are dense enough. The networks would need to be 

revised and adjusted to measure quality and quantity trends in all delineated groundwater bodies. 

In Belarus the monitoring network covers all productive aquifers. However, it would need to be adjusted to WFD 

requirements, i.e. distributed by groundwater bodies. 

In Georgia the groundwater monitoring network has to be re-established. As a starting point abandoned water supply 

wells would have to be used for monitoring purposes. 

Additional monitoring information in all countries could be obtained establishing requirements for water supply 

companies to perform groundwater monitoring and provide data to responsible institutions. Some changes in 

environmental legislation would need to be made in order to enforce this requirement. Water companies may use old, 

low capacity wells for monitoring purposes, and it has been found out during the field visits that such wells exist on 

the land of water supply companies. This will not be a costly exercise for the water companies but it will substantially 

improve the flow of information on groundwater quality and quantity. 







REFERENCES 

1. Alakbarov, A., Imanov, F. Transboundary Aquifers of Azerbaijan: Current Conditions, Challenges and Mitigation 

Possibilities. Proceedings of International Conference Transboundary Aquifers: Challenges and New Directions (ISARM 

2010). 

2. Environmental Performance Reviews. Ukraine. Second review, United Nations, New York and Geneva, 2007. 

3. Europe’s Environment. An assessment of Assessments for the South Caucasus Region. Regional Environmental Centre for 

the Caucasus, 2011. 

4. European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument – Shared Environmental Information System. Armenia Country 

Report. September, 2011, Yerevan, Armenia. 

5. European Neighborhood and Partnership Instrument – Shared Environmental Information System Country Report of 

Ukraine, March, 2012, Kyiv, Ukraine. 

6. Israfilov, Y. at all, 2010. Trans-boundary Groundwater Resources Management in the Azerbaijan Republic: looking for new 

ways for solving old problems. Extended Abstracts of IAH Congress „Groundwater Quality Sustainability“, Krakow, 2010. 

7. M. Gaprindashvili. Fresh ground water resources in Georgia and management problems of the transboundary artesian 

basins UNESCO-IAH-UNEP Conference, Paris, 6-8 December 2010. International Conference “Transboundary Aquifers: 

Challenges and New directions”(ISARM2010). 

8. Proceedings of Research Workshop on Exploration and Exploitation of Groundwater and Thermal Water Systems in 

Georgia. Eds: Andreas Weller, George Melikadze, Nino Kapanadze, Tbilisi, Georgia, 2010. 

9. Re-establishment of groundwater monitoring in Armenia. USAID Completion report, July 2008. 

10. Shershneyov, O.V. 2010. Regional Features of Sustainable Use of Fresh Groundwater in Europe (on the Specific Example 

of Belarus). International Conference “Transboundary Aquifers: Challenges and New directions” (ISARM2010). 

11. Trans-Boundary River Management Phase II for the Kura River – Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaidjan. Completion (Final) 

Report. Prepared by: EPTISA Servicios de Ingenieria S.L. (Spain) & Grontmij Carl Bro A.S. (Denmark) Consortium. 

November, 2011. 

12. UNDP/ Global Environmental Facility “Reducing Transboundary Degradation in Kura-Aras Basin” Project. Main deposits, 

useful storage and Current condition of groundwater in the Republic of Armenia, November, 2006. 

13. Васнёва О.В. Oтдел гидрогеологии и мониторинга подземных вод Республиканское унитарное предприятие 

«Белорусский научно-исследовательский геологоразведочный институт». ppt presentation «Мониторинг 

подземных вод Беларуси: организация и перспективы развития”. 

14. Изучение режима и элементов баланса подземных вод, государственный учет и ведение ГВК на территории 

Республики Молдова. Кишинев, 2010 г. 

15. Нацiональна доповiдь про стан навколишнього природного середовища в Украiнi у 2010 роцi. Kyiv, 2011. 

16. Совместный секретариат Протокола по проблемам воды и здоровья. Краткий доклад о внедрении протокола по 

проблемам воды и здоровья в Республике Молдова. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Palais des 

Nations CH-1211 Geneva 10 Switzerland. 2010. 

17. Современное состояние подземных источников питьевого водоснабжения. Ред. Л.С. Язвин, В. М. Шестопалов и М. 

М. Черепанский. Минск, 2004. 

18. Статус и завершение второй оценки состояния трансграничных рек, озер и подземных вод в регионе ЕЭК ООН: 

основные результаты второй оценки для всех субрегионов. Рабочая группа по мониторингу и оценке. Двенадцатое 

совещание. Женева, 2-4 мая 2011г.

Annex 8.3 - Environmental Protection of International River Basins ...

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