Lakes and Watercourses
Lakes and Watercourses Lakes and Watercourses
TABLE 34. Reference values for planktonic algae in various lake types Indicator Lowland lake, Lowland lake, Forest Mountain shallow* deep* lake* lake* Total volume, seasonal average, mm 3 /l 1 0.5 0.5 0.5 Total volume, August, mm 3 /l 1.5 0.75 0.5 0.5 Diatom biomass in April/May, mm 3 /l 1 1 0.5 ** Water-blooming cyanobacteria in August, mm 3 /l 0.5 0.5 0.05 ** No. of potentially toxin-producing 4 4 3 2 cyanobacteria (genera) in August Gonyostomum semen, biomass in August, mm 3 /l 0.1 0.1 0.1 ** * Mountain lake: situated above the tree line Forest lake: usually, but not always, situated above the reference elevation, referred to in Sweden as ”the highest coastline”, where surrounding land comprises > 60% forest Lowland lake: situated on mud sediments, usually below the highest coastline, where surrounding land comprises > 60% cultivated land (arable land, meadow, fallow, other grazing land). ** No reference values available or the parameter is not relevant to the lake type. Comments Classification must be based on samples taken and analysed in accordance with the Swedish EPA Environmental Monitoring Handbook. Assessment need not necessarily be made using all parameters for a given lake. The choice of parameters is governed by the aspects of the presence of planktonic algae to be highlighted and the availability of background data. Hence, in some cases assessment will be confined to harmful algae. In others, assessment may focus on biomass quantities in parallel with the presence of toxic algae. In oligotrophic lakes, where there is often little difference from one year to another, results from a single year may be used for assessment. In moderately eutrophic and eutrophic lakes, on the other hand, data should comprise figures from three years of study, so as to obtain mean values. Variations between years due to weather have a particularly marked impact on species balance and quantities of various algal groups in such lakes, which in turn affects total biomass. If an assessment is made using more limited data, this should be stated. The scales for the respective parameters, as with the choice of parameters and reference values, are intended to be used during a trial period. 57
References Cronberg, G., Lindmark, G. & Björk, S. (1988): Mass development of the flagellate Gonyostomum semen (Raphidophyta) in Swedish forest lakes, an effect of acidification? – Hydrobiologia 161:217–236. Rosén, G. (1981): Tusen sjöar. Växtplanktons miljökrav (”A thousand lakes. The habitat requirements of phytoplankton”). – Swedish EPA. Liber förlag. Willén, E. (1998): Planktiska alger i sjöar (”Planktonic algae in lakes”). – From: T. Wiederholm (Ed.). Bedömningsgrunder för miljökvalitet – Sjöar och vattendrag. Bakgrundsrapport 2 – Biologiska parametrar (”Environmental Quality Criteria – Lakes and Watercourses. Background report 1 – Biological parameters”). Swedish EPA Report 4921. Willén, E., Willén, T. & Ahlgren, G. (1995): Skadliga cyanobakterier och alger i svenska sjöar (”Harmful cyanobacteria and algae in Swedish lakes”). – From: L. Edler (Ed.). Skadliga alger i sjöar och hav (”Harmful algae in lakes and seas”). – Swedish EPA Report 4447. Willén, T. & Mattsson, R. (1997): Water-blooming and toxin-producing cyanobacteria in Swedish fresh and brackish waters, 1981 – 1995. – Hydrobiologia 353:181–192. 58
- Page 7 and 8: Summary This report on lakes and wa
- Page 11 and 12: included. In addition to a large nu
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- Page 15 and 16: TABLE 1. SUMMARY of parameters incl
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- Page 33 and 34: Light conditions Introduction Light
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- Page 39 and 40: industrial pH). The change in acidi
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- Page 43 and 44: very high degree of reliability and
- Page 45 and 46: TABLE 19. CURRENT CONDITIONS: metal
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- Page 49 and 50: TABLE 24. (continued) Cu Zn Cd Pb C
- Page 51 and 52: Swedish EPA (1993): Metals and the
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- Page 55 and 56: TABLE 29. CURRENT CONDITIONS: poten
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- Page 61 and 62: (see Appendix 1). If submerged and
- Page 63 and 64: References Andersson, B. (1998): Va
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- Page 67 and 68: Benthic fauna Introduction Benthic
- Page 69 and 70: TABLE 41. CURRENT CONDITIONS: botto
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- Page 73 and 74: has yielded better results than did
- Page 75 and 76: TABLE 45. CURRENT CONDITIONS: fish,
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- Page 79 and 80: TABLE 48. DEVIATION from reference
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- Page 94 and 95: APPENDIX 2 45 Planorbis sp. 46 Anis
- Page 96 and 97: APPENDIX 2 214 Leuctra hippopus 215
- Page 98 and 99: APPENDIX 2 384 Tinodes waeneri 385
- Page 100 and 101: APPENDIX 2 (6) O/C index (Wiederhol
- Page 102 and 103: APPENDIX 3 Dace Stäm Leuciscus leu
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References<br />
Cronberg, G., Lindmark, G. & Björk, S. (1988): Mass development of the<br />
flagellate Gonyostomum semen (Raphidophyta) in Swedish forest lakes, an effect of<br />
acidification? – Hydrobiologia 161:217–236.<br />
Rosén, G. (1981): Tusen sjöar. Växtplanktons miljökrav (”A thous<strong>and</strong> lakes. The<br />
habitat requirements of phytoplankton”). – Swedish EPA. Liber förlag.<br />
Willén, E. (1998): Planktiska alger i sjöar (”Planktonic algae in lakes”). – From: T.<br />
Wiederholm (Ed.). Bedömningsgrunder för miljökvalitet – Sjöar och vattendrag.<br />
Bakgrundsrapport 2 – Biologiska parametrar (”Environmental Quality Criteria –<br />
<strong>Lakes</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Watercourses</strong>. Background report 1 – Biological parameters”).<br />
Swedish EPA Report 4921.<br />
Willén, E., Willén, T. & Ahlgren, G. (1995): Skadliga cyanobakterier och alger i<br />
svenska sjöar (”Harmful cyanobacteria <strong>and</strong> algae in Swedish lakes”). – From: L.<br />
Edler (Ed.). Skadliga alger i sjöar och hav (”Harmful algae in lakes <strong>and</strong> seas”). –<br />
Swedish EPA Report 4447.<br />
Willén, T. & Mattsson, R. (1997): Water-blooming <strong>and</strong> toxin-producing<br />
cyanobacteria in Swedish fresh <strong>and</strong> brackish waters, 1981 – 1995. –<br />
Hydrobiologia 353:181–192.<br />
58
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