Vol. 16â1962 - NorthEastern Weed Science Society

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536 EXPERIMENTS ONTHECHOOCALCOIm'l)LOF CRABGRASS IN LAWNTURF Cla;yton M. Switzer * Considerable variability in the response of' crabgrass (Digitaria" sPP.) to herbicides has been f~n4 by JI1&ll71nv8StJ,~tors. This variabillt.T is influenced. by such factors as '.1011moisture, ~w btl'lll1,cI1tT,soil •. air temperature, soil fertility, tillle of treatment relative to stages of· growth, and to variety (or species) of this grass. Sinee it is impossible' for a home owner to control such factors to any great extent, it would cap,:; pear that the most acceptable crabgrass herbicides will be those that are effective over the widest range of conditions. . ' At present it appears that' in general. the p;:-e-emergence crabgr&s. killers are most effective. While the use of this type' of herbicide fi:ts,'in . well with the operations of professional gardeners and golf-oourse superintendents, it has oot been widely ac~epted by the aV'J"llIe homeowner, probably because of' the tendency of t'he~layman not to.w+.rtY about weeds, i~ects or diseases until they beeane apparent .to. him. Therefore, investigati~s:on the cClltrol of crabgrass in turf· should continue to include chemicals capable of killing this weed after elllersence, as well.4f the pre-emergence materials. An ideal herbicide woul'l1eeemto be one wtth both pre- and poisi;-;, 8IIlergence activity, and having sufficient residual effect'to make yearly application unnecessary. . This paper reports on the results of experSlilentsusing pre- ~ pos1;.;eJllergence chemicals, and on the residual effectiveness of ,SOlll8 of these chemicals on crabgrass. I§1'HODS All experimental work was ~ed out on tIMumpus of the Ontario Agricultural College. The turf gra'''s were mainly'lentuoky and Cenadablue with SOIlle oreeping red fescue .end ereepingbent gruil. Plots were 100 sq.' ft. in area and in most experiments. treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. The areas seleoted were OOTeredwith sparse tUrf' and had bean infested with a hea'V)' orabgrass population the 'year previotj,s ~ treatment. Sprays were applied (100 gal/A) with a knapsack sprayer and granulars were distributed by meanaof a small fe~1.z.r spreader. * Associate Professor, DepartmerJt.of Botany, Ontario~rioultural Colle$e, Guelph, Canada. 1/:
RESULTS Pre-emergence treatment: The efrEf~ts of chemicals applied Apr!l 27 - May 1, 1961are presen~ed in Table 1. Rainfallon the plot area between April 29 arid May 3 was 0,78 in. First crabgrass emergence was noted in the control plots on May 15th. -, . S37 Excellent control of crabgrass with no injury to other grasses was given by all rates of zytron (-bt:rt1fliquid and granular formulations), dacthal (wettable powder and granular), diphenatrile (diphenylacetonitrile) and dipropalin. Diphenylacetonitrile (Agrico formulation) gave good control (over 90%.1 at the lower rates and excellent controla'e--the highe st rate. Calcium propyl arsonate was good at 60 Ib/A but not satisfactory at lower rates. This chemical had a strong inhibitory effect on clover. . Pax (36.5% metallic arsenic) and Chip Cal (50% tricalcium arsenate) gave good control at the highest rates but were poor at lower rates..T:r.:H'luralin causedmarked burning of all plants in the plots and, therefore, was not satisfactory even though it gave 100% control of crabgrass. Similar results were 0 btained in 1960 -d.n an experiment; in which zytron (liquid and granular), dacthal (granular) and calcium arsenate were tested, Residual effects: .The 1960 plo;ts WEl!'eunintnine.d and observations-on-the:residual effects were made periodically dUring the summer of 1961. Some crabgrass was found in all the ; plots, but those treated with all rates of zytron (a, 16, 24 Ib/A both liquid and granular) and those treated with tricalcium arsenate at 15 Ib/1000 sq. ft. or with dacthal granular at 15 Ib/A, had considerably less than the others. Control with both 16 and 24 Ib/A of zyYron exceeded 90% throughout the s\.Ulllller. The g Ib rate gave fair control (50-70%) as the granular formulation, but liquid zytron at a Ib/A did not have as much residual effect. In another experiment, set up to stnrdy the effectiveness of application of pre-emergence crabgrass herbicides in the fall, plots were treated on Nov. 14, 1960 with zytron, liquid and granular (10,20,30), dacthal, wettable powder and granular (10~15, 20), and tricalcium arsenate.(5-,7!,10,15).Rates of zytron and dacthal are Ib active/A, and of tricalcium arsenate are Ib active/ 1000 sq. ft. Only the plots receiving the low rate of dacthal' granular and the lowest two rates of tricalcium arsenate weren()t completely free of crabgrass on July 21, 1961'" 'However, by August 31, crabgrass was noted in all plots except.~hose receiving 20 or 30 Lb of zytron or 20 Ib of d/icthal, al.t.hough, plo t s treated with ~tron 10, dacthal 15, or tricalcium arsenate 15, contained on~y a few crabgrass plants. On11 the: highest rate ~f zytron caused any turf dffinage (some thinning) and even these piots recovered by early Jurie , A m::l,...l.ra~ ~+-.;"""" ,.......:...._ ~~ L'_ -
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PRESENTANDFUTtJU OF AQUATIC'. WIlD
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Complete reports from 12 Nor~heaste
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The reawakening in aquatic weed con
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,10.1ng -2,4.,;iD (19), 2,4~5.T (4)
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9 The Role of the State in Res idue
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,., 1'4 keep developmental work in
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In addition to a review of field an
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State workers have to consider resi
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The vigorous regrowth of quackgrass
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during t,he sUllllller.is l,ower ll
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5. llslapon and other chlorine,ted
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23 • ·i INTRODUCTION: !!'he Bear
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Some damage to runners rssul ted fr
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27 CELLSTRUCTUREANDPLANTGROWTHCRMON
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pel'fQ.,..d,-.ear17M1932. that the
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a copious precipitate deposits afte
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B) A general review of the subject
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This narrative of ineptitude must b
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does Jo run a recreational facility
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Another pote1U:ialuse for chemicals
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Newapproaches in the use of herbici
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43 sentence would bear this out". T
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More and more each year since the a
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11. Rice, E. J. The effects of cUlt
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PFSI'ICIDESUSED - - - - - - - - - -
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__..:I whether or not these apparen
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Dosage. Ib./acre Dimethyl tetrachlo
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~ ~_~ __ L L Table 2. Weed Susceoti
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- - - - - - - - ~, - - - - --- - -
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Table 7.. Weed Control in :l:!c,Ql1
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Table '1. Rat.1lISstI 'Of carrot an
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H , 'ta~l!. g,._~e~_O!~ut~• .:.:.
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65 plant press and dried in a f~ced
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67 Tablet. 'lIi! EFFECT'or AN'INO'l
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69 THE INFLUENCE JIt P.I!ll'ROLEUM
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71 1 CDEC(Ee) 2 " " 3 4 " 5 " " 6 7
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!a~l~ 1._ ~!:.c!: :!!1~hJl!:e.::m~d
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75 EFFECT;OFCOMPOSITIONANDVOLUMEOF
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A LOGARITHMICSPRAlERFORSMALLPLCflSY
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79 Do~ Calculations The actual init
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Selective Herbicides for Several Cr
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83 Susceptible weeds Tolerant weeds
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85 Marion Market 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 Da
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Table 5. Bai
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weeding of Lima Bean. With Chemical
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EFFECTOF HERBICIDESONQUALITYANDYIEL
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Results Date treated: 9/6/61 Soil m
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95 Date planted: 915/61 Date treate
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Table 3. Yield Data on Hanover and
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Weeding of Carrots With 'pre-lilanU
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101 WEEDCONTROLSTUDIESIN SEElED ONI
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Weather conditions at the two locat
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In contrast to the damage noted in
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107 Literature Cited 1. Althaus. R.
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Table 1. Weed control: stand of pla
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Results and Discussion. The data, p
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CIPO, Vegadex, and Randox Singly or
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Table 1•. Wa. control, stand of p
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'Ihree experiments were conducted i
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a- Table 2_"COIIlpartsonof' Several
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fJ Table 3. CcBparison of Several.
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c
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Table 1. Seeding and Weed Counts on
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WEEDCONTROLANDTHE IMPROVEMENT OF SE
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Following emergence of the tomato s
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indicates that several of the treat
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DISCUSSIONOF RESULTS Transplant Tom
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harvest was covered with weeds, and
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An additional 2 years of tests on f
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~ Table 2 .--l Average Number and P
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~ Table 4 Total Yields in Number an
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"" ~ Table 6 Bvalu~t1.on of S&l~nto
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of weed eoneee I without inj ury 't
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1. Associate Research Specialist in
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Stulllll&ry A study was lh1tlatedto
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Table 2. The residual effects of se
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FURTHEROBSERVATIONS ONCONTROL OF TH
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Table 3 - Mean per cent brake contr
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lAssociate Research Spec1alist in W
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PRE-E~mRGENCE WEEDCONTROLTEST IN RE
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161 Table 2. Tolerance of Beets and
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163 Results generally were good wee
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USE OF GRANULAR CHl!H[CALAPPLICATOR
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u.s. #1 potatoes and weed control e
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0' ~ Table 2. Pre-emergent weed con
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Table 3. Post-hilling weed control
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~/Pe.nt>:r lITn. h.7(L T1o:oTl.,:r+
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In table 2 are presettted weed a*1'
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Since rec1root is only one of the I
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w.l.th 3 and 4 Ibs. ot Randox per a
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181 CONTROLOF ANNUALWEEDSIN pOTATOE
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The following comments on the vario
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185 S\:U!U!1fryand ConclWtlon No he
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187 Table 2. Potato YIelds Followin
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Residue analysis of potatoes treate
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soil temperatures at the time the m
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( ( ~able 2. Effect of Several Che~
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195 PROBLEMSIN THEAPPLICATIONOF HER
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197 scale tests on 2 cOlJllllercial
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l!!!! Experiment A factorial experi
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frOlll plot. at .horter i*nalt (~ t
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6.50 Table 1. Effe,ct of p"e- an
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205 EVALUATION0It' DACTHAL * HERBIC
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The 1959 and 1960 replicated field
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209 TABLEII Average Weed Cont~l Exh
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Where the weed eompleJl;conststs of
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...... 1.67, 213 Table 1. Effect of
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215 Table 2. Bffect of pre-plant he
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.217 Pive pre-plant herbicide. were
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219 Table 1. Effect of pre-p1anthel
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Table 2. tilat' of pre-plantbftb.tc
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l EVALUATIONOF THREEHERBICIDESONPnE
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TABLE2. TIll HIGHESTlATEOFHERBICIDE
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Because of the lush growth of quack
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Table 2. Effects of Herbicides on Q
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Table 3. Effects of Herbicides on A
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233 The inhibitory activity was ass
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non-polar solvents. Table 5 shows t
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237 Figure I Bioassay of cbrOlll4to
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239 Weed Control and Residual Effec
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Rototilling was done in June·' SO
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243 in the spring of 1961 preceedin
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WEEDCONTROL.AR
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Li£erature Cited 1. Chappell. W. E
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Tl'eatments ghing un.811~!8facto%'y
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Table 1. Designa t ion Am1l:)en .\
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Table 3. Percent Broadleat Weed Con
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,255 CONTROLOF ANNUALWlmDSIN swDT C
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of Casoron per acre was statistical
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~.-! _ 1.37 ~ Table 2. Sweet Corn Y
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Table 4. Peroent Control ot Ann.ual
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EVALUATIONOF FIVE _~p>I!:S FOR KILL
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265 STRAWBERRY HERBICIDEINVESTIGATI
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267 Table 2. Eftect Of'herbicidet~e
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'h ", 4. Tillam lOG at 5 lb/A a.i.
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Asparagus The results of weed contr
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273 TABLEII. ~1EED CONTROLANDYIELD
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~ C'l TABLE tv. lIEE» OON1T..OLAND
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WEEDCONTROLIN TRANSPLANT TOMATOES (
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279 ·QUACKGRASSCONTROL S.M. Raleig
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281 table II. The control of:'4oaek
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no cultivation during the growing s
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SummaryandConclu.1Qp' 1. A quackgra
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If or where farmer acceptance of a
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,~, ~ Tab1.e II. Chemical. Treatmen
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so11 per plot at each sampling date
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418' 293 Table III Main Eff,ects of
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Table V, }nt ...... e..• ,fa~, I;
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plots showed smaller decreases with
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FURTHEREVALUmONor HERBICIDESFal· W
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301 In the SUIIIIIlf)1' seeding, th
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The results were similar to those o
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In another experiment, loam soil wa
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apparently due to severe competitio
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ab1e 2. Average dry weight of corn
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311 The most strllt~Mrr~ct. ~fiIIJI
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313 RE9lfm'$~lfI)DI3CtlSSION '1.",
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315 LrrERATURECITED 1. Fertig, Stan
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.~ pattern following applications o
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Ratings at the time of'gJ;Vllst; al
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THERESPONSEOF NUTGRASS TO HERBIC~I)
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'\.......- TABLE2. Ratings of Nutgr
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All treatments produced si~1f~c~tly
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A 327 WEBDe
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. Eli'FECTSali' WEEDSON YIELD AND"G
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Pollen Maturity: ",l. ,. Broadleaf
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'--' The applicators were tested un
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335 Figure 1. The effeetof partic1e
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337 SRFeader 1 On this spreader onl
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Table 4. The effect of speed, p~~cl
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Table 1: Herbicidal treatments used
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·000 .000, I II ! WEEDCONTROLRATIN
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2.5000 CORNINJURY EXPRESSEDAS SQUAR
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347 1. 2. Danielson. l , ;4. L. Ef~
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',-- 34~ 3-(3 ..4-Dichlorophenyl)-1
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weed control with adequate safety t
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Untreated Table 2. Directed Post-E"
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.s .... __ Table 7. Pre-Emel'ae~eWe
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experiment is reported herE!. Trifl
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Results are given. in Table 4~J'Rot
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In Princeton fine sand, tritlupalin
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Included in the lima. bean test wer
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Table 1. The Effects ofS8veral form
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Table 3. The effects of several for
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369 Table 5. The effects of sev~ral
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• ~ : .• \ • ' -' ..,,:- ',-"
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Heights of barley were significantl
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Table 2. The effe,cts of s~\I'~ral
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Table 4. 377 The effects of aevel8.
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,:' A PROGRESSREPORTONCOMIo!ERCIAL
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4. Undesirable dead stem.,lio not r
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areas under service conditionsa~ va
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We ,prpbablyhave no speeie of g~owt
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control. At the end of the third ye
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initial defoliation was evident lat
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OBJECTIVE In 1958 an experiment was
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Replicates DlO 810 I 2.0 0.5 II 1.5
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DISCUSSION One Year After Applicati
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1. Button, E.F. Bndwrfg'h~';J .L. ,
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399 The treatment consisted of appl
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401 FIELD PROCEDURES Although. the
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403 In the light of these data it a
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405 ...·1!MLE I SAMPLECHARACTERIST
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407 , '.". '.·',',~'l~rL,i;'. "\"
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dltterent l"atespacaoreand"~"at thr
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411 RESULTS ireatmentettect was det
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, 413 ;. ' "1 ' "':j " • made wit
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( ( . Table 3. Effectiveness on Spe
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417 FENURQlt,A PROMISINGNEWTOOL FOR
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There are a number of reaso~ for un
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.n_ots, "'hhin a few months after:
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sater method ot tree-killing close
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Material ~izone is a,mixedf~g.. t w
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427 On November 16, 1961, at the en
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CHBMI-THINNINGWITH,AIrlINES IN THED
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These tests show once aaaiJithe nee
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Th:Ls ch!~ca1. tx'eatme:n1!_1IhClJ.
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: if.. . ' A Comparative Study of t
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'j 437 petioles, now elongated,f'or
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Helisoma, Menetus, fhYSa andValvata
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i s. The benth1c populat1Q~ W¥", O
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443 Eurasian. wa~lfoil a W8t.f~~ ap
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Empb4sis was on testing DOD-volatil
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447 . , , -. I':'V'est~a.ti
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FIELDOBSERVATIONS UPONESTUARINE ANI
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more than 2 feet. ExceptionalUdes s
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TABLE1. Responseof oysters t~ diffe
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In the'Dundee Creek series. ,one of
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workers. springer (1961) cite8& num
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OBSERVATIONSONTHE OCCURRENCE' ANDPE
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461 TABLE! Chemical Water QuaU1?::r
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TABLEIII Threshold Taste and Odor C
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(1.1-) Burttschell, R.H. , et al.,
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Code A - seeded June 29 B - seeded
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SUIIIIJ~, ~ Conclusions 5' 469 The
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III. Average turf scores l' of thre
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474 PIft'J'OTOXICBlFBQTS'QJe'CBRTAI
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476 MERIONBLUEGBASS• T!BATANDsgD
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478 In general. the treatments appl
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4BJ days follow:lng the ohemical tr
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') ') ' :_B!.ue~s•. Fescue au:l~"
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:". ',J P~E~ C!',. O~.C~G~S 'F.~HEM
Page 486 and 487: Lima and ferd'1izer applications sh
Page 488 and 489: 4es 1'.o~~1ty, ", .ewf!r''''rsenc.
Page 490 and 491: } ) Table 1. Besu):ta.Qf 1961 pre-e
Page 492 and 493: 492 corresponding plots on este.bl1
Page 494 and 495: 494 ae.u!s,'I!IIDi,cua.:Lon leUllll
Page 496 and 497: 496 D±!3pa,~n~ Resul te)I? .,l-ta,
Page 498 and 499: 498 1 . 1 J. E. Gallagher and n. J.
Page 500 and 501: 500 Da1;ejJ01 e~uations ~,a.;t'ollC
Page 502 and 503: 502 TADLEIt Comparison of "severalc
Page 504 and 505: 504 TADLE3: Pre-oemergence and poet
Page 506 and 507: 506 Table 1. Re8eeding Resulte:afit
Page 508 and 509: 5"8 d1propalin ortrifluralin 'at ':
Page 510 and 511: 510 aUlIPIl iri '-1: ' D" "" Diphen
Page 512 and 513: Fall ve. spriif ~nts .. 'Ibe",obl1.
Page 514 and 515: 514 ~ Tab1e2. Cr&bgraS$'Contr01 in
Page 516 and 517: 516 ,';1:".i'"'f'!r": :~,j i: .. r
Page 518 and 519: . ~lS residual cemtrol of crabgrssi
Page 520 and 521: 520 - . \.. ; ."," ,
Page 522 and 523: 5~2 'rab4t13.· ~gtnc. ·QGabtiol:o
Page 524 and 525: 524 PRE.._RGENCE AMU' POsT-EHERGENC
Page 526 and 527: 526 Table 1. 'l'a):lsra,. ContrO.k1
Page 528 and 529: 528 Pre- andpost ..emergejljCec:rab
Page 530 and 531: 530 Prior to each chemical applicat
Page 532 and 533: u 532 3) Those trea.t,mellts which
Page 534 and 535: Table I (Coot'd) 27. JSc.F,~iOe t$~
Page 538 and 539: ~______ , 53S Table 1: Control of c
Page 540 and 541: 54' In a similar po st-ell1~rgence
Page 542: 542 da~hal and diphenatrile) at ear
Page 545 and 546: .. ";' -:' il; JT!.: .'\ i~'J" ; ~J
Page 547 and 548: 541 Distr:tbution of radioacti~tl t
Page 549 and 550: 549 •RESULTS The distribution of
Page 551 and 552: GRAPHII: Comparison of the~.tl;'i~u
Page 553: "-...-.. J.4 The distribution of r~
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Vol. 16â1962 - NorthEastern Weed Science Society

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Vol. 16â1962 - NorthEastern Weed Science Society