Vol. 16â1962 - NorthEastern Weed Science Society
Vol. 16â1962 - NorthEastern Weed Science Society Vol. 16â1962 - NorthEastern Weed Science Society
290 ' .. i '~r I.". ',-: : l.1 r, '" ' THEEFFECTS01 CHEMICALANDCULTt1IALTUATMENTSONTill SURVIVAL~ RHIZOMES ANDON'tHB YIELD01 llNDERGROIJIfD FOODRBSERVs.:S_Ol. QUACIGRASS- , .".- -. ._.-_...• --',,' .. H. M. t+t~ :~d,8,., N. h~t,a IntrodupUQA_ " )'J ~ S-:' I In order .t~ ~ogtroi~r i .tallll1·~~p.'rllDD~~)f ' •• ', ~' ~~~ci~"lt 11 neceaaary,e1ther directly. lnd1r~t11" to ,#,n4!Jcet.::d •• tructlono(~~e org~n.which pe~p.t· uate: the plant,., IIltb,~ cQ. ~.quc.kcC... ,the plal).1:""rtl re.ponl1ble fot lt1 perennta11tyare the ma•• of under around atem. cal1ed~rhl.omes. The 'uormal Ute otlildlvldual"'quiCkgra .. iiiizome;"is pr~bably not mucb ov.r a year. It i.not alwaysappreclatedthat this characteristlc i. one of.t~. few lmportan~ weakness_' tabarent i~; ~c~.~•., rb~.;b.~. of .pecia1 inte~~at ln the use;of herb1c1d •• for the oogt~J: orer~d~cat~. ~f quacklrass. A cbemlcal, to be effective .. maJ not n_cea.ari1~;Id.~l the plant Mrl8bt or directlyc.uae itea,th a.~ d.cOlllPOdUQftol tbe rh9"i< Control ... , "'.ffected indlrect1y by lnduclnldormaaoy or preventin8proc§~.!~~!l qf., no rb1aollea until the netum deatb of 'th.·~an~·,~avif·l:.ken;'pl~c., 'J However, ~h, A.l~tion that a dlr,ec,t u1sUolt~lp .:/CUt. b.tween the e~~.ct;~ oj a tr.a~m.nt "" topsrowth and le;s :effect on aurvlval and actlvlty of the rhl.~' may be lubject to error, especially wbenquackgr •• , control from different cbemlcala are b.inl compared. Thls i inve.tigatlon was ~a~r~ec;l ~~ to o1?tain a mOIj. complete ~ow1.d~e, of the pbyl1plogy'Of tbe quackl~a... r~1••• 8apeciallyall l-t ls affected by, b~rblcidel a.d IIIOdel'n,control' recoaae~~t~~a~A :prev,lou. "apar reported on the effacta of tre.dDe~ti ontberfood re.erv. content: of :q~Ckar"s rhizomes (2). The .xt.nt of ~blzome carbobydrate r.duction waa t6bad 'to be more a char.Ct~latic of t~e berbic14e us. thaD' it ••• ~"'.te4 'to-fopsrWtbsurvival and re,rowth. It 1i r.alonable'to luppoae that. I~~l.,r ,raau1t1 ~outd :a1Jo be expected fr~ tbe rhizome survival: data. : , "', :', , . '". i 1. J '. Materia4 and, .1f.etboda- ,A deicrlp~i~n of, .~ experl~'t~:::clta1gn, ... ,Uot; acbedu1e arid procedUre, and ~aboratory /II.t~cI.,b•• b~n gl~ ~:prev1ou.p.per.. (1, 2). The field :Plots were located near Itbaca, N.Y., on a Mardln ailt loam .oil which had a unlform aad heavy quackaraal infelUtion. Th. treatments were replicated four tim.',ln a 3 x6 .p11t-plot factorial. .' H'of Sample. of quacqra'lrblzOlll8" "r. collected p.t_~cally ulinl a ate ..l cylinder., All aoil and foreiln l118~t!lr :J'~re relllQved by ~a.hil).l iaa cement li1xer. The r~1zomes were tbendried, Welshed, 'ground, mixed thoroughly. and analyzed for c,arbohy'dratll content. Since fructo •• polymers, 1••• .! fructolana, :w,erl_,faund to be the pd~1pal food reaerve cO'Q'tt1;Uent quackji-.I. rhizomel, quantitative carbohydrate determlnatlons were baa.d on tbe free fructo •• content fo110wlna acid bydrolyall. On the baah of th. rbi.ome. obtained frClll one aquare foOf of 1This include. part of tbe work don. on the Ph.D. study at Cornell Univer.ity. 2Plant Pbya101olllt, -Virginla Truck ixP~~1ment- S~at1~~,'Horfolk, Va. and Profei.or of Agronomy, Cornel1Un~~~r.lt~, ~tbaca, N'Y",respective1y. ~ ,
so11 per plot at each sampling date., the yield of l!",~omes and their fo04 reserve content were determined. The yield of fructose p~l&l1it area was subsequently calculated as the product of these two determinations. 291 Results and Di,cussion Main effects of cultural trea~~t,: \ The main effects of cultural treatments on the' yield of quackgrass rhizomes are given in Table I. Both the plowing and fallow treatments resulted in an early decrease in the yield of.,J:l:a:f.'l:lIDes about, 4PJpercent. The effect Df the single spring ploWing tended to a~~ease throughoutlthe experiment as regrowth of foliage occurred, although it continued to show lower yields than the uncultivated quackgrass. The effect of continuous fallow, on the other hand, increased and resulted in a decrease of a\)o,~$, 7S per cent infhizome yields by late autumn. '" J The depletion of total carbohydrate yield due to cultural treatments was especially severe as shown in Table II. The dataabow that the first plowing is by far the most important s1ng1e)c~l~ural treatmenti'resulting in an earl, and rapid decline of over 70 per cent' ~n the fructos."eld. Where no further tillage was appl1l!d, however, tlHtfood reserves weregraduaUy replenished. By late autumn the plowed plots were no longer significantly lower than the uncultivated plots, and by the following spring the re~~don of total carbobY'lt:ate was only 24 per cent. The fallowereatment continu.d a gradual depletion of fructose yield to 94 per cent by late autumn, which 'persisted to the next spring. Main effects of chemical treaem,~.ts: The effect of herbicides onthe'dry weight yieids of rhizomes was always significant throughout the experim£\~t, as seen in Tab,le III. AU of the :urbicides with the exception of DalapOn caused an early and marked decrease in rhizome yielda. Although only Atrazine.bowed a significant reduction of about SOper cent by the first sampling date" tbe rhizome yield;teductions from Sfmazine, Amitrol-T and Penac ranged betWeeri.~S and 39 per c~t. Throughout the remainder of the experiment, Atrazine, Sfmazlne, and Amitrol continued showing,gradual decreases in rhizome yields, resulting in eventual declines of 88, 76, and 68 per cent, respectively, at the f.l~,~ aampUng date'Jl Thes,e three herbicide,s resulted in consistently lower survival of rhizomes than Penac or Dalapon. While Penac showed only minor changes from the initial decrease of 35 per cent throughout the remainder of the experi~nt, the effect of ntilapon was gradual and· continuous throughout the growing ~aon resulting. in a 56 per cent lOBS of rhizomes by late autumn. However, lta effect decre.sed during the winter and early spring, showing a reduction 01 ,only 31 per cent by May 10,1960. Since the herbicides generally, caused simultan.£lous reductions of both rhizome yields and fructose content, the effects of chemical applications on the total carbohydrate yields were considerably accentuated, as shown in Table IV. Atrazine gave a very sharp and~arly,decrea.e in Ir~tOBe yield of 88 per ~ent by the first sampling date one mOnt~:after application. Thia carbohydrate depletion increaaed slowly throullloUtthe year to 97 per cent by autumn and 99 per cent by May 10, 1960. Simazine showed similar results although it reacted slower, with an initial reduction of 72 per cent, and a 94 per cent reduction by late summer. However, its effect decreased during the winter and early spring,
- Page 239 and 240: 239 Weed Control and Residual Effec
- Page 241 and 242: Rototilling was done in June·' SO
- Page 243 and 244: 243 in the spring of 1961 preceedin
- Page 245 and 246: WEEDCONTROL.AR
- Page 247 and 248: Li£erature Cited 1. Chappell. W. E
- Page 249 and 250: Tl'eatments ghing un.811~!8facto%'y
- Page 251 and 252: Table 1. Designa t ion Am1l:)en .\
- Page 253 and 254: Table 3. Percent Broadleat Weed Con
- Page 255 and 256: ,255 CONTROLOF ANNUALWlmDSIN swDT C
- Page 257 and 258: of Casoron per acre was statistical
- Page 259 and 260: ~.-! _ 1.37 ~ Table 2. Sweet Corn Y
- Page 261 and 262: Table 4. Peroent Control ot Ann.ual
- Page 263 and 264: EVALUATIONOF FIVE _~p>I!:S FOR KILL
- Page 265 and 266: 265 STRAWBERRY HERBICIDEINVESTIGATI
- Page 267 and 268: 267 Table 2. Eftect Of'herbicidet~e
- Page 269 and 270: 'h ", 4. Tillam lOG at 5 lb/A a.i.
- Page 271 and 272: Asparagus The results of weed contr
- Page 273 and 274: 273 TABLEII. ~1EED CONTROLANDYIELD
- Page 275 and 276: ~ C'l TABLE tv. lIEE» OON1T..OLAND
- Page 277 and 278: WEEDCONTROLIN TRANSPLANT TOMATOES (
- Page 279 and 280: 279 ·QUACKGRASSCONTROL S.M. Raleig
- Page 281 and 282: 281 table II. The control of:'4oaek
- Page 283 and 284: no cultivation during the growing s
- Page 285 and 286: SummaryandConclu.1Qp' 1. A quackgra
- Page 287 and 288: If or where farmer acceptance of a
- Page 289: ,~, ~ Tab1.e II. Chemical. Treatmen
- Page 293 and 294: 418' 293 Table III Main Eff,ects of
- Page 295 and 296: Table V, }nt ...... e..• ,fa~, I;
- Page 297 and 298: plots showed smaller decreases with
- Page 299 and 300: FURTHEREVALUmONor HERBICIDESFal· W
- Page 301 and 302: 301 In the SUIIIIIlf)1' seeding, th
- Page 303 and 304: The results were similar to those o
- Page 305 and 306: In another experiment, loam soil wa
- Page 307 and 308: apparently due to severe competitio
- Page 309 and 310: ab1e 2. Average dry weight of corn
- Page 311 and 312: 311 The most strllt~Mrr~ct. ~fiIIJI
- Page 313 and 314: 313 RE9lfm'$~lfI)DI3CtlSSION '1.",
- Page 315 and 316: 315 LrrERATURECITED 1. Fertig, Stan
- Page 317 and 318: .~ pattern following applications o
- Page 319 and 320: Ratings at the time of'gJ;Vllst; al
- Page 321 and 322: THERESPONSEOF NUTGRASS TO HERBIC~I)
- Page 323 and 324: '\.......- TABLE2. Ratings of Nutgr
- Page 325 and 326: All treatments produced si~1f~c~tly
- Page 327 and 328: A 327 WEBDe
- Page 329 and 330: . Eli'FECTSali' WEEDSON YIELD AND"G
- Page 331 and 332: Pollen Maturity: ",l. ,. Broadleaf
- Page 333 and 334: '--' The applicators were tested un
- Page 335 and 336: 335 Figure 1. The effeetof partic1e
- Page 337 and 338: 337 SRFeader 1 On this spreader onl
- Page 339 and 340: Table 4. The effect of speed, p~~cl
290 ' .. i '~r I.". ',-:<br />
: l.1 r, '" '<br />
THEEFFECTS01 CHEMICALANDCULTt1IALTUATMENTSONTill SURVIVAL~ RHIZOMES<br />
ANDON'tHB YIELD01 llNDERGROIJIfD FOODRBSERVs.:S_Ol. QUACIGRASS- ,<br />
.".- -. ._.-_...• --',,' ..<br />
H. M. t+t~ :~d,8,., N. h~t,a<br />
IntrodupUQA_ " )'J ~ S-:' I<br />
In order .t~ ~ogtroi~r i .tallll1·~~p.'rllDD~~)f<br />
' •• ', ~'<br />
~~~ci~"lt 11 neceaaary,e1ther<br />
directly. lnd1r~t11" to ,#,n4!Jcet.::d •• tructlono(~~e org~n.which pe~p.t·<br />
uate: the plant,., IIltb,~ cQ. ~.quc.kcC... ,the plal).1:""rtl re.ponl1ble fot lt1<br />
perennta11tyare the ma•• of under around atem. cal1ed~rhl.omes.<br />
The 'uormal Ute otlildlvldual"'quiCkgra .. iiiizome;"is pr~bably not mucb ov.r<br />
a year. It i.not alwaysappreclatedthat this characteristlc i. one of.t~. few<br />
lmportan~ weakness_' tabarent i~; ~c~.~•., rb~.;b.~. of .pecia1 inte~~at<br />
ln the use;of herb1c1d •• for the oogt~J: orer~d~cat~. ~f quacklrass. A cbemlcal,<br />
to be effective .. maJ not n_cea.ari1~;Id.~l the plant Mrl8bt or directlyc.uae<br />
itea,th a.~ d.cOlllPOdUQftol tbe rh9"i< Control ... , "'.ffected indlrect1y by<br />
lnduclnldormaaoy or preventin8proc§~.!~~!l qf., no rb1aollea until the netum<br />
deatb of 'th.·~an~·,~avif·l:.ken;'pl~c., 'J However, ~h, A.l~tion that a dlr,ec,t<br />
u1sUolt~lp .:/CUt. b.tween the e~~.ct;~ oj a tr.a~m.nt "" topsrowth and le;s :effect<br />
on aurvlval and actlvlty of the rhl.~' may be lubject to error, especially<br />
wbenquackgr •• , control from different cbemlcala are b.inl compared.<br />
Thls i inve.tigatlon was ~a~r~ec;l ~~ to o1?tain a mOIj. complete ~ow1.d~e, of<br />
the pbyl1plogy'Of tbe quackl~a... r~1••• 8apeciallyall l-t ls affected by, b~rblcidel<br />
a.d IIIOdel'n,control' recoaae~~t~~a~A :prev,lou. "apar reported on the<br />
effacta of tre.dDe~ti ontberfood re.erv. content: of :q~Ckar"s rhizomes (2).<br />
The .xt.nt of ~blzome carbobydrate r.duction waa t6bad 'to be more a char.Ct~latic<br />
of t~e berbic14e us. thaD' it ••• ~"'.te4 'to-fopsrWtbsurvival and re,rowth.<br />
It 1i r.alonable'to luppoae that. I~~l.,r ,raau1t1 ~outd :a1Jo be expected fr~ tbe<br />
rhizome survival: data. : , "', :', ,<br />
. '". i 1. J '.<br />
Materia4<br />
and, .1f.etboda-<br />
,A deicrlp~i~n of, .~ experl~'t~:::clta1gn, ... ,Uot; acbedu1e arid procedUre,<br />
and ~aboratory /II.t~cI.,b•• b~n gl~ ~:prev1ou.p.per.. (1, 2). The field :Plots<br />
were located near Itbaca, N.Y., on a Mardln ailt loam .oil which had a unlform<br />
aad heavy quackaraal infelUtion. Th. treatments were replicated four tim.',ln<br />
a 3 x6 .p11t-plot factorial. .'<br />
H'of<br />
Sample. of quacqra'lrblzOlll8" "r. collected p.t_~cally ulinl a ate ..l<br />
cylinder., All aoil and foreiln l118~t!lr :J'~re relllQved by ~a.hil).l iaa cement li1xer.<br />
The r~1zomes were tbendried, Welshed, 'ground, mixed thoroughly. and analyzed<br />
for c,arbohy'dratll content. Since fructo •• polymers, 1••• .! fructolana, :w,erl_,faund<br />
to be the pd~1pal food reaerve cO'Q'tt1;Uent quackji-.I. rhizomel, quantitative<br />
carbohydrate determlnatlons were baa.d on tbe free fructo •• content fo110wlna<br />
acid bydrolyall. On the baah of th. rbi.ome. obtained frClll one aquare foOf of<br />
1This include. part of tbe work don. on the Ph.D. study at Cornell Univer.ity.<br />
2Plant Pbya101olllt, -Virginla Truck ixP~~1ment- S~at1~~,'Horfolk, Va. and<br />
Profei.or of Agronomy, Cornel1Un~~~r.lt~, ~tbaca, N'Y",respective1y.<br />
~ ,
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