Collision accident reconstruction in NMS-90 simulator - Baltic Master
Collision accident reconstruction in NMS-90 simulator - Baltic Master
Collision accident reconstruction in NMS-90 simulator - Baltic Master
You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles
YUMPU automatically turns print PDFs into web optimized ePapers that Google loves.
VERTIGO & ZIEMIA LODZKA COLLISION<br />
<strong>accident</strong> <strong>reconstruction</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>NMS</strong>-<strong>90</strong> <strong>simulator</strong><br />
Wiesław Juszkiewicz<br />
Maritimie University of Szczec<strong>in</strong><br />
Wały Chrobrego ½ 70-500 Szczec<strong>in</strong><br />
e-mail: w.juszkiewicz@am.szczec<strong>in</strong>.pl
INTRODUCTION<br />
Basic tasks set for navigational-radar <strong>simulator</strong>s can be used both <strong>in</strong> the<br />
navigators tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g process and <strong>in</strong> research works.<br />
Technological progress enables more and more excellent model<strong>in</strong>g<br />
phenomena presented <strong>in</strong> the process of the simulation. The <strong>in</strong>teractivity of<br />
actions taken <strong>in</strong> <strong>simulator</strong>s and the huge data sets record<strong>in</strong>g possibility are very<br />
important. But very important are also possibilities of multiply repeat<strong>in</strong>g<br />
created scenarios and gett<strong>in</strong>g results <strong>in</strong> relatively short time.<br />
Possibilities of us<strong>in</strong>g real collision situations for officers tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g can<br />
seriously improve knowledge about deck officers behavior <strong>in</strong> dangerous<br />
situations.<br />
Simulators are useful but very important is to know their advantages and<br />
disadvantages.<br />
2009-10-20<br />
VERTIGO & ZIEMIA LODZKA collision -<br />
<strong>accident</strong> recontruction <strong>in</strong> <strong>NMS</strong>-<strong>90</strong>
INTRODUCTION<br />
The attempt of <strong>reconstruction</strong> of ZIEMIA LODZKA and VERTIGO<br />
collision was taken <strong>in</strong> the experiment carried out <strong>in</strong> the <strong>NMS</strong>-<strong>90</strong> <strong>simulator</strong>.<br />
This <strong>accident</strong> was chosen on the basis of analysis of material gathered <strong>in</strong> the<br />
process of salvage proceed<strong>in</strong>gs because it was precisely described <strong>in</strong> official<br />
documents and the mathematical model of bulk carrier is available <strong>in</strong> <strong>simulator</strong><br />
database.<br />
Analysis of the possibility of us<strong>in</strong>g the <strong>NMS</strong>-<strong>90</strong> <strong>simulator</strong> for ship’s<br />
collision <strong>reconstruction</strong> was the aim of experiment.<br />
2009-10-20<br />
VERTIGO & ZIEMIA LODZKA collision -<br />
<strong>accident</strong> recontruction <strong>in</strong> <strong>NMS</strong>-<strong>90</strong>
GENERAL SIMULATOR CHARACTERISTIC<br />
The <strong>NMS</strong>-<strong>90</strong> <strong>simulator</strong> was designed to<br />
meet the needs of tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g both Maritime<br />
University students and deck officers <strong>in</strong> the<br />
scope of the operation of radar and ARPA<br />
devices.<br />
Scenarios carried out <strong>in</strong> <strong>simulator</strong> are<br />
very similar to real situations. The place of<br />
exercises can be chosen <strong>in</strong> restricted or an<br />
open sea area. They can be also improved<br />
by hydro meteorological conditions (w<strong>in</strong>ds,<br />
currents, ra<strong>in</strong> etc.) and different emergency<br />
states can be also additionally simulated.<br />
The <strong>in</strong>structor can use one of the set of<br />
recorded coastl<strong>in</strong>es or build by himself.<br />
Typical <strong>NMS</strong>-<strong>90</strong> configuration.<br />
2009-10-20<br />
VERTIGO & ZIEMIA LODZKA collision -<br />
<strong>accident</strong> recontruction <strong>in</strong> <strong>NMS</strong>-<strong>90</strong>
GENERAL SIMULATOR CHARACTERISTIC<br />
Up to 60 targets can be controlled by<br />
the <strong>in</strong>structor from his console and 3 own<br />
ships motion simulated separately at the<br />
same time.<br />
Many different navigational conditions<br />
can be simulated, for example:<br />
• own ships’ and targets’ positions, true<br />
courses and speeds<br />
• ships’ characteristics <strong>in</strong>fluenc<strong>in</strong>g echo<br />
size (ship’s length, width, height, radar<br />
cross section, depth),<br />
• simplified dynamic target<br />
characteristics<br />
• programmed target tracks (up to 600<br />
waypo<strong>in</strong>ts).<br />
2009-10-20<br />
VERTIGO & ZIEMIA LODZKA collision -<br />
<strong>accident</strong> recontruction <strong>in</strong> <strong>NMS</strong>-<strong>90</strong>
SIMULATION POSSIBILITIES<br />
An example of coastl<strong>in</strong>e echo simulation result.<br />
The <strong>NMS</strong>-<strong>90</strong> <strong>simulator</strong> enables to set<br />
the ma<strong>in</strong> radar parameters: ga<strong>in</strong>, range,<br />
Sea-Clutter, Ra<strong>in</strong>-Clutter, radar shadow<br />
sectors, radar impulse time characteristic or<br />
antenna height. There are also possibilities<br />
to simulate many types of mar<strong>in</strong>e radars<br />
and weather conditions <strong>in</strong>fluenc<strong>in</strong>g radar<br />
work.<br />
The basic characteristics of radar<br />
echoes from different objects depend on<br />
their size, the height and their property of<br />
reflect<strong>in</strong>g radar waves. Programmed radar<br />
parameters and its work<strong>in</strong>g conditions have<br />
a serious <strong>in</strong>fluence on the characteristics of<br />
radar clutters.<br />
2009-10-20<br />
VERTIGO & ZIEMIA LODZKA collision -<br />
<strong>accident</strong> recontruction <strong>in</strong> <strong>NMS</strong>-<strong>90</strong>
SIMULATION POSSIBILITIES<br />
Every coastl<strong>in</strong>e has the alterable depth<br />
chart where it is possible to place up to<br />
3000 sound<strong>in</strong>g values, as well as the chart<br />
of currents, with the maximum number of<br />
300 programmable vectors.<br />
Plac<strong>in</strong>g up to 500 navigational marks<br />
def<strong>in</strong>ed by their position, size, and, if<br />
necessary, racon signal is also possible.<br />
2009-10-20<br />
VERTIGO & ZIEMIA LODZKA collision -<br />
<strong>accident</strong> recontruction <strong>in</strong> <strong>NMS</strong>-<strong>90</strong>
NAVIGATIONAL BRIDGES’ CHARACTERISTIC<br />
The <strong>NMS</strong>-<strong>90</strong> <strong>simulator</strong> consists of the<br />
<strong>in</strong>structor console and three separate ship’s<br />
bridges. Every bridge is equipped with<br />
steer<strong>in</strong>g console, steer<strong>in</strong>g gear, the ma<strong>in</strong><br />
equipment board and radar/ARPA devices.<br />
The ma<strong>in</strong> navigational equipment is<br />
ARPA. It is used for obta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g both<br />
navigational and anti-collision <strong>in</strong>formation.<br />
2009-10-20<br />
VERTIGO & ZIEMIA LODZKA collision -<br />
<strong>accident</strong> recontruction <strong>in</strong> <strong>NMS</strong>-<strong>90</strong>
NAVIGATIONAL BRIDGES’ CHARACTERISTIC<br />
The <strong>simulator</strong> is equipped with<br />
follow<strong>in</strong>g ARPA devices:<br />
• bridge no 1: FAR-2815 Furuno<br />
• bridge no 2: Krupp-Atlas 9800 Series<br />
• bridge no 3: DB-10 Norcontrol and<br />
Rascar 3400M Sperry.<br />
2009-10-20<br />
VERTIGO & ZIEMIA LODZKA collision -<br />
<strong>accident</strong> recontruction <strong>in</strong> <strong>NMS</strong>-<strong>90</strong>
SCENARIO SIMULATION PROCESS<br />
The most important stages of navigational scenario programm<strong>in</strong>g process are:<br />
1. The choice/creation of the appropriate coastl<strong>in</strong>e.<br />
2. Ship’s parameters programm<strong>in</strong>g (selection of an appropriate mathematical model and<br />
- if required - alteration its parameters).<br />
3. The choice of the way of ship’s steer<strong>in</strong>g (from the <strong>in</strong>structor console, on the basis of<br />
the programmed route or from the navigational bridge).<br />
In the first mode (used dur<strong>in</strong>g simulation) all manoeuvres are carried out<br />
systematically on the basis of their execution time. In this case factors which have<br />
the <strong>in</strong>fluence on the accuracy of <strong>reconstruction</strong> are: the different technique of<br />
steer<strong>in</strong>g or the synchronization of carry<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>dividual manoeuvres out. The<br />
automatic mode requires from the <strong>in</strong>structor implement<strong>in</strong>g turn po<strong>in</strong>ts and values of<br />
ship’s courses, speeds, turn rates, speed rates etc. It is possible to choose the mode of<br />
waypo<strong>in</strong>ts coord<strong>in</strong>ates calculat<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
4. Programm<strong>in</strong>g of extr<strong>in</strong>sic factors (hydro meteorological conditions, currents and tides<br />
characteristics, w<strong>in</strong>d, blasts of w<strong>in</strong>d, ra<strong>in</strong>fall, etc.).<br />
5. Programm<strong>in</strong>g of radar parameters.<br />
2009-10-20<br />
VERTIGO & ZIEMIA LODZKA collision -<br />
<strong>accident</strong> recontruction <strong>in</strong> <strong>NMS</strong>-<strong>90</strong>
SCENARIO SIMULATION PROCESS<br />
One of the most important moment <strong>in</strong> programm<strong>in</strong>g process is the property<br />
ship mathematical model choice. Individual models of different vessel types are<br />
<strong>in</strong> the database of the <strong>simulator</strong>.<br />
In the case of the discussed <strong>reconstruction</strong> a model of the bulk carrier was<br />
chosen for the simulation.<br />
Ship type<br />
Ship data<br />
Lenght: 147 m<br />
Draft: 12 m<br />
Bulk Carrier<br />
DWT: 54600 T<br />
RPM (Full Ahead): 125<br />
Speed (Full Ahead): 14,8 w<br />
2009-10-20<br />
VERTIGO & ZIEMIA LODZKA collision -<br />
<strong>accident</strong> recontruction <strong>in</strong> <strong>NMS</strong>-<strong>90</strong>
ACCIDENT DESCRIPTION<br />
<strong>Collision</strong><br />
The collision took place <strong>in</strong> the area<br />
close to the Agersoe Flak.<br />
It is narrow area where two<br />
navigational routs (T and H) jo<strong>in</strong><br />
together.<br />
South go<strong>in</strong>g vessels have to change<br />
their course about 50 degree to<br />
starboard to follow Route T (Deep<br />
Water route direction). So very<br />
important is to proceed <strong>in</strong> the proper<br />
side of appropriate center l<strong>in</strong>e.<br />
Dur<strong>in</strong>g the <strong>accident</strong> there was calm<br />
weather with good visibility (3-4 NM).<br />
It was 1.5 knots north go<strong>in</strong>g current.<br />
VTS Great Belt area - position of collision<br />
2009-10-20<br />
VERTIGO & ZIEMIA LODZKA collision -<br />
<strong>accident</strong> recontruction <strong>in</strong> <strong>NMS</strong>-<strong>90</strong>
ACCIDENT DESCRIPTION<br />
Name of the ship<br />
ZIEMIA LODZKA<br />
Home Port<br />
Monrovia, Liberia<br />
Call sign<br />
A8DQ4<br />
IMO number 8418746<br />
Type of ship<br />
Bulk carrier<br />
Construction year 1992<br />
Gross Tonnage 26 264,00<br />
Net Tonnage 17 458<br />
Lenght Overall [m] 179,97<br />
Breadth [m] 28,00<br />
Eng<strong>in</strong>e Power [kW] 5 415,00<br />
ZIEMIA LODZKA was manned <strong>in</strong><br />
accordance with the M<strong>in</strong>imum Safe<br />
Mann<strong>in</strong>g Certificate and their officers<br />
held the required statutory certificates.<br />
All crewmembers were all Polish<br />
citizens.<br />
The eng<strong>in</strong>es and the steer<strong>in</strong>g<br />
equipment were fully function<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
ZIEMIA LODZKA was equipped with<br />
two radars, with ARPA, and AIS, which<br />
were fully operational.<br />
There is no <strong>in</strong>dication that any<br />
technical failure or any failure of the<br />
bridge equipment has <strong>in</strong>fluenced the<br />
circumstances lead<strong>in</strong>g to the collision<br />
2009-10-20<br />
VERTIGO & ZIEMIA LODZKA collision -<br />
<strong>accident</strong> recontruction <strong>in</strong> <strong>NMS</strong>-<strong>90</strong>
ACCIDENT DESCRIPTION<br />
Name of the ship<br />
VERTIGO<br />
Home Port<br />
Montego Bay, Jamajka<br />
Call sign<br />
6YRD5<br />
IMO number 8417601<br />
Type of ship<br />
Bulk carrier<br />
Construction year 1986<br />
Gross Tonnage 26 666,00<br />
Net Tonnage 15 502<br />
Lenght Overall [m] 164,24<br />
Breadth [m] 26,00<br />
Eng<strong>in</strong>e Power [kW] 5 034,00<br />
VERTIGO was manned <strong>in</strong><br />
accordance with the M<strong>in</strong>imum Safe<br />
Mann<strong>in</strong>g Certificate and their officers<br />
held the required statutory certificates.<br />
VERTIGO had a mixed crew of<br />
Rumanian and Philipp<strong>in</strong>e citizens.<br />
VERTIGO eng<strong>in</strong>es and the steer<strong>in</strong>g<br />
equipment were fully function<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
Vessel was equipped with two radars,<br />
one of which with ARPA, and AIS. The<br />
equipment was fully operational.<br />
There is no <strong>in</strong>dication that any<br />
technical failure or any failure of the<br />
bridge equipment has <strong>in</strong>fluenced the<br />
circumstances lead<strong>in</strong>g to the collision.<br />
VTS Great Belt area - the collision position.<br />
2009-10-20<br />
VERTIGO & ZIEMIA LODZKA collision -<br />
<strong>accident</strong> recontruction <strong>in</strong> <strong>NMS</strong>-<strong>90</strong>
ACCIDENT DESCRIPTION<br />
Extracts from the report of the Danish Maritime Authority<br />
VTS radar at 00:22<br />
ZIEMIA LODZKA<br />
VERTIGO<br />
On the 7 December 2005, shortly after midnight, the fully loaded bulk<br />
carrier ZIEMIA LODZKA was proceed<strong>in</strong>g south <strong>in</strong> Route T <strong>in</strong> the Great Belt,<br />
and the fully loaded bulk carrier VERTIGO was proceed<strong>in</strong>g north <strong>in</strong> Route H.<br />
2009-10-20<br />
VERTIGO & ZIEMIA LODZKA collision -<br />
<strong>accident</strong> recontruction <strong>in</strong> <strong>NMS</strong>-<strong>90</strong>
ACCIDENT DESCRIPTION<br />
Extracts from the report of the Danish Maritime Authority<br />
AIS plot<br />
00:30<br />
Both vessels were proceed<strong>in</strong>g at normal sea speed, ZIEMIA LODZKA at<br />
about 12 knots and VERTIGO at about 13 knots. Both vessels reported<br />
positions to VTS Great Belt when pass<strong>in</strong>g VTS report<strong>in</strong>g l<strong>in</strong>e.<br />
2009-10-20<br />
VERTIGO & ZIEMIA LODZKA collision -<br />
<strong>accident</strong> recontruction <strong>in</strong> <strong>NMS</strong>-<strong>90</strong>
ACCIDENT DESCRIPTION<br />
Extracts from the report of the Danish Maritime Authority<br />
AIS plot<br />
00:33<br />
When the vessels approached the narrow area off Agersoe Flak ZIEMIA<br />
LODZKA was positioned at the centre l<strong>in</strong>e of Route T and VERTIGO was<br />
slightly offset to the west of the centre l<strong>in</strong>e of Route H.<br />
2009-10-20<br />
VERTIGO & ZIEMIA LODZKA collision -<br />
<strong>accident</strong> recontruction <strong>in</strong> <strong>NMS</strong>-<strong>90</strong>
ACCIDENT DESCRIPTION<br />
Extracts from the report of the Danish Maritime Authority<br />
ZIEMIA LODZKA’s master <strong>in</strong>tention was to<br />
cont<strong>in</strong>ue southwest <strong>in</strong> Route H. When pass<strong>in</strong>g<br />
buoy # 33 he therefore executed a change of<br />
course to starboard, when the distance to<br />
VERTIGO was 0.5-0.8 miles.<br />
AIS plot<br />
VERTIGO’s master became <strong>in</strong><br />
doubt of the <strong>in</strong>tention of ZIEMIA<br />
LODZKA, and when ZIEMIA<br />
LODZKA was right ahead on a<br />
cross<strong>in</strong>g course he executed a full<br />
turn to port.<br />
This was approximately 15<br />
seconds after the start of the turn<br />
of ZIEMIA LODZKA.<br />
00:33<br />
The vessels were on cross<strong>in</strong>g courses with VERTIGO bear<strong>in</strong>g<br />
approximately 20° on the starboard bow of ZIEMIA LODZKA.<br />
2009-10-20<br />
VERTIGO & ZIEMIA LODZKA collision -<br />
<strong>accident</strong> recontruction <strong>in</strong> <strong>NMS</strong>-<strong>90</strong>
ACCIDENT DESCRIPTION<br />
Extracts from the report of the Danish Maritime Authority<br />
AIS plot<br />
00:35:30<br />
At 0036 hours the vessels collided <strong>in</strong> position 55°12.29 N - 011°05.46 E.<br />
The port bow of ZIEMIA LODZKA struck the starboard side of VERTIGO.<br />
2009-10-20<br />
VERTIGO & ZIEMIA LODZKA collision -<br />
<strong>accident</strong> recontruction <strong>in</strong> <strong>NMS</strong>-<strong>90</strong>
ACCIDENT DESCRIPTION<br />
Extracts from the report of the Danish Maritime Authority<br />
VERTIGO suffered heavy structural damage <strong>in</strong> the starboard side and<br />
foundered at position 55°13’ N - 011°05’ E at 11 meters depth of water.<br />
2009-10-20<br />
VERTIGO & ZIEMIA LODZKA collision -<br />
<strong>accident</strong> recontruction <strong>in</strong> <strong>NMS</strong>-<strong>90</strong>
ACCIDENT DESCRIPTION<br />
Extracts from the report of the Danish Maritime Authority<br />
VERTIGO’s superstructure was above water level. The crew abandoned the<br />
vessel <strong>in</strong> lifeboat and was taken on board STENA CARRIER. There were no<br />
<strong>in</strong>juries.<br />
ZIEMIA LODZKA suffered structural damages on port side of the bow and<br />
was anchored approximately 3 miles north of the collision position.<br />
There was no pollution caused by the collision.<br />
2009-10-20<br />
VERTIGO & ZIEMIA LODZKA collision -<br />
<strong>accident</strong> recontruction <strong>in</strong> <strong>NMS</strong>-<strong>90</strong>
SIMULATION ACCURACY ANALISYS<br />
Bas<strong>in</strong>g on this material three variants of simulation were carried out. Each of<br />
them used a different option of programm<strong>in</strong>g offered by the <strong>NMS</strong>–<strong>90</strong> <strong>simulator</strong>.<br />
The programmed variants were:<br />
1. POSITION BASED option v.1 (PBV1): scenario time and ship’s courses<br />
are calculated on the basis of its given positions and speeds<br />
2. POSITION BASED option v.2 (PBV2): ship’s courses and speeds are<br />
calculated on the basis of its given positions and scenario time<br />
3. TIME BASED option (TBV): the way po<strong>in</strong>ts positions are calculated on<br />
the basis of given ship’s courses, speeds and simulation time.<br />
2009-10-20<br />
VERTIGO & ZIEMIA LODZKA collision -<br />
<strong>accident</strong> recontruction <strong>in</strong> <strong>NMS</strong>-<strong>90</strong>
SIMULATION ACCURACY ANALISYS<br />
AIS <strong>in</strong>formation<br />
ZIEMIA LODZKA<br />
Time Position C/COG/SOG<br />
[°/°/kn]<br />
Bear<strong>in</strong>g/Distan<br />
ce<br />
[°/NM]<br />
Pozycja<br />
VERTIGO<br />
C/COG/SOG<br />
[°/°/kn]<br />
00:30 55°13,33'<br />
011°05,92'<br />
00:31 55°13,12'<br />
011°05,95'<br />
00:32 55°12,95'<br />
011°05,95'<br />
00:33 55°12,70'<br />
011°05,94'<br />
175/174/12,4 201/2,3 55°11,21'<br />
011°04,50'<br />
180/177/12,5 202/1,9 55°11,40'<br />
011°04,72;<br />
181/182/12,5 203/1,5 55°11,58'<br />
011°04,95''<br />
181/180/12,5 205/1,0 55°11,77'<br />
011°05,17'<br />
027/034/13,4<br />
028/036/13,4<br />
026/034/13,6<br />
026/033/13,7<br />
00:33:40 ZIEMIA LODZKA beg<strong>in</strong>s to alter course to starboard – distance to VERTIGO is app. 0,8 NM.<br />
00:33:55 VERTIGO bed<strong>in</strong>s to alter course to port – distance to ZM is app. 0,5 NM.<br />
00:35 55°12,32'<br />
011°05,81'<br />
236/220/10,9 212/0,15 55°12,16'<br />
011°05,57'<br />
333/007/12,0<br />
00:35:30 55°12,27'<br />
011°05,68'<br />
265/-/9,2 Kolizja 55°12,23'<br />
011°05,56'<br />
300/-/10<br />
2009-10-20<br />
VERTIGO & ZIEMIA LODZKA collision -<br />
<strong>accident</strong> recontruction <strong>in</strong> <strong>NMS</strong>-<strong>90</strong>
SIMULATION ACCURACY ANALISYS<br />
Results of the simulations differed from one another. Data com<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Investigation Report of the Danish Division for Investigation of Maritime<br />
Accidents was the base of the simulation accuracy assessment.<br />
Data sets of ships’ positions, courses, speeds, turn and speed rates were<br />
recorded and ships’ positions plotted (plot <strong>in</strong>terval was 5 second) dur<strong>in</strong>g<br />
simulations. These data sets and plots allowed to compare simulations with AIS<br />
data sets recorded by Great Belt VTS.<br />
2009-10-20<br />
VERTIGO & ZIEMIA LODZKA collision -<br />
<strong>accident</strong> recontruction <strong>in</strong> <strong>NMS</strong>-<strong>90</strong>
SIMULATION ACCURACY ANALISYS<br />
Scenario 1 (Position Based Variant no 1)<br />
There was collision recorded dur<strong>in</strong>g the<br />
simulation.<br />
Ma<strong>in</strong> differences between Investigation<br />
Report (IR) and simulation were:<br />
• period of 19 second difference <strong>in</strong> arrival time to<br />
the last waypo<strong>in</strong>t occurred dur<strong>in</strong>g the<br />
simulation of ZIEMIA LODZKA track and 4<br />
second <strong>in</strong> the simulation of VERTIGO track<br />
• differences between simulated and recorded <strong>in</strong><br />
IR vessels’ courses are: up to 29 0 (more to<br />
starboard) <strong>in</strong> the ZIEMIA LODZKA case and<br />
up to 20.3 0 (more to port) <strong>in</strong> the VERTIGO<br />
case.<br />
• because of the manoeuvre execution delay<br />
(mathematical models characteristic), vessels’<br />
tracks were moved about 18 m for ZIEMIA<br />
LODZKA and 15 meters for VERTIGO.<br />
• the impact po<strong>in</strong>t was moved more toward<br />
VERTIGO stern part (about 60 m difference)<br />
and collision angle value was calculated 5-15 0<br />
less than reported by witnesses.<br />
2009-10-20<br />
VERTIGO & ZIEMIA LODZKA collision -<br />
<strong>accident</strong> recontruction <strong>in</strong> <strong>NMS</strong>-<strong>90</strong>
SIMULATION ACCURACY ANALISYS<br />
Scenario 2 (Position Based Variant no 2)<br />
Ma<strong>in</strong> differences between Investigation<br />
Report (IR) and simulation were:<br />
• differences between simulated and recorded<br />
<strong>in</strong> IR speeds and courses occurred both for<br />
VERTIGO and ZIEMIA LODZKA (up to<br />
1,54 kn)<br />
• simulated vessels’ track are very similar to<br />
presented <strong>in</strong> IR.<br />
• the impact po<strong>in</strong>t was moved about 20-30 m<br />
(the impact po<strong>in</strong>t is located close to<br />
VERTIGO superstructure) and collision angle<br />
value was calculated 10-20 0 less than<br />
reported by witnesses.<br />
There was collision recorded dur<strong>in</strong>g the<br />
simulation.<br />
2009-10-20<br />
VERTIGO & ZIEMIA LODZKA collision -<br />
<strong>accident</strong> recontruction <strong>in</strong> <strong>NMS</strong>-<strong>90</strong>
SIMULATION ACCURACY ANALISYS<br />
Scenario 3 (Time Based Variant)<br />
Ma<strong>in</strong> differences between Investigation<br />
Report (IR) and simulation were:<br />
• the first three waypo<strong>in</strong>ts’ positions for both<br />
vessels are calculated properly<br />
• two last waypo<strong>in</strong>ts’ positions for both vessels<br />
are calculated imprecisely.<br />
• there are slight differences between recorded<br />
<strong>in</strong> IR and simulated tracks (up to 10 m)<br />
• ZIEMIA LODZKA passed astern of<br />
VERTIGO <strong>in</strong> the distance of 5 m.<br />
There wasn’t collision recorded dur<strong>in</strong>g<br />
the simulation.<br />
2009-10-20<br />
VERTIGO & ZIEMIA LODZKA collision -<br />
<strong>accident</strong> recontruction <strong>in</strong> <strong>NMS</strong>-<strong>90</strong>
SIMULATION ACCURACY ANALISYS<br />
FINAL SIMULATION RESULTS<br />
Scenario 1 (PBV1)<br />
Scenario 2 (PBV2)<br />
Scenario 3 (TBV)<br />
2009-10-20<br />
VERTIGO & ZIEMIA LODZKA collision -<br />
<strong>accident</strong> recontruction <strong>in</strong> <strong>NMS</strong>-<strong>90</strong>
CONCLUSIONS<br />
• Accord<strong>in</strong>g to data obta<strong>in</strong>ed from Investigation Report, three variants of ZIEMIA<br />
LODZKA - VERTIGO <strong>accident</strong> were programmed <strong>in</strong> <strong>NMS</strong>-<strong>90</strong> <strong>simulator</strong>.<br />
Accuracy <strong>reconstruction</strong> analysis leads to the conclusion that the most accurate<br />
simulation was scenario based on waypo<strong>in</strong>ts’ positions and simulation time<br />
(PBV2).<br />
• Some differences raised between the simulation and reported data (speeds and<br />
courses are not exactly the same as really recorded by VTS) but the impact po<strong>in</strong>t<br />
and value of collision angle are very similar to those reported by witnesses.<br />
• In the course of the simulations ma<strong>in</strong> factors <strong>in</strong>fluenc<strong>in</strong>g the <strong>reconstruction</strong><br />
process are determ<strong>in</strong>ed. One of the ma<strong>in</strong> <strong>simulator</strong> restrictions is a limited set of<br />
mathematical vessel models. Because of this the used mathematical bulk carrier<br />
model demonstrated some own characteristics which were different from those of<br />
real vessels and, therefore, some differences between simulated and obta<strong>in</strong>ed from<br />
Investigation Report tracks were visible. There were some delays <strong>in</strong> ships’<br />
manoeuvres execution registered.<br />
2009-10-20<br />
VERTIGO & ZIEMIA LODZKA collision -<br />
<strong>accident</strong> recontruction <strong>in</strong> <strong>NMS</strong>-<strong>90</strong>
CONCLUSIONS<br />
• Increas<strong>in</strong>g simulation accuracy is possible by a new mathematical model creation,<br />
specifically for every simulated vessel.<br />
• Research results lead to the ma<strong>in</strong> conclusion that it is possible to use navigational<br />
<strong>simulator</strong>s for maritime collision <strong>reconstruction</strong>s, but two basic conditions must<br />
be fulfilled. First of all data accuracy. Witnesses statements cannot be the base of<br />
calculation because of their ambiguity and low precision. Sometimes they are<br />
contrary to one another.<br />
• Research shows that enough accuracy data can be obta<strong>in</strong>ed from AIS but<br />
sometimes they are burdened with a bigger error. In the future VDR data could be<br />
more useful.<br />
• Reconstructed <strong>accident</strong>s can be a good exercise for navigators both for tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g<br />
and recogniz<strong>in</strong>g navigators’ behaviour <strong>in</strong> difficult situations.<br />
2009-10-20<br />
VERTIGO & ZIEMIA LODZKA collision -<br />
<strong>accident</strong> recontruction <strong>in</strong> <strong>NMS</strong>-<strong>90</strong>
VERTIGO & ZIEMIA LODZKA COLLISION<br />
<strong>accident</strong> <strong>reconstruction</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>NMS</strong>-<strong>90</strong> <strong>simulator</strong><br />
Wiesław Juszkiewicz<br />
Maritimie University of Szczec<strong>in</strong><br />
Wały Chrobrego ½ 70-500 Szczec<strong>in</strong><br />
e-mail: w.juszkiewicz@am.szczec<strong>in</strong>.pl<br />
Thank You for attention…