A Performance Analysis System for the Sport of Bowling

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$Course Syllabus - Penn State Harrisburg Math/Computer Sciences ...$

$A Simulator for the MARIE Architecture - Penn State Harrisburg Math ...$

3.8 SUMMARY - MASTER ANALYSIS The SMARTDOT concept was predicated on the assumption that the action of a bowling ball could be captured by sampling and recording the ambient light level at a single point on the ball as the ball rolls down the lane. This concept was developed in two stages: first, by building an in-situ sensor module that captures and uploads the waveform; and second, by deriving and implementing a set of algorithms that filter, analyze, and display the captured waveform. It was assumed that the digitized waveform would be sinusoidal in nature, with the peaks and valleys of the waveform occurring at 0° and 180° of rotation, respectively. In actuality, the digitized waveform required some "massaging" through adaptive digital filtering before the analysis process could be automated. Further, the discrete rows of overhead fluorescent lights imprint a Doppler-like effect on the filtered waveform, resulting in apparent oscillations in the angular velocity of the ball, especially on the first half of the lane (closest to the foul line). A polynomial curve-fitting scheme was used to smooth out the angular velocity waveform, and the linear velocity of the ball was recovered through energy conservation techniques, combined with certain assumptions about the effects of friction. From the linear velocity, it was possible to find the distance the ball was lofted at release, and the location of each revolution of the ball relative to the foul line. A method for finding the coefficient of friction between the ball and the lane was also derived, although this technique has not yet been implemented. Another problem that arose from the analysis was that of "phase shift", where the pin deck light overpowers the ceiling lights and imposes a sudden phase shift on the waveform immediately before the ball hits the pins. This phase shift occurs in the last revolution of the ball, and can drastically affect the resulting analysis. The effects of the phase shift can be removed by excluding from the data passed to the digital filter the 50- 75 msecs (6-9 samples) of the waveform immediately preceding impact. Before proceeding with the remainder of the analysis algorithms, the filtered waveform is extrapolated back into the samples that were previously excluded. It is important to note that all of the waveforms used for development of the MASTER algorithms have originated from the author's use of the SMARTDOT system. As such, testing of the SMARTDOT system with a wider range of users is mandated, and further refinement of the algorithms will most likely result. Ultimately, the results of the MASTER analysis algorithms must be verified and validated with formal testing. That testing could also be used to reveal which algorithms are the most applicable to the SMARTDOT system. Admittedly, there is much development, verification, and validation yet to be done. However, this phase of the project has shown that the SMARTDOT system, as described, is a feasible and viable method for quantifying and assessing a bowler's level of execution and performance. 66
BIBLIOGRAPHY [1] United State Patent and Trademark Office, http://www.uspto.gov/, March 2002 [2] US Patent 4,893,182 (January 9, 1990) - Video Tracking and Display System ABSTRACT: An imaging processing system for displaying a succession of selected separated images of a moving object moving in an otherwise substantially static scene includes an image sensor for generating video signals of the static scene and for generating video signals of the static scene including the object moving therethrough. The video signals are generated over a plurality of frames. A first memory stores the video signals of at least one of the plurality of frames from the static scene. A second memory stores the video signals of the plurality of frames from the static scene including the object moving therethrough. Structure is provided for comparing on a frame-by-frame basis the video signals stored in the first memory with the video signals stored in the second memory to thereby determine the presence of the object in each of the plurality of frames. A display illustrates the location of the object in each of the plurality of frames. [3] US Patent 5,118,105 (June 2, 1992) - Bowling Statistics Display System ABSTRACT: A statistical analysis package for a bowling center system provides displays used to analyze bowling ball trajectories. The bowling center system includes a central processing unit having a memory and connected to a ball trajectory unit. The ball trajectory unit generates information representing the trajectory of a bowling ball in a lane which is stored in the processing unit memory. The processing unit memory is operable in response to a user request for selecting trajectory information to develop statistical graphs illustrating historical tendencies at a select trajectory position for display on a monitor. [4] US Patent 5,526,326 (June 11, 1996) - Speed Indicating Ball ABSTRACT: A speed indicating ball includes a timer, which is activated upon throwing of the ball, and deactivated upon catching of the ball, for measuring the ball's time of flight. The timer is connected to a display which provides a direct read out which is inversely proportional to the time of flight of the ball, and which corresponds to the relative velocity of the ball. [5] US Patent 5,761,096 (June 2, 1998) - Speed-sensing projectile ABSTRACT: A speed-sensing projectile such as for example a baseball includes a generally spherical body. An inertial switch is positioned within the body and is actuable between open and closed conditions in response to accelerations of the body greater than a threshold value. A processor also within the body is responsive to the inertial switch and calculates the average speed at which the baseball is thrown over a fixed distance. A visible display on the body is in communication with the processor and displays the calculated speed. [6] US Patent 6,151,563 (November 21, 2000) - Speed, spin rate, and curve measuring device using magnetic field sensors ABSTRACT: A device for measuring a movable object, such as a baseball, football, hockey puck, soccer ball, tennis ball, bowling ball, or a golf ball. Part of the device, called the object unit, is embedded, secured, or attached to the movable object of interest, and has a spin detection circuit, electronic processor circuit, magnetic field sensor circuit, and a radio transmitter. The other part of the device, called the monitor unit, is held or worn by the user and serves as the user interface for the device. The monitor unit has a radio receiver, a processor, an input keypad, and an output display that shows the various measured motion characteristics of the movable object, such as the time of flight, speed, trajectory height, spin rate, or curve of the movable object, and allows the user to input data to the device. 67
Page 1 and 2:
The Pennsylvania State University T
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Section I: Introd
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2-1 SMARTDOT
Page 7 and 8:
SECTION I: INTRODUCTION, BACKGROUND
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eceiver that stores, processes, and
Page 11 and 12:
1.3.2 Product Development Phase The
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SECTION II: COLLECTING THE DATA - T
Page 15 and 16:
2.2 Design Constraints The feasibil
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2.3 SENSING REQUIREMENTS The module
Page 19 and 20:
Pin Deck Light Foul Line Figure 2-2
Page 21 and 22: 2.4.1 Ambient Light Sensor The ambi
Page 23 and 24: 9 28 8 RST V CC V CC 5 6 hyst 7 3 +
Page 25 and 26: 2.6 HARDWARE/SOFTWARE INTERACTION D
Page 27 and 28: 2.6.3 Baud Rate The module communic
Page 29 and 30: Configuration settings and the samp
Page 31 and 32: 2.7.5 The Ball is Rolling If the wa
Page 33 and 34: covered by the wand). When the modu
Page 35 and 36: 2.8.1 Detecting Release Detecting t
Page 37 and 38: Light Level 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 3
Page 39 and 40: By filtering the data, and then cou
Page 41 and 42: The 'F300x can write to any portion
Page 43 and 44: One possibility is to use a transfo
Page 45 and 46: 2.10 SUMMARY This portion of the re
Page 47 and 48: The ball's angular velocity increas
Page 49 and 50: Light Level 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 3
Page 51 and 52: the fundamental frequency has been
Page 53 and 54: Since the fundamental frequency and
Page 55 and 56: Figure 3-7: MASTER "Analysis" Scree
Page 57 and 58: known, the linear momentum (and thu
Page 59 and 60: In order to find the value for v 1
Page 61 and 62: 3.5 ASSUMPTIONS AND ERROR ANALYSIS
Page 63 and 64: 3.5.3 External Forces and Friction
Page 65 and 66: 3.6.1 Implementation and Performanc
Page 67 and 68: Figure 3-11a: Effects of Phase Shif
Page 69 and 70: 3.6.3 The "Perfect" Game to Analyze
Page 71: Since the change in angular velocit
Page 75 and 76: APPENDIX A - SMARTDOT MODULE EMBEDD
Page 77 and 78: Appendix A: SMARTDOT Module Embedde
Page 85 and 86: APPENDIX B - SMARTDOT MODULE SOURCE
Page 87 and 88: Appendix C: SMARTDOT Module Command
Page 89 and 90: Figure C-3 Appendix C: SMARTDOT Mod
Page 91 and 92: APPENDIX E - 300 GAME MASTER SCREEN
Page 93 and 94: Appendix E: 300 Game Analysis Frame
Page 95 and 96: Appendix E: 300 Game Analysis Frame
Page 97: Appendix E: 300 Game Analysis Frame
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A Performance Analysis System for the Sport of Bowling

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