A Performance Analysis System for the Sport of Bowling

More documents

Recommendations

Info

$Course Syllabus - Penn State Harrisburg Math/Computer Sciences ...$

$A Simulator for the MARIE Architecture - Penn State Harrisburg Math ...$

3.7 FUTURE WORK The MASTER application, in its current incarnation, has served solely as a research tool. It facilitates rapid assessment of the SMARTDOT module's performance, and enables the review and archival of previously collected data. As the MASTER analysis algorithms have been developed and modified, this version of the MASTER application has made it possible to recall previous raw data waveforms and observe the effects of the changes to the algorithms. 3.7.1 Algorithms The analysis algorithms are still evolving. Various concerns and problems have been presented over the course of the paper, and several of these stand out. • Filtering the Raw Data Waveform: This is the most important step in the entire analysis process. The basis for the analysis algorithms is that the waveform is representative of the angular position of a single point on the ball. As the ball rolls down the lane, that point transcribes a sinusoidal path that the SMARTDOT module captures, and that the MASTER unit analyzes to recover the action of the ball. If this waveform cannot be recovered "cleanly", the analysis will be flawed. A simple FFT function was used to find the spectrum, and an adaptive filter was used to filter the waveform. Although the spectrum of the waveform reveals a great deal of information, the major focus of interest is the manner in which the frequency changes over time, which an FFT does not reveal. Therefore, further investigation needs to be performed into more advanced digital processing techniques, more specifically into wavelet theory, which will allow the MASTER algorithms to characterize the timing of the frequencies in the waveform. • Curve Fitting: Due to the Doppler effect observed in the raw angular velocity waveform, it has not been possible to directly recover the instantaneous angular velocity of the ball from the raw data. Therefore, a least-squares curve-fitting scheme was used to approximate the true shape of the angular velocity waveform. However, this scheme does not include facts about the nature of the waveform that are known to be true, i.e., that it is monotonically increasing, at least until rollout occurs. A more refined method must be identified that takes into account the specific nature of this problem. • Friction: Throughout the analysis, an assumption has been maintained that no energy is lost due to friction. Actually, the energy lost is relatively small, but not negligible. Since the linear velocity is derived from the change in angular momentum, any portion of the linear momentum that is not transferred to angular momentum causes the resultant linear velocity calculation to be too low. It appears to be possible to recover the actual frictional force or, at the very least, to place upper and lower bounds upon it. Since the ball is always revolving slower than it is traveling, and the number of revolutions of the ball is known, the total distance the ball would have traveled had it not been skidding during those revolutions can be calculated. This distance will always be less than the distance the ball actually traveled (nominally 60 feet). 64
Since the change in angular velocity for each revolution of the ball is known, it should be possible to distribute the discrepancy in the two distances in relation to the changes in angular velocity. This process yields the distance the ball covered for each revolution, and the linear velocity can be recovered using that distance and the period of each revolution. The kinetic energy of the ball can then be calculated for each revolution. Knowing the weight of the ball, and the energy lost between revolutions, the coefficient of friction could be calculated for each revolution. 3.7.2 End-User MASTER Software The eventual development of the end-user version of the MASTER application is an entire project in itself. The current version is merely a tool to aid in developing and assessing the analysis algorithms, which are at the heart of the SMARTDOT system. Even though further refinement of those algorithms is required, and formal verification of their accuracy has yet to be performed, they have demonstrated the feasibility of the entire system. Although some form of the algorithms will be part of the end-user version of the MASTER software, the final implementation of the MASTER application will look and feel nothing like its current incarnation. There are two forms that the MASTER application will ultimately take. The first is as a full-blown, PC-hosted, Windows ® -based GUI application, and the second is as a portable PDA-based application. The two would tie together, resulting in real-time utility for the bowler at the bowling center, while also allowing for in-depth analysis and performance tracking and data archiving at home. • PDA-based application: The PDA application would allow the bowler to upload waveform information from the SMARTDOT module, and then save and review the information during the course of a practice session or match. The application would also accept user-input about the particular bowling session (bowling establishment, lanes, ball used, etc.), and pertinent details for each frame thrown (release point, ball path, impact location, result, etc). The application would provide on-site feedback that pertains to the bowler's current execution in relation to previously established norms. It could also provide trending information regarding differences in ball response between the two lanes of a pair, or from the beginning of a match to the end, or between several different bowling balls. The bowler could also find out the manner in which their execution changes over the course of a match: did their release velocity decrease/increase; did the release RPMs drop-off or pick-up, etc. • Windows ® application: The Windows ® MASTER application would have all of the capabilities of the PDA application, but would also create and maintain a database of past performances. The PDA would automatically upload the information it had previously collected at the bowling alley to the MASTER application, which would then archive that information in its database. The primary function of the MASTER software would be to facilitate queries of this database for various trends and relationships between scores, bowling balls, execution parameters, etc. Ultimately, it would not only help correlate the bowler's execution (release parameters) with their performance (score), it could also provide a correlation between that information and the different equipment (bowling balls) that the bowler uses. 65
Page 1 and 2:
The Pennsylvania State University T
Page 3 and 4:
TABLE OF CONTENTS Section I: Introd
Page 5 and 6:
LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2-1 SMARTDOT
Page 7 and 8:
SECTION I: INTRODUCTION, BACKGROUND
Page 9 and 10:
eceiver that stores, processes, and
Page 11 and 12:
1.3.2 Product Development Phase The
Page 13 and 14:
SECTION II: COLLECTING THE DATA - T
Page 15 and 16:
2.2 Design Constraints The feasibil
Page 17 and 18:
2.3 SENSING REQUIREMENTS The module
Page 19 and 20: Pin Deck Light Foul Line Figure 2-2
Page 21 and 22: 2.4.1 Ambient Light Sensor The ambi
Page 23 and 24: 9 28 8 RST V CC V CC 5 6 hyst 7 3 +
Page 25 and 26: 2.6 HARDWARE/SOFTWARE INTERACTION D
Page 27 and 28: 2.6.3 Baud Rate The module communic
Page 29 and 30: Configuration settings and the samp
Page 31 and 32: 2.7.5 The Ball is Rolling If the wa
Page 33 and 34: covered by the wand). When the modu
Page 35 and 36: 2.8.1 Detecting Release Detecting t
Page 37 and 38: Light Level 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 3
Page 39 and 40: By filtering the data, and then cou
Page 41 and 42: The 'F300x can write to any portion
Page 43 and 44: One possibility is to use a transfo
Page 45 and 46: 2.10 SUMMARY This portion of the re
Page 47 and 48: The ball's angular velocity increas
Page 49 and 50: Light Level 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 3
Page 51 and 52: the fundamental frequency has been
Page 53 and 54: Since the fundamental frequency and
Page 55 and 56: Figure 3-7: MASTER "Analysis" Scree
Page 57 and 58: known, the linear momentum (and thu
Page 59 and 60: In order to find the value for v 1
Page 61 and 62: 3.5 ASSUMPTIONS AND ERROR ANALYSIS
Page 63 and 64: 3.5.3 External Forces and Friction
Page 65 and 66: 3.6.1 Implementation and Performanc
Page 67 and 68: Figure 3-11a: Effects of Phase Shif
Page 69: 3.6.3 The "Perfect" Game to Analyze
Page 73 and 74: BIBLIOGRAPHY [1] United State Paten
Page 75 and 76: APPENDIX A - SMARTDOT MODULE EMBEDD
Page 77 and 78: Appendix A: SMARTDOT Module Embedde
Page 85 and 86: APPENDIX B - SMARTDOT MODULE SOURCE
Page 87 and 88: Appendix C: SMARTDOT Module Command
Page 89 and 90: Figure C-3 Appendix C: SMARTDOT Mod
Page 91 and 92: APPENDIX E - 300 GAME MASTER SCREEN
Page 93 and 94: Appendix E: 300 Game Analysis Frame
Page 95 and 96: Appendix E: 300 Game Analysis Frame
Page 97: Appendix E: 300 Game Analysis Frame
show all

A Performance Analysis System for the Sport of Bowling

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?