A Performance Analysis System for the Sport of Bowling

More documents

Recommendations

Info

$Course Syllabus - Penn State Harrisburg Math/Computer Sciences ...$

$A Simulator for the MARIE Architecture - Penn State Harrisburg Math ...$

3.6.2 Accuracy The question of accuracy has not yet been addressed. Just how accurately do the graphs displayed in the "Analysis" screen of the MASTER program depict the actual response of the ball? What accuracy can be claimed for the SMARTDOT system and, more importantly, how can this accuracy be verified? The SMARTDOT system is intended to serve the following functions: quantify the consistency of a bowler's release; provide objective feedback with which to measure their performance and improvement; and capture and measure the response of a bowling ball over the course of a game or match, as well as capture its response to varying lane conditions. Therefore, it is more important that the system give consistent and repeatable results, rather than absolutely accurate results. Ideally, if the bowler rolls the ball the same way on two different shots, and the ball responds identically to that stimulus, then the results that the MASTER reports should be the same. If the bowler releases one ball with a velocity 10% higher than another ball, the MASTER should report a 10% difference in the two release velocities. There are several options available for accurately verifying SMARTDOT's performance: • Take SMARTDOT to a CATS-instrumented facility and correlate the MASTER's analysis results against the CATS findings [12] and/or contact Brunswick and possibly obtain time on their "Throbot" machine, which can apply known amounts of velocity, spin, and loft to the ball, and then correlate the MASTER's findings against the release parameters of "Throbot" [9]. • Instrument a lane and perform external verification and validation. By fitting a lane with a fast and accurate position/velocity sensing system, the actual response of the ball from foul line to head pin could be captured. Since the linear velocity and distance results are derived from the angular velocity data, if those results can be externally quantified, it will be possible to determine the accuracy of the assumptions and the calculations underlying the entire SMARTDOT system. • Add a solid-state accelerometer/tilt-sensor to the module and correlate the actual results of the accelerometer with the inferred angular velocity results from the light sensor. This is a realistic possibility, using the ADXL202E accelerometer from Analog Devices [15], although it requires a fair amount of additional development effort on the sensor module. To this point, the only practical (meaning cost-effective) assessment method has been to use video analysis. With markers applied at known distances on the lane, and additional markers applied to the ball each 30° of rotation, multiple shots have been simultaneously captured with SMARTDOT and on videotape. Through this practice, the current MASTER analysis techniques appear to be accurate to within 1/2 mph and 90° of rotation. However, standard video is limited to 30 frames per second, yielding a resolution of 33 msecs per frame, which is insufficient for verifying accurate measurement to 0.1 revolution and 0.1 mph. It is also not possible, using this technique, to verify the angular velocity measurements resulting from the filtered waveform, nor the actual locations of each revolution. It will eventually be necessary to utilize one or more of the previously mentioned techniques to reliably validate SMARTDOT. 62
3.6.3 The "Perfect" Game to Analyze Several years ago, with an earlier prototype of the SMARTDOT sensor module installed in the ball, the author had the extreme good fortune of rolling a perfect game while testing the module. SMARTDOT successfully captured the waveforms for all 12 strikes of that game. Figure 3-12 gives a tabular summary of the "Analysis" statistics and Appendix E contains screen captures from the "Raw Data", "Spectrum", and "Analysis" screens for the 12 frames of the 300 game. Frame Release MPH RPMs Impact MPH RPMs Loft (in) Time (sec) Average MPH Total Revolutions Average RPMs 1 16.6 425 15.4 560 44 2.52 16.3 19.4 462 2 16.7 415 15.4 569 44 2.48 16.5 18.5 448 3 16.6 423 15.5 551 49 2.48 16.5 18.4 445 4 16.3 424 15.2 547 48 2.54 16.1 19.1 451 5 16.6 412 15.2 569 54 2.50 16.4 18.4 442 6 16.5 426 15.3 551 -- 2.50 16.4 18.2 437 7 16.8 426 15.7 548 54 2.48 16.5 19.2 465 8 16.3 422 15.1 553 -- 2.56 16.0 19.4 455 9 16.5 425 15.3 558 -- 2.52 16.3 19.2 457 10 16.8 434 15.8 551 -- 2.47 16.6 18.8 457 11 16.7 427 15.5 554 -- 2.48 16.5 18.6 450 12 16.6 426 15.6 542 -- 2.48 16.5 18.4 445 Min 16.3 412 15.1 542 44 2.47 16.0 18.2 437 Max 16.8 434 15.8 569 54 2.56 16.6 19.4 465 Median 16.6 425 15.4 552 49 2.49 16.5 18.7 451 Mean 16.6 424 15.4 554 49 2.50 16.4 18.8 451 Deviation ±1.5% ±2.5% ±2.3% ±2.4% ±5.0% ±2.0% ±1.8% ±3.2% ±3.1% Figure 3-12: 300 Game Analysis Summary This set of 12 waveforms possesses some interesting characteristics that could be used in future versions of the MASTER analysis software, as well as to refine the embedded software of the SMARTDOT module. First, the valleys of the waveforms exhibit a shape much closer to that of a sinusoidal waveform than the peaks do. This suggests that much of the impact of the Doppler effect and the directionality of the ceiling lights could be eliminated by restricting the analysis to only the lower half of the waveform. Also, the peak and average light levels increase dramatically when the ball crosses under the pin deck light. The time interval between detection of the pin deck light and impact with the pins could be used to determine whether or not the ball hit the head pin. The "signature" of the pin impacts might also be useful. Although the accuracy of the MASTER analysis algorithms requires a more rigorous analysis, and has not yet been formally verified, the relative consistency of the results from these twelve shots, all of which resulted in pocket hits, lends some credence to the validity of the analysis methods. It was also especially gratifying to the author to have thrown the first-ever 300 game captured with the SMARTDOT system. 63
Page 1 and 2:
The Pennsylvania State University T
Page 3 and 4:
TABLE OF CONTENTS Section I: Introd
Page 5 and 6:
LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2-1 SMARTDOT
Page 7 and 8:
SECTION I: INTRODUCTION, BACKGROUND
Page 9 and 10:
eceiver that stores, processes, and
Page 11 and 12:
1.3.2 Product Development Phase The
Page 13 and 14:
SECTION II: COLLECTING THE DATA - T
Page 15 and 16:
2.2 Design Constraints The feasibil
Page 17 and 18: 2.3 SENSING REQUIREMENTS The module
Page 19 and 20: Pin Deck Light Foul Line Figure 2-2
Page 21 and 22: 2.4.1 Ambient Light Sensor The ambi
Page 23 and 24: 9 28 8 RST V CC V CC 5 6 hyst 7 3 +
Page 25 and 26: 2.6 HARDWARE/SOFTWARE INTERACTION D
Page 27 and 28: 2.6.3 Baud Rate The module communic
Page 29 and 30: Configuration settings and the samp
Page 31 and 32: 2.7.5 The Ball is Rolling If the wa
Page 33 and 34: covered by the wand). When the modu
Page 35 and 36: 2.8.1 Detecting Release Detecting t
Page 37 and 38: Light Level 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 3
Page 39 and 40: By filtering the data, and then cou
Page 41 and 42: The 'F300x can write to any portion
Page 43 and 44: One possibility is to use a transfo
Page 45 and 46: 2.10 SUMMARY This portion of the re
Page 47 and 48: The ball's angular velocity increas
Page 49 and 50: Light Level 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 3
Page 51 and 52: the fundamental frequency has been
Page 53 and 54: Since the fundamental frequency and
Page 55 and 56: Figure 3-7: MASTER "Analysis" Scree
Page 57 and 58: known, the linear momentum (and thu
Page 59 and 60: In order to find the value for v 1
Page 61 and 62: 3.5 ASSUMPTIONS AND ERROR ANALYSIS
Page 63 and 64: 3.5.3 External Forces and Friction
Page 65 and 66: 3.6.1 Implementation and Performanc
Page 67: Figure 3-11a: Effects of Phase Shif
Page 71 and 72: Since the change in angular velocit
Page 73 and 74: BIBLIOGRAPHY [1] United State Paten
Page 75 and 76: APPENDIX A - SMARTDOT MODULE EMBEDD
Page 77 and 78: Appendix A: SMARTDOT Module Embedde
Page 85 and 86: APPENDIX B - SMARTDOT MODULE SOURCE
Page 87 and 88: Appendix C: SMARTDOT Module Command
Page 89 and 90: Figure C-3 Appendix C: SMARTDOT Mod
Page 91 and 92: APPENDIX E - 300 GAME MASTER SCREEN
Page 93 and 94: Appendix E: 300 Game Analysis Frame
Page 95 and 96: Appendix E: 300 Game Analysis Frame
Page 97: Appendix E: 300 Game Analysis Frame
show all

A Performance Analysis System for the Sport of Bowling

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?