A Performance Analysis System for the Sport of Bowling

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2.9.5 Module Training Due to variations in bowler style and bowling equipment, and with inherent variations in the ambient background light levels at various bowling establishments, it will probably be necessary to "train" the module for a given bowler, and for a given establishment. This can be easily accommodated at the beginning of each session of bowling. The MASTER application would issue a command to the module to take samples without data compression. This data, collected from several "training" shots would then be uploaded to the MASTER program, which would scan the data and come up with the best-fit translation table, and download the table to the module. The module would then use these values in its data compression routines. If the module was not trained, it could use the last translation table downloaded to it as a default. The MASTER program could also determine the average ball speed of the bowler and use this information to decide whether there was enough room to store uncompressed data (since the amount of space used is dependent on the waveform sample time), or to use the data compression function. Stored Nibble Value Actual Sample Value (0) Range Bit (1) Range Bit 0x0 < 5 28-29 0x1 5-8 30-31 0x2 9-12 32-33 0x3 13-14 34-35 0x4 15-16 36-37 0x5 17 38-39 0x6 18 40-41 0x7 19 42-43 0x8 20 44-45 0x9 21 46-49 0xA 22 50-54 0xB 23 55-59 0xC 24 60-79 0xD 25 80-99 0xE 26 100-127 0xF 27 >127 Figure 2-13: Data Compression Translation Table 2.9.6 Adjustable Sampling Parameters Preliminary analysis of the data collected revealed that some type of digital filtering is required in order to extract useful data from the captured waveform. However, the 120 Hz sampling rate may not be high enough to accurately achieve the desired resolution in angular velocity (rpms). The 120 Hz rate is the minimum acceptable, but 240 Hz, or even 480 Hz, may be required. Of course, higher sampling rates increase the data storage requirements, and require faster EEPROM write times. Ramtron makes an appropriate density ferroelectric serial EEPROM with a write time equivalent to the data bus speed that fits the application, although the cost-per-bit is ∼50% higher than that for standard serial EEPROMs [22]. The sampling rate could be adjusted based on the rate of rotation the bowler applies to the ball and on the velocity that the bowler throws the ball. The higher the rate of rotation, and/or the velocity, the higher the sampling rate should be. But with a higher ball speed, less time is required to sample the full waveform, so there should be some offset between the increased sample rate and the reduced sample time. Another option is to interpolate between 120 Hz samples based on the rate of change of the sample values surrounding the values to be interpolated. This interpolation would be handled by the MASTER application. 38
2.10 SUMMARY This portion of the research has shown that the in-situ sensor module is a viable concern, although the current prototype has its limitations. The major limitation is that the module is capable of capturing only one shot at a time. Given the advances in data storage density and reductions in cost-per-bit, this limitation can be easily overcome. Another major limitation is the effectiveness of the discrimination routine, but the routine has been hampered by a lack of scratch pad memory space. This limitation is also solved with an increase in the available storage space. Now that the nature of the waveform is better understood, the next version of the module will be more attuned to capturing the essence of the data. In addition, advances in technology have made it possible to cut the weight and height of the module, as well as the component cost, by at least a third. Those same advances also allow more sophisticated techniques to be implemented within the module's embedded software, such as data compression, variable sampling frequencies, better waveform discrimination, and more advanced communication techniques. The major concern to emerge during the SMARTDOT module's development is the "rough" shape and the directionality of the captured ambient light waveform. Although it is possible to visually count the revolutions of the ball directly from the waveform, it is not at all evident that the angular velocity of the ball changes as the ball rolls down the lane, nor is it possible to resolve the revolution count to better than about one-half rotation. Consequently, some level of digital signal processing is required in order to remove the "noise" from the waveform before beginning to extract the useful information from that waveform. The methods used to digitally filter the raw data and the assumptions and methods used to extract the "interesting" information from the filtered waveform are presented in the next section. 39
Page 1 and 2: The Pennsylvania State University T
Page 3 and 4: TABLE OF CONTENTS Section I: Introd
Page 5 and 6: LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2-1 SMARTDOT
Page 7 and 8: SECTION I: INTRODUCTION, BACKGROUND
Page 9 and 10: eceiver that stores, processes, and
Page 11 and 12: 1.3.2 Product Development Phase The
Page 13 and 14: SECTION II: COLLECTING THE DATA - T
Page 15 and 16: 2.2 Design Constraints The feasibil
Page 17 and 18: 2.3 SENSING REQUIREMENTS The module
Page 19 and 20: Pin Deck Light Foul Line Figure 2-2
Page 21 and 22: 2.4.1 Ambient Light Sensor The ambi
Page 23 and 24: 9 28 8 RST V CC V CC 5 6 hyst 7 3 +
Page 25 and 26: 2.6 HARDWARE/SOFTWARE INTERACTION D
Page 27 and 28: 2.6.3 Baud Rate The module communic
Page 29 and 30: Configuration settings and the samp
Page 31 and 32: 2.7.5 The Ball is Rolling If the wa
Page 33 and 34: covered by the wand). When the modu
Page 35 and 36: 2.8.1 Detecting Release Detecting t
Page 37 and 38: Light Level 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 3
Page 39 and 40: By filtering the data, and then cou
Page 41 and 42: The 'F300x can write to any portion
Page 43: One possibility is to use a transfo
Page 47 and 48: The ball's angular velocity increas
Page 49 and 50: Light Level 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 3
Page 51 and 52: the fundamental frequency has been
Page 53 and 54: Since the fundamental frequency and
Page 55 and 56: Figure 3-7: MASTER "Analysis" Scree
Page 57 and 58: known, the linear momentum (and thu
Page 59 and 60: In order to find the value for v 1
Page 61 and 62: 3.5 ASSUMPTIONS AND ERROR ANALYSIS
Page 63 and 64: 3.5.3 External Forces and Friction
Page 65 and 66: 3.6.1 Implementation and Performanc
Page 67 and 68: Figure 3-11a: Effects of Phase Shif
Page 69 and 70: 3.6.3 The "Perfect" Game to Analyze
Page 71 and 72: Since the change in angular velocit
Page 73 and 74: BIBLIOGRAPHY [1] United State Paten
Page 75 and 76: APPENDIX A - SMARTDOT MODULE EMBEDD
Page 77 and 78: Appendix A: SMARTDOT Module Embedde
Page 85 and 86: APPENDIX B - SMARTDOT MODULE SOURCE
Page 87 and 88: Appendix C: SMARTDOT Module Command
Page 89 and 90: Figure C-3 Appendix C: SMARTDOT Mod
Page 91 and 92: APPENDIX E - 300 GAME MASTER SCREEN
Page 93 and 94: Appendix E: 300 Game Analysis Frame
Page 95 and 96:
Appendix E: 300 Game Analysis Frame
Page 97:
Appendix E: 300 Game Analysis Frame
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A Performance Analysis System for the Sport of Bowling

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