A Performance Analysis System for the Sport of Bowling

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2.8 PERFORMANCE Approximately 500 frames (about 50 games) have been thrown with various versions of the SMARTDOT module installed in several different bowling balls. To this point, the author has been the sole user of the device and his bowling style has been the sole source of input for developing the embedded software for the module. Although care has been taken to generalize the module's embedded software, until wider range testing can be performed, the embedded software must be considered as adapted to the author's style of bowling and the specific parameters of his game. The graph of a typical waveform captured by the SMARTDOT module prototype is shown in Figure 2-6, which is a screen capture from the PC-based MASTER application developed in concert with the SMARTDOT module. The raw data points are shown in blue, the resulting waveform is shown in green, and the impacts registered for this shot are shown in orange. The numerical results of the analysis of the data are shown under the "RELEASE" and "IMPACT" headings. The MASTER application is presented in Section III of the paper. Figure 2-6: MASTER "Raw Data" Screen Capture 28
2.8.1 Detecting Release Detecting the point of release by using a RELEASE light level has been quite effective. Since the bowler must cover up the light sensor when placing their fingers in the ball, the module sees a very low level of light (essentially 0) while the bowler is gripping the ball. There are circumstances when, as part of a bowler's normal ritual, they insert and remove their fingers in the ball several times before commencing their delivery. SMARTDOT detects each of these as a release, assuming enough pressure has been applied to activate the module, but the discrimination routine is intended to recognize, and ignore, such behavior. Pre-sampling of the waveform helps capture the moment of release - that point when the light samples start to increase from their dark pre-release levels. Although the module uses the configured RELEASE level to detect release (at which time it writes the eight pre-samples to EEPROM), the MASTER program determines the exact moment of release from those pre-sample values, which might differ from the time the module used by one or two sample times. Referring to Figure 2-7, which zooms in on the first 400 msecs of the waveform shown in Figure 2-6, the pre-sample light level is actually 0 (completely dark) until the bowler starts to release the ball at -17 msecs. Release occurs between -8 msecs and 0 msecs, where a sharp increase in the light level is evident. 70 60 50 Impact with Lane (ball loft) Light Level 40 30 20 Release Point Finger Pressure at Release 10 0 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 Milliseconds (since Release) Figure 2-7: Raw Data Release Region (400 ms) 2.8.2 Detecting Impacts The piezoelectric film sensor and the comparator circuitry are more than adequate for detecting the various impacts the ball experiences. Several impacts are shown in Figure 2-7, which presents the first few hundred milliseconds after release. At two consecutive sample times, -8 msecs and 0 msecs, the sudden pressure that the bowler applied to the finger insert while releasing the ball is indicated. At 183 msecs, the graph indicates the ball contacting the lane. The module consistently records both the pressure applied at release and the impact generated when the ball hits the lane. At the other end of the lane, the module has no problem detecting multiple impacts with the pins, as seen in Figure 2-8 (an expansion of the waveform in Figure 2-6). This particular waveform is from a ball that hit the 1-3 pocket and resulted in a strike. A good pocket hit generally results in the ball hitting four pins on its way through the rack, and there are four impacts indicated on the graph. Throughout testing, solid pocket hits tended to generate four impacts, while light pocket hits, and high hits resulted in three 29
Page 1 and 2: The Pennsylvania State University T
Page 3 and 4: TABLE OF CONTENTS Section I: Introd
Page 5 and 6: LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2-1 SMARTDOT
Page 7 and 8: SECTION I: INTRODUCTION, BACKGROUND
Page 9 and 10: eceiver that stores, processes, and
Page 11 and 12: 1.3.2 Product Development Phase The
Page 13 and 14: SECTION II: COLLECTING THE DATA - T
Page 15 and 16: 2.2 Design Constraints The feasibil
Page 17 and 18: 2.3 SENSING REQUIREMENTS The module
Page 19 and 20: Pin Deck Light Foul Line Figure 2-2
Page 21 and 22: 2.4.1 Ambient Light Sensor The ambi
Page 23 and 24: 9 28 8 RST V CC V CC 5 6 hyst 7 3 +
Page 25 and 26: 2.6 HARDWARE/SOFTWARE INTERACTION D
Page 27 and 28: 2.6.3 Baud Rate The module communic
Page 29 and 30: Configuration settings and the samp
Page 31 and 32: 2.7.5 The Ball is Rolling If the wa
Page 33: covered by the wand). When the modu
Page 37 and 38: Light Level 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 3
Page 39 and 40: By filtering the data, and then cou
Page 41 and 42: The 'F300x can write to any portion
Page 43 and 44: One possibility is to use a transfo
Page 45 and 46: 2.10 SUMMARY This portion of the re
Page 47 and 48: The ball's angular velocity increas
Page 49 and 50: Light Level 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 3
Page 51 and 52: the fundamental frequency has been
Page 53 and 54: Since the fundamental frequency and
Page 55 and 56: Figure 3-7: MASTER "Analysis" Scree
Page 57 and 58: known, the linear momentum (and thu
Page 59 and 60: In order to find the value for v 1
Page 61 and 62: 3.5 ASSUMPTIONS AND ERROR ANALYSIS
Page 63 and 64: 3.5.3 External Forces and Friction
Page 65 and 66: 3.6.1 Implementation and Performanc
Page 67 and 68: Figure 3-11a: Effects of Phase Shif
Page 69 and 70: 3.6.3 The "Perfect" Game to Analyze
Page 71 and 72: Since the change in angular velocit
Page 73 and 74: BIBLIOGRAPHY [1] United State Paten
Page 75 and 76: APPENDIX A - SMARTDOT MODULE EMBEDD
Page 77 and 78: Appendix A: SMARTDOT Module Embedde
Page 85 and 86:
APPENDIX B - SMARTDOT MODULE SOURCE
Page 87 and 88:
Appendix C: SMARTDOT Module Command
Page 89 and 90:
Figure C-3 Appendix C: SMARTDOT Mod
Page 91 and 92:
APPENDIX E - 300 GAME MASTER SCREEN
Page 93 and 94:
Appendix E: 300 Game Analysis Frame
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97:
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A Performance Analysis System for the Sport of Bowling

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