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Performing a separation Column: Recommended flow rate: Binding buffer: Elution buffer: Neutralization buffer: HiTrap Protein G HP, 1 ml 1 ml/min Dilute buffer concentrate 10-fold Dilute buffer concentrate 10-fold Add 60–200 µl of neutralization buffer per ml fraction to the test tubes in which IgG will be collected Centrifuge samples (10 000 g for 10 minutes) to remove cells and debris. Filter through a 0.45 µm filter. If required, adjust sample conditions to the pH and ionic strength of the binding buffer either by buffer exchange on a desalting column (see page 134) or by dilution and pH adjustment. A B C Fig. 16. Using HiTrap Protein G HP with a syringe. A: Dilute buffers and prepare sample. Remove the column’s top cap and twist off the end. B: Equilibrate the column, load the sample and begin collecting fractions. C: Wash and elute, continuing to collect fractions. 1. Allow the column and buffers to warm to room temperature. 2. Dilute the binding and elution buffers. 3. Connect the syringe to the column using the luer adapter supplied. 4. Equilibrate the column with 5 ml distilled water, followed by 3 ml diluted binding buffer. 5. Apply the sample. 6. Wash with 5–10 ml diluted binding buffer until no material appears in the eluent. 7. Elute with 3–5 ml diluted elution buffer. Collect fractions into tubes containing neutralization buffer. 8. Immediately re-equilibrate the column with 5 ml diluted binding buffer. 32
Media characteristics Ligand Composition pH stability* Mean particle density size HiTrap Protein G HP 2 mg/ml Ligand coupled to Long term 3–9 34 µm (MAbTrap Kit) Sepharose HP by Short term 2–9 N-hydroxysuccinimide activation (gives stable attachment through alkylamine and ether links). Protein G Sepharose 4 2 mg/ml Ligand coupled to Long term 3–9 90 µm Fast Flow Sepharose 4 Fast Flow Short term 2–9 by cyanogen bromide activation. *Long term refers to the pH interval over which the medium is stable over a long period of time without adverse effects on its subsequent chromatographic performance. Short term refers to the pH interval for regeneration, cleaning-in-place and sanitization procedures. Chemical stability Stable in all common aqueous buffers. Storage Wash media and columns with 20% ethanol (use approximately 5 column volumes for packed media) and store at +4 to +8 °C. HiTrap Protein A HP, Protein A Sepharose 4 Fast Flow, HiTrap rProtein A FF, rProtein A Sepharose 4 Fast Flow Protein A is derived from a strain of Staphylococcus aureus and contains five regions that bind to the Fc region of IgG. As an affinity ligand, protein A is coupled to Sepharose so that these regions are free to bind IgG. One molecule of protein A can bind at least two molecules of IgG. Both protein A and a recombinant protein A are available from Amersham Pharmacia Biotech. These molecules share similar specificities for the Fc region of IgG, but the recombinant protein A has been engineered to include a C-terminal cysteine that enables a single-point coupling to Sepharose. Single point coupling often results in an enhanced binding capacity. The binding strength of protein A for IgG depends on the source species of the immunoglobulin as well as the subclass of IgG (see Table 2). The dynamic binding capacity depends on the binding strength and also on several other factors, such as flow rate during sample application. Although IgG is the major reactive human immunoglobulin, some other types have also been demonstrated to bind to protein A. Interaction takes place with human colostral IgA as well as human myeloma IgA 2 but not IgA 1 . Some human monoclonal IgMs and some IgMs from normal and macroglobulinaemic sera can bind to protein A. Leakage of ligands from an affinity medium is always a possibility, especially if harsh elution conditions are used. The multi-point attachment of protein A to Sepharose results in very low leakage levels over a wide range of elution conditions. 33
Page 1 and 2: Affinity Chromatography Principles
Page 3 and 4: Affinity Chromatography Principles
Page 5 and 6: Serine proteases and zymogens with
Page 7: Appendix 4 ........................
Page 10 and 11: This handbook describes the role of
Page 12 and 13: Affinity chromatography is also use
Page 14 and 15: BioProcess Media for large-scale pr
Page 17 and 18: Chapter 2 Affinity chromatography i
Page 19 and 20: Avoid using magnetic stirrers as th
Page 21 and 22: pH elution A change in pH alters th
Page 23 and 24: 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 A280 pH selected for
Page 25 and 26: Situation Cause Remedy Protein does
Page 27 and 28: Chapter 3 Purification of specific
Page 29 and 30: Table 2. Relative binding strengths
Page 31 and 32: Purification examples Figure 11 sho
Page 33: MAbTrap Kit Fig. 13. MAbTrap Kit, r
Page 37 and 38: A 280 nm 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 Column: rP
Page 39 and 40: Desalt and/or transfer purified IgG
Page 41 and 42: Performing a separation Column: Rec
Page 43 and 44: M r 97 000 66 000 45 000 30 000 20
Page 45 and 46: in The Recombinant Protein Handbook
Page 47 and 48: Cleaning These procedures are appli
Page 49 and 50: Purification examples Figures 24 an
Page 51 and 52: Nickel solution: 0.1 M NiSO 4 Bindi
Page 53 and 54: Protein A fusion proteins IgG Sepha
Page 55 and 56: Purification or removal of serine p
Page 57 and 58: Sample: 2 ml clarified E. coli homo
Page 59 and 60: Serine proteases and zymogens with
Page 61 and 62: DNA binding proteins HiTrap Heparin
Page 63 and 64: Sample: Column: Binding buffer: Elu
Page 65 and 66: Media characteristics Ligand densit
Page 67 and 68: Sample: Pooled and frozen human pla
Page 69 and 70: The harsh conditions required to br
Page 71 and 72: Purification or removal of albumin
Page 73 and 74: IFN-act. A units 280 nm 250 0.12 20
Page 75 and 76: Purification options Binding capaci
Page 77 and 78: Sepharose NH (CH 2) n NH N N O N N
Page 79 and 80: If detergent or denaturing agents h
Page 81 and 82: Glycoproteins or polysaccharides Co
Page 83 and 84: For complex samples containing glyc
Page 85 and 86:
For complex samples containing glyc
Page 87 and 88:
Chemical stability Avoid exposure t
Page 89 and 90:
Proteins and peptides with exposed
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Several methods can be used to dete
Page 93 and 94:
Media characteristics Composition M
Page 95 and 96:
Performing a separation Binding buf
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Do not store the suspension for lon
Page 99 and 100:
Sepharose has been modified and dev
Page 101 and 102:
Ligand coupling Several methods are
Page 103 and 104:
Couple a ligand through the least c
Page 105 and 106:
Table 9 summarizes recommended liga
Page 107 and 108:
Coupling through the primary amine
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Ligand and column preparation 1. Di
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Options Product Spacer Coupling con
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100 80 Coupled substance, % 60 40 2
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Coupling small ligands through amin
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Ligand coupling 1. Add the ligand s
Page 119 and 120:
Alternative coupling solutions: Dis
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Media characteristics Product Compo
Page 123 and 124:
Ligands containing amino groups can
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Chapter 6 Affinity chromatography a
Page 127 and 128:
Resolution is achieved by the selec
Page 129 and 130:
For any capture step, select the te
Page 131 and 132:
Appendix 1 Sample preparation Sampl
Page 133 and 134:
Remove salts from proteins with mol
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1. Filter (0.45 µm) or centrifuge
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For laboratory scale operations, Ta
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Removal of lipoproteins Lipoprotein
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Appendix 2 Selection of purificatio
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4. Estimate the amount of slurry (r
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Appendix 5 Conversion data: protein
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Middle unit residue (-H 2 0) Charge
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Expected results when changing cond
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Expected results with competitive e
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Appendix 8 Analytical assays during
Page 155 and 156:
Appendix 9 Storage of biological sa
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Ordering information Product Quanti
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STREAMLINE, Sepharose, HiTrap, ÄKT
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