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Appendix 4 Converting from linear flow (cm/hour) to volumetric flow rates (ml/min) and vice versa It is convenient when comparing results for columns of different sizes to express flow as linear flow (cm/hour). However, flow is usually measured in volumetric flow rate (ml/min). To convert between linear flow and volumetric flow rate use one of the formulae below. From linear flow (cm/hour) to volumetric flow rate (ml/min) Volumetric flow rate (ml/min) = Linear flow (cm/h) 60 x column cross sectional area (cm 2 ) Y p x d = x 2 60 4 where Y = linear flow in cm/h d = column inner diameter in cm Example: What is the volumetric flow rate in an XK 16/70 column (i.d. 1.6 cm) when the linear flow is 150 cm/hour? Y = linear flow = 150 cm/h d = inner diameter of the column = 1.6 cm 150 x p x 1.6 x 1.6 Volumetric flow rate = ml/min 60 x 4 = 5.03 ml/min From volumetric flow rate (ml/min) to linear flow (cm/hour) Linear flow (cm/h) = Volumetric flow rate (ml/min) x 60 column cross sectional area (cm 2 ) 4 = Z x 60 x p x d 2 where Z = volumetric flow rate in ml/min d = column inner diameter in cm Example: What is the linear flow in an HR 5/5 column (i.d. 0.5 cm) when the volumetric flow rate is 1 ml/min? Z = Volumetric flow rate = 1 ml/min d = column inner diameter = 0.5 cm Linear flow = 1 x 60 x 4 p x 0.5 x 0.5 cm/h = 305.6 cm/h From ml/min to using a syringe 1 ml/min = approximately 30 drops/min on a HiTrap 1 ml column 5 ml/min = approximately 120 drops/min on a HiTrap 5 ml column 142
Appendix 5 Conversion data: proteins, column pressures Mass (g/mol) 1 µg 1 nmol Protein A 280 for 1 mg/ml 10 000 100 pmol; 6 x 10 13 molecules 10 µg 50 000 20 pmol; 1.2 x 10 13 molecules 50 µg 100 000 10 pmol; 6.0 x 10 12 molecules 100 µg 150 000 6.7 pmol; 4.0 x 10 12 molecules 150 µg 1 kb of DNA = 333 amino acids of coding capacity = 37 000 g/mol 270 bp DNA = 10 000 g/mol 1.35 kb DNA = 50 000 g/mol 2.70 kb DNA = 100 000 g/mol Average molecular weight of an amino acid = 120 g/mol. IgG 1.35 IgM 1.20 IgA 1.30 Protein A 0.17 Avidin 1.50 Streptavidin 3.40 Bovine Serum Albumin 0.70 Column pressures The maximum operating back pressure refers to the pressure above which the column contents may begin to compress. Pressure units may be expressed in megaPascals, bar or pounds per square inch and can be converted as follows: 1MPa = 10 bar = 145 psi 143
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Affinity Chromatography Principles
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Affinity Chromatography Principles
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Serine proteases and zymogens with
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Appendix 4 ........................
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This handbook describes the role of
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Affinity chromatography is also use
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BioProcess Media for large-scale pr
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Chapter 2 Affinity chromatography i
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Avoid using magnetic stirrers as th
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pH elution A change in pH alters th
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0.6 0.4 0.2 0 A280 pH selected for
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Situation Cause Remedy Protein does
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Chapter 3 Purification of specific
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Table 2. Relative binding strengths
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Purification examples Figure 11 sho
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MAbTrap Kit Fig. 13. MAbTrap Kit, r
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Media characteristics Ligand Compos
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A 280 nm 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 Column: rP
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Desalt and/or transfer purified IgG
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Performing a separation Column: Rec
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M r 97 000 66 000 45 000 30 000 20
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in The Recombinant Protein Handbook
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Cleaning These procedures are appli
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Purification examples Figures 24 an
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Nickel solution: 0.1 M NiSO 4 Bindi
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Protein A fusion proteins IgG Sepha
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Purification or removal of serine p
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Sample: 2 ml clarified E. coli homo
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Serine proteases and zymogens with
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DNA binding proteins HiTrap Heparin
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Sample: Column: Binding buffer: Elu
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Media characteristics Ligand densit
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Sample: Pooled and frozen human pla
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The harsh conditions required to br
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Purification or removal of albumin
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IFN-act. A units 280 nm 250 0.12 20
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Purification options Binding capaci
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Sepharose NH (CH 2) n NH N N O N N
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If detergent or denaturing agents h
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Glycoproteins or polysaccharides Co
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For complex samples containing glyc
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For complex samples containing glyc
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Chemical stability Avoid exposure t
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Proteins and peptides with exposed
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Several methods can be used to dete
Page 93 and 94: Media characteristics Composition M
Page 95 and 96: Performing a separation Binding buf
Page 97 and 98: Do not store the suspension for lon
Page 99 and 100: Sepharose has been modified and dev
Page 101 and 102: Ligand coupling Several methods are
Page 103 and 104: Couple a ligand through the least c
Page 105 and 106: Table 9 summarizes recommended liga
Page 107 and 108: Coupling through the primary amine
Page 109 and 110: Ligand and column preparation 1. Di
Page 111 and 112: Options Product Spacer Coupling con
Page 113 and 114: 100 80 Coupled substance, % 60 40 2
Page 115 and 116: Coupling small ligands through amin
Page 117 and 118: Ligand coupling 1. Add the ligand s
Page 119 and 120: Alternative coupling solutions: Dis
Page 121 and 122: Media characteristics Product Compo
Page 123 and 124: Ligands containing amino groups can
Page 125 and 126: Chapter 6 Affinity chromatography a
Page 127 and 128: Resolution is achieved by the selec
Page 129 and 130: For any capture step, select the te
Page 131 and 132: Appendix 1 Sample preparation Sampl
Page 133 and 134: Remove salts from proteins with mol
Page 135 and 136: 1. Filter (0.45 µm) or centrifuge
Page 137 and 138: For laboratory scale operations, Ta
Page 139 and 140: Removal of lipoproteins Lipoprotein
Page 141 and 142: Appendix 2 Selection of purificatio
Page 143: 4. Estimate the amount of slurry (r
Page 147 and 148: Middle unit residue (-H 2 0) Charge
Page 149 and 150: Expected results when changing cond
Page 151 and 152: Expected results with competitive e
Page 153 and 154: Appendix 8 Analytical assays during
Page 155 and 156: Appendix 9 Storage of biological sa
Page 157 and 158: Ordering information Product Quanti
Page 159 and 160: STREAMLINE, Sepharose, HiTrap, ÄKT
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