Activity Report 2005 - International Foundation High Altitude ...
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<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong><br />
<strong>High</strong> <strong>Altitude</strong> Research Stations<br />
Jungfraujoch + Gornergrat<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong>
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong><br />
<strong>High</strong> <strong>Altitude</strong> Research Stations<br />
Jungfraujoch + Gornergrat<br />
Sidlerstrasse 5<br />
CH-3012 Bern / Switzerland<br />
Telephone +41 (0)31 631 4052<br />
Fax +41 (0)31 631 4405<br />
URL: http://www.ifjungo.ch<br />
February 2006
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
Annual <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
Table of contents<br />
Message of the President.............................................................................................. i<br />
<strong>Report</strong> of the Director .................................................................................................. iii<br />
<strong>High</strong> <strong>Altitude</strong> Research Station Jungfraujoch<br />
Statistics on research days <strong>2005</strong> ......................................................................... 1<br />
Long-term experiments and automatic measurements ....................................... 3<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> reports:<br />
• <strong>High</strong> resolution, solar infrared Fourier Transform Spectrometry,<br />
Application to the study of the Earth atmosphere (Institut<br />
d’Astrophysique et de Géophysique, Université de Liège, Belgium) .......... 5<br />
• Study of the atmospheric aerosols, water vapor and temperature by<br />
LIDAR (École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland) ............ 13<br />
• Global Atmosphere Watch Radiation Measurements (MeteoSwiss,<br />
Payerne, Switzerland)................................................................................... 17<br />
• Remote sensing of aerosol optical depth (Physikalisch-Meteorologisches<br />
Observatorium Davos, World Radiation Center, Switzerland) .................... 21<br />
• Long-term energy yield and reliability of a high alpine PV photovoltaic<br />
plant at 3453 m (Berner Fachhochschule, Hochschule für Technik<br />
und Informatik HTI, Photovoltaik Labor, Switzerland) ............................... 23<br />
• Monitoring of halogenated greenhouse gases (EMPA, Switzerland)........... 25<br />
• National Air Pollution Monitoring Network, NABEL,<br />
(EMPA, Switzerland) ................................................................................... 31<br />
• Carbon monoxide and molecular hydrogen at Jungfraujoch,<br />
(EMPA, Switzerland) ................................................................................... 35<br />
• Emissions of Non-Regulated Oxidized Volatile Organic Compounds by<br />
advance GC-MS Technology (ENOVO), (EMPA, Switzerland)................. 39<br />
• Aerosol Monitoring Station at the Jungfraujoch (RADAIR)<br />
(Swiss Federal Office of Public Health, Switzerland).................................. 41<br />
• The Global Atmosphere Watch Aerosol Program at the<br />
Jungfraujoch (Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry,<br />
Paul Scherrer Institut, Switzerland).............................................................. 45<br />
• Automated GPS Network in Switzerland AGNES (Bundesamt<br />
für Landestopographie swisstopo, Switzerland)........................................... 53<br />
• CarboEurope-IP: Assessment of the European Terrestrial Carbon<br />
Balance (Abteilung für Klima- und Umweltphysik, Physikalisches<br />
Institut, Universität Bern) ............................................................................. 57<br />
• Long-term observations of 14 CO 2 at Jungfraujoch (Institut für<br />
Umweltphysik, Universität Heidelberg, Germany)...................................... 61<br />
• Measurements of nitrous acid (HONO) in the free troposphere<br />
(Physikalische Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Germany)......... 63<br />
• Atmospheric physics and chemistry, (Belgian Institute for Space<br />
Aeronomy BIRA-IASB, Belgium) ............................................................... 77<br />
•<br />
85 Kr activity determination in tropospheric air (Bundesamt für<br />
Strahlenschutz, Freiburg i.Br., Germany, and Climate and<br />
Environmental Physics, Universität Bern, Switzerland) .............................. 83
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
Annual <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
• Source apportionment of carbonaceous aerosols with 14 C<br />
(Laboratory of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry,<br />
University of Bern, Switzerland).................................................................. 85<br />
• Measurements at the <strong>High</strong> Alpine Station Jungfraujoch to study<br />
the long range transport and in-situ photochemistry (ETH Institute<br />
of Atmospheric and Climate Science, Switzerland)..................................... 87<br />
• Mass spectrometric analysis of residuals from small ice particles and<br />
from supercooled cloud droplets during CLACE 4 (Max Planck Institute<br />
for Chemistry, Particle Chemistry Department, Mainz, Germany).............. 89<br />
• Volatile organic compounds (VOC) in air, snow and ice crystals and<br />
super-cooled droplets at high alpine research station Jungfraujoch<br />
during CLACE 4 (Institut für Atmosphäre und Umwelt, Universität<br />
Frankfurt, Germany)..................................................................................... 93<br />
• CLACE-4 (University of Manchester, School of Earth, Atmosphere<br />
and Environmental Sciences, UK)................................................................ 97<br />
• Sampling and physio-chemical characterization of ice nuclei<br />
in mixed phase clouds (Leibniz-Institut für Troposphärenforschung,<br />
Leipzig, Germany ......................................................................................... 101<br />
• Identification of the ice forming fraction of the atmospheric aerosol in<br />
mixed-phase clouds by environmental scanning electron microscopy<br />
(Institut für Angewandte Geowissenschaften, Umweltmineralogie,<br />
Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany) ............................................. 105<br />
• Composition Control in the Lower Free Troposphere<br />
(University of Leicester, UK)....................................................................... 113<br />
• Air ion concentrations, dynamics and their relation to new particle<br />
formation in Jungfraujoch (Department of Physical Sciences,<br />
University of Helsinki, Finland)................................................................... 115<br />
• Temporal variation of stable isotopes in Alpine precipitation<br />
(Climate and Environmental Physics, Universität Bern, Switzerland)......... 119<br />
• Neutron Monitors – Study of solar and galactic cosmic rays<br />
(Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bern, Switzerland) .............................. 121<br />
• Study of detector to measure cosmic ray flux at large zenith angles,<br />
(Department of Physics, University of Rome “La Sapienza, Italy).............. 127<br />
• Measuring the flux of cosmic rays arriving nearly horizontally<br />
(Dipartimento di Fisica Nucleare e Teorica and IFNF,<br />
Pavia University, Italy)................................................................................. 129<br />
• Neutron background measurements at Jungfraujoch<br />
(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Torino, Italy)................................... 131<br />
• Cosmic ray induced failures in biased high power semiconductor<br />
devices (ABB Switzerland Ltd., Semiconductors, Switzerland).................. 135<br />
• Development of a seeing monitor for astronomical applications<br />
(Institut d’automatisation Industrielle, Haute Ecole d’Ingénierie et<br />
de Gestion, Yverdon-les-Bains, Switzerland) .............................................. 137<br />
• Operation of a 70 cm amateur beacon transmitter, operation of a 23 cm<br />
voice repeater station, study of high frequency propagation conditions<br />
(Relaisgemeinschaft HB9F Bern, Switzerland)............................................ 139
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
Annual <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
• Solar UV irradiance (Division for Biomedical Physics, Innsbruck<br />
Medical University, Austria) ........................................................................ 141<br />
• Short-term acclimatization of high altitude in children<br />
(Exercise Physiology, ETH-University of Zürich, Switzerland).................. 145<br />
• Change of peripheral lung function parameters in healthy subject<br />
acutely exposed to 3454 m (Medizinische Klinik Innenstadt,<br />
University of Munich, Germany) ................................................................. 151<br />
• VITA Varves, Ice cores, and Tree rings – Archives with annual<br />
resolution (Labor für Radio- und Umwelt Chemie der Universität<br />
Bern und des Paul Scherrer Instituts, Switzerland) ...................................... 153<br />
• Variations of the Grosser Aletschgletscher (Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau,<br />
Hydrologie und Glaziologie, VAW, ETH Zürich, Switzerland) .......... 157<br />
• The weather in <strong>2005</strong> (MeteoSchweiz Zürich, Switzerland) ......................... 159<br />
<strong>High</strong> <strong>Altitude</strong> Research Station Gornergrat<br />
Statistics on research days <strong>2005</strong> ......................................................................... 167<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> reports:<br />
• KOSMA - Kölner Observatorium für Submm-Astronomie<br />
(I. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln;<br />
Radioastronomisches Institut, Universität Bonn Germany) ......................... 169<br />
• Italian national infrared telescope TIRGO (INAF – Istituto di<br />
Radioastronomica, Sezione di Firenze, Italy)............................................... 173<br />
• SONTEL - Solar Neutron Telescope for the identification and<br />
the study of high-energy neutrons produced in energetic eruptions<br />
at the Sun (Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bern, Switzerland) ............. 181<br />
• Glacier outburst floods: A study of the processes controlling the<br />
drainage of glacier-dammed lakes (Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau,<br />
Hydrologie und Glaziologie, ETH Zentrum)................................................ 185<br />
The <strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG in the news ................................................... 191<br />
Publications ................................................................................................................... 193<br />
Index of research groups / institutes ........................................................................... 207<br />
Index of projects ........................................................................................................... 210<br />
Review of <strong>2005</strong>: Pictures of the month from http://www.ifjungo.ch ....................... 215<br />
Establishment of a Global GAW Station at Jungfraujoch ....................................... 221<br />
TIRGO 1980 - <strong>2005</strong>: 25 Years of History ................................................................... 223<br />
Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................... 229
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
Annual <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong>
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
Message of the President<br />
It is hard to believe that I am writing already my second foreword to an annual report<br />
of our <strong>Foundation</strong>. And yet another year has passed, and a busy one it was! As usual<br />
it was a year of impressive research activities in both stations, as the contributed<br />
reports of our “customers” amply demonstrate.<br />
But we also celebrated the 75th anniversary of the <strong>Foundation</strong> this year with a special<br />
dinner after our board meeting, in the company of distinguished guests, representing<br />
sponsors, science, and politics. The evening was made especially memorable by the<br />
music ensemble “Lundi Soir”. I would like to thank Louise Wilson and Erwin<br />
Flückiger for arranging this small but distinguished celebration. I also thank Prof.<br />
Tammann, my predecessor, for his witty after-dinner speech, in which he reminded us<br />
of the really remarkable history of the <strong>Foundation</strong>, which has over the years always<br />
managed to adapt the infrastructures to the needs of the varying scientific<br />
communities.<br />
One of the most noteworthy adaptations was, of course, in 1973, with the extension of<br />
the Jungfraujoch activities to Gornergrat, where a truly competitive astronomical<br />
observatory was established. It so happens that in <strong>2005</strong> the Gornergrat observatory<br />
required a lot of attention because of the renovation of the Kulmhotel, the planning of<br />
which I have described in my last message. A few flaws occurred, but the<br />
constructive spirit between the Burgergemeinde, the German and Italian astronomers,<br />
the staff of the <strong>Foundation</strong>, and last but not least, the construction teams on site<br />
prevailed and always led to a good solution. After some difficult months, the Köln<br />
observatory is again in action, and the Italian telescope has been dismantled and<br />
shipped back to Italy. I would like to thank our Italian colleagues for a long and<br />
scientifically valuable collaboration.<br />
The very positive experience of my first year has been consolidated in the second.<br />
Our very able staff, our custodians, and all the helping hands from the railways and<br />
hotels are maintaining a positive atmosphere that stimulates and enables the scientific<br />
output, the summary of which you find in this report. During the upcoming 75th<br />
anniversary of the research station Jungfraujoch we want to inform a wider public on<br />
the achievements of high altitude research by organising a scientific conference from<br />
September 11-13, 2006, in Interlaken.<br />
I would like to finish by gratefully acknowledging the continued support of the Swiss<br />
National Science <strong>Foundation</strong> and the <strong>Foundation</strong>’s various foreign and national<br />
members. Their financial contributions are of course the basis without which “the<br />
high altitude research spirit” could not survive.<br />
Bern, March 28, 2006<br />
Hans Balsiger<br />
i
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
ii
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
<strong>Report</strong> of the Director<br />
It gives us great pleasure to summarize with this new issue in our series of annual<br />
reports the major events that characterized the year <strong>2005</strong> within the <strong>International</strong><br />
<strong>Foundation</strong> <strong>High</strong> <strong>Altitude</strong> Research Stations Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat (HFSJG).<br />
Again, we can look back on a year rich in successful scientific activity at the research<br />
stations, as documented by the individual reports that have been prepared by the<br />
respective research groups. The year <strong>2005</strong> was, at the same time, a very special year<br />
for the <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG, its administration, and the operation of the scientific<br />
stations.<br />
The <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
On October 21, <strong>2005</strong>, the Board of the <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG met at the Grand Hotel<br />
Victoria-Jungfrau in Interlaken for its regular meeting held every odd numbered year.<br />
This meeting was at the same time the jubilee meeting to celebrate the 75 th<br />
anniversary of the <strong>Foundation</strong>. The president, Prof. Hans Balsiger, had the honor to<br />
welcome the members of the board, the Jungfraujoch Commission of the Swiss<br />
Academy of Sciences scnat, the Astronomic Commission HFSJG, and a number of<br />
distinguished guests. The annual activity reports 2003 and 2004 as well as the<br />
statement of accounts for both years were approved unanimously and with no<br />
abstentions. The extensive and excellent scientific output that resulted from the<br />
research at Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat was recognized with great pleasure and<br />
satisfaction. Belgium was formerly represented in the <strong>Foundation</strong> by two members,<br />
the Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique (FNRS) and the Fonds voor<br />
Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek - Vlaanderen (FWO). The FWO resigned its<br />
membership because no further work is being done at Jungfraujoch by Flemish<br />
researchers. As a result the FNRS has graciously assumed the responsibility of full<br />
membership. Italy's representative in the <strong>Foundation</strong> changed from CNR (Consiglio<br />
Nazionale delle Ricerche) to the newly formed INAF (Istituto Nazionale di<br />
Astrofisica). In response to new laws governing the auditing of foundations, the<br />
administration of the <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG made a changeover to fully professional<br />
auditing. Treuhand Cotting AG, Bern, was elected for the auditing in the years 2006-<br />
2007. Finally, the board HFSJG elected Prof. Gustav Andreas Tammann, its former<br />
president, as Corresponding Member of the <strong>Foundation</strong>, honoring thus his meritorious<br />
service to the <strong>Foundation</strong>. As usual, a number of interesting scientific reports<br />
concluded the meeting. On Saturday, October 22, 2003, a small group of delegates<br />
visited the <strong>High</strong> <strong>Altitude</strong> Research Station Jungfraujoch.<br />
The Jungfraujoch Commission of the Swiss Academy of Sciences, scnat, which looks<br />
after the interests of Swiss research within the <strong>Foundation</strong>, held no meeting in <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
The Astronomic Commission, which acts as a users’ and science advisory committee<br />
to strengthen the <strong>Foundation</strong>’s internal and external communication, had its regular<br />
spring and autumn meetings (April 15 and October 21, <strong>2005</strong>).<br />
The meeting of the Board and the General Assembly of the Sphinx AG took place at<br />
Jungfraujoch on March 11, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
The <strong>Foundation</strong> was invited to make a contribution to the management plan of the<br />
UNESCO World Heritage Jungfrau-Aletsch-Bietschhorn (JAB).<br />
iii
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
Starting in spring <strong>2005</strong>, the buildings at Gornergrat that are the property of the<br />
Burgergemeinde Zermatt and the Gornergrat Bahn underwent a complete refurbishing<br />
to make the entire site more attractive for tourists and as well as for science. The<br />
extended renovation work necessitated closing the Kulm Hotel and both observatories<br />
from April through December. Upon the announcement of the renovation and the<br />
ensuing interruption of all operations, INAF decided that this was an appropriate time<br />
to conclude the present contract for Gornergrat North (which was due to expire in<br />
<strong>2005</strong> anyway) and to completely dismantle TIRGO. This leaves the future of<br />
Gornergrat North open, but discussions are ongoing, although no final solutions have<br />
been found. The Burgergemeinde would like for us to use Gornergrat North to embed<br />
science in public outreach and tourism. Since January 1, 2006, there has been no one<br />
at the Observatory Gornergrat North.<br />
The <strong>High</strong> <strong>Altitude</strong> Research Station Jungfraujoch will celebrate its 75th anniversary<br />
in the summer of 2006. From its beginnings as an astronomical observatory and a<br />
station where acute mountain sicknesses were studied, the Scientific Station<br />
Jungfraujoch has evolved during its 75 year history into one of the most renowned<br />
centers in Europe for environmental sciences. To celebrate this important event<br />
several special projects are planned. One of them is an international scientific<br />
conference to be held from September 11-14, 2006, at the Casino-Kursaal in<br />
Interlaken. A scientific committee, headed by Prof. Heinz Hugo Loosli and the<br />
director HFSJG, is in the process of organizing the conference. An extraordinary<br />
meeting of the board HFSJG is scheduled for September 14, 2006.<br />
The <strong>High</strong> <strong>Altitude</strong> Research Station Jungfraujoch<br />
As documented by the individual reports and the lists and statistics, the <strong>High</strong> <strong>Altitude</strong><br />
Research Station Jungfraujoch continued to be a place of exceptionally lively and<br />
exciting research. In <strong>2005</strong>, 36 teams were active at Jungfraujoch. Among a total of 41<br />
research projects, 20 were primarily based on automatic measurements around the<br />
clock. In February, in response to a proposal by Mr. Daniel Keuerleber, director of<br />
MeteoSchweiz, the research station Jungfraujoch was named the 23 rd global GAW<br />
(Global Atmosphere Watch) station by the World Meteorological Organisation<br />
(WMO). Please see the WMO announcement on page 221.<br />
All member countries of the <strong>Foundation</strong> benefited from the excellent research<br />
conditions (Figure 1). By number of projects, Germany was again the second largest<br />
user after Switzerland. Scientists spent a total of 1432 person-working days at<br />
Jungfraujoch. As shown in Figure 2, this number is well above the long-term average.<br />
Figure 3 illustrates the relative number of person-working days for <strong>2005</strong> by country.<br />
Leading in presence at Jungfraujoch were the Institut d’Astrophysique et<br />
Géophysique de l’Université de Liège (350 person-working days), the Institute for<br />
Human Movement Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETHZ),<br />
and Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich (247), the Paul Scherrer Institut<br />
(123), and the School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University<br />
of Manchester (101). Participants of the Cloud Aerosol Characterisation Experiment<br />
4 (CLACE 4) spent more than 540 days at the research station. Complementing the<br />
automatic meteorological measurements, our custodians continued the daily weather<br />
observations for the Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology (MeteoSwiss).<br />
The custodians also provide the updates for the internet weather report of the<br />
Jungfraubahnen.<br />
iv
25<br />
20<br />
15<br />
23<br />
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
Research Projects<br />
at Jungfraujoch<br />
<strong>2005</strong><br />
10<br />
8<br />
Total = 41<br />
5<br />
0<br />
3<br />
2<br />
2<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
Switzerland<br />
Germany Italy Belgium United<br />
Kingdom<br />
France Finland Austria<br />
Figure 1:<br />
1600<br />
1479<br />
1400<br />
1200<br />
1000<br />
800<br />
Number of research projects at the <strong>High</strong> <strong>Altitude</strong> Research Station Jungfraujoch by<br />
country.<br />
1095<br />
1278<br />
1032<br />
1197<br />
922<br />
906<br />
1500<br />
881<br />
967<br />
Working Days<br />
at Jungfraujoch<br />
<strong>2005</strong><br />
1027<br />
910<br />
686<br />
976<br />
1432<br />
600<br />
400<br />
200<br />
0<br />
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 <strong>2005</strong><br />
Figure 2:<br />
Number of working days spent by scientists at the <strong>High</strong> <strong>Altitude</strong> Research Station<br />
Jungfraujoch during the past years.<br />
3.7%<br />
1.0%<br />
1.7% 0.3%<br />
12.2%<br />
11.2%<br />
45.5%<br />
Switzerland<br />
Belgium<br />
Germany<br />
United Kingdom<br />
Austria<br />
Italy<br />
Finland<br />
France<br />
24.4%<br />
Figure 3:<br />
Relative number of person-working days in <strong>2005</strong> at the <strong>High</strong> <strong>Altitude</strong> Research Station<br />
Jungfraujoch by country.<br />
v
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
The extensive research conducted at Jungfraujoch during <strong>2005</strong> resulted in 125<br />
scientific publications, conference contributions, and data reports, many of them by<br />
young scientists. Three Ph.D. theses were based on work conducted at Jungfraujoch.<br />
Due to the unique location and the unspoiled environment as well as the quality of the<br />
scientific work, Jungfraujoch has maintained its role as a center for environmental<br />
research. The site plays a significant role in a number of nationally and internationally<br />
coordinated research programs. Jungfraujoch is a key station in the following major<br />
networks:<br />
NDSC Network for the Detection of Stratospheric Change<br />
Primary Site<br />
GAW Global Atmosphere Watch<br />
Global GAW Station<br />
SOGE System for Observation of Halogenated Greenhouse Gases<br />
in Europe<br />
EARLINET European Aerosol Research Lidar Network<br />
CHARM Swiss Atmospheric Radiation Monitoring Program<br />
ANETZ Automatic Measuring Network of MeteoSwiss<br />
RADAIR Swiss Automatic Network for Air Radioactivity<br />
Monitoring<br />
NADAM Netz für automatische Dosis-Alarmierung und -Meldung<br />
NABEL Nationales Beobachtungsnetz für Luftfremdstoffe<br />
(National Air Pollution Monitoring Network)<br />
ASRB Alpine Surface Radiation Budget Network<br />
AGNES Automated GPS Network for Switzerland<br />
CarboEuro-IP Assessment of the European Terrestrial Carbon Balance<br />
TOUGH<br />
VITA<br />
Targeting Optimal Use of GPS Humidity<br />
Varves, Ice cores, and Tree rings – Archives with annual<br />
resolution<br />
Jungfraujoch, however, is not only a center for atmospheric and environmental<br />
research. The high alpine surroundings are of equal importance, as demonstrated e.g.<br />
by the research project conducted by the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology,<br />
Laboratory of Hydraulics, Hydrology and Glaciology, Zürich (permafrost temperature<br />
monitoring in alpine rock walls). These long-term temperature measurements are of<br />
utmost importance for the evaluation of the consequences of the general warming to<br />
the high alpine environment in general, and in particular for the region of the<br />
UNESCO World Heritage Jungfrau-Aletsch-Bietschhorn (JAB). As in previous years,<br />
the extraction of climate information from archives within the JAB was again the goal<br />
of ice drilling campaigns in the Fiescherhorn/Jungfraujoch area conducted by a joint<br />
team of the University of Bern, Laboratory for Radio- and Environmental Chemistry,<br />
and the Paul Scherrer Institute within the NCCR Climate project VITA (NCCR<br />
Climate: National Centre of Competence in Research on Climate; VITA: Varves, Ice<br />
cores, and Tree rings - Archives with annual resolution).<br />
Material sciences are a further topic where the high altitude site Jungfraujoch is<br />
becoming increasingly important. As in the years before, several experiments were<br />
again conducted addressing the problem of soft errors on electronic devices due to<br />
cosmic rays.<br />
We were particularly pleased to host again an extensive medical experiment. During<br />
the months of July and August a medical team from ETHZ and University Zurich<br />
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<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
headed by Dr. Susi Kriemler studied the effects of high altitude and mountaineering<br />
on children in the age group 9-12 by monitoring nine father and son/daughter teams.<br />
As part of the Einstein year celebrations, a spark chamber was built by the Laboratory<br />
of <strong>High</strong> Energy Physics, Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern (Prof. Klaus<br />
Pretzl and his team), in collaboration with CERN. The spark chamber, installed with<br />
support by the Jungfraubahn in the tourist area of the Sphinx, is monitored via<br />
Internet to the Historisches Museum in Bern, as part of the Einstein exhibition.<br />
Figure 4:<br />
Tourists watching the spark chamber at the Sphinx.<br />
Within a further action of public outreach students from the Kantonsschule Zürcher<br />
Unterland in Bülach spent part or their “Research in Switzerland” project week at<br />
Jungfraujoch with the director HFSJG and tutor Mr. Kuno Strassmann from the<br />
University of Bern (see Picture of the Month, May <strong>2005</strong>).<br />
As stated in previous reports, the role of the Research Station Jungfraujoch within the<br />
new UNESCO World Heritage Jungfrau-Aletsch-Bietschhorn, JAB, has yet to be<br />
defined in detail. In <strong>2005</strong>, the <strong>Foundation</strong> was invited to contribute to the<br />
management plan of JAB.<br />
The Research Station, the scientific activity, and the unique environment of the<br />
UNESCO World Heritage Jungfrau-Aletsch-Bietschhorn attracted a number of<br />
visitors throughout the year. Several organizations initiated meetings of national and<br />
international scientific committees in the Jungfrau region and combined these<br />
meetings with an excursion to Jungfraujoch, e.g.<br />
- Climate Group Meeting, University of Fribourg (Prof. M. Beniston, April 4,<br />
<strong>2005</strong>)<br />
- Workshop on Solar Variability and Planetary Climates, (<strong>International</strong> Space<br />
Science Institute, ISSI, Bern, June 11, <strong>2005</strong>)<br />
- European Physical Society Meeting EPS-13 (July 10, <strong>2005</strong>)<br />
- Bundesamt für Umwelt, Wald und Landschaft (BUWAL), Abteilung<br />
<strong>International</strong>es (August 10, <strong>2005</strong>)<br />
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Board of Directors (September 2, <strong>2005</strong>)<br />
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<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
- Wengen Workshop “Climate, climatic change, and human health” (Prof.<br />
M. Beniston, September 15, <strong>2005</strong>)<br />
- Bundesamt für Statistik, Neuchâtel (September 18, <strong>2005</strong>)<br />
- The 23 rd Pediatric Work Physiology Meeting, Gwatt (Dr. S. Kriemler,<br />
September 26, <strong>2005</strong>)<br />
- Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Umwelt, Gesundheit und Verbraucherschutz,<br />
verantwortlich für die Umwelt Forschungsstation Schneefernerhaus<br />
auf der Zugspitze (Ministerialdirigent Prof. Dr. S. Specht, December 12,<br />
<strong>2005</strong>)<br />
It was a very special pleasure for the director HFSJG to welcome Mrs. Elisabeth von<br />
Muralt, the daughter of the <strong>Foundation</strong>’s former president Prof. Alexander von<br />
Muralt, and her family (July 1, <strong>2005</strong>).<br />
The administration HFSJG also received a number of requests for visits to the<br />
Research Station from representatives of news media and non-scientific groups.<br />
Thanks to the help of the researchers and the custodians, more than 70 visits could be<br />
realized, and all were extremely well received. Life in the mountains, the high alpine<br />
environment, and the research activity were reflected in about 30 contributions in the<br />
news media (for details please see the lists at the end of this report). The scenery of<br />
the Jungfraujoch and the scientific station also served as a main subject for several<br />
reports on Swiss and foreign TV channels.<br />
For a period of several months, the scientific station was also subject of the art<br />
performance “Imachination” (http://www.imachination.net/next100/press/index.htm)<br />
by German artist Tim Otto Roth.<br />
In order to provide the researchers with optimal working conditions, continuous effort<br />
is made to keep the environment clean and the infrastructure in good condition. As in<br />
previous years, several coordination discussions took place with the management of<br />
the Jungfraubahnen. The annual coordination meeting at Jungfraujoch, a platform for<br />
the discussion of such items, took place on October 25, <strong>2005</strong>, and was attended by the<br />
director HFSJG and Mr. Fischer. Prime topics from our point of view were again the<br />
measures to avoid or minimize disturbances of the scientific measurements by<br />
emissions in connection with construction work or by apparatus defects, as well as<br />
problems with high temperatures in the Sphinx buildings. The continuous support by<br />
Mr. Andreas Wyss, chief of technical services and maintenance division of the<br />
Jungfraubahnen at Jungfraujoch, of Mr. Fritz Jost and Mr. Heinz Schindler is<br />
gratefully acknowledged.<br />
Maintenance work on the infrastructure of the Research Station included repairs on<br />
water and waste water pipes. A much faster data connection and broadband access of<br />
the scientific station to Internet was put into operation at the beginning of the year<br />
thanks to the support of the management of the Jungfraubahnen and the technical<br />
assistance of the Division for Information Services of the University of Bern<br />
(Informatikdienste, Dr. Fritz Bütikofer). A new administration software was<br />
developed by Mr. Urs Jenzer, our PC and network coordinator.<br />
Unfortunately, Mrs. Joan Fischer had a ski accident in spring and had to undergo<br />
surgery. Mr. and Mrs. Hemund and Mrs. Therese Staub, former custodian, were so<br />
kind to help out during Mrs. Fischer’s recovery phase.<br />
There was a major emergency on August 22, due to serious flooding in the entire<br />
region of Interlaken, Lauterbrunnen, and Grindelwald. As illustrated in Figure 5, in<br />
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<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
only 48 hours approximately 200mm of rain were recorded in several regions in<br />
Switzerland. Severe damage was done in particular to the track of the Bernese<br />
Oberland Railway, BOB, between Interlaken and Grindelwald. Fortunately nothing<br />
happened to the infrastructure of the research station; there was only a temporary<br />
disruption in electricity (as illustrated in Figure 6) and of the communication<br />
facilities. The Jungfraubahnen did a truly marvelous job of restoring communication<br />
and immediately organizing bus transportation where needed.<br />
Figure 5:<br />
Sum of 48-hour rainfall (in mm) on August 21/22, 2000. (Mr. C. Frei, MeteoSwiss;<br />
please see also the report by MeteoSwiss in this volume on page 159).<br />
Figure 6: The AC power outage (green curve) during the flooding period of August 22 nd /23 rd ,<br />
<strong>2005</strong> as recorded by the photovoltaic power plant operated in the <strong>High</strong> <strong>Altitude</strong><br />
Research Station Jungfraujoch by the Berner Fachhochschule, Hochschule für Technik<br />
und Informatik, Burgdorf (courtesy Prof. Heinrich Häberlin).<br />
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<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
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The <strong>High</strong> <strong>Altitude</strong> Research Station Gornergrat<br />
Due to its unique location, its clean environment, and the good infrastructure, the<br />
<strong>High</strong> <strong>Altitude</strong> Research Station Gornergrat, which includes the two astronomical<br />
observatories Gornergrat South and Gornergrat North as well as a container<br />
laboratory, continues to be an excellent basis for astrophysical research.<br />
Since 1974 the Astronomical Observatory Gornergrat North was subleased to the<br />
Italian Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR). In 1979 it was equipped with a<br />
1.5m Cassegrain-Infrared (IR) Telescope (TIRGO). The telescope and related<br />
instrumentation were run by the Istituto di Radioastronomia (IRA-CNR), sezione di<br />
Firenze, with the assistance of the Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri and the<br />
Dipartimento di Astronomia e Scienza dello Spazio of the Università di Firenze. In<br />
the near-infrared wavelength range (1-2.5 micron) both images and spectra could be<br />
obtained by the camera ARNICA, while the camera TIRCAM2 allowed observations<br />
in the mid-IR regime (3-20 micron).<br />
The Observatory Gornergrat South is subleased to the Universität zu Köln. Here, the<br />
I. Physikalisches Institut der Universität zu Köln has installed the 3m radio telescope<br />
KOSMA (Kölner Observatorium für Submillimeter und Millimeter Astronomie). The<br />
central topic of the research with KOSMA, conducted jointly with the<br />
Radioastronomisches Institut, Universität Bonn, is the spectrally resolved observation<br />
of the global distribution of interstellar matter in the Milky Way and nearby external<br />
galaxies, using the important mm-, submm-lines of CO, and atomic carbon. The most<br />
advanced technical equipment combined with the excellent observing conditions at<br />
Gornergrat allow astronomical observations up to the highest frequencies accessible<br />
to ground-based instruments.<br />
Since 1998, the Space Research and Planetary Sciences Division of the University of<br />
Bern has been operating a solar neutron telescope (SONTEL) on the Belvedere<br />
plateau. This detector is the European cornerstone of a worldwide network initiated<br />
by the Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory of the Nagoya University for the<br />
study of high-energy neutrons produced in energetic processes at the Sun.<br />
As already mentioned above, the year <strong>2005</strong> was a year of construction at Gornergrat.<br />
Starting in spring, the buildings that are the property of the Burgergemeinde Zermatt<br />
and the Gornergrat Bahn underwent a complete refurbishing to make the entire site<br />
more attractive for tourists and as well as for science. The Gornergrat Bahn and the<br />
Burgergemeinde Zermatt invited the <strong>Foundation</strong> to information meetings to discuss<br />
the planning. Because a universal renovation was to be carried out, all operations at<br />
Gornergrat were suspended during the summer months, i.e. no hotel, no astronomic<br />
observations. With the exception of a few interruptions, the cosmic ray experiment in<br />
the laboratory container, however, could be operated throughout the year. Gornergrat<br />
South now has newly renovated rooms and a new kitchen, and KOSMA was back in<br />
operation by the end of November <strong>2005</strong>. New rent contracts for Observatory<br />
Gornergrat South will be forthcoming for January 1, 2006. Upon the announcement<br />
of the renovation and the ensuing interruption of all operations, INAF decided that<br />
this was an appropriate time to conclude the present contract for Gornergrat North<br />
(which was due to expire <strong>2005</strong>) and to completely dismantle TIRGO. As Dr. Filippo<br />
Mannucci states in his final report (please see page 173) “the telescope had a great<br />
impact on Italian astronomy as, in the late ‘70s, it was one of the first five telescopes<br />
in the world capable of infrared observations. The development of this telescope and<br />
of its instrumentation had the consequence of creating a competitive group of infrared<br />
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<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
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astronomers and technicians.” Part of the former Observatory Gornergrat North, i.e.<br />
the living quarters, have been transformed into hotel rooms. The end of the TIRGO<br />
era leaves the future of Gornergrat North open, but discussions are ongoing although<br />
no final solutions have been found. The Burgergemeinde Zermatt would like the<br />
<strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG to use Gornergrat North to embed science in public outreach and<br />
tourism. Negotiations with a first interested party were not successful, however.<br />
Therefore, since January 1, 2006, there has been no one at the Observatory<br />
Gornergrat North.<br />
Figure 7: Construction scene at Gornergrat,<br />
May <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Figure 8:<br />
Dr. Martin Miller in the new kitchen of<br />
the Observatory Gornergrat South.<br />
Despite the interruptions during the major part of the year, the number of working<br />
days at Gornergrat is still remarkable. Figure 9 shows the statistics for Gornergrat<br />
South. However, a large fraction of the working days of the I. Physikalisches Institut<br />
der Universität zu Köln was related to the construction work and not to scientific<br />
observations.<br />
500<br />
450<br />
400<br />
350<br />
469<br />
94.5%<br />
300<br />
250<br />
4.0%<br />
1.5%<br />
200<br />
150<br />
100<br />
50<br />
0<br />
1. Physikal. Inst<br />
Universität zu Köln<br />
45<br />
Astron. Inst.<br />
Universität Bonn<br />
22<br />
Observatoire<br />
Bordeaux<br />
8<br />
University of<br />
Peking<br />
Germany<br />
France<br />
China<br />
Figure 9:<br />
Statistics of the person-working days at the Astronomical Observatory Gornergrat South.<br />
xi
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
During the last couple of years the region of the Gorner glacier became increasingly<br />
interesting to the glaciologists of the Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und<br />
Glaziologie (VAW) of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich (ETHZ).<br />
In <strong>2005</strong>, the teams under the leadership of Prof. Martin Funk spent about 400 working<br />
days near and at the Gornersee in order to study the processes controlling the drainage<br />
of glacier-dammed lakes (see the corresponding report on page 185).<br />
In <strong>2005</strong>, nine scientific papers were published based on work at Gornergrat, and two<br />
PhD theses were completed. Details can be found in the individual reports.<br />
An extremely important help for the operation of the observatories and the successful<br />
scientific work at Gornergrat is the continued support provided by the<br />
Burgergemeinde Zermatt as the owner of the Gornergrat Kulm Hotel, by the<br />
Gornergrat Bahn, and locally by Mrs. Marianne Schwall and Mr. Uli Schwall as the<br />
directors of the Kulm Hotel, and their crew. We very much regret that Mr. and Mrs.<br />
Schwall left their position for a new challenge at the end of the year <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
The <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG is confident with the improved infrastructure and the<br />
prospective new use of the observatory Gornergrat North the site will strengthen its<br />
position as an attractive site both for science and tourism.<br />
Summary and Acknowledgements<br />
As documented by the individual activity reports, the large number of publications,<br />
and the feedback from meetings, scientific work at the <strong>High</strong> <strong>Altitude</strong> Research<br />
Stations Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat during the report period <strong>2005</strong> continued to be<br />
extensive and of high international standard. Due to the unique observational and<br />
measuring conditions, the Jungfraujoch station has maintained its position as a key<br />
station in a number of European and global measuring networks for climate and<br />
environmental studies. For the same reasons, and even more so after the refurbishing,<br />
Gornergrat continues to be a center for astronomical and astrophysical research. The<br />
<strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG confirmed its role as a provider of excellent research<br />
infrastructure. The hard work and the efforts of all who contributed to this success are<br />
highly appreciated and gratefully acknowledged. We also thank all members of the<br />
<strong>Foundation</strong> and their representatives for their support. In particular, we thank the<br />
Swiss National Science <strong>Foundation</strong> for the most significant funding of the Swiss<br />
contribution, and in particular Prof. Hans Rudolf Ott (President Division II), Dr. Paul<br />
Burkhard (Head secretariat Division II), and Dr. Jean-Bernard Weber (Vice Director),<br />
for the excellent and benevolent collaboration.<br />
Operation of the <strong>High</strong> <strong>Altitude</strong> Research Stations Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat would<br />
not be possible without the help and support of many individuals and organizations.<br />
For the Jungfraujoch station, our thanks go to our custodians, Mr. and Mrs. Fischer,<br />
Mr. and Mrs. Hemund. With their devotion to duty, their competence, and their<br />
ability to create a comfortable atmosphere in the station, they are providing the basis<br />
for all scientists to do good research work. A special thanks goes to the Jungfrau<br />
Railway Holding Ltd and to the Jungfrau Railways. Without their goodwill and their<br />
substantial support the Research Station at Jungfraujoch could hardly be operated.<br />
Both the Board of the Jungfrau Railway Holding Ltd under its president Mr. Riccardo<br />
Gullotti, as well as the management and personnel of the Jungfraubahnen under Chief<br />
Executive Officer Walter Steuri, are always open and positive toward our needs,<br />
which quite often conflict with touristic objectives. We gratefully acknowledge the<br />
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<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
generous direct and indirect support and appreciate the continued interest in the<br />
research activity and the scientific output. At Jungfraujoch we are particularly<br />
grateful to Mr. Andreas Wyss, chief of technical services and maintenance, and his<br />
team, and to Mr. Fritz Jost, chief Zugförderung und Werkstätte (ZfW). Our thanks<br />
also include Mr. Urs Zumbrunn, and the personnel of the Restaurant Top of Europe.<br />
The great efforts of all these individuals and institutions would, however, be<br />
worthless if the research facilities would not be used adequately. We therefore would<br />
like to express our sincere gratitude to all scientists for their dedicated work and good<br />
collaboration, demonstrating through the excellence of their research that the <strong>High</strong><br />
<strong>Altitude</strong> Research Station Jungfraujoch continues to fulfill an undisputed need of the<br />
scientific community.<br />
In this sense, for Gornergrat our thanks go first to all the scientists of the Istituto di<br />
Radioastronomia (IRA-CNR), sezione di Firenze, of the Osservatorio Astrofisico di<br />
Arcetri and the Dipartimento di Astronomia e Scienza dello Spazio of the Università<br />
di Firenze (Prof. Gianni Tofani, Dr. Filippo Mannucci), the I. Physikalisches Institut<br />
der Universität zu Köln (Prof. Juergen Stutzki, Dr. Martin Miller), of the University<br />
of Bern, and of all collaborating institutions. We are also grateful to the scientists of<br />
the Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW) of the Swiss<br />
Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich (ETHZ). We then thank the Brig-Visp-<br />
Zermatt Bahn (BVZ Holding AG) and, in particular, the Gornergrat Bahn with its<br />
president of the board, Mr. René Bayard. The substantial continuous support provided<br />
by the Gornergrat Bahn, by its Chief Executive Officer Hans-Rudolf Mooser as well<br />
as the entire crew, has been essential for the success of the scientific work. During the<br />
construction work we appreciated the good collaboration with all those involved, in<br />
particular with Mr. Kurt Haene, project manager, Mr. Pierre Gurtner, architect, Mr.<br />
Paul-Marc Petrig, Mr. Gerhard Mooser, and Mr. Roland Julen. We thank them for<br />
their commitment to make the impossible possible. Finally, we are extremely grateful<br />
to the Burgergemeinde Zermatt under the presidency of Mr. Andreas Biner, the<br />
members of the Burgerrat, and to Mr. Fernando Clemenz, director of the Matterhorn<br />
Group Holding AG. Without their goodwill and support it would not be possible to<br />
operate a world-famous astrophysical observatory at Gornergrat.<br />
At the administrative office in Bern I would like to thank Dr. Urs Jenzer, the technical<br />
assistant HFSJG for electronics and computers, for his proficient work and his<br />
unlimited patience in struggling with an increasing number of obstacles (i.e.<br />
firewalls) affecting free flow of scientific data. Continued assistance by the<br />
Informatikdienste of the University of Bern in networking and data transfer is also<br />
gratefully acknowledged. We have greatly appreciated the competent services of our<br />
treasurer, Mr. Karl Martin Wyss, and the knowledgeable support and auditing by Mr.<br />
Christian Gasser. Last, but not least, I would like to thank our secretary, Mrs. Louise<br />
Wilson. Her devotion to the <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG, her competence and flexibility in<br />
running the administrative affairs is most gratefully acknowledged. But her kindness<br />
in the daily contacts with staff and scientists is equally appreciated. It is indeed the<br />
combination of professional competence and human touch that make her so unique<br />
and so precious for the <strong>Foundation</strong>.<br />
Bern, February 25, 2006<br />
Erwin O. Flückiger<br />
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<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
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<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
Research statistics for <strong>2005</strong><br />
<strong>High</strong> <strong>Altitude</strong> Research Station Jungfraujoch<br />
Institute Country Research with<br />
overnight stay<br />
Institut d’Astrophysique et<br />
Géophysique, Université de Liège<br />
Institute for Human Movement<br />
Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of<br />
Technology and Institute of<br />
Physiology, University of Zurich<br />
Paul Scherrer Institut, Laboratory of<br />
Atmospheric Chemistry, Villigen<br />
Atmospheric and Environmental<br />
Sciences, University of Manchester<br />
Institute for Atmospheric and Climate<br />
Science, ETH-Zentrum, Zürich<br />
Department of Chemistry, University<br />
of Leicester<br />
Eidg. Materialprüfungs- und<br />
Forschungsanstalt, Dübendorf<br />
Division for Biomedical Physics,<br />
Innsbruck Medical University<br />
Institut für Troposphärenforschung,<br />
Leipzig<br />
Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie,<br />
Mainz<br />
Institut für Atmosphäre und Umwelt,<br />
J.W. Goethe Universität, Frankfurt<br />
Belgium 350<br />
Research during<br />
the day only<br />
Switzerland 240 7<br />
Switzerland 115 8<br />
UK 101<br />
Switzerland 69<br />
UK 59<br />
Switzerland 58 19<br />
Austria 53<br />
Germany 52<br />
Germany 43<br />
Germany 41 2<br />
Technische Universität, Darmstadt Germany 29<br />
Division of Atmospheric Sciences,<br />
University of Helsinki<br />
Department of Physics, University of<br />
Rome „La Sapienza“<br />
Geographisches Institut, Universität<br />
Freiburg<br />
Haute école d’ingéniérie et de gestion<br />
du canton de Vaud<br />
Physikalische Chemie, Bergische<br />
Universität Wuppertal<br />
Gruppe Kosmische Strahlung,<br />
Physikalisches Institut, Universität<br />
Bern<br />
Finland 14<br />
Italy 14 6<br />
Switzerland 9<br />
Switzerland 7<br />
Germany 6<br />
Switzerland 6 8<br />
1
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
Institute Country Research with<br />
overnight stay<br />
Klima- und Umweltphysik,<br />
Physikalisches Institut, Universität<br />
Bern<br />
Kantonsschule Zürcher Unterland,<br />
Bülach<br />
Laboratoire de Pollution<br />
Atmosphérique et Sol,<br />
École Polytechnique Fédérale de<br />
Lausanne, Lausanne<br />
Research during<br />
the day only<br />
Switzerland 6 10<br />
Switzerland 6<br />
Switzerland 5 12<br />
VAW Glaziologie, ETH Zürich Switzerland 5 9<br />
Departement für Chemie und<br />
Biochemie, Labor für Radio- und<br />
Umweltchemie, Universität Bern<br />
INFN Istituto Nazionale de Fisica<br />
Nucleare, Torino<br />
Switzerland 5 6<br />
Italy 4<br />
iRoC Technologies Corp., Grenoble France 4<br />
Baader Planetarium GmbH,<br />
Mammendorf<br />
Germany 2<br />
Bundesamt für Gesundheit, Freiburg Switzerland 2 4<br />
Eco Physics AG, Dürnten Switzerland 2<br />
MétéoSuisse, Payerne Switzerland 1 16<br />
MeteoSchweiz, Zürich Switzerland 10<br />
ABB, Lenzburg Switzerland 3<br />
Labor für Radio- und Umweltchemie,<br />
Paul Scherrer Institut<br />
SPAESRANE <strong>High</strong> <strong>Altitude</strong><br />
Experiments<br />
Switzerland 3<br />
UK 1<br />
TOTAL 1308 124<br />
Overnight stays<br />
Days with no<br />
overnight stay<br />
Workers, Jungfrau railway, and visitors 61<br />
Media / film / TV and radio 49 22<br />
HFSJG administration 3 28<br />
Total including researchers 1421 174<br />
2
Long-term experiments and automatic measurements<br />
at the <strong>High</strong> <strong>Altitude</strong> Research Station Jungfraujoch<br />
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
Institute<br />
Institut d’Astrophysique et<br />
de Géophysique<br />
de l'Université de Liège<br />
B-4000 Liège<br />
Belgian Institute for<br />
Space Aeronomy<br />
B-1180 Brussels<br />
MétéoSuisse<br />
Station Aérologique<br />
CH-1530 Payerne<br />
Schweiz. Bundesamt<br />
für Landestopographie<br />
CH-3084 Wabern-Bern<br />
Paul Scherrer Institut<br />
CH-5232 Villigen PSI<br />
Eidg. Materialprüfungs- und<br />
Forschungsanstalt EMPA<br />
CH-8600 Dübendorf<br />
Physikalisches Institut<br />
Universität Bern<br />
CH-3012 Bern<br />
Institut für Angewandte Physik<br />
Universität Bern<br />
CH-3012 Bern<br />
Hochschule für Technik und<br />
Architektur<br />
CH-3400 Burgdorf<br />
ABB Switzerland Ltd.<br />
Semiconductors<br />
CH-5600 Lenzburg<br />
École Polytechnique Fédérale de<br />
Lausanne EPFL<br />
CH-1015 Lausanne<br />
Experiment / Measurements<br />
Atmospheric physics and solar physics<br />
Atmospheric physics and atmospheric chemistry<br />
Atmospheric physics and atmospheric chemistry<br />
(radiation measurements)<br />
Global Positioning System<br />
Atmospheric physics and atmospheric chemistry<br />
(aerosol measurements)<br />
Atmospheric chemistry<br />
(O 3 - and NO x measurements)<br />
Astrophysics (cosmic ray measurements)<br />
Atmospheric physics and atmospheric chemistry<br />
Photovoltaic<br />
Materials research<br />
LIDAR<br />
3
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
Institute<br />
MeteoSchweiz<br />
CH-8044 Zürich<br />
Universität Heidelberg<br />
Institut für Umweltphysik<br />
D-69120 Heidelberg<br />
Institut für atmosphärische<br />
Radioaktivität, D-Freiburg i.B.<br />
and<br />
Climate and Environmental<br />
Physics, University of Bern<br />
Bundesamt für Gesundheit<br />
CH-1700 Freiburg<br />
VAW<br />
Laboratory of Hydraulics,<br />
Hydrology and Glaciology<br />
ETH Zürich<br />
CH-8092 Zürich<br />
Physikalisch-Meteorologisches<br />
Observatorium Davos<br />
World Radiation Center<br />
CH-7260 Davos Dorf<br />
Abteilung für Klima- und<br />
Umweltphysik, Physikalisches<br />
Institut, Universität Bern<br />
Experiment / Measurements<br />
Weather observations<br />
CO 2 and 14 CO 2 measurements<br />
Weekly collection Krypton samples<br />
Krypton 85 measurements<br />
Measurements of radioactivity:<br />
RADAIR<br />
NADAM<br />
Glacier measurements<br />
Solar and terrestrial radiation measurements<br />
CarboEurope-IP: Assessment of the European<br />
Terrestrial Carbon Balance<br />
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<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
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Name of research institute or organization:<br />
Institut d’Astrophysique et de Géophysique, Université de Liège<br />
Title of project:<br />
<strong>High</strong> resolution, solar infrared Fourier Transform Spectrometry. Application to the<br />
study of the Earth atmosphere<br />
Project leader and team:<br />
Luc Delbouille (em.), Philippe Demoulin, Pierre Duchatelet, Emmanuel Mahieu,<br />
Ginette Roland (em.), Christian Servais (project leader), Rodolphe Zander (em.)<br />
Jacqueline Bosseloirs, Guy Buntinx, Olivier Flock, Vincent Van De Weerdt, Diane<br />
Zander<br />
Project description:<br />
The main activity of the Liège group at the Jungfraujoch was the continuation of the<br />
long-term monitoring of the Earth atmosphere. The observations achieved by the two<br />
high-performance infrared spectrometers allow to routinely derive abundances of<br />
more than 20 constituents related to the erosion of the ozone layer in the stratosphere<br />
(HCl, ClONO 2 , HNO 3 , NO, NO 2 , HF, COF 2 , O 3 …), monitored in the frame of the<br />
Kyoto protocol (N 2 O, CH 4 , CO 2 , SF 6 , CCl 2 F 2 , CHClF 2 , CCl 3 F…) or affecting the<br />
oxidization processes in the troposphere (CO, C 2 H 2 , C 2 H 6 , OCS, HCN, H 2 CO…).<br />
The resulting databases allow the determination of the short-term variability, seasonal<br />
modulations, as well as long-term changes affecting most of these species.<br />
During <strong>2005</strong>, Liège observers spent 247 days at the Jungfraujoch. Good weather<br />
conditions enabled observations on 124 days.<br />
For a number of the species listed above, a complete re-analysis of the archived<br />
spectra is currently under way with SFIT-2, a recent retrieval algorithm that provides<br />
in most cases information on the distribution of the molecules versus altitude. This<br />
algorithm allows determining partial columns (e.g. to distinguish between<br />
tropospheric and stratospheric contents) as well as more accurate total columns.<br />
In the frame of the EC project UFTIR (http://www.nilu.no/uftir), a homogenised<br />
optimal retrieval strategy has been developed for the inversion of O 3 , N 2 O, C 2 H 6 ,<br />
HCFC-22, CO and CH 4 . The corresponding Jungfraujoch spectra between 1995 and<br />
2004 have been reprocessed, after implementation of this new strategy, and the<br />
resulting time series are being archived on the UFTIR database at NILU. The UFTIR<br />
outcomes are shared with the NDSC infrared community.<br />
As an example, Figure 1 shows the results of the FTIR retrievals for carbon monoxide<br />
CO, compared to the Jungfraujoch in situ CO measurements by EMPA.<br />
The agreement between both datasets is rather good, showing similar seasonal and<br />
short term variations. CO anomalies observed in the northern hemisphere in 1998-<br />
1999, 2002 and 2003 are clearly visible. These anomalies have recently been<br />
investigated [Yurganov et al., <strong>2005</strong>] and the corresponding extra CO emissions have<br />
been evaluated to 95 and 130 Tg, respectively in 2002 and 2003. Strong boreal fires<br />
that occurred in Russia during these two years are the most likely causes for the<br />
observed CO burden increases.<br />
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Figure 1: Daily mean carbon monoxide volume mixing ratio (VMR) at the<br />
Jungfraujoch, derived from FTIR spectra (circles) and from EMPA in situ<br />
measurements (triangles). FTIR data correspond to the mean VMR retrieved in the<br />
lowest layers (i.e. between 3.58 and 5.5 km, corresponding to one independent piece<br />
of information). EMPA data have been obtained from the WDCGG (World Data<br />
Centre for Greenhouse Gases, http://gaw.kishou.go.jp/wdcgg.html).<br />
Within the context of the Montreal Protocol, monitoring of chlorinated source gases<br />
has been part of our activities. Time series of CFC-12 (CCl 2 F 2 ) and HCFC-22<br />
(CHClF 2 ) have been updated while modifications implemented to the SFIT-2 retrieval<br />
algorithm have allowed to perform retrievals of two additional species, i.e. CFC-11<br />
(CCl 3 F) and CCl 4 . Current monthly mean time series of three of these source gases<br />
are shown in Figure 2. Although year round data points are reproduced here, only<br />
averaged total columns of the quietest June to November months (i.e. exhibiting less<br />
variability, see filled symbols) have been used to characterise the long-term<br />
evolutions of these compounds. Corresponding trends and annual column changes are<br />
available in Zander et al. [<strong>2005</strong>]. It is interesting to point out here the contrasted<br />
evolutions of these source gases: (i) the Montreal-controlled CFC-11 and CFC-12 are<br />
decreasing/stabilising as expected from their respective lifetimes (45 and 100 years);<br />
(ii) progressive phase out of HCFC-22 (an important CFC substitute) has begun in<br />
2004 and its production is supposed to reach zero in developed countries in 2030; its<br />
concentration is expected to continue rising until about 2010 before stabilisation and<br />
rapid decrease thereafter. Our measurements indicate a steady increase of the HCFC-<br />
22 total columns with recent rate of change on the order of 3 %/year.<br />
Comparisons of the above results with findings deduced from in situ measurements<br />
performed by the AGAGE and NOAA/CMDL networks indicate very good<br />
agreement in terms of trends and atmospheric concentrations for these various<br />
species.<br />
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Figure 2: Contrasted evolutions of the monthly mean total vertical column<br />
abundances of CFC-12, CFC-11 and HCFC-22 above the Jungfraujoch.<br />
In addition to the important greenhouse gases regulated by the Montreal Protocol, the<br />
1997 "Kyoto Protocol on climate change" specifically targets CO 2 , CH 4 , N 2 O and SF 6<br />
which present characteristic infrared absorption features allowing to quantify their<br />
atmospheric abundances. Regular analyses of all Jungfraujoch observations have<br />
resulted in updates of their temporal evolutions [Zander et al., <strong>2005</strong>]. Related time<br />
series, which cover now two decades, are reproduced in Figure 3.<br />
The first obvious feature is the regular growth for three of these gases over the 1985-<br />
2004 time period, only methane exhibiting a stabilisation over recent years.<br />
Comparisons with abundances derived from pioneering observations performed in<br />
1950-1951 at the same site by M. Migeotte indicate that the total columns of CO 2 ,<br />
CH 4 and N 2 O have been respectively multiplied by 1.25, 1.35 and 1.17. More<br />
specifically, trend determinations have indicated a yearly increase of 0.42 % for CO 2 ,<br />
in excellent agreement with in situ surface measurements (e.g. www.cmdl.noaa.gov).<br />
The very long-lived nitrous oxide (120 years) shows a similar behaviour, with an<br />
annual linear build up of 1.06 x 10 16 molec./cm 2 ; this corresponds to an increase of<br />
0.26 %/year, commensurate with in situ trend data.<br />
Rapid increase of the total column abundance of SF 6 has been confirmed over recent<br />
years, with an annual load increase still exceeding 4 %/year in 2004. It is important to<br />
limit emissions of this compound to the atmosphere because it combines a very strong<br />
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absorption of infrared radiation on a per-molecule basis with a very long lifetime of<br />
several thousand years.<br />
Extrapolation of the Jungfraujoch data predicts tropospheric SF 6 concentrations of<br />
about 15 pptv in 2050 and about 25 pptv in 2100 (compared this to the 2.0 pptv<br />
concentration measured in 1988) [Krieg et al., <strong>2005</strong>]. These values are significantly<br />
lower than those reported in recent scenarios [WMO 2003], justifying future<br />
monitoring of this species to determine its effective future evolution and related<br />
climatic impact.<br />
A striking feature of this figure is the stabilisation of the CH 4 loading during recent<br />
years, that will deserve future comparisons with models, to identify the relative<br />
contributions of changes in sources and sinks leading to this stabilisation.<br />
Figure 3: Long-term evolution of four species targeted by the Kyoto Protocol as<br />
derived from ground-based remote observations conducted at the Jungfraujoch<br />
station. Notice the different vertical axis units for each frame.<br />
During <strong>2005</strong>, we provided additional data for the calibration/validation of 3<br />
instruments (MIPAS, SCIAMACHY and GOMOS) aboard the European satellite<br />
Envisat. On the whole, we supplied to the calibration team 12784 total column<br />
abundances of O 3 , N 2 O, CO, CH 4 , NO, NO 2 , HNO 3 and CO 2 , deduced from<br />
Jungfraujoch observations between July 2002 and December 2004. More elaborated<br />
products consisting in 4329 vertical distributions and related partial columns of<br />
HNO 3 , CH 4 and N 2 O for 201 days between July 2002 and March 2004 were also<br />
produced for specific validation of MIPAS profiles and SCIAMACHY columns.<br />
The Canadian ACE-FTS instrument was launched in August 2003 and has been in<br />
"post commissioning" operation since February 2004 [Bernath et al., <strong>2005</strong>]. Specific<br />
observational campaigns were organized at the Jungfraujoch in support to the<br />
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validation of the ACE-FTS spectrometer to record as many coincident measurements<br />
as possible.<br />
Scientific and validation papers using the first "Version 1" of level 2 data have been<br />
published recently in a GRL special issue. In particular, a study dealing with<br />
comparisons between stratospheric columns of HCl and ClONO 2 measured up to<br />
October 2004 by ACE and by ground-based FTIR instruments operated at five<br />
northern latitude NDSC sites (including the Jungfraujoch) has been led by ULg<br />
[Mahieu et al., <strong>2005</strong>]. Main conclusions were that: (i) ACE is able to identify for both<br />
targeted gases distribution features characteristic of geographical, dynamical,<br />
seasonal and chemical changes occurring in the atmosphere; (ii) excellent agreement<br />
was found when considering the only sets of coincident measurements obtained<br />
around the Thule site (76.5ºN), with mean partial column ratio (ACE/Thule) equal to<br />
1.04 and 0.99 respectively for HCl and ClONO2; (iii) good agreement is generally<br />
found for other sites (in particular for the Jungfraujoch), even if systematic<br />
differences between some data sets deserve further investigations based on additional<br />
coincident ACE "Version 2.2" and ground-level remote FTIR measurements.<br />
On the hardware side, the opening of the heliostat has been electrified, a first step<br />
towards its complete automation. The previously tedious manual opening of the<br />
heliostat is now performed with a simple remote control.<br />
Key words:<br />
Earth atmosphere, ozone layer, greenhouse gases, long-term monitoring, infrared<br />
spectroscopy<br />
Internet data bases:<br />
http://www.nilu.no/nadir/, ftp://ndsc.ncep.noaa.gov/pub/ndsc/jungfrau/ftir/<br />
Collaborating partners/networks:<br />
Main collaborations: IASB (Institut d’Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique) / NDSC<br />
(Network for the Detection of Stratospheric Change) / SOGE partners (e.g. EMPA)<br />
[http://www.nilu.no/soge/] / NASA Langley Research Center / NASA JPL /<br />
University of Oslo / University of Leeds / IMK (Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe) /<br />
satellite experiments: MOPPIT, ENVISAT and ACE validation / …<br />
Scientific publications and public outreach <strong>2005</strong>:<br />
Refereed journal articles<br />
Barret, B., D. Hurtmans, M.R. Carleer, M. De Mazière, E. Mahieu, and P.-F. Coheur,<br />
Line narrowing effect on the retrieval of HF and HCl vertical profiles from groundbased<br />
FTIR measurements, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 95, 499-519, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Bernath, P.F., C.T. McElroy, M.C. Abrams, C.D. Boone, M. Buttler, C. Camy-Peyret,<br />
M. Carleer, C. Clerbaux, P.-F. Coheur, R. Colin, P. DeCola, M. De Mazière, J.R.<br />
Drummond, D. Dufour, W.F.J. Evans, H. Fast, D. Fussen, K. Gilbert, D.E. Jennings,<br />
E.J. Llewellyn, R.P. Lowe, E. Mahieu, J.C. McConnell, M. McHugh, S.D. McLeod, R.<br />
Michaud, C. Midwinter, R. Nassar, F. Nichitiu, C. Nowlan, C.P. Rinsland, Y.J. Rochon,<br />
N. Rowlands, K. Semeniuk, P. Simon, R. Skelton, J.J. Sloan, M.-A. Soucy, K. Strong, P.<br />
Tremblay, D. Turnbull, K.A. Walker, I. Walkty, D.A. Wardle, V. Wehrle, R. Zander,<br />
and J. Zou, Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE): mission overview, Geophys.<br />
Res. Lett., 32, L15S01, doi:10.1029/<strong>2005</strong>GL022386, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
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De Mazière, M., C. Vigouroux, T. Gardiner, M. Coleman, P. Woods, K. Ellingsen,<br />
M. Gauss, I. Isaksen, T. Blumenstock, F. Hase, I. Kramer, C. Camy-Peyret, P. Chelin,<br />
E. Mahieu, P. Demoulin, P. Duchatelet, J. Mellqvist, A. Strandberg, V. Velazco, J.<br />
Notholt, R. Sussmann, W. Stremme, and A. Rockmann, The exploitation of groundbased<br />
Fourier transform infrared observations for the evaluation of tropospheric<br />
trends of greenhouse gases over Europe, Environmental Sciences, 2 (2-3), 283-293,<br />
June-September <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Krieg, J., J. Notholt, E. Mahieu, C.P. Rinsland, and R. Zander, Sulphur hexafluoride<br />
(SF 6 ): comparison of FTIR-measurements at three sites and determination of its trend<br />
in the northern hemisphere, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 92, 383-392, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Mahieu, E., R. Zander, P. Duchatelet, J.W. Hannigan, M.T. Coffey, S. Mikuteit, F.<br />
Hase, T. Blumenstock, A. Wiacek, K. Strong, J.R. Taylor, R. Mittermeier, H. Fast,<br />
C.D. Boone, S.D. McLeod, K.A. Walker, P.F. Bernath, and C.P. Rinsland,<br />
Comparisons between ACE-FTS and ground-based measurements of stratospheric<br />
HCl and ClONO 2 loadings at northern latitudes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L15S08,<br />
doi:10.1029/<strong>2005</strong>GL022396, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Rinsland, C.P., C. Boone, R. Nassar, K. Walker, P. Bernath, E. Mahieu, R. Zander, J.C.<br />
McConnell, and L. Chiou, Trends of HF, HCl, CCl 2 F 2 , CCl 3 F, CHClF 2 (HCFC-22), and<br />
SF 6 in the lower stratosphere from Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE) and<br />
Atmospheric Trace MOlecule Spectroscopy (ATMOS) measurements near 30ºN<br />
latitude, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L16S03, doi:10.1029/<strong>2005</strong>GL022415, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Rinsland, C.P., A. Goldman, E. Mahieu, R. Zander, L.S. Chiou, J.W. Hannigan, S.W.<br />
Wood, and J.W. Elkins, Long-term evolution in the tropospheric concentration of<br />
chlorofluorocarbon 12 (CCl 2 F 2 ) derived from high-spectral resolution infrared solar<br />
absorption spectra: retrieval and comparison with in situ surface measurements, J.<br />
Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 92, 201-209, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Yurganov, L.N., P. Duchatelet, A.V. Dzhola, D.P. Edwards, F. Hase, I. Kramer, E.<br />
Mahieu, J. Mellqvist, J. Notholt, P.C. Novelli, A. Rockmann, H.E. Scheel, M.<br />
Schneider, A. Schulz, A. Strandberg, R. Sussmann, H. Tanimoto, V. Velazco, J.R.<br />
Drummond, and J.C. Gille, Increased Northern Hemispheric carbon monoxide burden<br />
in the troposphere in 2002 and 2003 detected from the ground and from space, Atmos.<br />
Chem. Phys., 5, 563-573, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Zander, R., E. Mahieu, P. Demoulin, P. Duchatelet, C. Servais, G. Roland, L.<br />
Delbouille, M. De Mazière and C.P. Rinsland, Evolution of a dozen non-CO 2<br />
greenhouse gases above Central Europe since the mid-1980s, Environmental<br />
Sciences, 2 (2-3), 295-303, June-September <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Conference papers<br />
Mahieu, E., R. Zander, P. Demoulin, P. Duchatelet, C. Servais, C.P. Rinsland, and M.<br />
De Mazière, Recent evolution of atmospheric OCS above the Jungfraujoch station:<br />
Implications for the stratospheric aerosol layer, in Proceedings of "Atmospheric<br />
Spectroscopy Applications, ASA Reims <strong>2005</strong>", Reims, September 6-8, <strong>2005</strong>, pp.235-<br />
238, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
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Magazine and Newspapers articles<br />
"La couche d'ozone se reconstruit. Des chercheurs de l'ULg étudient la composition<br />
chimique de l'atmosphère depuis un sommet suisse", with Pierre Duchatelet, Groupe<br />
Sud Presse, 17 March <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Radio and television<br />
"La sentinelle du soleil", interview of Pierre Duchatelet, Belgian Local Television No<br />
Télé (Hainaut), 19 October 2004.<br />
Address:<br />
Institut d’Astrophysique et de Géophysique - Université de Liège<br />
allée du VI août, 17 - Bâtiment B5a<br />
B-4000 Sart Tilman (Liège, Belgique)<br />
Contacts:<br />
Luc Delbouille Tel. +32 4 342 2594 e-mail: delbouille@astro.ulg.ac.be<br />
Philippe Demoulin Tel. +32 4 366 9785 e-mail: demoulin@astro.ulg.ac.be<br />
Pierre Duchatelet Tel. +32 4 366 9786 e-mail: duchatelet@astro.ulg.ac.be<br />
Emmanuel Mahieu Tel. +32 4 366 9786 e-mail: mahieu@astro.ulg.ac.be<br />
Ginette Roland Tel. +32 4 342 2594 e-mail: roland@astro.ulg.ac.be<br />
Christian Servais Tel. +32 4 366 9784 e-mail: servais@astro.ulg.ac.be<br />
Rodolphe Zander Tel. +32 4 366 9756 e-mail: zander@astro.ulg.ac.be<br />
URL: http://girpas.astro.ulg.ac.be/<br />
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<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
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<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
Name of research institute or organization:<br />
École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)<br />
Title of project:<br />
Study of the atmospheric aerosols, water, ozone and temperature by LIDAR<br />
Project leader and team:<br />
Dr. Valentin Simeonov, project leader<br />
Prof. Hubert van den Bergh, head of the Laboratory for Air and Soil Pollution<br />
Dr. Marian Taslakov, Marcel Bartolome, Pablo Ristori, Todor Dinoev<br />
Project description:<br />
In <strong>2005</strong>, the EPFL lidar group continued the work on the upgrade of the multiwavelength<br />
elastic-Raman scattering lidar with an ozone channel. The work was<br />
interrupted for more than 6 months because of a serious damage to the laser. The<br />
damage was caused by frozen cooling water due to below zero temperatures in the<br />
Coude room. Because of difficulties with repairing the original laser (discontinued<br />
from production by Coherent) a new laser was installed. The new laser is Continuum<br />
8000 Powerlite with 1.2 J energy per pulse and repetition rate of 10 Hz. To allow<br />
ozone and aerosol measurements, the laser was modified at the EPFL so as to produce<br />
four wavelengths simultaneously (1064, 532, 355 and 266 nm).To achieve this, to the<br />
original configuration producing fundamental (1064 nm), second (532 nm) and fourth<br />
(266 nm) harmonics, a third harmonic (355 nm) crystal was added. The third<br />
harmonic is produced from the residual (after producing fourth harmonic)<br />
fundamental and second harmonics generation. The additional nonlinear crystal is a<br />
KDP type and to attain maximum conversion efficiency, a special phase adjusting<br />
device was designed and built at the EPFL.<br />
After the installation at Jungfraujoch, it became obvious that the laser could not be<br />
operated at high altitudes because of the high-voltage arching due to the low<br />
atmospheric pressure. When consulted the producer acknowledged that their lasers<br />
were not designed and tested for such operational conditions. Because of luck of<br />
experience, the producer could not assist us in any way and we had to redesign the<br />
laser heads. At the end of September, the laser was successfully put in operation.<br />
To complete the transmission part of the lidar, a special Raman converter for<br />
producing two additional wavelengths (284 and 304 nm) from the 266 nm radiation<br />
was designed, built and installed on the lidar. The two additional wavelengths,<br />
together with the 266 nm, are needed for ozone measurements since they will be<br />
performed by the DIAL method.<br />
In its final configuration the new transmitting part of the lidar consists of two separate<br />
lines (see Fig. 1). In the first line the three wavelengths (1064, 532, and 355 nm) are<br />
transmitted coaxially to the 20 cm (short range) receiving telescope after passing<br />
through a five-times multi-wavelength beam expander. These wavelengths are used<br />
in the aerosol, temperature and water vapour observations. The UV wavelengths used<br />
for ozone measurements are transmitted into the atmosphere directly after the Raman<br />
converter and off-axis to the receiving telescopes.<br />
The lidar will be put in operation at the end of March after solving the problems<br />
related to the protection of the laser from a possible freezing of the cooling water.<br />
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266, 284 304 nm<br />
RAMAN<br />
CELL<br />
1064, 532, 355 nm<br />
To the aerosol, humidity, T°<br />
spectral unit<br />
Telescope<br />
Short range<br />
Laser<br />
266 nm<br />
1<br />
2 3<br />
5 X beam<br />
expander<br />
1064, 532, 355 nm<br />
1064 nm 1064 + 532 nm 1064 + 532 + 266 nm<br />
Figure 1. Schematic of the new transmitting part of the EPFL lidar, 1-second<br />
harmonic generator, 2-fourth harmonic generator, 3-third harmonic generator.<br />
Key words:<br />
Multi-wavelength lidar, Raman lidar, pure rotational Raman scattering, aerosols,<br />
backscatter and extinction coefficients, troposphere, water-vapor mixing ratio,<br />
temperature, Jungfraujoch site, EPFL, ozone<br />
Internet data bases:<br />
http://lpas.epfl.ch/lidar/research/LidarJungfrau/Jungfrau.html<br />
Collaborating partners/networks:<br />
EARLINET -European Aerosol Research LIdar NETwork<br />
Paul-Scherrer Institute<br />
ISM: Payerne station<br />
Institute of Atmospheric Optics-Tomsk, Russia<br />
Scientific publications and public outreach <strong>2005</strong>:<br />
Refereed journal articles<br />
M. Taslakov, V. Simeonov, and H. van den Bergh, “Open-path ozone detection by<br />
Quantum Cascade Laser”, Applied Physics B, 82, 501-506, (2006).<br />
M.Taslakov, V.Simeonov, and H.van den Bergh, “Open path atmospheric<br />
spectroscopy using room temperature operated pulsed quantum cascade laser”,<br />
accepted for publishing in Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular<br />
Spectroscopy, SAA-D-05-00145R1.<br />
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Book section<br />
B. Calpini, V. Simeonov, “Trace gas species detection in the lower atmosphere by<br />
lidar from remote sensing of atmospheric pollutants to possible air pollution<br />
abatement strategies”, Chapter 4 in “Laser Remote Sensing” Optical Engineering<br />
series Volume: 97, T. Fuji and T. Fukuchi eds., Taylor and Francis/CRC Press, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Conference papers<br />
V. Simeonov,P. Ristori, M. Taslakov,T. Dinoev, L. T. Molina, M. J.Molina, and H.<br />
van den Bergh, “Ozone and aerosol distribution above Mexico City measured with a<br />
DIAL/elastic lidar system during the Mexico City Metropolitan Area ( MCMA) 2003<br />
field campaign”, in Proc. of SPIE Vol. 5984 59840O-1, Remote Sensing <strong>2005</strong>,19–22<br />
September <strong>2005</strong> Bruges, Belgium, in print.<br />
P Ristori, M. Froidevaux, T. Dinoev, I. Serikov, V. Simeonov, M. Parlange, H. Van<br />
den Bergh, “Development of a temperature and water vapor Raman LIDAR for<br />
turbulent observations, in Proc. of SPIE Vol. 5984 59840F-1, Remote Sensing-<br />
<strong>2005</strong>,19–22 September <strong>2005</strong> Bruges, Belgium, in print.<br />
M. Taslakov, V. Simeonov, H. van den Bergh, and J. Feist, “Ammonia and Ozone<br />
Open Path.Measurements Using Quantum Cascade Laser Technology”, in the<br />
proceedings of The First <strong>International</strong> Conference on Environmental Science and<br />
Technology January 23-26, <strong>2005</strong>, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, in print.<br />
Taslakov M., Simeonov V, van den Bergh H, “System for a Remote Read out of<br />
Multiple Passive Sensors Using 28 THz Quantum Cascade Laser”, in the proceedings<br />
<strong>2005</strong> Joint IEEE <strong>International</strong> Frequency Control Symposium and Precise Time and<br />
Time Interval (PTTI) 29-31 August <strong>2005</strong>, Vancouver, BC, Canada, in print.<br />
Address:<br />
EPFL ENAC LPAS<br />
Station 6<br />
CH 1015 Lausanne<br />
Contacts:<br />
Valentin Simeonov<br />
Tel.: +41 (0) 21 693 61 85<br />
Mob. +41 (0) 79 277 61 76<br />
Fax: +41 (0) 21 693 36 26<br />
e-mail: valentin.simeonov@epfl.ch<br />
15
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
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<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
Name of research institute or organization:<br />
MeteoSwiss, Payerne<br />
Title of project:<br />
Global Atmosphere Watch Radiation Measurements<br />
Project leader and team:<br />
Dr. Laurent Vuilleumier, project leader<br />
Dr. Stephan Nyeki, Armand Vernez<br />
Project description:<br />
Long-term monitoring of surface radiation flux at the Jungfraujoch in the framework<br />
of the GAW Swiss Atmospheric Radiation Monitoring program (CHARM) was<br />
conducted in <strong>2005</strong> with a high degree of data availability considering the challenging<br />
conditions at Jungfraujoch: only 6.3% of data were lost or of bad quality, mainly due<br />
to some sun-tracking problems during the summer, and the loss of power and<br />
communication resulting from flooding in central Switzerland. Such continuous<br />
monitoring implies a constant effort to sustain the highest achievable accuracy,<br />
stability and continuity in the measurements. The observations were performed in the<br />
configuration described in the 2002 HFSJG <strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong>.<br />
Surface radiation flux measurements at Jungfraujoch are included in the dataset of the<br />
Alpine Surface Radiation Budget network (ASRB). The ASRB data were used to<br />
analyze the evolution of the radiation flux over the Alps, and demonstrated a strong<br />
increase of total surface absorbed radiation, concurrent with rapidly increasing<br />
temperature [Philipona et al, <strong>2005</strong>]. Such an increase was attributed in major part (70<br />
percent) to a strong water vapor feedback, the remaining part being most likely<br />
directly linked to increasing manmade greenhouse gases. This research was the object<br />
of a press release from the American Geophysical Union and received a strong echo<br />
in the media.<br />
Our 2004 report emphasized the progress accomplished in deriving secondary<br />
information on the atmospheric content of water vapor and aerosol from CHARM<br />
measurements of direct spectral irradiance using sunphotometers. In <strong>2005</strong>, the<br />
analysis of the Integrated Water Vapor density (IWV) time series from Jungfraujoch<br />
(JFJ) and Davos was finalized.<br />
The analysis was performed on data measured continuously from 1995 to <strong>2005</strong> at<br />
Davos and from 1999 to <strong>2005</strong> at JFJ (although sporadic JFJ data available for the<br />
period 1993–1999 were also included in some analyses), and is reported by Nyeki et<br />
al. [<strong>2005</strong>]. The IWV time series exhibited clear annual cycles at both Davos and<br />
Jungfraujoch with a maximum in summer and minimum in winter (see Figure 1).<br />
They also showed a decrease in absolute values with increasing station altitude. The<br />
annual mean IWV at Davos is 6.7 (±3.9; 1 std) kg m -2 , and 2.2 (±1.5) kg m -2 at JFJ.<br />
Respective monthly averages range from ~13.3 (Davos) and 3.9 kg m -2 (JFJ) in<br />
August to ~3.5 (Davos) and 1.0 kg m -2 (JFJ) in January, representing a factor 3.8 and<br />
3.9 variation in maximum to minimum. Low and stable IWV values from January to<br />
April are observed at both stations, which are then followed by a large increase in<br />
May (by a factor ~2).<br />
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<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
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An IWV trend analysis was conducted for both Davos and JFJ, and the JFJ linear<br />
trend and sinusoidal fits of the seasonal cycle, based on monthly values, are shown in<br />
Figure 1a. The resulting<br />
linear trends were found<br />
to be -3.6 x 10 -4 and 3.4 x<br />
10 -4 kg m -2 per year for<br />
Davos and Jungfraujoch<br />
(95% confidence limits:<br />
-0.003 to 0.004 kg m -2 and<br />
-0.002 to 0.003 kg m -2 ).<br />
As such, both trends are<br />
compatible with zero.<br />
IWV is strongly correlated<br />
with atmospheric temperature<br />
(T) and specific<br />
humidity (q). In a study of<br />
the trends in ground temperature<br />
T2 (at 2 m) and<br />
q, Philipona et al. [2004]<br />
found increases of 1.32°C<br />
and 0.51 g m -3 for the<br />
1980–2002 period over<br />
Switzerland. Part of the<br />
Figure 1. Time-series of 1-hr IWV averages at<br />
Jungfraujoch: (a) PFR-derived values with superposed<br />
seasonal and linear trend analyses, and (b) GPS – PFR<br />
IWV bias with superposed 60-day running mean.<br />
Periods 1–2 correspond to use of different sun<br />
photometers. (From [Nyeki et al., <strong>2005</strong>])<br />
reason for such difference with our results may lie in our analysis giving a higher<br />
weight to periods of the year when clear-sky period are more frequent, but statistical<br />
analysis disproved this idea. The other restriction to the data set is clearly its<br />
limitation to clear-sky periods. Restricting the analysis of Philipona et al. [2004] to<br />
the same periods gave much smaller increases (R. Philipona, personal communication,<br />
<strong>2005</strong>). This observation is therefore a likely explanation for the absence of<br />
discernible trends in our analysis. The question of interest is whether IWV is<br />
increasing as a consequence of increasing ground temperature during all-weather conditions,<br />
which may be resolve when long GPS IWV time series at Davos and the JFJ<br />
will be available.<br />
In the framework of the GAW CHARM program, UV erythemally-weighted<br />
broadband irradiance is measured at JFJ using SolarLight 501A UV broadband<br />
radiometers (biometers). In 2004, a project was initiated for setting up yearly<br />
calibration checks of CHARM biometers. These checks are done by comparison to<br />
measurements obtained with reference biometers whose response dependence on<br />
ozone and solar zenith angle are well characterized by international reference centers.<br />
Such procedures are developed in order to follow guidelines that are being elaborated<br />
in a joint project between WMO and the action 726 of the European Co-operation in<br />
the field of Scientific and Technical Research (COST). Such procedures should allow<br />
a standardization of UV erythemal observations at the European level.<br />
Three instruments (SL1903, SL1904 and SL1905) were chosen to be used as<br />
reference for the CHARM program based on the availability of past characterizations<br />
and stability. One instrument (SL1903) was sent for characterization to the European<br />
Reference Centre for Ultraviolet Radiation measurements (ECUV) from the Joint<br />
Research Centre at Ispra, Italy, while the two others were sent to the U.S. Central UV<br />
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<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
Calibration Facility<br />
(CUCF) at Boulder,<br />
U.S.A. These reference biometers<br />
were then used to<br />
check the calibration of<br />
the biometers installed at<br />
JFJ.<br />
After applying in October<br />
<strong>2005</strong> the calibration check<br />
procedure mentioned<br />
above, comparisons of UV<br />
erythemal irradiances<br />
measured concurrently at<br />
JFJ by two biometers<br />
showed good agreement<br />
compatible with the<br />
expected uncertainty of<br />
about 5% (see Figure 2).<br />
This represents a significant<br />
improvement of the<br />
accuracy of the JFJ UV<br />
erythemally-weighted<br />
Figure 2. Comparisons of concurrent erythemallyweighted<br />
irradiance measurements by two collocated<br />
biometers at Jungfraujoch (26/10/<strong>2005</strong>-31/12/<strong>2005</strong>).<br />
broadband irradiance<br />
measurements and of the derived quantities such as the UV index.<br />
References:<br />
Nyeki, S., L. Vuilleumier, J. Morland, A. Bokoye, P. Viatte, C. Mätzler, and N.<br />
Kämpfer (<strong>2005</strong>), A 10-year integrated atmospheric water vapor record using<br />
precision filter radiometers at two high-alpine sites, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L23803,<br />
http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/<strong>2005</strong>GL024079<br />
Philipona, R., B. Dürr, C. Marty, A. Ohmura, and M. Wild (2004), Radiative forcing,<br />
measured at Earth’s surface, corroborate the increasing greenhouse effect, Geophys.<br />
Res. Lett., 31, L03202, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003GL018765.<br />
Philipona, R., B. Dürr, A. Ohmura, and C. Ruckstuhl (<strong>2005</strong>), Anthropogenic<br />
greenhouse forcing and strong water vapor feedback increase temperature in Europe,<br />
Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L19809, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/<strong>2005</strong>GL023624.<br />
Key words:<br />
Solar irradiance, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, spectral irradiance, precision filter<br />
radiometer (PFR), pyranometer, pyrheliometer, UV biometer, total aerosol optical<br />
depth (AOD), integrated water vapor (IWV).<br />
Internet data bases:<br />
http://www.iapmw.unibe.ch/research/projects/STARTWAVE/startwave_dbs.html<br />
(IWV STARWAVE data)<br />
http://wrdc.mgo.rssi.ru/ (World Radiation Data Centre – WRDC)<br />
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<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
Collaborating partners/networks:<br />
• Integrated water vapor data submitted to the NCCR Climate P2.4 STARTWAVE<br />
database at the Institute for Applied Physics, University of Bern.<br />
• Radiation data submitted to the World Radiation Data Centre (WRDC,<br />
St. Petersburg, Russian Federation) within the framework of the Global<br />
Atmosphere Watch<br />
• Standardization of UV erythemal measurement program within the framework of<br />
the action 726 of the European Co-operation in the field of Scientific and<br />
Technical Research (COST).<br />
• Inter-comparison of AOD data from sunphotometers operated at Jungfraujoch by<br />
MeteoSwiss, the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), Kipp &<br />
Zonen, Delft, the Netherlands, and the Word Radiation Center / Physikalisch-<br />
Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos<br />
Scientific publications and public outreach <strong>2005</strong>:<br />
Refereed journal articles<br />
Nyeki, S., L. Vuilleumier, J. Morland, A. Bokoye, P. Viatte, C. Mätzler, and N.<br />
Kämpfer (<strong>2005</strong>), A 10-year integrated atmospheric water vapor record using<br />
precision filter radiometers at two high-alpine sites, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L23803,<br />
http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/<strong>2005</strong>GL024079<br />
Morland J., B. Deuber, D. G. Feist, L. Martin, S. Nyeki, N. Kämpfer, C. Mätzler, P.<br />
Jeannet, and L. Vuilleumier (<strong>2005</strong>), The STARTWAVE atmospheric water database,<br />
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, 5, pp 10839-10879<br />
Conference papers<br />
Knap, W. H., S. Nyeki, A. Los and P. Stammes (<strong>2005</strong>), Aerosol optical thickness<br />
measurements at the <strong>High</strong> <strong>Altitude</strong> Research Station Jungfraujoch, Switzerland, EGU<br />
General Assembly <strong>2005</strong>, Vienna, 24-29 April <strong>2005</strong>, Geophysical Research Abstracts,<br />
7, 04838.<br />
Vuilleumier, L. and J. Gröbner (<strong>2005</strong>) Operational mode uncertainty for broadband<br />
erythemal UV radiometers, Proceedings of the 9 th international conference on new<br />
developments and applications in optical radiometry, 11-19 October, <strong>2005</strong>, Davos,<br />
Switzerland, pp 71-72.<br />
Data books and reports<br />
“Ozone, rayonnement et aérosols (GAW)” in Annalen 2004 MeteoSchweiz, Zürich<br />
(July <strong>2005</strong>) pp. 126-129.<br />
Address:<br />
MétéoSuisse<br />
Station Aérologique<br />
Les Invuardes<br />
CH-1530 Payerne<br />
Contacts:<br />
Laurent Vuilleumier<br />
Tel.: +41 26 662 6306<br />
Fax: +41 26 662 6212<br />
e-mail: laurent.vuilleumier@meteoswiss.ch<br />
URL: http://www.meteoswiss.ch<br />
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<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
Name of research institute or organization:<br />
Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos,<br />
World Radiation Center<br />
Title of project:<br />
Remote sensing of aerosol optical depth<br />
Project leader and team:<br />
Christoph Wehrli, project leader<br />
Project description:<br />
Aerosol optical depths (AOD) are derived from solar spectral irradiance<br />
measurements at Jungfraujoch since 1998. These measurements are made in the<br />
context of the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) program of the WMO by the World<br />
Optical depth Research and Calibration Center (WORCC) in collaboration with<br />
MeteoSwiss. Quality controlled results are fed into the World Data Center Aerosols<br />
(WDCA) for public access.<br />
In addition to above monitoring activity, Jungfraujoch serves also as calibration site<br />
for master instrument within a global network of precision filter radiometers<br />
maintained by WORCC.<br />
Key words:<br />
Solar radiation, Aerosol optical depth monitoring, calibration<br />
Internet data bases:<br />
http://www.pmodwrc.ch,<br />
http://wdca.jrc.it/<br />
Collaborating partners/networks:<br />
MeteoSwiss (MCH)<br />
Global Atmosphere Watch AOD network<br />
Scientific publications and public outreach <strong>2005</strong>:<br />
Conference paper<br />
Wehrli, C., GAWPFR: A network of Aerosol Optical Depth observations with<br />
Precision Filter Radiometers. In: WMO/GAW Experts workshop on a global surface<br />
based network for long term observations of column aerosol optical properties, GAW<br />
<strong>Report</strong> No. 162, WMO TD No. 1287 (<strong>2005</strong>)<br />
Address:<br />
Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos<br />
World Radiation Center<br />
Dorfstrasse 33<br />
CH-7260 Davos Dorf<br />
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<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
Contacts:<br />
Christoph Wehrli<br />
Tel.: +41 81 417 5137<br />
Fax: +41 81 417 5100<br />
e-mail: christoph.wehrli@pmodwrc.ch<br />
URL: http://www.pmodwrc.ch<br />
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<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
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Name of research institute or organization:<br />
Berner Fachhochschule, Hochschule für Technik und Informatik<br />
(HTI), Photovoltaik-Labor<br />
Title of project:<br />
Long-term energy yield and reliablity of a high alpine PV (photovoltaic) plant at<br />
Jungfraujoch (3454 m)<br />
Project leader and team<br />
Prof. Dr. Heinrich Häberlin, project leader<br />
Christof Geissbühler<br />
Project description:<br />
PV plant Jungfraujoch (1.152 kWp, 3454 meters above sea level) was planned and<br />
realised by HTI Burgdorf during summer and fall 1993. At the time of its erection it<br />
was (and perhaps it still is) the highest grid connected PV plant in the World.<br />
Purpose and Goals of the project:<br />
• Test of PV components: Operation in high altitudes is a very hard stress for all<br />
components due to extremely high irradiance peaks of more than 1.7 kW/m²,<br />
heavy storms and thunderstorms, and large temperature differences. PV<br />
components surviving in such a harsh environment should perform more reliably<br />
under normal operating conditions.<br />
• Long-term operating experience: Experimental demonstration that high PV<br />
energy yields for high alpine PV plants that can be not only be simulated, but can<br />
actually be obtained in practical operation over many years.<br />
• Intensive analytical monitoring with redundant sensors to ensure maximum<br />
reliability in order to get long-term data about energy yield and reliability.<br />
• Maximum availability of energy production and monitoring data<br />
(AMD ≈ 100%).<br />
In <strong>2005</strong>, the PV plant on Jungfraujoch (rated peak power 1.152kWp, effective peak<br />
power 1.13 kWp, 3454 m above sea level), has established a new all-time record for<br />
normalised annual energy production. Despite a line interruption of one day<br />
(23.8.<strong>2005</strong>) due to flooding in the valley, in <strong>2005</strong> 1537 kWh/kWp were produced<br />
with a winter energy fraction of 48.5%. Thus the old record dating from 1997<br />
(1504 kWh/kWp) was trespassed considerably. Without the line interruption, in <strong>2005</strong><br />
the production would have been even 1540 kWh/kWp. This record production was<br />
due to the highest annual in-plane irradiation since 1994 and at the same time very<br />
low snow coverage of the two PV arrays over the whole year.<br />
In the average of 1993 to <strong>2005</strong>, PV plant Jungfraujoch has produced 1407 kWh/kWp<br />
with a winter energy fraction of 46.3%.<br />
Y f<br />
(kWh/kWp/a)<br />
PR = Y f /Y r<br />
in %<br />
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 <strong>2005</strong> Average<br />
1994-<br />
<strong>2005</strong><br />
1272 1404 1454 1504 1452 1330 1372 1325 1400 1467 1376 1537 1407<br />
81.8 84.1 84.7 85.3 87.0 84.8 84.6 78.6 85.2 84.9 86.2 86.9 84.2<br />
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<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
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Table 1: Annual energy production (referred to effective STC-power) and performance<br />
ratio PR from 1994 – <strong>2005</strong>. Twelve-year average values are also indicated.<br />
Fig. 1:<br />
Normalized monthly<br />
energy production for<br />
<strong>2005</strong>. In this year, a<br />
new all time record for<br />
specific annual energy<br />
production was<br />
reached. Production is<br />
distributed quite<br />
evenly over the whole<br />
year.<br />
A detailed description of the plant, measurement results of earlier years and<br />
definitions used can be found in earlier annual reports (2000, 2002, 2003, 2004) and<br />
in several publications under www.pvtest.ch (many publications can be downloaded).<br />
Diagrams similar to fig. 1 for the years 1994 – 2004 can be downloaded under<br />
www.pvtest.ch > PV monitoring data.<br />
Key words:<br />
Grid-connected PV plants, energy yield, high alpine<br />
Internet data bases:<br />
http://www.pvtest.ch<br />
Scientific publications and public outreach <strong>2005</strong>:<br />
As in 2003 the 10 th aniversary of the plant was reached, several contributions were<br />
written in 2004 discussing the results of the first 10 years of operation (see annual<br />
report 2004). As a consequence, in <strong>2005</strong> there were no specific publications about PV<br />
plant Jungfraujoch after only one more year.<br />
Address:<br />
Hochschule für Technik und Informatik<br />
Fachbereich Elektro- und Kommunikationstechnik<br />
Photovoltaiklabor<br />
Jlocweg 1<br />
CH-3400 Burgdorf<br />
Contacts<br />
Prof. Dr. Heinrich Häberlin<br />
Tel.: +41 34 426 68 53<br />
Fax: +41 31 426 68 13<br />
e-mail: heinrich.haeberlin@hti.bfh.ch<br />
URL: http://www.pvtest.ch<br />
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<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
Name of research institute or organization:<br />
EMPA Materials Science and Technology<br />
Title of project:<br />
Monitoring of halogenated greenhouse gases<br />
Project leader and team<br />
Martin Steinbacher, Martin K. Vollmer, Stefan Reimann (project leader)<br />
Project description:<br />
In-situ measurements of the complete dataset of non-CO 2 greenhouse gases are<br />
continuously running at the Jungfraujoch since 2000 for halocarbons and since<br />
February <strong>2005</strong> for methane, nitrous oxide and sulphur hexafluoride. When combining<br />
these data with other long-term time series of greenhouse gases, our long-term<br />
measurements allow to evaluate the current radiative forcing of the species and to<br />
assess the effect of the replacement of ozone-depleting substances due to their<br />
restriction within the Montreal Protocol.<br />
A large number of gases that are at least partly emitted by human activities do change<br />
the Earth’s radiation balance. Besides CO 2 , other greenhouse gases (GHGs) like<br />
methane (CH 4 ), nitrous oxide (N 2 O), and sulphur hexafluoride (SF 6 ) as well as<br />
halocarbons also have a considerable potential to alter the Earth’s radiation balance.<br />
Whereas the chlorinated halocarbons such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs),<br />
hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) also contribute to the stratospheric ozonedepletion,<br />
chlorine-free species like hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and perfluorocarbons<br />
(PFCs) do only affect the surface climate.<br />
Since these chlorinated species were identified as the major players in the stratospheric<br />
ozone depletion, regulations were negotiated to regulate the use and the<br />
emissions of these species. As a result, the Montreal Protocol on substances that<br />
deplete the ozone layer became legally binding in 1987. It regulated the phase out of<br />
halons (bromine-containing halocarbons) for developed countries by the end of 1993<br />
and CFCs, carbon tetrachloride and methyl chloroform by the end of 1995,<br />
respectively. The CFCs were replaced by either HCFCs or HFCs, i.e. compounds<br />
with only minor (HCFCs) or even no ozone depletion potential (HFCs). Thus, negative<br />
trends are measured in the last years for methyl chloroform (Reimann et al.,<br />
<strong>2005</strong>) and CFC-11 (Reimann et al., 2004), and at least a change from increasing to<br />
stagnant concentrations is detected for CFC-12, CFC-113 (decreases world-wide) and<br />
CCl 4 (decreases world-wide). At the same time, positive trends in the background<br />
concentrations were observed for the CFC-substitutes (HCFCs, HFCs) (Reimann et<br />
al., 2004).<br />
As the Montreal Protocol-regulated species as well as their replacement products are<br />
greenhouse gases but with different radiative efficiencies, their regulation influences<br />
climate change, too. In the present work, we tried to identify and quantify these<br />
effects by means of continuous measurements at the Jungfraujoch in comparison with<br />
long-term datasets from known databases.<br />
Our long-term measurements show that ozone-depleting substances were partly<br />
replaced by chlorine-free species (i.e. HFCs), which do not only reduce the atomspheric<br />
ozone depletion but also do improve the situation in terms of global warming.<br />
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<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
We extrapolate the observed trends of CFCs before the Montreal Protocol became<br />
legally binding (Prinn et al., 2000), assuming a business-as-usual scenario and<br />
compare the extrapolated concentrations with the observed values (see Figure 1). The<br />
recent difference between the extrapolated and the observed concentration is defined<br />
as the prevented increase for each species.<br />
linear<br />
extrapolation<br />
} prevented<br />
increase<br />
X<br />
recent<br />
concentration<br />
~ 1980 ~ 1990 2004<br />
year<br />
Figure 1: Sketch illustrating the concept of the prevented increase (data before the<br />
Montreal protocol became legally binding can be taken e.g. from the<br />
ALE/GAGE/AGAGE network (Prinn et al., 2000).<br />
Table 1 shows the trends for the most important halogenated greenhouse gases<br />
observed at the Jungfraujoch. The trends for the major GHGs are northern hemispheric<br />
averages for the last 15 years (IPCC, 2001 and WDCGG, <strong>2005</strong>). Additionally,<br />
the prevented increases of the Montreal Protocol regulated species are listed, too. We<br />
multiply the observed trends of the major GHGs and the replacements products as<br />
well as the prevented increases with the radiative efficiencies of the respective gases.<br />
We consider the radiative efficiencies rather than their global warming potentials<br />
(GWPs) since we investigate the changes on the current situation. The radiative<br />
efficiencies denote the instantaneous change of the radiative forcing due to the<br />
increase of a specific compound whereas the GWPs represent the integral of the<br />
radiative efficiency for a chosen time horizon. Subsequently, the GWPs imply a<br />
decision regarding the climate processes and impacts of interest.<br />
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<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
Table 1: Trends of greenhouse gases, prevented increases for the Montreal Protocol<br />
regulated species as well as trends of the radiative and the prevented radiative<br />
forcing, respectively. Trends of CO 2 , N 2 O and CH 4 are taken from IPCC, 2001 and<br />
WDCGG, <strong>2005</strong>. Other trends are extracted from measurements at the Jungfraujoch.<br />
Radiative efficiencies are taken from IPCC, 2001.<br />
Species<br />
Trend<br />
[ppt yr -1 ]<br />
prevented<br />
increase<br />
[ppt yr -1 ]<br />
Radiative<br />
efficiency<br />
[W m 2 ppb -1 ]<br />
trend:<br />
radiative<br />
forcing<br />
[Wm -2 yr -1 ]<br />
trend:<br />
prevented<br />
radiative<br />
forcing<br />
[W m -2 yr -1 ]<br />
Major GHGs + SF 6<br />
CO 2 +1‘560‘000 1.54E-5 2.31E-2<br />
N 2 O + 800 3.70E-3 2.96E-3<br />
CH 4 + 7‘000 3.70E-4 2.59E-3<br />
SF 6 + 0.3 0.52 1.56E-4<br />
HCFCs, HFCs<br />
HFC134a + 4 0.15 6.00E-4<br />
HCFC142b + 0.6 0.2 1.20E-4<br />
HCFC22 + 3.5 0.2 7.00E-4<br />
HFC125 + 0.47 0.23 1.08E-4<br />
CFCs + CH 3 CCl 3 + CCl 4<br />
CFC11 - 1.5 - 9 0.25 - 2.25E-3<br />
CH 3 CCl 3 - 5 -12 0.06 - 7.20E-4<br />
CFC113 0 - 5 0.3 - 1.50E-3<br />
CFC12 0 - 11 0.32 - 3.52E-3<br />
CCl 4 0 - 2 0.13 - 2.60E-4<br />
sum:<br />
radiative<br />
forcing per<br />
class<br />
2.88E-2<br />
1.53E-3<br />
-8.25E-3<br />
The presented approach using the unique comprehensive dataset of Montreal and<br />
Kyoto regulated species measured at the Jungfraujoch results in a prevented yearly<br />
increase of the radiative forcing of 8.25⋅10 -3 W m -2 due to the phase-out of CFCs and<br />
the chlorinated solvents. It is to approximately 18.5% compensated by the increase of<br />
CFC-replacement compounds (HCFCs and HFCs). The net effect due to the Montreal<br />
regulations counterbalances around 23% of the rising greenhouse effect related to the<br />
major greenhouse gases CO 2 , CH 4 , N 2 O, and also SF 6 that are part of the Kyoto<br />
Protocol.<br />
We conclude that long-term measurements of halocarbons can be used to assess the<br />
consequences of international treaties regulating their emissions. The Montreal<br />
Protocol did not only succeed to reduce the ozone depletion but also contributed to<br />
lower the increasing atmospheric greenhouse effect already before the Kyoto Protocol<br />
came into force.<br />
References<br />
IPCC, (2001) Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis, pp. 881. Cambridge<br />
University Press, New York.<br />
Prinn R. G., Weiss R. F., Fraser P. J., Simmonds P. G., Cunnold D. M., Alyea F. N.,<br />
O'Doherty S., Salameh P., Miller B. R., Huang J., Wang R. H. J., Hartley D. E., Harth<br />
C., Steele L. P., Sturrock G., Midgley P. M., McCulloch A., (2000) A history of<br />
chemically and radiatively important gases in air deduced from<br />
ALE/GAGE/AGAGE. Journal of Geophysical Research 105 (D14), 17751-17792.<br />
Reimann S., Manning A. J., Simmonds P. G., Cunnold D. M., Wang R. H. J., Li J.,<br />
McCulloch A., Prinn R. G., Huang J., Weiss R. F., Fraser P. J., O'Doherty S., Greally<br />
B. R., Stemmler K., Hill M., Folini D., (<strong>2005</strong>) Low European methyl chloroform<br />
emissions inferred from long-term atmospheric measurements. Nature 433 506-508.<br />
27
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
Reimann S., Schaub D., Stemmler K., Folini D., Hill M., Hofer P., Buchmann B.,<br />
Simmonds P. G., Greally B. R., O'Doherty S., (2004) Halogenated greenhouse gases<br />
at the Swiss <strong>High</strong> Alpine Site of Jungfraujoch (3580m asl): continuous measurements<br />
and their use for regional European source allocation. Journal of Geophysical<br />
Research 109 D05307, 10.1029/2003JD003923.<br />
WDCGG, (<strong>2005</strong>) World Data Centre for Greenhouse Gases,<br />
http://gaw.kishou.go.jp/wdcgg.html.<br />
Key words:<br />
Air pollution, long-term measurements, halocarbons, Kyoto Protocol, Montreal<br />
Protocol<br />
Internet data bases:<br />
http://www.empa.ch/abt134<br />
http://www.empa.ch/plugin/template/empa/700/*/---/l=2<br />
http://www.nilu.no/soge/<br />
Collaborating partners/networks:<br />
Bundesamt für Umwelt (BAFU)/ Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN)<br />
Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW)<br />
SOGE (System for observation of halogenated greenhouse gases in Europe)<br />
AGAGE (http://agage.eas.gatech.edu/home.htm)<br />
This research was financially supported by the EU 5 th Framework Program (SOGE)<br />
and the Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN).<br />
Scientific publications and public outreach <strong>2005</strong>:<br />
Refereed journal articles<br />
Reimann S., Manning A. J., Simmonds P. G., Cunnold D. M., Wang R. H. J., Li J.,<br />
McCulloch A., Prinn R. G., Huang J., Weiss R. F., Fraser P. J., O'Doherty S., Greally<br />
B. R., Stemmler K., Hill M., Folini D., (<strong>2005</strong>) Low European methyl chloroform<br />
emissions inferred from long-term atmospheric measurements. Nature 433 506-508.<br />
Li, Y., Campana, M., Reimann, S., Schaub, D., Stemmler, K., Staehelin, J. and Peter,<br />
T. (<strong>2005</strong>), Hydrocarbon concentrations at the Alpine mountain sites Jungfraujoch and<br />
Arosa, Atmospheric Environment 39, 1113-27.<br />
Prinn, R.G., Huang, J., Weiss, R.F., Cunnold, D.M., Fraser, P.J., Simmonds, P.G.,<br />
McCulloch, A., Harth, C., Reimann, S., Salameh, P., O'Doherty, S., Wang, R.H.J.,<br />
Porter, L.W., Miller, B.R. and Krummel, P.B. (<strong>2005</strong>), Evidence for variability of<br />
atmospheric hydroxyl radicals over the past quarter century, Geophysical Research<br />
Letters 32, L07809, doi: 10.1029/2004GL022228.<br />
Conference contributions<br />
Reimann, S., Folini, D., Vollmer, M.K., Ubl, S., Buchmann, B., Stemmler, K.,<br />
O'Doherty, S. European Emission Estimates of Halogenated Greenhouse Gases from<br />
Conituous Measurements at Jungfraujoch, Switzerland. Invited talk at the ACCENT<br />
symposium, Urbino, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Reimann, S., Folini, D., Vollmer, M.K., Ubl, S., Buchmann, B., Stemmler, K.,<br />
O'Doherty, S. European Emission Estimates of Halogenated Greenhouse Gases from<br />
Continuous Measurements at Jungfraujoch, Switzerland. Invited talk at the ACCENT<br />
symposium, Urbino, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
28
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
Reimann, S., Stemmler, K., Vollmer, M.K. Evaluation of Emissions Halocarbons<br />
from Mobile Air Conditioning Systems, Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases Conference,<br />
Utrecht (NL), <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Steinbacher, M., Vollmer, M. K., Stemmler, K. and Reimann, S., Global Warming<br />
Budget of non-CO 2 Trace Gases at the <strong>High</strong> Alpine Site Jungfraujoch, Switzerland,<br />
ACCENT Symposium ‘The Changing Chemical Climate of the Atmosphere’, Urbino,<br />
Italy, September 12 – 16, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Vollmer, M. K., Reimann, S., and Folini, D. Foaming the North: HFC-365mfc as a<br />
promising atmospheric tracer for interhemispheric transport. 32 nd Meeting of AGAGE<br />
scientists and Cooperating Networks, Florence, Italy, October 24 – 28, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Vollmer, M. K., Folini, D., Stemmler K., Reimann, S. European Emissions of HFC-<br />
245fa and HFC-227ea using continuous atmospheric measurements from the highaltitute<br />
observatory at Jungfraujoch, Switzerland, Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases<br />
(NCGG-4), Utrecht, The Netherlands, July 4 – 6, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Vollmer, M. K., Reimann, S., Folini, D. Buchmann, B., and Hofer, P. Trends in<br />
halogenated trace gases derived from observations at the high-altitute observatory at<br />
Jungfraujoch, Switzerland. Global Atmospheric Watch <strong>International</strong> Symposium &<br />
Ten-Year Anniversary of Waliguan Observatory, Xinin, China, August 15 – 17, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Data books and reports<br />
Buchmann, B., Reimann, S. and Hüglin, Ch., The GAW-CH Greenhouse and<br />
Reactive Gases Programme at the Jungfraujoch, Veröffentlichung Nr. 70,<br />
MeteoSchweiz (Editor), ISSN: 1422-1381, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Magazine and Newspaper articles<br />
Tages-Anzeiger, 03.02.<strong>2005</strong>, Ozon-Schadstoff über Europa<br />
NZZ, 03.02.<strong>2005</strong>, Europa emittiert noch immer verbotene Ozonabbaustoffe<br />
Walliser Bote, 03.02.<strong>2005</strong>, Deutlich tiefer – Emissionen von Ozon-Abbaustoff<br />
Handelsblatt, 03.02.<strong>2005</strong>, Ozonkiller geringer als angenommen<br />
NZZ am Sonntag, 06.02.<strong>2005</strong>, Abschied vom Ozonloch<br />
Umwelt Focus, Februar <strong>2005</strong>, Trichlorethan-Emissionen korrigiert<br />
Gesundheit und Umwelttechnik Nr. 1, April <strong>2005</strong> (Organ der Schweiz. Vereinigung<br />
für Gesundheits- und Umwelttechnik SVG), Trichlorethan-Emissionen in Europa<br />
nach unten korrigiert. Neuste Resultate der Empa<br />
Radio and television<br />
MTW, SF1, 03.02.<strong>2005</strong>, Eine gute Nachricht für unsere Ozonschicht: Weniger<br />
Trichlorethan<br />
DRS2 aktuell am Abend, DRS2, 03.02.<strong>2005</strong>, Wider das Ozonloch<br />
29
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
Address:<br />
EMPA<br />
Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental Technology<br />
Ueberlandstrasse 129<br />
CH-8600 Dübendorf<br />
Contacts<br />
Stefan Reimann<br />
Tel.: +41 1 823 4654<br />
Fax: +41 1 821 6244<br />
e-mail: stefan.reimann@empa.ch<br />
URL: http://www.empa.ch/abt134<br />
30
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
Name of research institute or organization:<br />
EMPA Materials Science and Technology<br />
Title of project:<br />
National Air Pollution Monitoring Network (NABEL)<br />
Project leader and team<br />
Martin Steinbacher, Martin K. Vollmer, Stefan Reimann, Christoph Hüglin (project<br />
leader)<br />
Project description:<br />
The national air pollution monitoring network NABEL is a joint project of the Swiss<br />
Federal Office for the Environment (BAFU/FOEN) and EMPA. The NABEL<br />
network consists of 16 monitoring stations that are distributed all over Switzerland.<br />
The monitoring stations represent the most important air pollution levels. The<br />
NABEL site at Jungfraujoch is a very low polluted site, representing a background<br />
station for the lower free troposphere in central Europe.<br />
The measurement programme at Jungfraujoch includes continuous in-situ analyses of<br />
ozone (O 3 ), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen monoxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide<br />
(NO 2 ), and the sum of nitrogen oxides (NO y ). In addition, an extended set of<br />
halocarbons and a selection of VOCs (alkanes, aromatics) are measured with a time<br />
resolution of four hours. Daily samples are taken for determination of gaseous SO 2<br />
and for particulate sulphur. The concentrations of total suspended particles are<br />
continuously observed as well as measured as 48-hour bulk samples.<br />
A custom-built gas chromatograph with a flame ionization detector and an electron<br />
capture detector (GC-FID/ECD) is operated since February <strong>2005</strong> to quasicontinuously<br />
measure CH 4 , CO, N 2 O, and SF 6 . One measurement sequence takes 15<br />
minutes and each ambient air sample is bracketed with calibration runs using real-air<br />
standards with concentrations representative for Northern Hemisphere tropospheric<br />
concentrations resulting in a time resolution of 30min. On the one hand, these<br />
measurements enable CO observations with a higher precision compared to the<br />
current commercial CO monitor based on the NDIR technique. On the other hand, the<br />
CH 4 , N 2 O, and SF 6 observations complete our extended set of non-CO 2 greenhouse<br />
gases so that the whole set of non-CO 2 greenhouse gases is now continuously<br />
monitored at the Jungfraujoch.<br />
Figure 1 shows CO measurements for a 10-day period in summer <strong>2005</strong>. The<br />
comparison of the CO time series measured with the two different techniques<br />
illustrates that the NDIR monitor exhibits a larger noise than the GC-FID even when<br />
considering 10-min averages. This is well visible during the last two days of the<br />
presented period when the CO mixing ratios were low and little short-term variability<br />
was observed. Whereas the measurement uncertainty of the commercial NDIR<br />
monitor is estimated to be ±5% (1σ) (Forrer et al., 2000; Zellweger et al., 2000)<br />
recurrent real-air standard analyses at the Jungfraujoch resulted in a standard<br />
deviation of 0.3% (at 300.9 ppb) using a 10ml sample loop for the new custom-built<br />
gas chromatograph.<br />
31
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
Jungfraujoch<br />
CO [ppb]<br />
100 150 200 250<br />
GC<br />
NDIR monitor<br />
07/26 07/28 07/30 08/01 08/03 08/05<br />
time (mm/dd)<br />
Figure 1: Time series of in-situ measured, high time resolution (monitor 10min<br />
averages; instantaneous ambient air samples every 30 min for the GC) CO mixing<br />
ratios.<br />
Furthermore, short term pollution episodes can only be seen by the GC-FID as no<br />
averaging interval is needed and instantaneous concentrations are measured. The<br />
observed spikes in the CO time series might be most likely related to the transport of<br />
polluted air masses from forest fires on the Iberian Peninsula that happened at the end<br />
of July. Since short-term pollution events can now be better detected, the new<br />
measurement technique will also improve regional source allocations for Europe. The<br />
slight offset between the two techniques might be related to the different calibration<br />
standards used since the presented data are preliminary and the final corrections are<br />
not yet made.<br />
Figure 2 illustrates the whole available dataset for CH 4 , CO, N 2 O, and SF 6 . Daily<br />
averages were chosen for the sake of clarity. No distinct seasonal cycle and no<br />
positive trend were observed for CH 4 in agreement with other observations that<br />
recently revealed a decline of the positive trend and a high variability from year to<br />
year. Also no significant trend was observed for CO. The seasonal variation in both<br />
OH concentrations and CO emissions resulted in a slight seasonal cycle with<br />
enhanced CO levels in winter. A small seasonal cycle and a positive trend were<br />
observed for N 2 O in agreement with reported datasets due to annual variability in<br />
natural emissions and large-scale transport as well as human activities, respectively.<br />
SF 6 exhibits a positive trend on a low concentration level. However, it is an effective<br />
greenhouse gas, mostly due to its long lifetime and its high global warming potential.<br />
Some SF 6 data had to be excluded due to local contamination.<br />
We conclude that the successful implementation of the new GC-FID/ECD system<br />
completes the extended data set of quasi-continuously measured non-CO 2 greenhouse<br />
gases and considerably improves the quality of the ambient in-situ CO determination.<br />
32
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
Jungfraujoch, daily averages<br />
Jungfraujoch, daily averages<br />
CH4 [ppb]<br />
1750 1800 1850 1900 1950<br />
<strong>2005</strong>/02 <strong>2005</strong>/04 <strong>2005</strong>/06 <strong>2005</strong>/08 <strong>2005</strong>/10 <strong>2005</strong>/12<br />
time (yyyy/mm)<br />
CO [ppb]<br />
100 150 200 250<br />
<strong>2005</strong>/02 <strong>2005</strong>/04 <strong>2005</strong>/06 <strong>2005</strong>/08 <strong>2005</strong>/10 <strong>2005</strong>/12<br />
time (yyyy/mm)<br />
GC-FID<br />
NDIR monitor<br />
Jungfraujoch, daily averages<br />
Jungfraujoch, daily averages<br />
N2O [ppb]<br />
320.0 320.5 321.0 321.5 322.0 322.5 323.0<br />
<strong>2005</strong>/02 <strong>2005</strong>/04 <strong>2005</strong>/06 <strong>2005</strong>/08 <strong>2005</strong>/10 <strong>2005</strong>/12<br />
time (yyyy/mm)<br />
SF6 [ppt]<br />
5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5<br />
<strong>2005</strong>/02 <strong>2005</strong>/04 <strong>2005</strong>/06 <strong>2005</strong>/08 <strong>2005</strong>/10 <strong>2005</strong>/12<br />
time (yyyy/mm)<br />
Figure 2: Time series of daily averages from February 02 to December 31, <strong>2005</strong> for<br />
methane (top left), carbon monoxide (top right), nitrous oxide (bottom left), and<br />
sulphur hexafluoride (bottom right) (preliminary data).<br />
References<br />
Forrer J., Rüttimann R., Schneiter D., Fischer A., Buchmann B., Hofer P., (2000)<br />
Variability of trace gases at the high-Alpine site Jungfraujoch caused by<br />
meteorological transport processes. Journal of Geophysical Research 105 (D10),<br />
12241-12251.<br />
Zellweger C., Ammann M., Buchmann B., Hofer P., Lugauer M., Rüttimann R., Streit<br />
N., Weingartner E., Baltensperger U., (2000) Summertime NOy speciation at the<br />
Jungfraujoch, 3580 m above sea level, Switzerland. Journal of Geophysical Research<br />
105 (D5), 6655-6667.<br />
Key words:<br />
Air pollution, long-term measurements, methane, carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide,<br />
sulfur hexafluoride<br />
33
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
Internet data bases:<br />
http://www.empa.ch/nabel<br />
http://www.umwelt-schweiz.ch/buwal/de/fachgebiete/fg_luft/luftbelastung/index.html<br />
Collaborating partners/networks:<br />
Bundesamt für Umwelt (BAFU)/ Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN)<br />
Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW)<br />
Labor für Atmosphärenchemie, Paul Scherrer Institut<br />
Meteo Schweiz<br />
Scientific publications and public outreach <strong>2005</strong>:<br />
Refereed journal articles<br />
Li, Y., Campana, M., Reimann, S., Schaub, D., Stemmler, K., Staehelin, J. and Peter,<br />
T. (<strong>2005</strong>), Hydrocarbon concentrations at the Alpine mountain sites Jungfraujoch and<br />
Arosa, Atmospheric Environment 39, 1113-27.<br />
Reimann S., Manning A. J., Simmonds P. G., Cunnold D. M., Wang R. H. J., Li J.,<br />
McCulloch A., Prinn R. G., Huang J., Weiss R. F., Fraser P. J., O'Doherty S., Greally<br />
B. R., Stemmler K., Hill M., Folini D., (<strong>2005</strong>) Low European methyl chloroform<br />
emissions inferred from long-term atmospheric measurements. Nature 433 506-508.<br />
Conference contributions<br />
Steinbacher, M., Vollmer, M. K., Stemmler, K. and Reimann, S., Global Warming<br />
Budget of non-CO 2 Trace Gases at the <strong>High</strong> Alpine Site Jungfraujoch, Switzerland,<br />
ACCENT Symposium ‘The Changing Chemical Climate of the Atmosphere’, Urbino,<br />
Italy, September 12 – 16, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Data books and reports<br />
Technischer Bericht zum Nationalen Beobachtungsnetz für Luftfremdstoffe<br />
(NABEL), EMPA, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
NABEL, Luftbelastung 2004, Schriftenreihe Umwelt Nr. 388 Luft, Bundesamt für<br />
Umwelt Wald und Landschaft, Bern <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Buchmann, B., Reimann, S. and Hüglin, Ch., The GAW-CH Greenhouse and Reactive<br />
Gases Programme at the Jungfraujoch, Veröffentlichung Nr. 70, MeteoSchweiz<br />
(Editor), ISSN: 1422-1381, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Address:<br />
EMPA<br />
Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental Technology<br />
Ueberlandstrasse 129<br />
CH-8600 Dübendorf<br />
Contacts:<br />
Martin Steinbacher<br />
Tel.: +41 1 823 4654<br />
Fax: +41 1 821 6244<br />
e-mail: martin.steinbacher@empa.ch<br />
URL: http://www.empa.ch/nabel<br />
34
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
Name of research institute or organization:<br />
EMPA, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and<br />
Technology<br />
Title of project:<br />
Carbon monoxide and molecular hydrogen at Jungfraujoch<br />
Project leader and team:<br />
Dr. Martin K. Vollmer, project leader<br />
Dr. Martin Steinbacher, Dr. Stefan Reimann<br />
Project description:<br />
Molecular hydrogen (H 2 ) has recently become a trace gas of wider scientific interest<br />
for various reasons among which is the ongoing discussion on switching our fossilfuel<br />
based economy to a hydrogen-based economy. Such a potential change may<br />
result in drastic changes of the atmospheric H 2 budget. However to better predict the<br />
impacts of enhanced anthropogenic H 2 usage to the atmospheric H 2 budget, better<br />
constraints on the currently poorly known budget are a prerequisite. For this reason<br />
attempts are being made to better understand and quantify sources and sinks of H 2 to<br />
the atmosphere.<br />
Starting in early <strong>2005</strong>, an instrument for the measurement of H 2 and carbon monoxide<br />
(CO) was installed at Jungfraujoch. The instrument is a modified RGA-3 (reduction<br />
gas analyzer 3, trace analytical) and uses a technique based on gas chromatographic<br />
separation followed by mercury oxide reduction and ultra-violet light absorption<br />
detection. The modifications of the instrument include the installation of a<br />
multiposition selector valve, a nafion drier, a thermally-insulated sample loop, and an<br />
internal pressure reducer. Custom-made software is used to control this fullyautomated<br />
instrument and to store the data. Air sample measurements are currently<br />
made every 30 min and are bracketed by standard gas measurements. Nonlinear<br />
instrument response was characterized using a dynamic dilution technique coupled<br />
with control CH 4 measurements (Vollmer and Steinbacher, internal note) and our<br />
results are corrected accordingly. Measurement precisions are about 1.2 % for H 2 and<br />
~1.0 % for CO. Results for CO are linked to the Empa-2001 calibration scale while<br />
for H 2 , a set of standards is currently used to define an internal scale which we plan to<br />
link to an absolute scale. As for CO, our measurements complement two other CO<br />
measurement techniques currently operative at Jungfraujoch (Steinbacher et al.,<br />
<strong>2005</strong>).<br />
H 2 results for Aug – Dec <strong>2005</strong> at Jungfraujoch are shown in Figure 1. These data<br />
exhibit moderate variability with occasional pollution events which coincide with CO<br />
pollution. However there are some events where H 2 (high concentrations) and CO<br />
(low concentrations) show opposite behavior indicating transport of CO-depleted air<br />
masses. The timeseries is still too short to see any potential interannual trend or a<br />
seasonal variability.<br />
CO results are also shown in Figure 1 (right) for the same time period. They show<br />
some pollution events and a general increase towards the end of <strong>2005</strong> as part of the<br />
seasonal cycle of atmospheric CO. Comparison with CO measurements using GC-<br />
35
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
FID (after converting CO to CH 4 via nickel catalyst) technique show good agreement<br />
with our RGA-3 results.<br />
540<br />
H2 [ ppb ]<br />
520<br />
500<br />
480<br />
460<br />
Aug05 Sep05 Oct05 Nov05 Dec05 Jan06<br />
Date in <strong>2005</strong><br />
CO [ ppb ]<br />
220<br />
200<br />
180<br />
RGA−3<br />
FID CO<br />
160<br />
140<br />
120<br />
100<br />
80<br />
60<br />
Aug05 Sep05 Oct05 Nov05<br />
Date in <strong>2005</strong><br />
Dec05 Jan06<br />
Fig. 1. Atmospheric molecular hydrogen (left) and carbon monoxide (right) at<br />
Jungfraujoch given as a mixing ratio in ppb. Data were averaged in 12 hr bins. The CO<br />
data are compared with results from a GC FID equipped with a CO-methanizer.<br />
Key words:<br />
Molecular hydrogen, H 2 , carbon monoxide, CO<br />
Scientific publications and public outreach <strong>2005</strong>:<br />
Conference papers<br />
Steinbacher, M., M.K. Vollmer, and S. Reimann, CO measurements at the highalpine<br />
site Jungfraujoch, Switzerland, Proc. Joint WMO/GAW-Accent Workshop on<br />
the Global Tropospheric Carbon Monoxide Observation System, Quality Assurance<br />
and Applications, Dubendorf, Switzerland, 24 -- 26 October <strong>2005</strong>, Empa Dubendorf,<br />
49-51, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Address:<br />
EMPA, Section 134<br />
Ueberlandstrasse 129<br />
8600 Dubendorf<br />
36
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
Contacts:<br />
Martin K. Vollmer<br />
Tel.: +41 44 823 4242<br />
Fax: +41 44 821 6244<br />
e-mail: martin.vollmer@empa.ch<br />
URL: http://empa.ch/abt134<br />
37
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
38
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
Name of research institute or organization:<br />
EMPA Materials Science and Technology<br />
Title of project:<br />
Emissions of Non-Regulated Oxidized Volatile Organic Compounds by advance GC-<br />
MS Technology (ENOVO)<br />
Project leader and team<br />
Geir Legreid, Stefan Reimann, Johannes Stähelin, and Martin Steinbacher<br />
Project description:<br />
Oxygenated Volatile Organic Compounds (OVOCs) were analyzed during four<br />
seasonal measurement campaigns at both a background site (<strong>High</strong> Alpine Station<br />
Jungfraujoch) and an urban site (Zürich) in Switzerland. The campaigns lasted for<br />
about one month each. OVOCs are toxic to human health and precursors for ozone<br />
and secondary organic aerosols, and data on their emissions is limited. For the<br />
analysis a newly developed double adsorbent sampling system coupled to a GC-MS<br />
was used. The high Alpine station at Jungfraujoch is located at 3580 m a.s.l. in the<br />
Swiss Alps and is a unique location for studying the chemistry of the lower free<br />
troposphere and transport phenomena. The compounds of main interest were C1-C5<br />
alcohols, C2-C6 carbonyls and selected VOCs. The seasonal differences were of<br />
interest as well as the different sources for the OVOCs. The OVOCs are not only<br />
emitted from anthropogenic and biogenic sources, but also produced by oxidation<br />
processes in the atmosphere [1] which complicates the interpretation. Source profiles<br />
from the urban measurements in Zurich were used to distinguish the influence of<br />
primary and secondary OVOCs at the high Alpine background site.<br />
Primary source regions for these compounds will be identified from back-trajectory<br />
analysis, and their source strengths will be calculated from average ratio of the<br />
OVOCs versus carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations during pollution events [2].<br />
References:<br />
[1]: Singh, H. B., L. J. Salas, et al. (2004). Journal of Geophysical Research-<br />
Atmospheres 109(D15): art. no.-D15S07.<br />
[2]: Reimann, S., D. Schaub, et al. (2004). Journal of Geophysical Research-<br />
Atmospheres 109(D5): art. No. –D05307.<br />
Key words:<br />
Air pollution, Seasonal measurements, Oxidized Volatile Organic Compounds<br />
(OVOCs)<br />
Collaborating partners/networks:<br />
Bundesamt für Umwelt (BAFU)/ Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN)<br />
Labor für Atmosphärenchemie, Paul Scherrer Institut<br />
University of Bristol, School of Chemistry<br />
39
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
Scientific publications and public outreach <strong>2005</strong>:<br />
Conference contributions<br />
Legreid, G., Reimann, S, Steinbacher, M. and Stähelin, J., “OVOCs at the high alpine<br />
station Jungfraujoch: In-Situ measurements and assessment of anthropogenic<br />
sources”, Urbino, Italy, September 12 – 16, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Address:<br />
EMPA<br />
Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental Technology<br />
Ueberlandstrasse 129<br />
CH-8600 Dübendorf<br />
Contacts<br />
Geir Legreid<br />
Tel.: +41 1 823 4945<br />
Fax: +41 1 821 6244<br />
e-mail: geir.legreid@empa.ch<br />
40
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
Name of research institute or organization:<br />
Section of Environmental Radioactivity, Radiation Protection<br />
Division of the Swiss Federal Office of Public Health<br />
Title of project:<br />
Aerosol Monitoring Station at the Jungfraujoch (RADAIR)<br />
Project leader and team<br />
Prof. H. Völkle, Section Head, Pierre Beuret, project responsible<br />
Project description:<br />
An automatic aerosol radioactivity monitor FHT59S is operated at Jungfraujoch<br />
research station by the Swiss Federal Office of Public Health. It has the following<br />
particular features:<br />
- To detect rapidly any increase of air radioactivity at the altitude of 3400 m<br />
above sea level,<br />
- A detection limit for artificial radioactivity of less than 0.1 Bq/m 3 . This<br />
extremely low value - five times lower than on the Swiss Plateau - is made<br />
possible due to the very low Radon concentration at this altitude.<br />
41
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
Comments on the measurement of <strong>2005</strong>:<br />
Graph 1 shows the contribution to the alpha radioactivity during <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
- Alpha radioactivity - Radon daughter products - is transported mainly up to<br />
the Jungfraujoch by air masses from the lowlands;<br />
- During the period January 1 st to December 31 maximal values were observed<br />
every 5 days;<br />
- This maximal values are approximately 3 to 9 times lower at the Jungfraujoch<br />
than those on the Swiss Plateau;<br />
- The highest values are normally observed in summer time, but there are two<br />
additional maxima in February and December due to meteorological effects;<br />
- The missing values are explained in the “Comments on technical aspects”.<br />
M a x i m a l v a l u e s o f t h e n a t u r a l a l p h a c o n c e n t r a t i o n<br />
J u n g f r a u j o c h : j a n - d e c 2 0 0 5<br />
Natural alpha concentration [ Bq / m3 ]<br />
14<br />
12<br />
10<br />
8<br />
6<br />
4<br />
2<br />
0<br />
01.01.05<br />
01.02.05<br />
01.03.05<br />
01.04.05<br />
01.05.05<br />
01.06.05<br />
01.07.05<br />
01.08.05<br />
01.09.05<br />
01.10.05<br />
01.11.05<br />
01.12.05<br />
01.01.06<br />
Graph 1<br />
42
Graph 2 shows the calculated net beta radioactivity for <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
- No artificial beta concentration above the detection limit was observed;<br />
- As the subtracted value for the natural radioactivity was to high, the<br />
histogram is slightly shifted towards negative values. At the Jungfraujoch<br />
natural radioactivity is extremely low, and so a precise determination of this<br />
value is important for a correct calibration of the monitor but is rather<br />
difficult;<br />
- As shown in the histogram below some 95 percent of the values of <strong>2005</strong> were<br />
below 0.08 Bq/m 3 .<br />
Histogram of the artificial beta mean concentration<br />
Jungfraujoch : jan - dec <strong>2005</strong><br />
2500<br />
Number of measures [ -- ]<br />
2000<br />
1500<br />
1000<br />
500<br />
Mean value: -1.2E-3 ± 2E-4<br />
0<br />
-0.10 -0.08 -0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10<br />
Mean beta concentration [ Bq / m 3 ]<br />
Graph 2<br />
For normal situations, i.e. with no artificial radioactivity in the air, the calculated net<br />
Beta radioactivity at the Jungfraujoch, using the Alpha-Beta compensation technique<br />
(See below), is less than 0.1 Bq/m 3 . At the top of Europe, a radiation incident causing<br />
an increase of the artificial beta radioactivity in the atmosphere of as low as 0.1<br />
Bq/m 3 could therefore be detected.<br />
The automatic α/β-compensation technique applied by our aerosol monitoring<br />
stations is based on the simultaneously measured gross Alpha (A G ) and gross Beta<br />
(B G ) radio-activity of the aerosols collected on the filter. The net (artificial) Beta<br />
radioactivity (B N ) is calculated by the following formula: B N = B G - f . A G . The<br />
constant factor f can be adapted either by the software program or by the operator.<br />
43
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
Comments on technical aspects:<br />
The missing data (graph 1) during the period of February and March are due to<br />
technical problems with the filter transport mechanism. The missing data during<br />
August are due do power failure caused by extreme meteorological situations<br />
(thunderstorm).<br />
Apart from some minor telecommunication troubles, no major breakdown at the<br />
aerosol monitor was registered during <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
The new «INAIR» project of the Swiss Federal<br />
Office of Public Health plans to install an aerosol<br />
collector «DIGITEL» at the same room as the<br />
FHT59S monitor.<br />
The air output line for both instruments had to be<br />
modified in order to evacuate the heat produced by<br />
the two pumps and the old heating head for the air<br />
inlet had to be restored and reactivated.<br />
Key words:<br />
Environmental Radioactivity Monitoring<br />
Address:<br />
Sektion Überwachung der Radioaktivität, Bundesamt für Gesundheit,<br />
Abt. Strahlenschutz,<br />
Ch. du Musée 3<br />
CH-1700 Fribourg<br />
Contacts:<br />
Prof. H. Völkle<br />
Tel.: +41 26 300 9161<br />
Fax: +41 26 300 9743<br />
http://www.bag.admin.ch/strahlen/ionisant/radio_env/surveillance/d/surveiller.php<br />
44
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
Name of research institute or organization:<br />
Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute<br />
Title of project:<br />
The Global Atmosphere Watch Aerosol Program at the Jungfraujoch<br />
Project leader and team:<br />
PD Dr. Urs Baltensperger, project leader<br />
Dr. Ernest Weingartner, co-leader<br />
Dr. Bart Verheggen, Julie Cozic, Günther Wehrle, Staffan Sjögren, Stefan van<br />
Ekeren, Dr. Martin Gysel,<br />
Dr. M. Collaud Coen, MeteoSwiss, Payerne<br />
Project description:<br />
Airborne aerosols affect our climate primarily by influencing the atmospheric energy<br />
budget through direct and indirect effects. Direct effects refer to the scattering and<br />
absorption of radiation and their influence on planetary albedo and the climate<br />
system. Indirect effects refer to the increase in available cloud condensation nuclei<br />
(CCN) due to an increase in anthropogenic aerosol concentration. This could lead to<br />
an increase in cloud droplet number concentration and a decrease in cloud droplet<br />
effective radius, when the cloud liquid water content (LWC) remains constant. The<br />
resulting cloud droplet spectrum could lead to reduced precipitation and increased<br />
cloud lifetime. The overall result would be an increase in cloud albedo which cools<br />
the Earth’s climate. Despite the uncertainty, it is believed that in regions with high<br />
anthropogenic aerosol concentrations, aerosol forcing may be of the same magnitude,<br />
but opposite in sign to the combined effect of all greenhouse gases.<br />
The Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) program is an activity overseen by the World<br />
Meteorological Organization (WMO). It is the goal of GAW to ensure long-term<br />
measurements in order to detect trends and to develop an understanding of these<br />
trends. With respect to aerosols, the objective of GAW is to determine the spatiotemporal<br />
distribution of aerosol properties related to climate forcing and air quality up<br />
to multi-decadal time scales. Since the atmospheric residence time of aerosol particles<br />
is relatively short, a large number of measuring stations are needed. The GAW<br />
monitoring network consists of 23 Global (including now the Jungfraujoch, which<br />
was upgraded from a Regional to a Global station) and some 300 Regional stations.<br />
While Global stations are expected to measure as many of the key variables as<br />
possible, the Regional stations generally carry out a smaller set of observations.<br />
The Jungfraujoch aerosol program is among the most complete ones worldwide. The<br />
current GAW instrumentation that is continuously run by PSI consists of<br />
• CPC (TSI 3010) Particle number density (particle diameter D p >10 nm)<br />
• Nephelometer (TSI 3563) Scattering coefficient at various wavelengths<br />
• Aetalometer (AE-31) Absorption coefficient at various wavelengths;<br />
black carbon (BC) concentration<br />
• MAAP Absorption coefficient; black carbon (BC) conc.<br />
• Filter packs Aerosol major ionic composition (PM1 and TSP)<br />
• Betameter and HiVol Aerosol mass (PM1 and TSP)<br />
45
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
For these measurements, ambient air is sampled via a heated inlet (25 °C), designed<br />
to prevent ice build-up and to evaporate cloud particles at an early stage, ensuring that<br />
the cloud condensation nuclei and/or ice nuclei are also sampled. This is called the<br />
total inlet.<br />
In warm months, the site is influenced by injection of planetary boundary layer air<br />
into the free troposphere during sunny afternoons due to thermal convection, while in<br />
winter it is usually in the undisturbed free troposphere. This causes the concentration<br />
of pollutants, including the aerosol loading, to be higher in summer than in winter<br />
(see Figure 1).<br />
1E-4<br />
daily mean<br />
monthly mean<br />
annual mean<br />
1E-5<br />
bs [m -1 ]<br />
1E-6<br />
1E-7<br />
Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan<br />
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 <strong>2005</strong> 2006<br />
Date<br />
Figure 1. Long-term measurements of the light scattering coefficient bs (at 550 nm).<br />
The data set was used to determine long-term trends for each month and for<br />
meteorological seasons (Collaud Coen et al., in preparation). The most significant<br />
trend is the increase (2-4% per year) of the aerosol light scattering coefficients at 450,<br />
550 and 700 nm. This autumn increase can be explained by a greater background<br />
aerosol load, which relates to long-range transport of air masses, and can be<br />
compared to the similar increase of background ozone concentration in autumn and<br />
winter at high elevation sites (Ordòñez et al., in preparation). In general, the summer<br />
months, which are strongly influenced by the PBL, do not show any significant longterm<br />
trend. It seems therefore that the measured decrease of anthropogenic aerosol<br />
emissions in Europe is compensated by other effects on a larger scale.<br />
The fourth Cloud and Aerosol Characterization Experiment (CLACE 4) took place<br />
from February 15 to March 15, <strong>2005</strong>, with participation from ten different research<br />
groups. During this campaign, additional instrumentation was employed to<br />
characterize the aerosol size distribution (Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer, SMPS;<br />
Optical Particle Counter, OPC). The University of Manchester (UMIST) and the Max<br />
Plank Institute in Mainz (MPI) operated two Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometers<br />
(AMS) to measure the size segregated chemical composition. Other measured<br />
parameters were the particles hygroscopic properties (Hygroscopicity Tandem<br />
46
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
Differential Mobility Analyzer, H-TDMA), cloud microphysics (Particulate Volume<br />
Monitor, PVM; Forward Scattering Spectrometer Probe, FSSP; Cloud Particle<br />
Imager, CPI), and particle morphology (Environmental Scanning Electron<br />
Microscope, ESEM).<br />
New in comparison with previous CLACE campaigns was the contribution of more<br />
chemical analyses (several GC/MS techniques, TEM), and the operation of an Air Ion<br />
Spectrometer (AIS) and of an outdoor SMPS. The latter two instruments are<br />
especially well suited to measure very small particles (charged particles and sum of<br />
neutral and charged particles, respectively) in order to elucidate their formation<br />
mechanisms and rates. In addition, a nano-SMPS was being operated for 10 days, on<br />
loan from TSI Inc., Germany.<br />
Two additional inlets were used for these instruments: An interstitial inlet operated<br />
with a PM2 cyclone impactor removed all cloud particles from the ambient air.<br />
Within a cloud the sampled air thus represents the interstitial (or unactivated) aerosol<br />
fraction. In addition, the Institute for Tropospheric Research (IfT) operated a<br />
Counterflow Virtual Impactor (CVI). The CVI was part of a new prototype sampling<br />
system (Ice-CVI) that allows for the separation of small ice particles from large ice<br />
crystals, cloud droplets and interstitial aerosol particles. The extracted ice particles<br />
are dried airborne in the system and the remaining residual particles which<br />
correspond to the former ice nuclei were analyzed with a variety of different<br />
instruments.<br />
Differencing the response downstream of the different inlets provides insight in the<br />
fractionation of aerosol particles between the cloud phase and the interstitial phase.<br />
The activated fraction is defined as the fraction of the total particle number (D p >100<br />
nm) that is activated into cloud droplets (obtained from total minus interstitial). Based<br />
on more than 900 hours of in-cloud measurements from winter and summer 2004 and<br />
winter <strong>2005</strong>, this activated fraction has been related to several environmental factors<br />
such as liquid water content, number concentration of particles, temperature and ice<br />
mass fraction of the cloud. These analyses revealed that the black carbon (BC)<br />
component of the ambient aerosol is activated into cloud droplets to the same extent<br />
as the bulk aerosol. Such behaviour is not expected for freshly emitted soot particles<br />
because they have a hydrophobic nature. The soot particles on the Jungfraujoch<br />
experienced aging processes which transformed them into an internally mixed<br />
hygroscopic aerosol (Cozic et al, manuscript in preparation).<br />
During wintertime this activated fraction is generally low (below 20%), because the<br />
presence of ice crystals causes liquid droplets to evaporate, thus transforming cloud<br />
droplets back into interstitial aerosol particles, as described by the Wegener-<br />
Bergeron-Findeisen process. When the cloud exists almost exclusively of liquid<br />
droplets (i.e. ice mass fraction approaching zero), the activated fraction increases to<br />
similar values as those encountered in summer (approximately 50%) (Weingartner et<br />
al., Verheggen et al., manuscripts in preparation). This is shown in Figure 2.<br />
47
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
1.0<br />
0.8<br />
activated fraction<br />
0.6<br />
0.4<br />
0.2<br />
0.0<br />
-0.2<br />
0 0.02 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1<br />
ice mass fraction<br />
Figure 2. Activated fraction of particles as a function of ice mass fraction in the<br />
cloud. Circles denote the average, while horizontal stripes denote the 25 and 75<br />
percentile values.<br />
Incorporation of the observed relation between number of ice crystals, particle<br />
number concentration and ice mass fraction into a global climate model suggests that<br />
the Wegener-Bergeron-Findeisen mechanism may have a dampening effect on the<br />
indirect effect of aerosols on climate (Weingartner et al., manuscript in preparation).<br />
Nucleation events were frequently observed during CLACE 4. The number of<br />
particles produced is relatively small in comparison with nucleation events in the<br />
Planetary Boundary Layer, but they typically last multiple hours, suggesting that they<br />
are regional-scale phenomena. These nucleation events will be analyzed in more<br />
detail to reveal information on their formation mechanism and on the rates of<br />
nucleation. As an example, nucleation rates of up to 1 cm -3 s -1 are estimated for one<br />
such event.<br />
Key words:<br />
Atmospheric aerosol particles, aerosol-cloud interactions, aerosol climatic effects,<br />
radiative forcing, cloud condensation nuclei, hygroscopic growth, particle nucleation<br />
Internet data bases:<br />
http://www.psi.ch/gaw<br />
http://www.psi.ch/lac<br />
http://aerosolforschung.web.psi.ch<br />
Collaborating partners/networks:<br />
Dr. P. Viatte, MeteoSwiss, Payerne<br />
Dr. C. Hüglin and Dr. S. Reimann, EMPA, Dübendorf<br />
Prof. H. Burtscher, Institut für Sensoren und Signale der Fachhochschule Aargau<br />
(FHA), Windisch<br />
Prof. U. Lohmann and Prof. T. Peter, Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science,<br />
ETH Zürich<br />
Prof. J. Heintzenberg, Institut für Troposphärenforschung, Leipzig, Germany<br />
48
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
Dr. A. Petzold, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, DLR Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany<br />
Dr. H. Coe and Prof. T. Choularton, University of Manchester, Institute of Science<br />
and Technology (UMIST), Atmospheric Physics, Manchester, England<br />
Dr. J. Schneider and Prof. S. Borrmann, University of Mainz, Particle Chemistry<br />
Department, Mainz, Germany<br />
Prof. S. Weinbruch, Universität Darmstadt, Institut für Mineralogie, Darmstadt,<br />
Germany<br />
Prof. M. Kulmala, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland<br />
Dr. E. Fries, J. W. Goethe University, Institute for Atmosphere and Environment,<br />
Frankfurt, Germany<br />
Scientific publications and public outreach <strong>2005</strong>:<br />
Refereed journal articles<br />
Henne, S., J. Dommen, B. Neininger, S. Reimann, J. Staehelin, and A.S.H. Prevot,<br />
Ozone production following export of European emissions by mountain venting in<br />
the Alps, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D22307, doi:10.1029/<strong>2005</strong>JD005936, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Henne, S., M. Furger, and A.S.H. Prévôt, Climatology of mountain venting-induced<br />
elevated moisture layers in the lee of the Alps, J. Applied Meteorology, 44 (5), 620-<br />
633, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Hinz, K.P., A. Trimborn, E. Weingartner, S. Henning, U. Baltensperger, and B.<br />
Spengler, Aerosol single particle composition at the Jungfraujoch, J. Aerosol Sci., 36<br />
(1), 123-145, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
McFiggans, G., P. Artaxo, U. Baltensperger, H. Coe, M.C. Facchini, G. Feingold, S.<br />
Fuzzi, M. Gysel, A. Laaksonen, U. Lohmann, T.F. Mentel, D.M. Murphy, C.D.<br />
O'Dowd, J.R. Snider, and E. Weingartner, The Effect of Physical & Chemical<br />
Aerosol Properties on Warm Cloud Droplet Activation, Atmos. Chem. Phys.<br />
Discuss., 5, 8507-8647, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Nessler, R., E. Weingartner, and U. Baltensperger, Adaptation of dry nephelometer<br />
measurements to ambient conditions at the Jungfraujoch, Environ. Sci.Technol., 39<br />
(7), 2219-2228, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Nessler, R., E. Weingartner, and U. Baltensperger, Effect of humidity on aerosol light<br />
absorption and its implications for extinction and the single scattering albedo<br />
illustrated for a site in the lower free troposphere, J. Aerosol Sci., 36 (8), 958-972,<br />
<strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Conference papers<br />
Baltensperger, U. Aerosol hygroscopic growth closure by simultaneous measurement<br />
of hygroscopic growth and chemical composition at the high-Alpine station<br />
Jungfraujoch, EGU General Assembly, Vienna, Austria, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Bower, K.N., M.W. Gallagher, T.W. Choularton, M.J. Flynn, J.D. Allan, H. Coe, J.<br />
Crosier, P. Connolly, U. Baltensperger, E. Weingartner, and S. Sjögren,<br />
Investigations of cloud-aerosol interactions at the Jungfraujoch mountain-top site in<br />
the Swiss Alps during summer and winter CLACE experiments, p. 133, EAC <strong>2005</strong>,<br />
Ghent Belgium, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
49
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
Collaud Coen, M., E. Weingartner, and U. Baltensperger, Seasonality and diurnal<br />
cycles of aerosol parameters and of their wavelength dependence at the Jungfraujoch,<br />
p. 172, EAC <strong>2005</strong>, Ghent, Belgium, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Collaud Coen, M., E. Weingartner, and U. Baltensperger, Variability and trend of<br />
aerosol parameters and of their wavelength dependence at the Jungfraujoch, in<br />
Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Meteorologie (SGM), PSI, Villigen, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Cozic, J., S. Mertes, B. Verheggen, M. Flynn, P. Connolly, K. Bower, A. Petzold, E.<br />
Weingartner, and U. Baltensperger, Activated fraction of black carbon in mixed phase<br />
clouds at the high alpine site Jungfraujoch (3580 m asl) during CLACE campaigns, p.<br />
506, EAC <strong>2005</strong>, Ghent, Belgium, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Crosier, J., K.N. Bower, J.D. Allan, H. Coe, U. Baltensperger, E. Weingartner, S.<br />
Sjögren, S. Mertes, J. Schneider, D.R. Worsnop, J.T. Jayne, and J.L. Jimenez,<br />
Comparing winter and summer submicron aerosol chemical composition and size<br />
distributions at the Jungfraujoch, p. 505, EAC <strong>2005</strong>, Ghent, Belgium, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Ebert, M., M. Inerle-Hof, S. Mertes, S. Walter, J. Schneider, B. Verheggen, J. Cozic,<br />
E. Weingartner, and S. Weinbruch, Identification of the ice forming fraction of the<br />
atmospheric aerosol in mixed-phase clouds by environmental scanning electron<br />
microscopy, p. 504, EAC <strong>2005</strong>, Ghent, Belgium, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Mertes, S., B. Verheggen, J. Schneider, M. Ebert, S. Walter, A. Worringen, M. Inerle-<br />
Hof, J. Cozic, M.J. Flynn, P. Connolly, K.N. Bower, and E. Weingartner, Sampling<br />
and physico-chemical characterisation of ice nuclei in mixed phase clouds at the high<br />
alpine research station Jungfraujoch (3580 m asl) during CLACE, p. 130, EAC <strong>2005</strong>,<br />
Ghent, Belgium, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Nessler, R., B. Verheggen, E. Weingartner, and U. Baltensperger, Effect of humidity<br />
on aerosol light absorption and its implications for extinction and single scattering<br />
albedo at the Jungfraujoch, EGU General Assembly, Vienna, Austria, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Prévôt, A.S.H., Atmospheric Studies of the Paul Scherrer Institute in Central Europe,<br />
Aerodyne, Billerica, USA, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Sjögren, S., R. Alfarra, J. Cozic, B. Verheggen, U. Baltensperger, E. Weingartner, J.<br />
Crosier, K.N. Bower, M. Gysel, J.D. Allan, and H. Coe, Hygroscopic properties<br />
linked with chemical composition of aerosol particles at the high alpine site<br />
Jungfraujoch during the CLACE campaigns, p. 507, EAC <strong>2005</strong>, Ghent, Belgium,<br />
<strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Verheggen, B., J. Cozic, E. Weingartner, U. Baltensperger, S. Mertes, M. Flynn, P.<br />
Connolly, K. Bower, M. Gallagher, J. Crosier, H. Coe, and A. Petzold, Activation<br />
behaviour of aerosol particles and black carbon in mixed-phase clouds, in EGU<br />
General Assembly, European Geosciences Union, Vienna, Austria, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Verheggen, B., J. Cozic, E. Weingartner, S. Mertes, M. Flynn, P. Connolly, K.<br />
Bower, M. Gallagher, and U. Baltensperger, Nucleation and activation of aerosol<br />
particles during CLACE campaigns (Jungfraujoch, 3580 metres a.s.l., Switzerland),<br />
in European Aerosol Conference, edited by W. Maenhaut, p. 131, Elsevier, Ghent,<br />
Belgium, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Walter, S., J. Schneider, N. Hock, J. Curtius, S. Borrmann, S. Mertes, E. Weingartner,<br />
B. Verheggen, J. Cozic, and U. Baltensperger, Mass spectrometric analysis of<br />
50
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
residuals from small ice particles and from supercooled cloud droplets during<br />
CLACE-3 and CLACE-4, p. 132, EAC <strong>2005</strong>, Ghent, Belgium, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Walter, S., J. Schneider, N. Hock, J. Curtius, S. Borrmann, S. Mertes, E. Weingartner,<br />
B. Verheggen, J. Cozic, and U. Baltensperger, Mass spectrometric analysis of ice and<br />
supercooled cloud residuals during CLACE-3, European Geoscience Union, Vienna,<br />
Austria, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Weingartner, E., B. Verheggen, J. Cozic, S. Sjoegren, J.S.v. Ekeren, U.<br />
Baltensperger, S. Mertes, K.N. Bower, M. Flynn, J. Crozier, M. Gallagher, H. Coe, S.<br />
Walter, J. Schneider, N. Hock, J. Curtius, S. Borrmann, A. Petzold, M. Ebert, M.<br />
Inerle-Hof, and S. Weinbruch, An overview of the Cloud and Aerosol<br />
Characterization Experiments (CLACE) conducted at a high alpine site in the free<br />
troposphere (solicited), European Geoscience Union, Vienna, Austria, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Weingartner, E., B. Verheggen, J. Cozic, S. Sjögren, J. Duplissy, J.S. Van Ekeren, U.<br />
Baltensperger, S. Mertes, K.N. Bower, M. Flynn, P. Connolly, J. Crosier, M.<br />
Gallagher, H. Coe, T. Choularton, S. Walter, J. Schneider, N. Hock, J. Curtius, S.<br />
Borrmann, A. Petzold, S. Henning, T. Rosenorn, M. Bilde, M. Ebert, M. Inerle-Hof,<br />
A. Worringen, S. Weinbruch, E. Fries, E. Starokozhev, W. Püttmann, W. Jaeschke, P.<br />
Aalto, A. Hiriskko, and M. Kulmala, An overview of the cloud and aerosol<br />
characterization experiments (CLACE) conducted at the high alpine research station<br />
Jungfraujoch in Switzerland, p. 129, EAC <strong>2005</strong>, Ghent, Belgium, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Magazine and Newspapers articles<br />
Baltensperger, U. and E. Weingartner, Klimawirksamkeit von Partikeln, VCS-<br />
Magazin Leonardo, März <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Address:<br />
Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry<br />
Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI)<br />
CH-5232 Villigen<br />
Switzerland<br />
Contacts:<br />
Ernest Weingartner<br />
Urs Baltensperger<br />
Tel: +41 56 310 2405 Tel: +41 56 310 2408<br />
Fax: +41 56 310 4525 Fax: +41 56 310 4525<br />
e-mail: ernest.weingartner@psi.ch e-mail: urs.baltensperger@psi.ch<br />
51
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
52
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
Name of research institute or organization:<br />
Bundesamt für Landestopographie / Swiss Federal Office of<br />
Topography (swisstopo)<br />
Title of project:<br />
Automated GPS Network Switzerland (AGNES)<br />
Project leader and team<br />
Dr. Elmar Brockmann,<br />
Simon Grünig, Daniel Ineichen, Dr. Stefan Schaer, Dr. Urs Wild<br />
Project description:<br />
The permanently observing GPS (Global Positioning System) station at Jungfraujoch<br />
has been operating since autumn 1998. The station is part of the Automated GPS<br />
Network of Switzerland (AGNES) consisting presently of 30 sites. AGNES is a<br />
multipurpose network which serves as reference for surveying, real-time positioning<br />
services (swipos GIS/GEO) and for scientific applications (geotectonics and<br />
meteorology).<br />
Due to the extreme altitude, the station is not optimal for real-time positioning<br />
applications. Nevertheless, the station is monitored on a daily basis for reference<br />
frame purposes on a sub-cm accuracy level.<br />
For meteorological application the permanent operation at Jungfraujoch gives very<br />
interesting results, as shown in the last annual activity report. swisstopo contributes to<br />
the European project TOUGH (Targeting Optimal Use of GPS Humidity) since 2002,<br />
which ends at the January 31, 2006. The goal is to use GPS-derived humidity<br />
information for numerical weather prediction.<br />
53
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
Results are shown and updated hourly at http://www.swisstopo.ch (in the geodesy<br />
section, subsection permanent networks and analysis center PNAC).<br />
In <strong>2005</strong>, rigorous changes were made to the analysis of the data processing. The<br />
processing software was changed from Bernese 4.2 to Bernese 5.0. Furthermore,<br />
model improvements were introduced which lead to an improvement of the quality of<br />
the hourly zenith total delay (ZTD) estimates compared to the ZTD estimates derived<br />
on a daily basis. The differences for a 2-week period, in which the "old" and the<br />
"new" processing was done in parallel, show the following behaviour for<br />
Jungfraujoch (upper diagram: different ZTD estimates based on different processing<br />
strategies; center diagram: formal rms estimates of the ZTD estimates; lower<br />
diagram: Differences of the ZTD estimates with respect to the post-processed (PP<br />
5.0) solution based on daily observations):<br />
ZTD [m]<br />
RMS ZTD [mm]<br />
+1.62<br />
+1.60<br />
+1.58<br />
+1.56<br />
+1.54<br />
+1.52<br />
+1.50<br />
+1.48<br />
+3.00<br />
+2.50<br />
+2.00<br />
+1.50<br />
+1.00<br />
+0.50<br />
+0.00<br />
JUJO zenith total delays, rms and differences to PP 5.0<br />
PP 5.0<br />
+60 NRT 5.0<br />
+ 0 NRT 5.0<br />
-60 NRT 5.0<br />
NRT 4.2<br />
RRT swipos<br />
206 208 210 212 214 216 218 220<br />
PP 5.0<br />
+60 NRT 5.0<br />
+ 0 NRT 5.0<br />
-60 NRT 5.0<br />
NRT 4.2<br />
RRT swipos<br />
206 208 210 212 214 216 218 220<br />
Diff ZTD [mm]<br />
+30.0<br />
+20.0<br />
+10.0<br />
+0.0<br />
-10.0<br />
-20.0<br />
-30.0<br />
-40.0<br />
-50.0<br />
-60.0<br />
+60 NRT 5.0<br />
+ 0 NRT 5.0<br />
-60 NRT 5.0<br />
NRT 4.2<br />
RRT swipos<br />
206 208 210 212 214 216 218 220<br />
DOY <strong>2005</strong><br />
The differences of the new hourly ZTD estimates with the post-processed solution are<br />
almost bias-free and show an agreement of the order of 4.8 mm ZTD (standard<br />
deviation).<br />
The results achieved every hour with a time delay of maximally 1 hour and 45<br />
minutes (solution type "+0 NRT 5.0") are continuously submitted to EGVAP<br />
(http://egvap.dmi.dk/), which is a project of EUMETNET (The Network of European<br />
Meteorological Services) started in March <strong>2005</strong> with the goal to make the GPS ZTD<br />
estimates operationally available for numerical weather prediction. This server<br />
collects the results of more than 400 sites all over Europe stemming from a dozen<br />
GPS analysis centers.<br />
Key words:<br />
GPS, Meteorology, Positioning, Intergrated Water Vapour, Zenith Path Delay, GPS<br />
Tomography<br />
54
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
Internet data bases:<br />
http://www.swisstopo.ch; http://egvap.dmi.dk/<br />
Collaborating partners/networks:<br />
Astronomical Institute (AIUB), University of Berne<br />
MeteoSwiss, Zurich and Payerne<br />
Institute of Applied Physics (IAP), University of Berne<br />
Scientific publications and public outreach <strong>2005</strong>:<br />
Refereed journal articles<br />
Brockmann E., D. Ineichen und A. Wiget (<strong>2005</strong>): Neumessung und Auswertung des<br />
GPS-Landesnetzes der Schweiz LV95. Geomatik Schweiz 08/05, August <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Grünig S. und U. Wild (<strong>2005</strong>): swipos über Internet. Neue Entwicklungen bei der<br />
Echtzeit-Positionierung. Geomatik Schweiz 02/<strong>2005</strong>, März <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Guerova G., J.-M. Bettems, E. Brockmann and Ch. Mätzler (<strong>2005</strong>): Assimilation of<br />
COST-716 Near-Real Time GPS data in the nonhydrostatic area model used at<br />
MeteoSwiss. Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. (MAP), June 30, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Guerova G., E. Brockmann, F. Schubiger, J. Morand and C. Mätzler (<strong>2005</strong>): An<br />
Integrated Assessment of Measured and Modeled Integrated Water Vapor in<br />
Switzerland for the Period 2001–03, Journal of Applied Meteorology, Vol. 44, No. 7,<br />
pages 1033–1044.<br />
Troller M., E. Brockmann, D. Ineichen, S. Lutz, A. Geiger and H.-G. Kahle (<strong>2005</strong>):<br />
Determination of the 3D Water Vapor Distribution in the Troposphere on a<br />
Continuous Basis Using GPS. Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 7.<br />
Conference papers<br />
Brockmann E., D. Ineichen, U. Marti, A. Schlatter (<strong>2005</strong>): Results of the 3rd<br />
observation of the Swiss GPS Reference Network LV95 and status of the Swiss<br />
Combined Geodetic Network CH-CGN. In: Torres, J.A. and H. Hornik (Eds):<br />
Subcommission for the European Reference Frame (EUREF), Vienna <strong>2005</strong>, EUREF<br />
Publication in preparation.<br />
Brockmann E. and D. Ineichen (<strong>2005</strong>): TOUGH activities at swisstopo (LPT).<br />
TOUGH annual meeting, L'Aquilla, January 27-28, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Brockmann E. and D. Ineichen (<strong>2005</strong>): TOUGH activities at swisstopo (LPT).<br />
TOUGH semi-annual meeting, Exeter, September 29-30, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Schaer S., D. Ineichen and E. Brockmann (<strong>2005</strong>): EUREF LAC Analysis at<br />
swisstopo/CODE Using Bernese Software V5.0. In: Torres, J.A. and H. Hornik (Eds):<br />
Subcommission for the European Reference Frame (EUREF), Vienna <strong>2005</strong>, EUREF<br />
Publication in preparation.<br />
Schneider D., B. Vogel, A. Wiget, U. Wild, E. Brockmann, U. Marti and A. Schlatter<br />
(<strong>2005</strong>): EUREF'05: National <strong>Report</strong> of Switzerland: New Developments in Swiss<br />
National Geodetic Surveying. In: Torres, J.A. and H. Hornik (Eds): Subcommission<br />
for the European Reference Frame (EUREF), Vienna <strong>2005</strong>, EUREF Publication No.<br />
in preparation.<br />
55
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
Address:<br />
Bundesamt für Landestopographie (swisstopo)<br />
Seftigenstrasse 264<br />
CH-3084 Wabern<br />
Contacts<br />
Elmar Brockmann<br />
Tel.:+41 31 963 2111<br />
Fax.:+41 31 963 2459<br />
e-mail: elmar.brockmann@swisstopo.ch<br />
URL: http://www.swisstopo.ch<br />
56
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
Name of research institute or organization:<br />
Abteilung für Klima- und Umweltphysik, Physikalisches Institut,<br />
Universität Bern<br />
Title of project:<br />
CarboEurope-IP: Assessment of the European Terrestrial Carbon Balance<br />
Project leader and team<br />
PD Dr. Markus Leuenberger, project leader<br />
Luca Valentino, Peter Nyfeler, Hans-Peter Moret<br />
Project description:<br />
The present concentration of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) in the atmosphere is higher than in<br />
the past 420,000 years or maybe even in the past 20 million years, and it continues to<br />
rise. The primary causes are fossil fuel combustion and deforestation. Globally, the<br />
land biosphere (excluding the part subject to deforestation) takes up 30% of the fossil<br />
fuel emissions and thus is presently reducing the speed of anthropogenic climate<br />
change. Yet our understanding of this carbon sink, which is mainly located north of<br />
the Tropics, its partitioning between Europe, North America, and Asia, its controlling<br />
mechanisms and its vulnerability to changes in climate and land management are still<br />
uncertain. Coupled climate models indicate that, in the near future, carbon release<br />
from existing carbon pools in the biosphere could be large enough to offset any<br />
attempts of technical CO 2 emission reduction. Meeting the scientific challenge of<br />
establishing the full carbon budget of a continent with acceptable accuracy has also<br />
high political relevance because the Kyoto Protocol includes carbon sources and sinks<br />
in the terrestrial biosphere.<br />
CarboEurope-IP aims to understand and quantify the present terrestrial carbon<br />
balance of Europe and the associated uncertainty at local, regional and continental<br />
scale.<br />
The key innovation of the CarboEurope-IP is in its conception as to apply single<br />
comprehensive experimental strategy, and its integration into a comprehensive carbon<br />
data assimilation framework. The observational and modelling programme will run at<br />
unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution. This will allow for the first time a<br />
consistent match of bottom-up and top-down estimates of the regional variation in<br />
carbon sources and sinks.<br />
The division of Climate and Environmental Physics at the Physics Institute of the<br />
University of Bern takes part in CarboEurope-IP through measurements of CO 2 , O 2<br />
and δ 13 C on CO 2 on three flask sites, namely Jungfraujoch (CH), Puy de Dome (F)<br />
and Griffin (UK). Continuous records of CO 2 and O 2 have to be analysed at<br />
Jungfraujoch combined with flask analyses for δ 13 C whereas at the other two<br />
locations only flask samples are determined.<br />
A system for continuous measurements of O 2 and CO 2 was installed at Jungfraujoch<br />
Station on December 7, 2004. The CO 2 concentration is measured by a conventional<br />
infrared analyser whereas the O 2 concentration is measured with two principles, a<br />
paramagnetic technique and a fuel cell technology. The flask analyses are made on<br />
dedicated mass spectrometers.<br />
57
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
Figure 1: Preliminary continuous CO 2 and O 2 results at Jungfraujoch. The CO 2<br />
concentrations are given in parts per million (ppm) in the upper panel whereas O 2 is<br />
given in per meg units in the lower panel. The purple squares show the flask values<br />
that were taken during the year <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
500<br />
δO 2<br />
/N 2<br />
(per meg)<br />
400<br />
300<br />
200<br />
100<br />
0<br />
Jungfraujoch<br />
Puy de Dôme<br />
360 370 380 390 400<br />
CO 2<br />
(ppm)<br />
Figure 2: Correlation plot between O 2 /N 2 and CO 2 on flask samples taken at Jungfraujoch<br />
(Switzerland) and at Puy de Dome station (France). The brown area documents the range of<br />
oxidation factors for fossil fuel components (coal, oil and natural gas) whereas the green area<br />
represents exchanges between atmosphere and the biosphere.<br />
58
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
Key words:<br />
European carbon balance, high precision oxygen measurements, carbon dioxide,<br />
isotopes, atmospheric sampling, trace gases<br />
Internet data bases:<br />
http://www.lsce.cnrs-gif.fr/CE-atmosphere<br />
Collaborating partners/networks:<br />
Centrum voor IsotopenOnderzoek, Groningen, The Netherlands<br />
Laboratoire des Science du Climat et de l’Environnement, UMR CEA-CNRS, CE<br />
Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, France<br />
Scientific publications and public outreach <strong>2005</strong>:<br />
Refereed journal articles<br />
Sturm, P., M. Leuenberger, and M. Schmidt, Atmospheric O 2 , CO 2 and δ 13 C<br />
observations from the remote sites Jungfraujoch, Switzerland, and Puy de Dôme,<br />
France, Geophysical Research Letters, 32 (doi:10.1029/<strong>2005</strong>GL023304), L17811,<br />
<strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Sturm, P., M. Leuenberger, F.L. Valentino, B. Lehmann, and B. Ihly, Measurements<br />
of CO 2 , its stable isotopes, O 2 /N 2 , and 222Rn at Bern, Switzerland, Atmospheric<br />
Chemistry and Physics, 1680-7375/acpd/<strong>2005</strong>-5-8473, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Address:<br />
Klima- und Umweltphysik<br />
Physikalisches Institut<br />
Universität Bern<br />
Sidlerstrasse 5<br />
CH-3012 Bern<br />
Contacts:<br />
Markus Leuenberger<br />
Tel.: +41 31 631 44 70<br />
Fax: +41 31 631 87 42<br />
e-mail: leuenberger@climate.unibe.ch<br />
URL: http://www.climate.unibe.ch<br />
http://www.carboeurope.org<br />
http://www.lsce.cnrs-gif.fr/CE-atmosphere<br />
59
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
60
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
Name of research institute or organization:<br />
Institut für Umweltphysik, Universität Heidelberg<br />
Title of project:<br />
Long-term observations of 14 CO 2 at Jungfraujoch<br />
Project leader and team:<br />
Ingeborg Levin, project leader<br />
Bernd Kromer<br />
Project description:<br />
14 C is the natural radioactive carbon isotope which is produced in the atmosphere by<br />
cosmic ray induced reactions with atmospheric nitrogen. The radioactive half life of<br />
14 C is 5730 years. The natural equilibrium level of atmospheric 14 CO 2 has been<br />
disturbed by man’s activities in the last century, via the ongoing input of fossil fuel<br />
CO 2 into the atmosphere known as Suess effect, and through nuclear detonations in<br />
the atmosphere in the 1950s and early 1960s. CO 2 from burning of fossil fuels, due to<br />
its age of several hundred million years, is free of 14 C; adding fossil fuel CO 2 to the<br />
atmosphere, therefore, not only leads to an increase of its CO 2 mixing ratio but also to<br />
a decrease of the 14 C/ 12 C ratio in atmospheric CO 2 . From a 14 CO 2 measurement at a<br />
polluted sampling site, e.g. on the European continent, we can directly calculate the<br />
regional fossil fuel CO 2 surplus, if the undisturbed background 14 CO 2 level is known.<br />
Atmospheric 14 CO 2 observations at Jungfraujoch serve as this background for other<br />
observational sites in Central Europe. The measurements have been started in 1986<br />
and were continued without interruption until today. The Jungfraujoch background<br />
14 CO 2 level was used to calculate the fossil fuel CO 2 component at Schauinsland<br />
station as well as in Heidelberg from respective 14 CO 2 observations. These results are<br />
described in detail by Levin et al. [2003], and in a recently submitted manuscript by<br />
Gamnitzer et al. [<strong>2005</strong>]. All Jungfraujoch data until the end of 2003 have been<br />
published by Levin and Kromer [2004].<br />
References:<br />
Gamnitzer, U., U. Karstens, B. Kromer, R. Neubert, H. Meijer, H. Schroeder and I.<br />
Levin, <strong>2005</strong>. Carbon Monoxide: A quantitative tracer for fossil fuel CO 2 ?<br />
submitted to J. Geophys. Res. December <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Levin, I., B. Kromer, M. Schmidt and H. Sartorius, 2003. A novel approach for<br />
independent budgeting of fossil fuels CO 2 over Europe by 14 CO 2 observations.<br />
Geophys. Res. Lett.30(23), 2194, doi. 10.1029/2003GL018477.<br />
Levin, I. and B. Kromer, 2004. The tropospheric 14 CO 2 level in mid-latitudes of the<br />
Northern Hemisphere (1959-2003). Radiocarbon 46(3), 1261-1272.<br />
Key words:<br />
carbon dioxide, Radiocarbon, fossil fuel CO 2 , climate, Kyoto Protocol<br />
61
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
Internet data bases:<br />
http://www.iup.uni-heidelberg.de/institut/forschung/groups/kk/<br />
http://www.radiocarbon.org/IntCal04.htm<br />
Collaborating partners/networks:<br />
CarboEurope-IP (http://www.carboeurope.org/)<br />
Scientific publications and public outreach <strong>2005</strong>:<br />
Refereed journal article<br />
Gamnitzer, U., U. Karstens, B. Kromer, R. Neubert, H. Meijer, H. Schroeder and I.<br />
Levin, <strong>2005</strong>. Carbon Monoxide: A quantitative tracer for fossil fuel CO 2 ? submitted<br />
to J. Geophys. Res. December <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Address:<br />
Institut für Umweltphysik<br />
Universität Heidelberg<br />
Im Neuenheimer Feld 229<br />
D-69120 Heidelberg<br />
Contacts:<br />
Ingeborg Levin<br />
Tel.: +49 6221 546330<br />
Fax: +49 6221 546405<br />
e-mail: Ingeborg.Levin@iup.uni-heidelberg.de<br />
URL: http://www.iup.uni-heidelberg.de/institut/forschung/groups/kk/<br />
62
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
Name of research institute or organization:<br />
Physikalische Chemie / FBC, Bergische Universität Wuppertal<br />
Title of project:<br />
Measurements of nitrous acid (HONO) in the free troposphere<br />
Project leader and team:<br />
PD Dr. Jörg Kleffmann<br />
Project description (summary):<br />
In the present DFG pilot study, an optimized LOPAP instrument (DL 0.2 pptV, time<br />
response 6-7 min) for the detection of nitrous acid (HONO) in the atmosphere was<br />
tested on the high alpine research station “Jungfraujoch” at 3580 m altitude. The<br />
excellent performance of the instrument was confirmed in this study also under<br />
extreme weather conditions. HONO concentrations in the range
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
photolysis of nitrate in the snow [20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25], which is also suggested as<br />
the photolytic source of NO x emitted from snow surfaces (e.g. [26, 27, 28, 29]). An<br />
alternative mechanism to explain HONO formation during daytime was recently<br />
proposed by the photoenhanced reduction of NO 2 on organic surfaces, like e.g. fulvic<br />
and humic acids [30, 31]. Since these organic compounds are ubiquitous, this<br />
mechanism could probably also explain the observed HONO formation on snow<br />
surfaces. The proposed mechanism could also help to explain the high HONO/NO x<br />
ratio often observed in polar regions, which is in contrast to the expected ratio based<br />
on laboratory studies about the nitrate photolysis (see also [10]).<br />
Measurements of gaseous HONO have been made since many years in the<br />
atmosphere with various techniques (e.g. [32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42]).<br />
For measurements in the Arctic, dry carbonate denuders [4, 16], mist chambers with<br />
ion chromatographic detection [17, 18] and the HPLC technique [10, 19, 43] have<br />
been used. The common principle of these instruments is the sampling of HONO on<br />
humid or aqueous surfaces in the form of nitrite. Very recently, it was found that<br />
these chemical detectors could suffer from interferences by the reaction of different<br />
hydrocarbons with NO 2 [44], by which nitrite is efficiently formed on similar<br />
surfaces. In addition, in all polar HONO studies the air was sampled through<br />
Teflon/PFA tubes of up to 30 m length (e.g. [10]). Since it is well known that HONO<br />
is heterogeneously formed on surfaces (e.g. [45, 46]), the surfaces of the sampling<br />
lines could cause additional HONO formation and lead to incorrect results.<br />
Accordingly, there is an urgent need for the exact quantification of HONO<br />
concentrations in polar regions by an instrument for which interferences and sampling<br />
artefacts can be excluded finally leading to a better understanding of the impact of<br />
HONO on the oxidation capacity of the polar atmosphere.<br />
2 Aim of the study<br />
The proposed DFG pilot study was aimed to demonstrate that the recently developed<br />
LOPAP instrument for the detection of nitrous acid in the atmosphere is capable to<br />
work under polar conditions. In addition, it was planned to significantly improve the<br />
sensitivity of the instrument in order to quantify the expected extreme low<br />
concentrations in Antarctic regions. Thus, HONO measurements were performed<br />
with a modified HONO instrument in a field campaign on the high alpine research<br />
station “Jungfraujoch” in the period 02.-07.11.<strong>2005</strong>.<br />
3 Experimental<br />
Nitrous acid (HONO) was measured with a newly developed, ultra sensitive<br />
instrument (LOPAP), which is described in detail elsewhere [40, 41]. Briefly, HONO<br />
is sampled in a stripping coil by a fast chemical reaction and converted into an azo<br />
dye, which is photometrically detected by long path absorption in light conducting<br />
Teflon tubes. The two-channel set-up of the instrument suppresses interferences<br />
including those caused by mixtures of NO 2 and semi-volatile diesel exhaust<br />
components [44]. Artificial HONO formation in sampling lines by heterogeneous or<br />
photolytic processes [45, 46] is minimized by the use of an external temperature<br />
controlled sampling unit, in which the stripping coils are mounted and which can be<br />
directly installed in the atmosphere of interest. In recent intercomparison campaigns<br />
with the DOAS technique in the field and in a smog chamber, excellent agreement<br />
was obtained also for daytime conditions [47], which is in contrast to all other<br />
published intercomparison studies between chemical HONO instruments and the<br />
DOAS technique [48, 49, 50, 51, 52]. The detection limit of the instrument was 1-2<br />
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pptV for a time response of 5 min [41]. Further modifications of the instrument to<br />
improve the sensitivity were performed as part of a recent DFG pilot study [53] and is<br />
summarized in chapter 0.<br />
4 Results and Discussion<br />
4.1 Modifications of the LOPAP instrument<br />
Prior to the field study on the “Jungfraujoch” the sensitivity of the LOPAP instrument<br />
was improved [53], which led to a detection limit of
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4.2 Field campaign on the “Jungfraujoch”<br />
4.2.1 Location and weather conditions<br />
During the time period 02.-07. November <strong>2005</strong> a pilot field campaign was performed<br />
on the high altitude research station “Jungfraujoch”. The station is located in 3580 m<br />
altitude between the mountains “Jungfrau” and “Mönch” in Switzerland.<br />
Measurements were performed at the “Sphinx” building (see Fig. 2), which is build<br />
on a rock, above the basement of the “Jungfraujoch”. The station is surrounded by<br />
large snow and ice fields. Although the station is located in middle Europe, recent<br />
NO y measurements showed that the air reaching the station could be often compared<br />
with measurements at remote stations [54]. Caused by the large snow and ice fields<br />
around the station, the temperature range during the campaign (see below) and the<br />
low pollution levels, the “Jungfraujoch” is considered as an ideal test station for polar<br />
measurements. Especially, when southeasterly winds were prevailing during three<br />
days of the campaign, the air flow was from the large glacier “Aletschgletscher”<br />
directly to the sampling location of the LOPAP instrument and thus, were in contact<br />
with large ice surfaces and not influenced by possible local emissions from the<br />
station.<br />
Fig. 2<br />
“Sphinx”-station on the Jungfraujoch (northeast side). The external sampling<br />
unit of the LOPAP instrument is shown by the yellow arrow.<br />
The LOPAP instrument was installed in the GAW laboratory room below the roof of<br />
the “Sphinx” building (see Fig. 3). The external sampling unit was fixed on a plate in<br />
front of a window on the northeast side of the building (see Fig. 4). The instrument<br />
was calibrated two times, at the beginning and at the end of the campaign and zero<br />
measurements of 20 min duration were automatically performed every 4 h.<br />
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Fig. 3<br />
LOPAP instrument in the GAW laboratory in the “Sphinx station” on the<br />
“Jungfraujoch”.<br />
Fig. 4 External sampling unit of the LOPAP instrument during strong frost<br />
formation caused by a super saturated cloud event on the 04.-05. November<br />
<strong>2005</strong>.<br />
During the campaign the weather conditions varied significantly. On Nov. 02, <strong>2005</strong><br />
clouds covered the sky and the station was frequently inside clouds. On Nov. 03,<br />
<strong>2005</strong> the weather was quite nice with maximum daytime temperatures around 0°C<br />
and low wind speed. However, at the afternoon strong winds from the southeast<br />
started while the weather was still nice up to the morning of Nov. 04, <strong>2005</strong>. Then, the<br />
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station was inside clouds and snowfall started, while the wind was still strong. The<br />
temperature significantly decreased and super saturated cloud droplets lead to the<br />
strong formation of frost needles on the building in the night Nov. 04.-05, <strong>2005</strong> (see<br />
also Fig. 4). On Nov. 05, <strong>2005</strong> the wind speed decreased, while it was still snowing.<br />
During the end of this day until Nov. 06, <strong>2005</strong> high clouds covered the sky and the<br />
slow wind was reaching the station still from the southeast. During the afternoon of<br />
Nov. 06, <strong>2005</strong> the high clouds became thinner, leading again to higher irradiation. In<br />
addition, during this day the wind direction again changed from southeast to<br />
northwest. During the night Nov. 06-07, <strong>2005</strong> the weather became very nice again<br />
until noon of Nov. 07, <strong>2005</strong>, when first high clouds covered the sky. Later the station<br />
was again inside clouds with wind from the north.<br />
During the campaign, the temperature varied between -9.2 and +0.9 °C, the wind<br />
speed between 0-15 m/s and the pressure between 657-664 mbar.<br />
4.2.2 HONO measurements<br />
The HONO concentration varied between 40 pptV in between one hour around noon<br />
(see Fig. 5). At this time the wind direction changed from southeast (glacier<br />
“Aletschgletscher”) to northwest (Interlaken Valley). Probably the observed fast<br />
increase in the HONO concentration can be attributed to the different air masses<br />
arriving at the measurement site.<br />
For all data a mean diurnal HONO profile was calculated from the 10 min mean<br />
values of the instrument (see Fig. 6). Except some outliers, the mean HONO<br />
concentration varied between ~2 pptV in the night and ~17 pptV around noon. The<br />
variability of the data is much lower during the night compared to the day. This might<br />
be explained by a decreasing boundary layer height during the night and a much<br />
lower influence of variable pollution from the valleys around the measurement site<br />
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during the night. Accordingly, the mean night time concentration of 3.5 pptV (6:00-<br />
18:00) might be considered as a typical value for the free troposphere in mid Europe.<br />
The high daytime concentrations are most probably caused by photolytic formation of<br />
HONO, since the diurnal HONO profile nicely matches with the variation of the light<br />
intensity. However, since photolytic HONO formation is most probably caused by<br />
heterogeneous processes on the surfaces around the station, these high values are not<br />
representative for the free troposphere during the day. The mechanism of the<br />
photolytic daytime formation, i.e. nitrate photolysis versus photoenhanced NO 2<br />
reduction, is still an open question, however, its clarification was not an objective of<br />
this pilot study.<br />
50<br />
40<br />
HONO [pptV]<br />
30<br />
20<br />
10<br />
Fig. 5<br />
0<br />
2/11/05 3/11/05 4/11/05 5/11/05 6/11/05 7/11/05 8/11/05<br />
date [d/mm/yy]<br />
HONO concentration during the field campaign on the “Jungfraujoch” in the<br />
time period Nov. 02-07, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
40<br />
mean HONO [pptV]<br />
30<br />
20<br />
10<br />
Fig. 6<br />
0<br />
00:00 06:00 12:00 18:00 00:00<br />
time [hh:mm]<br />
Mean HONO concentration (10 min averages) during the field campaign on<br />
the “Jungfraujoch”.<br />
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4.2.3 Performance of the instrument under “real world” conditions<br />
During the campaign on the “Jungfraujoch”, the weather conditions varied<br />
significantly. It was observed that the performance of the instrument, i.e. time<br />
response and detection limit, was not significantly effected by the different weather<br />
conditions. Especially during one night, super saturated clouds and high wind speed<br />
lead to the formation of ice needles on the sampling unit of the LOPAP instrument<br />
(see Fig. 4). However, the inlet of the temperature controlled stripping coil (20°C)<br />
was not affected by ice needles. Super saturated water droplets can easily form in<br />
clouds under remote conditions and thus are a typical problem for this mountain site<br />
[55], however, will be of less importance on ground stations. Thus, the field<br />
campaign on the “Jungfraujoch” demonstrated that the LOPAP instrument worked<br />
well even under extreme weather conditions.<br />
The time response of the instrument was tested during the regular zero measurements<br />
and is defined as the time of the change of the signal from 90-10 % or 10-90 % of<br />
maximum during start and end of the zero measurements, respectively. For the field<br />
campaign, a mean time response of 7 min was achieved (see Fig. 7), in good<br />
agreement with the laboratory experiments.<br />
The detection limit of the instrument was also determined during the campaign and is<br />
defined as two times the standard deviation of the signal from both channels during<br />
the zero measurements. For most of the zero measurements a detection limit of ~0.2-<br />
0.3 pptV was achieved (see Fig. 7), which is only slightly above the value determined<br />
in the laboratory. Thus, for most of the campaign the high performance of the<br />
instrument was confirmed also under extreme weather conditions.<br />
HONO [pptV]<br />
10<br />
9<br />
8<br />
7<br />
6<br />
5<br />
4<br />
3<br />
2<br />
1<br />
0<br />
-1<br />
2/11/05 20:00 3/11/05 0:00 3/11/05 4:00 3/11/05 8:00<br />
date time [dd/mm/yy hh:mm]<br />
Fig. 7<br />
Demonstration of the time response and sensitivity of the instrument during<br />
the field campaign. Each data point reflects a mean value of 30 s.<br />
While typically the correction of interferences was in the range 10-50 %, very high<br />
interferences of >100% were observed during one night of the campaign (see Fig. 8).<br />
In this case, the signal of the interference channel 2 was nearly as high as the one of<br />
channel 1. The reason for these high interferences is still unclear. The small known<br />
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ozone and NO 2 interferences [41], can only explain a signal of ~1 pptV in channel 2<br />
under the conditions shown in Fig. 8. Thus, other unknown interferences like e.g. the<br />
one caused by NO 2 and oxidisable hydrocarbons [44] might explain the observed high<br />
signal in channel 2. This again highlights the importance of using a two channel<br />
system for the detection of nitrous acid in the atmosphere by a wet-chemical<br />
instrument. Since it can be expected that also other chemical instruments will suffer<br />
from these interferences [44], HONO measurements might be afflicted with large<br />
errors especially at low HONO concentrations. For example, during the night shown<br />
in Fig. 8, the HONO concentration would have been overestimated by a factor of up<br />
to three, if only a one-channel LOPAP instrument were used. Caused by the high<br />
interferences and the large correction of the HONO signal during this night, a<br />
detection limit of only 0.7-0.8 pptV was determined for this special situation. In<br />
contrast, for the rest of the campaign, the correction by interferences was much lower<br />
and thus, the determination of the detection limit only by the zero measurements was<br />
not significantly effected. For example, for the measurements shown in Fig. 7,<br />
interferences of only 15-20 % were measured in channel 2 of the LOPAP instrument.<br />
This small correction has no significant influence on the accuracy of the data. Since it<br />
can be expected that interferences are of lower importance in polar regions with<br />
typically lower concentrations of interfering compounds such as NO 2 and oxidisable<br />
hydrocarbons [44], a detection limit of ~0.2 pptV can be expected also for polar<br />
measurements with the LOPAP instrument.<br />
In conclusion, the high performance of the LOPAP instrument was also confirmed<br />
under the extreme weather conditions prevailing on the “Jungfraujoch” and thus, the<br />
aims of the pilot study were fully reached.<br />
20<br />
12<br />
channel 1 and 2 [pptV].<br />
16<br />
12<br />
8<br />
4<br />
channel 1<br />
channel 2<br />
HONO<br />
8<br />
4<br />
0<br />
-4<br />
HONO [pptV]<br />
0<br />
5/11/05 18:00 6/11/05 0:00 6/11/05 6:00 6/11/05 12:00<br />
date time [dd/mm/yy hh:mm]<br />
Fig. 8 Example of high interferences observed in the night Nov. 05-06, <strong>2005</strong>,<br />
leading to a somewhat higher detection limit of ~0.7-0.8 pptV for these<br />
conditions.<br />
-8<br />
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5 Acknowledgements<br />
The financial support by the the “Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft”, Contract No.<br />
Wi-958/14, the “Deutschen Bundesstiftung Umwelt” (DBU), Contract No. 19142 and<br />
the continuous technical support by QUMA Elektronik & Analytik GmbH during the<br />
development of the HONO instrument is gratefully acknowledged. I also gratefully<br />
acknowledge that the <strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> <strong>High</strong> <strong>Altitude</strong> Research Stations<br />
Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat (HFSJG), 3012 Bern, Switzerland, made it possible for<br />
me to carry out my experiments at the <strong>High</strong> <strong>Altitude</strong> Research Station at<br />
“Jungfraujoch”. In addition, the author is indebted to Mrs. Wilson for her uncomplicated<br />
help during the organisation of the field campaign. I would also like to thank<br />
Mrs. and Mr. Hemund for the technical help and familiar accommodation on the<br />
research station “Jungfraujoch”. DuPont is greatfully acknowledged for the license<br />
agreement for the scientific use of the Teflon ® AF.<br />
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[35] Kanda, Y. and M. Taira: Chemiluminescent Method for Continuous Monitoring of Nitrous Acid<br />
in Ambient Air, Anal. Chem., 1990, 62, 2084-2087.<br />
[36] Večeřa, Z. and P. K. Dasgupta: Measurement of Atmospheric Nitric and Nitrous Acid with a<br />
Wet Effluent Diffusion Denuder and Low-Pressure Ion Chromatography-Postcolumn Reaction<br />
Detection, Anal. Chem., 1991, 63, 2210-2216.<br />
[37] Febo, A., C. Perrino and M. Cortiello: A Denuder Technique for the Measurement of Nitrous<br />
Acid in Urban Atmospheres, Atmos. Environ., 1993, 27A, 1721-1728.<br />
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[38] Simon, P. K. and P. K. Dasgupta: Continuous Automated Measurement of Gaseous Nitrous and<br />
Nitric Acids and Particulate Nitrite and Nitrate, Environ. Sci. Technol., 1995, 29, 1534-1541.<br />
[39] Zhou, X., H. Qiao, G. Deng and K. Civerolo: A Methode for the Measurement of Atmospheric<br />
HONO Based on the DNPH Derivatisation and HPLC Analaysis, Environ. Sci. Technol., 1999,<br />
33, 3672-3679.<br />
[40] Heland, J., J. Kleffmann, R. Kurtenbach and P. Wiesen: A New Instrument to Measure Gaseous<br />
Nitrous Acid (HONO) in the Atmosphere, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2001, 35, 3207-3212.<br />
[41] Kleffmann, J., J. Heland, R. Kurtenbach, J. C. Lörzer and P. Wiesen: A new instrument<br />
(LOPAP) for the detection of nitrous acid (HONO), Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 2002, 9 (special<br />
issue 4), 48-54.<br />
[42] Huang, G., X. Zhou, G. Deng, H. Qiao, K. Civerolo: Measurements of Atmospheric Nitrous<br />
Acid and Nitric Acid, Atmos. Environ., 2002, 36, 2225-2235.<br />
[43] Beine, H. J., A. Amoroso, G. Esposito, R. Sparapani, A. Ianniello, T. Georgiadis, M. Nardino,<br />
P. Bonasoni, P. Cristofanelli and F. Dominé: Deposition of Atmospheric Nitrous Acid on<br />
Alkaline Snow Surfaces, Geophys. Res. Lett., <strong>2005</strong>, 32, L10808, doi: 10.1029/<strong>2005</strong>GL022589.<br />
[44] Gutzwiller, L., F. Arens, U. Baltensperger, H. W. Gäggeler and M. Ammann: Significance of<br />
Semivolatile Diesel Exhaust Organics for Secondary HONO Formation, Environ. Sci. Technol.,<br />
2002, 36, 677-682.<br />
[45] Kleffmann, J., K. H. Becker and P. Wiesen: Heterogeneous NO 2 Conversion Processes on Acid<br />
Surfaces: Possible Atmospheric Implications, Atmos. Environ., 1998, 32, 2721-2729.<br />
[46] Zhou, X., Y. He, G. Huang, T. D. Thornberry, M. A. Cartoll and S. B. Bertman: Photochemical<br />
Production of Nitrous Acid on Glass Sample Manifold Surfaces, Geophys. Res. Lett., 2002, 29<br />
(14), 10.1029/2002GL15080.<br />
[47] Kleffmann, J., J. C. Lörzer, P. Wiesen, S. Trick, R. Volkamer, M. Rodenas and K. Wirtz:<br />
Intercomparisons of the DOAS and LOPAP Techniques for the Detection of Nitrous Acid<br />
(HONO) in the Atmosphere, Atmos. Environ., <strong>2005</strong>, manuscript submitted.<br />
[48] Appel, B. R., Winer, A. M., Tokiwa, Y., Biermann, H. W.: Comparison of Atmospheric Nitrous<br />
Acid Measurements by Annular Denuder and Optical Absorption Systems, Atmos. Environ.<br />
1990, 24 A, 611-616<br />
[49] Coe, H., Jones, R. L., Colin, R., Carleer, M., Harrison, R. M., Peak, J., Plane, J. M. C., Smith,<br />
N., Allan, B., Clemitshaw, K. C., Burgess, R. A., Platt, U., Etzkorn, T., Stutz, J., Pommereau,<br />
J.-P., Goutail, F., Nunes-Pinharanda, M., Simon, P., Hermans, C., Vandaele, A.-C.: A<br />
Comparison of Differential Optical Absorption Spectrometers for Measurement of NO 2 , O 3 ,<br />
SO 2 and HONO, in: Proceedings of EUROTRAC Symposium´96: Transport and<br />
Transformation of Pollutants, eds.: P. M. Borrell, P. Borrell, T. Cvitaš, K. Kelly, W. Seiler,<br />
ISBN 1 85312 498 2, Computational Mechanics Publications, Southampton, 1997, pp. 757-762.<br />
[50] Febo, A., Perrino, C., Allegrini, I.: Measurement of Nitrous Acid in Milan, Italy, by DOAS and<br />
Diffusion Denuders, Atmos. Environ., 1996, 30, 3599-3609.<br />
[51] Müller, Th., Dubois, R., Spindler, G., Brüggemann, E., Ackermann, R., Geyer, A., Platt, U.:<br />
Measurements of Nitrous Acid by DOAS and Diffusion Denuders: A Comparison, in:<br />
Proceedings of EUROTRAC Symposium´98: Transport and Chemical Transformation in the<br />
Troposphere, Volume I, eds.: P. M. Borrell, P. Borrell, ISBN 1-85312-743-4, WITPress,<br />
Southampton, 1999, pp. 345-349.<br />
[52] Spindler, G., Hesper, J., Brüggemann, E., Dubois, R., Müller, Th., Herrmann, H.: Wet Annular<br />
Denuder Measurements of Nitrous Acid: Laboratory Study of the Artefact Reaction of NO 2<br />
with S(IV) in Aqueous Solutions and Comparison with Field Measurements, Atmos. Environ. ,<br />
2003, 37, 2643-2662.<br />
[53] Kleffmann, J. and P. Wiesen: Final report to the DFG Pilot study: “Nitrous Acid (HONO) in<br />
Polar Regions”, in the DFG priority program: „Antarktisforschung mit vergleichenden<br />
Untersuchungen in arktischen Eisgebieten (SPP 1158)“, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
[54] Zellweger, C., J. Forrer, S. Syeki, B. Schwarzenbach, E. Weingartner, M. Ammann and U.<br />
Baltensperger: Partitioning of Reactive Nitrogen (NO y ) and Dependence on Meteorological<br />
Conditions in the Lower Free Troposphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 2003, 3, 779-796.<br />
[55] Weingartner, E.: private communication, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
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<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
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Key words:<br />
nitrous acid (HONO), OH radical source, photochemistry on ice surfaces<br />
Scientific publications and public outreach <strong>2005</strong>:<br />
Kleffmann, J. and P. Wiesen: Final report to the DFG Pilot study: “Nitrous Acid<br />
(HONO) in Polar Regions”, in the DFG priority program: „Antarktisforschung mit<br />
vergleichenden Untersuchungen in arktischen Eisgebieten (SPP 1158)“, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Address:<br />
Physikalische Chemie / FB C<br />
Bergische Universität Wuppertal<br />
Gaußstr. 20<br />
42097 Wuppertal<br />
Germany<br />
Contacts:<br />
PD Dr. Jörg Kleffmann<br />
Tel.: +49 202 439 3534<br />
Fax: +49 202 439 2505<br />
e-mail: kleffman@uni-wuppertal.de<br />
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<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
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Name of research institute or organization:<br />
Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB)<br />
Title of project:<br />
Atmospheric physics and chemistry<br />
Project leader and team:<br />
Dr. Martine De Mazière: project leader FTIR<br />
Dr. M. Van Roozendael: project leader UV-Vis<br />
B. Dils, Caroline Fayt, François Hendrick, Christian Hermans, Jean-Christopher<br />
Lambert, Gaia Pinardi, Corinne Vigouroux, P. Olamba: team scientists<br />
Pierre Gérard, José Granville, T. Jacobs: team support engineers<br />
Project description:<br />
UV-Vis (main results, significance of results, progress in <strong>2005</strong>)<br />
BIRA-IASB operates a zenith-sky looking UV-visible spectrometer installed on the<br />
Sphinx platform since June 1990. Of the French CNRS SAOZ (Système d’Analyse<br />
par Observations Zénithales) design, this instrument has been qualified for operation<br />
within the international NDSC (Network for the Detection of Stratospheric Change).<br />
Twice daily at twilight, it provides measurements of the ozone and nitrogen dioxide<br />
total columns suitable for long-term climatological studies and for satellite validation.<br />
In 2004-<strong>2005</strong>, the SAOZ NO 2 and O 3 column data have been submitted to the NDSC<br />
and ENVISAT Cal/Val databases and used for the geophysical validation of NO 2 and<br />
O 3 column data from ERS-2 GOME and ENVISAT SCIAMACHY within the<br />
ESA/PRODEX CINAMON project (AOID158, coordinated by BIRA-IASB). SAOZ<br />
data have also been used in the context of the implementation of a new operational<br />
algorithm for the GOME instrument as part of the ESA UPAS/GDOAS GDP4.0<br />
project. The stratospheric NO 2 vertical profile inversion algorithm, developed in 2003<br />
as part of the EU project QUILT (http://nadir.nilu.no/quilt), has been applied to<br />
selected data sets from the Jungfraujoch. Its usefulness for the validation of NO 2<br />
profile measurements from space has been demonstrated in the framework of the<br />
ENVISAT validation. Instrumental developments have also taken place during 2004-<br />
<strong>2005</strong>, with the preparation of a new multi-axis DOAS spectrometer, which will be<br />
installed in the course of 2006 to complement SAOZ observations. In comparison to<br />
SAOZ, the new DOAS instrument has improved performances for NO 2 detection, and<br />
enhanced capabilities to derive vertical profile information in both the troposphere<br />
and the stratosphere. It also enables the detection of additional trace gases (HCHO,<br />
BrO, SO 2 ) relevant to the monitoring of air quality.<br />
FTIR solar absorption spectrometry (main results, significance of results,<br />
progress in <strong>2005</strong>)<br />
BIRA-IASB participates in the observations and their analysis of the atmospheric<br />
composition by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry coordinated by the<br />
University of Liege (see report by ULg).<br />
In <strong>2005</strong>, the EC project UFTIR (http://ww.nilu.no/uftir), coordinated by BIRA-IASB,<br />
went into its third year. The Jungfraujoch as well as all other European NDSC<br />
stations equipped with FTIR instruments are included in the project. The project aims<br />
at optimising the vertical inversion of 6 species, that are O 3 , CO, N 2 O, CH 4 , C 2 H 6 ,<br />
and HCFC-22, re-analysing the existing time series, and comparing them with model<br />
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<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
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results. After having defined a common retrieval strategy in the previous years of the<br />
project, a large part of <strong>2005</strong> has been devoted to the revision of the target timeseries.<br />
The BIRA-IASB team has been responsible for the revision of the FTIR ozone<br />
timeseries at Jungfraujoch, covering the period 1995-<strong>2005</strong>. Comparisons with CTM2<br />
from Oslo University show a good agreement, although the model slightly<br />
overestimates the total ozone amount. The discrepancy probably comes from the<br />
dynamics in the model that is taken from ERA40 and that includes a too fast Brewer-<br />
Dobson circulation. The long term trend of the ozone amount above Jungfraujoch has<br />
been evaluated using a bootstrap resampling method and indicates a non-significant<br />
trend in the troposphere, and a slightly positive annual trend in the total column<br />
(0.37%±0.21% of the 2000 value, per year)<br />
In <strong>2005</strong>, the validation of ENVISAT SCIAMACHY and MIPAS data using<br />
Jungfraujoch and other ground-based NDSC FTIR data has continued in the frame of<br />
the ESA/PRODEX project FTIRval (AOID126, coordinated by BIRA-IASB) and in<br />
the frame of the EC project Evergreen (http://www.knmi.nl/evergreen). It has been<br />
demonstrated that the vertical profile information retrieved from the FTIR data can be<br />
very well exploited for the validation of MIPAS profiles, in particular for O 3 , HNO 3<br />
and N 2 O profiles. Comparisons have also been performed between the FTIR data and<br />
4D Var data assimilation analyses from the BIRA-IASB BASCOE system. They have<br />
highlighted the benefits and limitations of the present assimilation system (Vigouroux<br />
et al., 2006). It has also been shown that the FTIR total column data of CO, CH 4 , N 2 O<br />
and CO 2 represent a very valid contribution to the validation of the SCIAMACHY<br />
near-infrared products, and of comparable model data from TM4 and TM5.<br />
Key words<br />
atmospheric composition, long-term monitoring, optical remote sensing, vertical<br />
inversion methods, satellite validation<br />
Internet databases<br />
‣ The data are archived in the NDSC database (http://www.ncep.noaa.gov/), in the<br />
NADIR/NILU database (http://www.nilu.no/projects/nadir).<br />
‣ Data processed for ENVISAT validation purposes are also submitted to the<br />
ENVISAT CAL/VAL database(http://nadir.nilu.no/calval/)<br />
‣ Revised FTIR timeseries in the frame of UFTIR have been submitted to<br />
NADIR/NILU in a dedicated database for UFTIR (see http://www.nilu.no/uftir).<br />
They will be copied to the NDSC database as soon as this one is upgraded to<br />
accept FTIR profile data.<br />
Collaborating partners/networks:<br />
‣ Collaborations with University of Liège, NDSC partners and partners of the EC<br />
projects QUILT, UFTIR, Evergreen.<br />
‣ Collaboration with modellers, in particular M. Chipperfield of Univ. Leeds.<br />
‣ Both the UV-Vis and FTIR observations contribute to the international Network<br />
for the Detection of Stratospheric Change (NDSC), now re-baptized NDACC,<br />
Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Changes.<br />
‣ Collaboration with S. Reimann, B. Buchmann, and D. Fiolini of EMPA<br />
‣ Collaborations with A. Prévot (PSI) and I. Bey (EPFL)<br />
‣ Collaboration with the GOME, ACE and MetOp satellite communities.<br />
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Scientific publications and public outreach <strong>2005</strong>:<br />
Refereed journal articles<br />
Bach M., S. Fally, P.-F. Coheur, M. Carleer, A. Jenouvrier, A. C. Vandaele Line<br />
parameters of HDO from <strong>High</strong>-Resolution Fourier Transform Spectroscopy in the 11<br />
500 - 23 000 cm-1 Spectral Region, J. Mol. Spectrosc., 232(2), 341-350, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Barret B., D.Hurtmans, M. Carleer, M. De Mazière, E. Mahieu and P.-F. Coheur,<br />
Line narrowing effect on the retrieval of HF and HCl vertical profiles from groundbased<br />
FTIR measurements, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer., 95(4), 499-519,<br />
<strong>2005</strong>.<br />
De Mazière, M., C. Vigouroux, T. Gardiner, M. Coleman, P. Woods, K. Ellingsen,<br />
M. Gauss, I. Isaksen, T. Blumenstock, F. Hase, I. Kramer, C. Camy-Peyret, P. Chelin,<br />
E. Mahieu, P. Demoulin, P. Duchatelet, J. Mellqvist, A. Strandberg, V. Velazco, J.<br />
Notholt, R. Sussmann, W. Stremme, A. Rockmann, Evaluation of tropospheric trends<br />
of primary and secondary greenhouse gases over Europe from ground-based remote<br />
sensing observations and model analyses, Proceedings of the Fourth <strong>International</strong><br />
Symposium on Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases (NCGG-4), Science, Control, Policy and<br />
Implementation, Utrecht (The Netherlands, 4-6 July <strong>2005</strong>); also in Environ. Sciences,<br />
Special Issue 2 (2-3), 283-293 (<strong>2005</strong>).<br />
Denis, L., H.K. Roscoe, M.P. Chipperfield, M. Van Roozendael and F. Goutail<br />
(2004). A new software suite for NO2 vertical profile retrieval from ground-based<br />
zenith-sky spectrometers, JQSRT, 92, 321-333, doi:10.1016/j.jqsrt.2004.07.030.<br />
Dils, B., M. De Mazière, T. Blumenstock, M. Buchwitz, R. de Beek, P. Demoulin, P.<br />
Duchatelet, H. Fast, C. Frankenberg, A. Gloudemans, D. Griffith, N. Jones, T.<br />
Kerzenmacher, E. Mahieu, J. Mellqvist, S. Mikuteit, R. L. Mittermeier, J. Notholt, H.<br />
Schrijver, D. Smale, A. Strandberg, W. Stremme, K. Strong, R. Sussmann, J. Taylor,<br />
M. van den Broek, T. Wagner, T. Warneke, A. Wiacek, S. Wood, Comparisons<br />
between SCIAMACHY scientific products and ground-based FTIR data for total<br />
columns of CO, CH4, CO2 and N2O, ACPD, 5(3), 2677-2717 (to be published in<br />
ACP), <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Hendrick, F., M. Van Roozendael, A. Kylling, A. Petritoli, A. Rozanov, S. Sanghavi,<br />
R. Schofield, C. von Friedeburg, T. Wagner, F. Wittrock, D. Fonteyn, and M. De<br />
Mazière (<strong>2005</strong>). Intercomparison exercise between different radiative transfer models<br />
used for the interpretation of ground-based zenith-sky and multi-axis DOAS<br />
observations, ACP 6, 93-108, 2006.<br />
Meijer, Y.J. , D. P. J. Swart, M. Allaart, S. B. Andersen, G. Bodeker, I. Boyd, G.<br />
Braathen, Y. Calisesi, H. Claude, V. Dorokhov, P. von der Gathen, M. Gil, S. Godin-<br />
Beekmann, F. Goutail, G. Hansen, A. Karpetchko, P. Keckhut, H. M. Kelder, R.<br />
Koelemeijer, B. Kois, R. M. Koopman, G. Kopp, J.-C. Lambert, T. Leblanc, I. S.<br />
McDermid, S. Pal, H. Schets, R. Stubi, T. Suortti, G. Visconti, M. Yela, Pole-to-pole<br />
validation of Envisat GOMOS ozone profiles using data from ground-based and<br />
balloon sonde measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D23305,<br />
doi:10.1029/2004JD004834, 2004.<br />
Piters, A. J. M., K. Bramstedt, J.-C. Lambert, and B. Kirchhoff, Overview of<br />
SCIAMACHY validation: 2002-2004, Invited paper, ACP 6, 127-148, 2006.<br />
Spurr, R., W. Balzer, D. Loyola, W. Thomas, E. Mikusch, T. Rupper, M. Van<br />
Roozendael, J.-C. Lambert, V. Soebijanta, GOME Level 1-to-2 Data Processor<br />
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Version 3.0: A Major Upgrade of the GOME/ERS-2 Total Ozone Retrieval<br />
Algorithm, accepted for publication in Appl. Optics, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Tolchenov R., O. Naumenko, N. Zobov, O. Polyansly, J. Tennyson, M. Carleer, P.-F.<br />
Coheur, S. Fally, A. Jenouvrier, A. C. Vandaele, Water vapor line assignments in the<br />
9250 – 26000 cm-1 frequency range, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 233(1),<br />
68-76, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Vandaele, A. C., C. Fayt, F. Hendrick, C. Hermans, F. Humbled, M. Van Roozendael,<br />
M. Gil, M. Navarro, O. Puentedura, M. Yela, G. Braathen, K. Stebel, K. Tørnkvist, P.<br />
Johnston, K. Kreher, F. Goutail, A. Mieville, J.-P. Pommereau, S. Khaikine, A.<br />
Richter, H. Oetjen, F. Wittrock, S. Bugarski, U. Frieb, K. Pfeilsticker, R. Sinreich, T.<br />
Wagner, G. Corlett, R. Leigh, An intercomparison campaign of ground-based UV-<br />
Visible measurements of NO2, BrO, and OClO slant columns. Methods of analysis<br />
and results for NO2, J. of Geophys. Res., 110, D08305, doi:10.1029/2004JD005423,<br />
<strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Zander, R. and M. De Mazière, Atmospheric composition changes: causes and<br />
processes involved (2004). Belgian Global Change Research 1990-2002, Assessment<br />
and Integration <strong>Report</strong>, Main Eds.: M. G. Den Ouden and M. Vanderstraeten,<br />
Scientific editors: R. Ceulemans, M. De Mazière, I. Nijs, J.-P. Vanderborght, J.-P.<br />
Van Ypersele, R. Wollast, R. Zander, Chapter 1, Belgian Science Policy<br />
(D/2004/1191/48).<br />
Zander, R., E. Mahieu, P. Demoulin, P. Duchatelet, C. Servais, G. Roland, L.<br />
Delbouille, M. De Mazière, and C.P. Rinsland (<strong>2005</strong>). Evolution of a dozen non-CO2<br />
greenhouse gases above Central Europe since the mid-1980s, Proceedings of the<br />
Fourth <strong>International</strong> Symposium on Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases (NCGG-4),<br />
Science, Control, Policy and Implementation, Utrecht, The Netherlands, 4-6 July<br />
<strong>2005</strong>; also in Environ. Sciences, Special Issue 2 (2-3), 295-303, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Balis, D., J-C. Lambert, M. Van Roozendael, D. Loyola, R. Spurr, Y. Livschitz, P.<br />
Valks, V. Amiridis, P. Gerard, and J. Granville, Reprocessing the 10-year<br />
GOME/ERS-2 total ozone record for trend analysis: the new GOME Data Processor<br />
Version 4.0 – Paper 2: Product Validation, submitted to Journal of Geophysical<br />
Research – Atmosphere, <strong>2005</strong><br />
Neefs, E., M. De Mazière, F. Scolas, C. Hermans, and T. Hawat, BARCOS: a system<br />
for making atmospheric observations with a Bruker FTS in an automatic or remotely<br />
controlled way, submitted to Rev. Sci. Instruments, 2006.<br />
Vigouroux, C., M. De Mazière, D. Fonteyn, E. Mahieu, P. Duchatelet, S. Wood, D.<br />
Smale, S. Mikuteit, T. Blumenstock, N. Jones, Comparisons between ground-based<br />
FTIR and MIPAS N 2 O and HNO 3 profiles, before and after assimilation in BASCOE,<br />
ACP, to be submitted, 2006.<br />
Vaughan, G., P. T. Quinn, A. C. Green, J. Bean, H. K. Roscoe, M. Van Roozendael<br />
and F. Goutail SAOZ measurements of stratospheric NO2 at Aberystwyth, 1991-<br />
2004, submitted to Journal of Environmental Monitoring (JEM), <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
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Book sections<br />
Blumenstock, T., S. Mikuteit, F. Hase, I. Boyd, Y. Calisesi, C. DeClercq, J.-C.<br />
Lambert, R. Koopman, S. McDermid, S. Oltmans, D. Swart, U. Raffalski, H. Schets,<br />
D. De Muer, W. Steinbrecht, R. Stubi, and S. Wood (2004). Comparison of MIPAS<br />
O3 profiles with ground-based measurements, Proceedings of the Second Workshop<br />
on the Atmospheric Chemistry Validation of ENVISAT (ACVE-2) (Esrin, Italy, May<br />
3-7, 2004), SP-562 (ESA).<br />
De Clercq, C., J.-C. Lambert, Y. Calisesi, H. Claude, R. Stubi, et al. (2004).<br />
Integrated characterisation of Envisat ozone Profile data using ground-based network<br />
data, in Proceedings of Envisat & ERS Symposium, Salzburg, Austria, 6-10<br />
September 2004, ESA SP-572, 10.<br />
Kelder, H., A. Piters, R. Timmermans, K. Bramstedt, and J-C. Lambert (2004).<br />
SCIAMACHY Validation Summary, Proceedings of the Second Workshop on the<br />
Atmospheric Chemistry Validation of ENVISAT (ACVE-2) (Esrin, Italy, May 3-7,<br />
2004), SP-562 (ESA).<br />
Meijer, Y. J., D. P. J. Swart, M. Allaart, S. Andersen, G. Bodeker, I. Boyd, G.<br />
Braathen, Y. Calisesi, H. Claude, V. Dorokhov, P. von der Gathen, M. Gil, S. Godin-<br />
Beekmann, F. Goutail, G. Hansen, A. Karpetchko, P. Keckhut, H. Kelder, R.<br />
Koelemeijer, B. Kois, R. Koopman, J.-C. Lambert, T. Leblanc, I. S. McDermid, S.<br />
Pal, G. Kopp, H. Schets, R. Stubi, T. Suortti, G. Visconti, and M. Yela (2004).<br />
GOMOS Ozone Profile Validation Using Data From Ground-based and Balloonsonde<br />
Measurements, in Proc. Atmospheric Chemistry Validation of ENVISAT-2<br />
(ACVE-2) Conference, ESA/ESRIN, Italy, 3-7 May 2004, ESA SP-562, 9.<br />
Van Roozendael, M., I. De Smedt, C. Fayt, F. Hendrick, F. Wittrock, A. Richter, and<br />
O. Afe (2004). First validation of SCIAMACHY BrO vertical columns, Proceedings<br />
of the 2nd Workshop on the Atmospheric Chemistry Validation of ENVISAT<br />
(ACVE-2), ESA-ESRIN, Frascati, Italy, 3-7 May 2004.<br />
Conference papers<br />
Bach, M., Fally, S., Vandaele, A.C., Coheur, P.-F., Carleer, M., Jenouvrier, A. (<strong>2005</strong>)<br />
Fourier transform absorption spectroscopy of HDO in the visible and near-IR spectral<br />
regions, European Geosciences Union General Assembly <strong>2005</strong>, Vienna (Austria), 24-<br />
29 April <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Fally S., M. Carleer, P.-F. Coheur, C. Clerbaux, L. Daumont, A. Jenouvrier, C.<br />
Hermans, A. C. Vandaele, M. Kiseleva (<strong>2005</strong>). Water vapor continuum absorption<br />
and O2-X collision-induced absorption by laboratory Fourier transform spectroscopy,<br />
CECAM workshop on water dimers and weakly interacting species in atmospheric<br />
modeling, Lyon (France), 25-27 April <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Jenouvrier A., L. Daumont, L. Regalia-Jarlot, Vl.G. Tyuterev, M. Carleer, S. Fally,<br />
A.C. Vandaele, S.N. Mikhailenko (<strong>2005</strong>). Long path Fourier Transform absorption<br />
Spectroscopy of water vapor in the 4200-6600 cm-1 spectral range, The 19th<br />
Colloquium on <strong>High</strong> Resolution Molecular Spectroscopy, Salamanca (Spain), 11-15<br />
Sept. <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Tashkun S. A., Schwenke D. W., Tyuterev Vl.G., Jenouvrier A., Mikhailenko S.,<br />
Carleer M., Fally S., Vandaele A. C., Daumont L., Regalia L., Barbe A. (<strong>2005</strong>).<br />
Global modelling of rovibrational line intensities of the water vapour in the IR and<br />
visible range and extended comparisons with new long-path experimental spectra,<br />
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European Geosciences Union (EGU) General Assembly, Vienna, (Austria), 24-29<br />
April <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Data books and reports<br />
Lelieveld, J., M. De Mazière, S. Fuzzi, C. Granier, N. Harris, Ǿ. Hov, U. Schumann<br />
(<strong>2005</strong>). Atmospheric Change and Earth System Science - AIRES III: Research<br />
Challenges.<br />
Address:<br />
Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy<br />
Ringlaan 3<br />
B-1180 Brussels<br />
Belgium<br />
Contacts:<br />
Martine De Mazière<br />
Tel. +32 2 373 03 63<br />
Fax: +32 2 374 84 23<br />
e-mail: martine@oma.be<br />
Michel Van Roozendael<br />
Tel. +32 2 373 04 16<br />
Fax: +32 2 374 84 23<br />
e-mail: michelv@oma.be<br />
URL:<br />
http://www.oma.be/BIRA-IASB/<br />
http://www.nilu.no/uftir<br />
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<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
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Name of research institute or organization:<br />
Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz, Freiburg i.Br.<br />
Climate and Environmental Physics, University of Bern<br />
Title of project:<br />
85 Kr <strong>Activity</strong> Determination in Tropospheric Air<br />
Project leader and team<br />
Hartmut Sartorius, Clemens Schlosser and Sabine Schmid, Bundesamt für<br />
Strahlenschutz, D-79098 Freiburg<br />
Roland Purtschert, Heinz Hugo Loosli, Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bern, CH-<br />
3012 Bern<br />
Project description:<br />
The collection of air samples for 85 Kr activity measurements has been continued at<br />
Jungfraujoch in <strong>2005</strong>. A few cc of Krypton are collected in weekly samples from<br />
about 10 m 3 of air. These samples are sent to Freiburg i.Br. for Krypton separation,<br />
purification and for activity measurement.<br />
This isotope is unique because it contributes the major part to the present-day<br />
artificial activity in air. The radiation dose however is negligible compared to the<br />
dose components from internal and external radiation, including from cosmic rays.<br />
Figure 1: measured 85 Kr activities in weekly samples of air, collected at Jungfraujoch<br />
(3500 m a s l) and at Schauinsland (1000 m a s l) in the last two years.<br />
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Jungfraujoch is preferred as sampling site because there the equilibrium 85 Kr activity<br />
in the northern troposphere can best be determined; at this altitude admixtures of<br />
contaminated air are less probable. This equilibrium tropospheric level corresponds in<br />
Figure 1 to the lowest measured values of about 1.4 Bq/m 3 . To compensate for the<br />
yearly loss of activity in the atmosphere by radioactive decay a yearly emission rate<br />
of 4 10 17 Bq from reprocessing plants can be estimated.<br />
Superimposed to the basic level are irregular spikes of higher activity. This happens<br />
when air masses from reprocessing plants reach the sampling site without enough<br />
dilution with uncontaminated air. Increased activity values up to 2.7 Bq/m 3 are<br />
measured in <strong>2005</strong> in samples collected at the low altitude station Schauinsland,<br />
whereas at Jungfraujoch the highest value reaches “only” 1.8 Bq/m 3 (end of January<br />
<strong>2005</strong>). Several increased values at Jungfraujoch correlate with high values in<br />
Freiburg; probably the origin of the excess 85 Kr is the same for both sampling sites.<br />
Forward and backward wind trajectories help to define the origin of the increased<br />
85 Kr activities; usually La Hague (France) and Sellafield UK) can be distinguished.<br />
From Figure 1 it can be seen that in both years no spikes occurred in August and<br />
September. It can be concluded that emissions were lower during the summer stop of<br />
operations.<br />
Key words:<br />
Krypton, 85 Kr, radioactivity in air, reprocessing plants<br />
Internet data bases:<br />
HSartorius@bfs.de<br />
Collaborating partners/networks:<br />
purtschert@climate.unibe.ch<br />
Scientific publications and public outreach <strong>2005</strong>:<br />
Umweltradioaktivität und Strahlendosen in der Schweiz, Bundesamt für Gesundheit,<br />
Abteilung Strahlenschutz, <strong>2005</strong> (in preparation).<br />
Address:<br />
Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz<br />
Rosastrasse 9<br />
D-79098 Freiburg<br />
Contacts:<br />
H. Sartorius<br />
e-mail: HSartorius@bfs.de<br />
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<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
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Name of research institute or organization:<br />
Laboratory of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry,<br />
Universität Bern<br />
Title of project:<br />
Source apportionment of carbonaceous aerosols with 14 C<br />
Project team:<br />
Dr. Sönke Szidat<br />
Dr. Margit Schwikowski<br />
Theo Jenk<br />
Matthias Ruff<br />
Project description:<br />
Carbonaceous particles are a major component of the fine aerosol. They originate<br />
from anthropogenic (mainly from fossil fuel combustion and biomass burning) and<br />
biogenic emissions. For the identification and quantification of these sources, many<br />
elemental and organic molecular tracers have been employed, but their reliability<br />
often suffers from limited atmospheric lifetimes due to their chemical reactivity and<br />
highly variable emission factors. Thus, there is a large uncertainty about the<br />
importance of anthropogenic emissions for the total carbonaceous aerosol burden of<br />
the atmosphere. In contrast to these tracers, radiocarbon ( 14 C) determinations enable a<br />
direct distinction of contemporary and fossil carbon in ambient aerosols, because 14 C<br />
has decayed in the latter material.<br />
TSP (total suspended particles) samples were collected at the <strong>High</strong> Alpine Research<br />
Station Jungfraujoch during August/September 2004, January-April <strong>2005</strong>, and June-<br />
September <strong>2005</strong> for source investigation of the carbonaceous aerosol. Furthermore,<br />
two shallow snow cores were drilled on the Jungfraufirn ~500 m south of the Sphinx<br />
in April <strong>2005</strong> for comparison of ambient airborne with precipitated particulate matter.<br />
The carbonaceous aerosol (total carbon, TC) was differentiated into elemental carbon<br />
(EC) and organic carbon (OC) with a temperature-programmed combustion, followed<br />
by 14 C measurements at the PSI/ETHZ accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) facility.<br />
In the following, first results of the OC fraction are presented.<br />
1.0<br />
1.0<br />
1.0<br />
fM (fraction of modern)<br />
0.9<br />
0.8<br />
0.7<br />
0.9<br />
0.8<br />
0.7<br />
0.6<br />
All day (0000-2400)<br />
0.9<br />
0.8<br />
0.7<br />
0.6<br />
All day (0000-2400)<br />
0.5<br />
05 Aug 04 02 Sep 04 30 Sep 04<br />
0.5<br />
19 Jan 05 16 Feb 05 16 Mar 05 13 Apr 05<br />
0.6 Nighttime (2330-0730)<br />
Daytime (0730-2330)<br />
0.5<br />
29 Jun 05 27 Jul 05 24 Aug 05 21 Sep 05<br />
Figure 1: f M values of airborne particulate OC at Jungfraujoch during three<br />
campaigns in 2004 and <strong>2005</strong>. Horizontal bars mark sampling periods, vertical bars<br />
standard measurement uncertainties.<br />
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Figure 1 shows 14 C determinations of airborne particulate OC under summer and<br />
winter conditions. Results are given in terms of fractions of modern (f M ) representing<br />
14 C/ 12 C ratios of a sample related to that present in the reference year 1950.<br />
Consequently, values can range from 0 for fossil substances to ~1.1 for contemporary<br />
material with the upper limit slightly exceeding the theoretical maximum of 1 as a<br />
consequence of the nuclear bomb excess. Results indicate a major influence of<br />
contemporary sources, which mainly comprise biogenic emissions of plants as well as<br />
biomass burning aerosols from forest fires and residential wood heating. Fossil<br />
sources, e.g. from traffic emissions, contributed ~35 % and ~20 % during winter and<br />
summer, respectively. Simultaneous daytime and nighttime sampling in summer <strong>2005</strong><br />
revealed comparable isotopic signals suggesting similar emission patterns for both<br />
conditions. This is remarkable as the Jungfraujoch is usually situated in the<br />
undisturbed free troposphere with a well-mixed European background aerosol during<br />
summer nights, while local particulate matter transported vertically from lower<br />
elevations may interfere during daytime.<br />
Key words:<br />
Carbonaceous aerosol, environmental radiocarbon, source apportionment<br />
Collaborating partners/networks:<br />
Laboratory of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut<br />
Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut<br />
Institute for Particle Physics, ETH Zürich<br />
Air Pollution Control and NIR Division, Swiss Federal Office for the Environment<br />
Address:<br />
Laboratory of Radio and Environmental Chemistry<br />
Universität Bern<br />
Freiestrasse 3<br />
CH-3012 Bern<br />
Contacts:<br />
Sönke Szidat<br />
Tel.: +41 31 631 4263<br />
Fax: +41 31 631 4220<br />
E-mail: szidat@iac.unibe.ch<br />
URL: http://lch.web.psi.ch/analytic/members/project_soenke.html<br />
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Name of research institute or organization:<br />
ETH Institute of Atmospheric and Climate Science<br />
Title of project:<br />
Measurements at the <strong>High</strong> Alpine Station Jungfraujoch to study the long range<br />
Transport and in-situ Photochemistry<br />
Project leader and team:<br />
Prof. Johannes Stähelin<br />
Jacob Balzani, Geir Legreid<br />
Project description:<br />
The high Alpine station at Jungfraujoch located at 3580 m a.s.l. in the Swiss Alps is a<br />
very suitable site to study intercontinental transport events of air masses polluted by<br />
primary emissions of the planetary boundary layer of North America and to study insitu<br />
photochemistry of the lower free troposphere over the European continent as<br />
documented by earlier studies. In the <strong>2005</strong>, 4 different campaigns, one for every<br />
season, took place at the research station. During those campaigns Formaldehyde and<br />
Oxygenated Volatile Organic Compunds (OVOCs), referring to Geir Legreid, have<br />
been measured. Peroxyacetylnitrate (PAN) has been measured thorough all the year<br />
and it is still currently measured.<br />
Those field measurements extend and complement the continuous measurements<br />
performed in the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) project of the World<br />
Meteorological Station (WMO) performed by EMPA (NO, NO 2 , NO x , CO, O 3 and<br />
selected volatile hydrocarbons) and the particular aerosol measurements performed<br />
during the CLACE-4 campaign, during February-March <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
The collected data (see fig. 1 and fig. 2) are currently under process and will be soon<br />
presented, including meteorological and trajectories analysis of different conditions.<br />
NO<br />
X<br />
4<br />
2<br />
0<br />
NO<br />
Y<br />
6<br />
4<br />
2<br />
0<br />
NO<br />
1<br />
0<br />
V.M.R. (ppb)<br />
NO<br />
2<br />
PAN<br />
CO<br />
O<br />
3<br />
4<br />
2<br />
0<br />
3 0 0<br />
2 0 0<br />
1 0 0<br />
7 5<br />
6 0<br />
4 5<br />
3 0<br />
0 . 9<br />
0 . 6<br />
0 . 3<br />
0 . 0<br />
HCHO<br />
1 . 2<br />
0 . 8<br />
0 . 4<br />
0 . 0<br />
15 Feb<br />
17 Feb<br />
19 Feb<br />
21 Feb<br />
23 Feb<br />
25 Feb<br />
27 Feb<br />
Fig. 1. Winter measurements of HCHO and PAN at Jungfraujoch, the other measurements are courtesy<br />
provided by EMPA.<br />
1 Mar<br />
3 Mar<br />
5 Mar<br />
7 Mar<br />
9 Mar<br />
11 Mar<br />
13 Mar<br />
15 Mar<br />
17 Mar<br />
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The data will be then use as input for box-chemical models to study:<br />
- In situ photochemistry using, also peroxyradical measurements performed by<br />
the group of Paul Monks (University of Leeds, UK) at Jungfraujoch during<br />
summer.<br />
- Short range transport, from Swiss Plateau, for this purpose similar<br />
formaldehyde measurements have been performed in Zürich for summer and<br />
winter.<br />
- Long range transport.<br />
90<br />
Relative Humidity (%)<br />
60<br />
30<br />
0<br />
0 400 800 1200 1600<br />
HCHO - V.M.R. (ppb)<br />
Fig. 2. Relation between Relative Humidity and Formaldehyde concentration during winter <strong>2005</strong><br />
indicating the transport form the PBL<br />
Address:<br />
Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science<br />
ETH Zentrum<br />
Universitätsstrasse 16<br />
CH-8092 Zürich<br />
Contacts:<br />
Johannes Stähelin<br />
Tel. +41 44 633 2748<br />
Fax +41 44 633 1058<br />
johannes.staehelin@env.ethz.ch<br />
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<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
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Name of research institute or organization:<br />
Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz<br />
Particle Chemistry Department<br />
Title of project:<br />
Mass spectrometric analysis of residuals from small ice particles and from supercooled<br />
cloud droplets during the Cloud and Aerosol Characterization Experiments<br />
(CLACE)<br />
Project leader and team:<br />
Dr. Johannes Schneider, Saskia Walter, Dr. Joachim Curtius<br />
Project description:<br />
The identification of ice nuclei is crucial for the understanding of heterogeneous ice<br />
nucleation in supercooled clouds, which is the main initiation process of precipitation<br />
in middle latitudes. Until today it is not well understood which chemical components<br />
(e.g. sulphuric acid, ammonium, nitrate, various organic substances, mineral dust, sea<br />
salt, soot, or other materials) contained inside or on the surface of aerosol particles<br />
enable a particle to act as an ice nucleus (IN). While water soluble compounds are<br />
expected to favour the formation of liquid cloud droplets, insoluble materials like<br />
mineral components may favour the formation of ice particles.<br />
During the 3rd and 4th Cloud and Aerosol Characterization Experiments (CLACE-3,<br />
CLACE-4) in February/March 2004 and <strong>2005</strong>, mass spectrometric measurements of<br />
residuals of supercooled cloud droplets and small ice particles were performed at the<br />
<strong>High</strong> Alpine Research Station Jungfraujoch. An Aerodyne Quadrupole Aerosol Mass<br />
Spectrometer (Q-AMS) was used to measure chemically resolved mass concentrations<br />
and size distributions of various non-refractory aerosol components (sulphate,<br />
nitrate, ammonium, organics) in the size range of 20 – 1500 nm.<br />
A novel sampling system for freshly formed ice particles (ICE-CVI, Institute for<br />
Tropospheric Research, Leipzig) was coupled to the Q-AMS. By pre-segregation of<br />
other mixed-phase cloud constituents and evaporation of the ice water fraction, the<br />
residual particles, which are expected to be the original IN, were made available for<br />
analysis with the Q-AMS. Depending on cloud type and ICE-CVI operation mode,<br />
the combination of Q-AMS and ICE-CVI allowed the analysis of residuals of ice<br />
particles as well as of supercooled cloud droplets. Alternatively, the interstitial and<br />
out-of-cloud aerosol was sampled and compared to the residual particles.<br />
Figure 1 gives the time series of mass concentrations of ammonium, nitrate and<br />
sulphate, measured for interstitial aerosol (during cloud events) and out-of-cloud<br />
aerosol. The concentrations during the cloud free time periods vary significantly and<br />
are relatively low, as expected for free tropospheric aerosol.<br />
Filter samples taken by the Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, allowed an additional<br />
chemical characterization of the aerosol. Figure 2 shows a comparison between sulphate<br />
mass concentrations derived from the filter samples and from the Q-AMS. The<br />
data agree well within the uncertainties.<br />
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<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
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Mass Concentration (µg m -3 )<br />
3.0<br />
2.5<br />
2.0<br />
1.5<br />
1.0<br />
0.5<br />
0.0<br />
-0.5<br />
Cloud Events:<br />
CLACE-4<br />
Mainz AMS<br />
interstitial and<br />
out-of-cloud<br />
aerosol<br />
NH 4<br />
NO 3<br />
SO 4<br />
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10<br />
01.02.<strong>2005</strong> 11.02.<strong>2005</strong> 21.02.<strong>2005</strong> 03.03.<strong>2005</strong> 13.03.<strong>2005</strong><br />
Date<br />
Figure 1: Time series of Q-AMS mass concentrations or interstitial and out-of-cloud aerosol<br />
Mass Concentration (µg m -3 )<br />
3.0<br />
2.5<br />
2.0<br />
1.5<br />
1.0<br />
0.5<br />
0.0<br />
-0.5<br />
CLACE-4<br />
Mainz AMS<br />
interstitial and<br />
out-of-cloud<br />
aerosol<br />
SO 4<br />
Filters<br />
SO 4<br />
AMS<br />
01.02.<strong>2005</strong> 11.02.<strong>2005</strong> 21.02.<strong>2005</strong> 03.03.<strong>2005</strong> 13.03.<strong>2005</strong><br />
Date<br />
Figure 2: Comparison of SO 4 mass concentrations measured with the Q-AMS and filters<br />
Integrated mass concentrations for the transmission range of the AMS inlet system<br />
(vacuum aerodynamic diameter < 1000 nm) from both AMS and SMPS are given in<br />
Figure 3. The SMPS data were converted from mobility into vacuum aerodynamic<br />
diameter using densities inferred from comparison of the measured diameters<br />
(mobility and vacuum aerodynamic diameter), assuming spherical particles. For the<br />
shown time periods the densities were found to be 1.5 g cm -3 for both interstitial and<br />
out-of-cloud aerosol. For the ice residuals, a density of 2.0 g cm -3 was chosen.<br />
The unknown density of the ice residuals was varied between 1.5 and 2.5 g cm -3 ,<br />
indicated by the error bar added to the SMPS value. The comparison of SMPS and<br />
AMS data indicates that the out-of-cloud aerosol was composed to about 80% of nonrefractory<br />
material. The interstitial aerosol was found to contain a larger fraction of<br />
refractory compounds than the out-of-cloud aerosol. The ice cloud residuals sampled<br />
by the CVI show very low mass concentrations detected by the AMS, although the<br />
total mass below 1 µm, as inferred from the SMPS, was well above the AMS detection<br />
limit. This implies that a large fraction of the ice residual mass (≈ 86%) could<br />
not be detected by the AMS. Since the amount of black carbon (not shown) does not<br />
account for this difference, this finding implies that preferably refractory particles like<br />
mineral dust act as ice nuclei.<br />
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<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
2.5<br />
Mass concentration (µg m -3 )<br />
2.0<br />
1.5<br />
1.0<br />
0.5<br />
EF = 5.8<br />
0.0<br />
Residuals Interstitial Out of cloud<br />
23.3., 20:30 - 24.3., 11:30 - 25.3., 18:00 -<br />
24.3., 09:40 25.3., 06:10 26.3., 00:00<br />
Figure 3: Mass concentrations measured by the AMS in comparison with mass concentrations inferred<br />
from the SMPS for ice cloud residuals, interstitial and out-of-cloud aerosol particles<br />
(CLACE-3). Note that the residuals are enriched by a factor of 5.8 compared to the other<br />
data.<br />
Results from measurements with a similar setup using additionally two single particle<br />
laser ablation mass spectrometers during a follow-up experiment (CLACE-5) in<br />
February/March 2006 will help to gain further insight into the chemical composition<br />
of ice cloud residuals.<br />
Key words:<br />
Aerosol mass spectrometry, Cloud-Aerosol interactions<br />
Collaborating partners/networks:<br />
E. Weingartner et al., Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut,<br />
Villigen, Switzerland<br />
S. Mertes, Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany<br />
K. Bower et al., School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences,<br />
University of Manchester, UK<br />
S. Weinbruch et al., Institut für Mineralogie, TU Darmstadt, Germany<br />
A. Petzold, Institute for Atmospheric Physics, German Aerospace Centre, Germany<br />
E. Fries et al., Institut für Atmosphäre und Umwelt, J.-W.-Goethe-Universität<br />
Frankfurt, Germany<br />
M. Vana et al., University of Helsinki, Finland<br />
J. M. Balzani-Lööv et al., ETH, Zürich, Switzerland<br />
G. Legreid et al., EMPA, Dübendorf, Switzerland<br />
Scientific publications and public outreach <strong>2005</strong>:<br />
Conference papers/contributions<br />
S. Walter et al., Mass spectrometric analysis of residuals from small ice particles and<br />
from supercooled cloud droplets during CLACE-3 and CLACE-4, oral presentation at<br />
the European Aerosol Conference, Ghent, Belgium, <strong>2005</strong><br />
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<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
E. Weingartner et al., An overview of the Cloud and Aerosol Characterization<br />
Experiments (CLACE) conducted at the high alpine research station Jungfraujoch in<br />
Switzerland, oral presentation at the European Aerosol Conference, Ghent, Belgium,<br />
<strong>2005</strong><br />
S. Mertes et al., Sampling and physico-chemical characterisation of ice nuclei in<br />
mixed phase clouds at the high alpine research station Jungfraujoch (3580 m asl)<br />
during CLACE, oral presentation at the European Aerosol Conference, Ghent,<br />
Belgium, <strong>2005</strong><br />
B. Verheggen et al., Nucleation and activation of aerosol particles during CLACE<br />
campaigns (Jungfraujoch, 3580 metres a.s.l., Switzerland), oral presentation at the<br />
European Aerosol Conference, Ghent, Belgium, <strong>2005</strong><br />
M. Ebert et al., Identification of the ice forming fraction of the atmospheric aerosol in<br />
mixed-phase clouds by environmental scanning electron microscopy, poster<br />
presentation at the European Aerosol Conference, Ghent, Belgium, <strong>2005</strong><br />
J. Crosier et al., Comparing winter and summer submicron aerosol chemical<br />
composition and size distributions at the Jungfraujoch, poster presentation at the<br />
European Aerosol Conference, Ghent, Belgium, <strong>2005</strong><br />
E. Weingartner et al., An overview of the Cloud and Aerosol Characterization<br />
Experiments (CLACE) conducted at a high alpine site in the free troposphere,<br />
solicited oral presentation at the EGU General Assembly, Vienna, Austria, <strong>2005</strong><br />
U. Baltensperger et al., Aerosol hygroscopic growth closure by simultaneous<br />
measurement of hygroscopic growth and chemical composition at the high-Alpine<br />
station Jungfraujoch, solicited oral presentation at the EGU General Assembly,<br />
Vienna, Austria, <strong>2005</strong><br />
J. Cozic et al., Aerosol - cloud interaction: highlights from the Cloud and Aerosol<br />
Characterization Experiments (CLACE) conducted at the high alpine research station<br />
Jungfraujoch in Switzerland, oral presentation at the 1 st ACCENT Symposium,<br />
Urbino, Italy, <strong>2005</strong><br />
S. Walter et al., Mass spectrometric analysis of ice and supercooled cloud residuals<br />
during CLACE-3, poster presentation at the EGU General Assembly, Vienna,<br />
Austria, <strong>2005</strong><br />
Address:<br />
Max Planck Institute for Chemistry<br />
Particle Chemistry Department.<br />
Joh.-Joachim-Becher-Weg 27<br />
D-55128 Mainz<br />
Contacts:<br />
Dr. Johannes Schneider<br />
Tel.: +49 6131 305 586<br />
Fax: +49 6131 305 597<br />
e-mail: schneider@mpch-mainz.mpg.de<br />
URL: http://www.mpch-mainz.mpg.de/~clouds/<br />
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<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
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Name of research institute or organization:<br />
Institut für Atmosphäre und Umwelt, Universität Frankfurt,<br />
Germany<br />
Title of project:<br />
Volatile organic compounds (VOC) in air, snow and ice crystals and super-cooled<br />
droplets at high alpine research station Jungfraujoch during CLACE 4<br />
Project leader and team:<br />
Dr. Elke Fries, Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Jaeschke, Prof. Dr. Wilhelm Püttmann, project<br />
leaders<br />
Dr. Elena Starokozhev, Dr. Stefan Auras, Karsten Sieg<br />
Project description:<br />
Naturally occurring emissions and continuously rising levels of anthropogenic<br />
emissions are responsible for the presence of volatile organic compounds (VOC) in<br />
the atmosphere. Due to vertical transport processes chlorinated and aromatic hydrocarbons<br />
were detected at higher altitudes (Prévot et al., 2000, Reimann et al., 2004).<br />
Secondary aerosols are formed from biogenic and anthropogenic VOC (Barthelmie &<br />
Pryor, 1997). An important process affecting the fate of VOC in the atmosphere is<br />
their removal by wet deposition (Czuczwa et al., 1988). Most of the precipitation<br />
falling to the surface at midlatitudines originates as ice in mixed phase clouds at<br />
higher altitudes. One possible uptake mechanism for VOC by ice crystals could be the<br />
uptake of gaseous VOC during crystal growth by vapour deposition (Huffmann &<br />
Snider, 2004).<br />
During the Cloud and Aerosol Characterization Experiment CLACE 4 in February-<br />
March <strong>2005</strong> quasi-continuous measurements of VOC in air, snow, ice crystals and<br />
super-cooled droplets were carried out at the Sphinx laboratory at the alpine research<br />
station Jungfraujoch (3580 m asl). The measurements were focused on C 2 -C 12<br />
nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHC).<br />
Air. VOC in air were measured with two different analytical methods. One method<br />
was based on an online-gas chromatographic system (AirmoVOC) with a temporal<br />
resolution of 240 min. The equipment was calibrated by a parent gas standard<br />
(National Physical Laboratory, UK) containing 28 VOC (alkenes, alkanes, aromatics)<br />
at a concentration of 5 ppb. The second method based on a preconcentration of VOC<br />
on activated charcoal followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS).<br />
Outside air was passed through glass sampling tubes packed with activated charcoal<br />
(Dräger, Germany). Samples were taken simultaneously to the AirmoVOC measurements.<br />
Sampling time was 240 min. After trapping VOC the cartridges were<br />
transported to the laboratory. Subsequently, compounds were desorbed by adding 750<br />
µL of carbon disulfide (CS 2 ) to the activated charcoal. One-micro liter aliquot of each<br />
CS 2 extract was manually injected into the GC-injector kept at 260 °C. Quantification<br />
was done by adding 25 µl of octylchlorid (200 µg ml -1 ) as an internal standard.<br />
Snow and ice crystals, super-cooled droplets. Simultaneously to air sampling airborne<br />
snow and ice crystals and super-cooled droplets were collected during different snow<br />
events. Therefore, two self-constructed snow collectors were installed at the Sphinx<br />
laboratory. In addition, we installed a stain- less steel panel to collect super-cooled<br />
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droplets. After four hours of sampling snow and ice crystals and super-cooled<br />
droplets were removed and filled into 10 ml glass vials sealed with an aluminium<br />
coated septum (Supelco). The frozen samples were transported to the laboratory in a<br />
freezing box and melted right before analysis. Toluene D8 was added to each sample<br />
as an internal standard. Concentrations of VOC in the melted ice were determined by<br />
a sensitive method based on a self-controlled Solid-Phase-Dynamic-Extraction<br />
(SPDE) followed by gas chromatography /mass spectrometry (GC/MS). VOC were<br />
allowed to adsorb on a syringe coated with a bonded organic phase. After extraction<br />
the syringe was drawn into the GC injector and analytes were desorbed thermally at<br />
260 °C.<br />
A sustainable monitoring allows us to evaluate the impact of biogenic and<br />
anthropogenic emissions on the free troposphere. Preliminary results during CLACE<br />
4 show that alkenes, alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons are present in the gas phase<br />
at the Jungfraujoch area at high altitudes. The results of our measurements are a<br />
contribution to the continuous gas phase measurements of the EMPA group at<br />
Jungfraujoch. The propane concentration variations match very well with the predicted<br />
propane concentrations by the weather forecast model MATCH developed by<br />
Lawrence et al (1993). The propane measurements at Jungfraujoch confirmed that the<br />
model is a useful tool to detect episodes with high hydrocarbon concentrations.<br />
Since we detected concentrations of VOC also in airborne snow and ice crystals our<br />
results are also a contribution to the evaluation of the role of the ice phase in the troposphere<br />
on the global transport of organic compounds. The occurrence of those<br />
compounds in precipitation at high altitudes is an indication for the importance of incloud<br />
scavenging on the removal of VOC by wet deposition from the atmosphere.<br />
With a comparison of the concentrations of VOC in snow, ice crystals and supercooled<br />
droplets we will be able to distinguish the uptake of VOC via riming from the<br />
uptake during vapor to ice growth by diffusion.<br />
Barthelmie, R.J., Pryor, S.C (1995). Sci. Total. Environ. 205, 169-178.<br />
Czuczwa, J, Leuenberger, C. and Giger, W. (1988). Atmos. Environ. 22, 907-916,<br />
1988.<br />
Huffman, W.A. and Snider, J.R. (2004). J. Geophys. Res, 109, D01302.<br />
Prévot, A.S.H., Dommen, J., Bäumle, M. (2000). Atmos. Environ., 34, 4719-4726.<br />
Reimann, S., Schaub, D., Stemmler, K., Folini, D., Hill, M. Hofer, P., Buchmann, B.<br />
J. (2004). Geophys. Res. 109, D05307<br />
Lawrence, M.G., Rasch, P.J., von Kuhlmann R., Williamns, J., Fischer, H., de Reus,<br />
M, Lelieveld, J., Crutzen, P.J., Schultz, M. Stier, P., Huntrieser, H., Heland, J., Stohl,<br />
A., Forster, C., Elbern, H., Jakobs, H., Dickerson, R.R. (2003) Global chemical<br />
weather forecasts for filed campaigns plannuing: predictions and observations of<br />
lagre-scale features during MINOS, CONTRACE, and INDOWEX. Atmos. Chem.<br />
Phys. 3, 267-289.<br />
Key words:<br />
Organic compounds, SPDE, snow, GC/MS, air<br />
Internet data bases:<br />
http://www.meteor.uni-frankfurt.de/b8.htm<br />
94
Collaborating partners/networks:<br />
Universität Mainz, MPI Mainz, Technische Universität Darmstadt<br />
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
Scientific publications and public outreach <strong>2005</strong>:<br />
Refereed journal articles<br />
Fries, E., Starokozhev, E., Auras, S., Sieg, K., Püttmann, W and Jaeschke, W.<br />
Volatile organic compounds in air at the high alpine research station Jungfraujoch<br />
during CLACE 4; in prep. For submission to Atmospheric Environment.<br />
Conference papers<br />
E. Fries, E. Starokozhev, W. Püttmann and W. Jaeschke Volatile organic compounds<br />
(VOC) in air, snow and ice crystals and super-cooled droplets at high alpine research<br />
station Jungfraujoch during CLACE 4. Presented at the European Aerosol Conference<br />
(EAC). Ghent, 28 August - 2 September, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Address:<br />
Institut für Atmosphäre und Umwelt<br />
Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität<br />
Georg-Voigt-Straße 14<br />
D-60325 Frankfurt am Main<br />
Contacts:<br />
Dr. Elke Fries<br />
Tel.: +49 69 798 22911<br />
Fax: +49 69 798 28548<br />
e-mail: E. Fries@kristall.uni-frankfurt.de<br />
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<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
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<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
Name of research institute or organization:<br />
University of Manchester, School of Earth, Atmospheric and<br />
Environmental Sciences<br />
Title of project:<br />
CLACE -4<br />
Project leader and team:<br />
Professor T.W. Choularton, Dr. K.N. Bower, Dr. H. Coe, Dr. M.W. Gallagher, Dr. P.<br />
Connolly, Dr. M.J. Flynn<br />
Project description:<br />
Measurement of cloud and aerosol properties at the Sphinx laboratory on the summit<br />
of the Jungfraujoch mountain top ridge. Externally, measurements were made of the<br />
cloud microphysics, including the cloud liquid water content, ice water content, ice<br />
crystal habit and size distribution, droplet size distribution in mixed phase clouds,<br />
together with measurements of high frequency windspeed and direction and of the<br />
atmospheric visibility. In addition, internally within the laboratory (by sampling on<br />
the PSI switching inlet system) the size resolved chemical composition of the nonrefractory<br />
fraction of the atmospheric aerosol, from both the cloud residual and cloud<br />
interstitial particles was measured by means of an Aerodyne Aerosol Mass<br />
Spectrometer (AMS).<br />
It was found that mixed phase cloud was common at the site. On some occasions this<br />
was locally mixed, with cloud droplets and ice crystals co-existing in the same volume<br />
of cloud. This tended to occur in young clouds formed by local ascent. In older<br />
clouds it was often found that cloud which was on average mixed phase consisted of<br />
neighboring regions that were totally ice and regions that were predominantly supercooled<br />
liquid water. The boundary between these regions was often very sharp. These<br />
findings have important implications for the way in which mixed phase clouds are<br />
treated in global climate models. The aerosol measurements contributed to the joint<br />
work which has lead to the conclusion that the ice crystal residues consisted predominantly<br />
of refractory material and that dust aerosol were the dominant ice nuclei. This<br />
is despite the dominance of sulphate and organic aerosol particles in both the number<br />
concentration and mass loading.<br />
Key words:<br />
Mixed phase clouds, ice crystals, aerosol composition, aerosol mass spectrometry<br />
Collatorating partners/networks:<br />
PSI, IFT<br />
Scientific publications and public outreach <strong>2005</strong>:<br />
Conference Papers<br />
Coe, H, Allan, J.D. Alfarra, M.R., Williams., P.I. Bower, K.N., McFiggans, G,<br />
Gallgher, M.W. and Choularton T.W.<br />
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<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
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2003 In situ Measurements of Cloud –Aerosol Interactions at a Mountain top site in<br />
the Swiss Alps. Proc 14 th Annual Conference of the Aerosol Society, 2 and 3<br />
April 2003 Univ of Reading pp2-5<br />
Keith N. Bower, M. R. Alfarra, M. J. Flynn, M. W. Gallagher, H. Coe, T. W.<br />
Choularton, E. Weingartner, C. Corrigan, M. Gysel, and U. Baltensperger<br />
2004 Measurements of Cloud-Aerosol Interactions in Warm Clouds at the<br />
Jungfraujoch Mountain Top Site in Switzerland. Proceedings of the 14 th<br />
<strong>International</strong> Conference on Clouds and Precipitation (ICCP), Bolgna, Italy,<br />
19-23 July 2004. Volume 1. pp. 20-23<br />
K.N. Bower, M.W. Gallagher, T.W. Choularton, M.J. Flynn, J.D. Allan, H. Coe, J<br />
Crosier, R.A. Burgess, U. Baltensperger, E. Weingartner, S. Mertes and J.<br />
Schneider.<br />
2004 Cloud-aerosol Interactions at the Jungfraujoch Mountain-top Site in the Swiss<br />
Alps. Proceedings of the 8 th <strong>International</strong> Global Atmospheric Chemistry<br />
Conference (IGAC), 4 - 9 th September 2004, Christchurch, New Zealand.<br />
Session 1: Effects of Aerosols on Clouds and the Hydrological Cycle. p30<br />
Keith Bower, Michael Flynn, Martin Gallagher, James Allan, Jonathon Crosier,<br />
Thomas Choularton, Hugh Coe, Rachel Burgess, Urs Baltensperger, Ernerst<br />
Weingartner , Stephan Mertes and Johannes Schneider<br />
2004 Measurements of Wintertime Cloud-aerosol Interactions At the Jungfraujoch<br />
Mountain-top Site in the Swiss Alps. Proceedings of the 23 rd Annual AAAR<br />
Conference, October 4 - 8 th , Hyatt Regency Hotel, Atlanta, Georgia. Special<br />
Symposium: Aerosols and Climate Change/Indirect Effects, Cloud Droplet<br />
Interactions, 1D4, pp10<br />
Keith N. Bower, H. Coe, M.W. Gallagher, T.W. Choularton, M.J. Flynn, J.D. Allan,<br />
J Crosier, P.Connolly, R.A. Burgess, U. Baltensperger, E. Weingartner, S. Sjogren,<br />
and M.R. Alfarra<br />
<strong>2005</strong> Wintertime Cloud-Aerosol Interactions at the Jungfraujoch <strong>High</strong> Alpine Site<br />
in Switzerland. Proceedings of the 16th AGM of the UK Aerosol Society,<br />
Bristol University, April 14th-15 th , <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Keith N. Bower, T.W. Choularton, M.W. Gallagher, H. Coe, M.J. Flynn, J.D. Allan, J<br />
Crosier, P.Connolly, I. Crawford, R.A. Burgess, U. Baltensperger, E. Weingartner, S.<br />
Sjogren, B. Verheggen, J. Cozic, M. Gysel and M.R. Alfarra<br />
<strong>2005</strong> Investigations of Cloud-Aerosol Interactions at the Jungfraujoch Mountain-<br />
Top Site in the Swiss Alps during Summer and Winter CLACE Experiments.<br />
The proceedings of the European Aerosol Conference, Ghent, August 28 th –<br />
September 2 nd , <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Keith Bower, Thomas Choularton, Hugh Coe, Michael Flynn, James Allan,<br />
Jonathan Crosier, Paul Connolly, Rachel Burgess, Ernest Weingartner<br />
<strong>2005</strong> Summer and Wintertime Investigations of Cloud-Aerosol Interactions at the<br />
Jungfraujoch Mountain Top Site in Switzerland. Proceedings of the Royal<br />
Meteorological Society Conference, University of Exeter, Exeter, 11th – 16th<br />
September, <strong>2005</strong><br />
98
Address:<br />
School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences<br />
The University of Manchester<br />
Williamson Building<br />
Oxford Road<br />
Manchester<br />
M13 9PL<br />
UK<br />
Contacts<br />
Professor T.W. Choularton<br />
e-main: T.W.Choularton@manchester.ac.uk<br />
URL: http://www.seaes.manchester.ac.uk/<br />
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
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<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
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<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
Name of research institute or organization:<br />
Leibniz-Institut für Troposphärenforschung, Leipzig, Deutschland<br />
(IfT)<br />
Title of project:<br />
Sampling and physico-chemical characterization of ice nuclei in mixed phase clouds<br />
Project leader and team:<br />
Dr. Stephan Mertes, project leader<br />
Hartmut Haudek, Stefan Günnel, Peter Glomb, Alexander Schladitz, Kay Weinhold,<br />
Katrin Lehmann<br />
Project description:<br />
Ice nucleation in tropospheric, super-cooled clouds is the main initiation mechanism<br />
for precipitation in middle latitudes and moreover influences the radiative properties<br />
and the chemical multiphase processes of these mixed phase clouds. Heterogeneous<br />
ice nucleation that is induced by a special subset of atmospheric aerosol particles<br />
named ice nuclei plays the decisive role for ice particle formation in the middle and<br />
lower troposphere. But up to now, the physico-chemical properties of ice nuclei (size,<br />
number concentration, chemical composition) as well as the relevance of different<br />
heterogeneous freezing mechanisms (deposition, condensation, immersion or contact<br />
freezing) have been rather exclusively studied theoretically or in laboratory experiments<br />
but hardly inside real tropospheric clouds.<br />
A sampling system based on the principle of a counterflow virtual impactor (CVI) has<br />
been developed (ICE-CVI) in order to characterize tropospheric ice nuclei that have<br />
formed ice particles in clouds. Inside mixed-phase clouds the ICE-CVI separates ice<br />
particles smaller than 20 µm by pre-segregating large ice crystals, super-cooled droplets<br />
and interstitial particles. The collected small ice particles remain airborne in the<br />
vertical sampling system and are completely sublimated in a dry and particle free<br />
carrier air stream. In this way, the contained non-volatile aerosol particles are released<br />
as dry residuals which can be analysed by instruments coupled to the ICE-CVI. The<br />
sampled small ice particles do not incorporate particles by riming or aerosol scavenging,<br />
i.e. the ice particle residuals can be considered as the original ice nuclei<br />
(IN). Only when ice formation takes place via droplet freezing (immersion and contact<br />
freezing), the aerosol particle that formed the liquid droplet, the so-called cloud<br />
condensation nuclei should be additionally detected. Using this information it should<br />
be possible to differentiate between ice formation via droplet freezing and ice deposition<br />
nucleation.<br />
The sampling properties of the novel ICE-CVI sampling system was successfully<br />
verified during the international field campaign CLACE-3 (cloud and aerosol<br />
characterization experiment) at the high alpine research station Jungfraujoch in<br />
February/March 2004. One year later the ICE-CVI was again operated at the<br />
Jungfraujoch during the international joint field campaign CLACE-4 in order to carry<br />
out more systematic measurements of IN. Downstream the ICE-CVI inlet several<br />
devices were connected to characterize the ice particle residuals in collaboration with<br />
other working groups. Number concentration and number size distribution of the ice<br />
nuclei were measured with a condensation particle counter (CPC, operated by IfT)<br />
and a combination of scanning mobility particle sizer and optical particle counter<br />
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<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
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(SMPS and OPC, operated by the Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen). By means of a<br />
filter-based particle soot absorption photometer (PSAP, IfT) the mass concentration<br />
of black carbon (BC) within the IN was determined. The mass concentration of major<br />
ions and organic matter (OM) of the collected ice nuclei was derived by an aerosol<br />
mass spectrometer (AMS, operated by the Max-Planck Institute Mainz, Germany).<br />
Furthermore, an impactor was connected for the off-line single particle analysis of the<br />
impactor samples using environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM, operated<br />
by the Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany).<br />
The physico-chemical properties of IN have been determined during several mixed<br />
phase cloud events during CLACE-4 by the combination of the ICE-CVI and the<br />
coupled instrumentation and related to the aerosol properties of the total aerosol<br />
population measured downstream an independent whole air inlet. From Fig.1 that<br />
shows number size distributions of the total and residual particles of four different<br />
events the variability in the shape and absolute number is obvious.<br />
1600<br />
E_4-2: 20.02.05 18:01 - 21.02.05 10:02 E_6-1: 27.02.05 06:30 - 27.02.05 18:30<br />
1.2 1600<br />
0.2<br />
dN/dlogd p<br />
(nm -1 cm -3 )<br />
1200<br />
800<br />
400<br />
0.8<br />
0.4<br />
0<br />
0 0<br />
20 30 50 100 200 300 500<br />
20 30 50 100 200 300 500<br />
E_8-3: 07.03.05 17:41 – 08.03.05 09:55 E_10: 14.03.05 20:00 – 15.03.05 04:00<br />
500<br />
2 500<br />
400<br />
300<br />
1.6<br />
1.2<br />
1200<br />
800<br />
400<br />
400<br />
300<br />
total aerosol<br />
ice nuclei (right axis)<br />
0.16<br />
0.12<br />
0.08<br />
0.04<br />
0<br />
0.6<br />
0.4<br />
200<br />
0.8<br />
200<br />
0.2<br />
100<br />
0.4<br />
100<br />
Fig.1<br />
0<br />
20 30<br />
50<br />
100 200 300 500<br />
particle diameter d p<br />
(nm)<br />
0<br />
0<br />
20<br />
30<br />
50<br />
100 200 300 500<br />
particle diameter d p<br />
(nm)<br />
Number size distribution of total aerosol (grey lines, left scale) and ice nuclei (black lines,<br />
right scale) of 4 different mixed phase cloud events during CLACE-4<br />
0<br />
On the other hand the scavenging fraction which is the ratio of residual to total<br />
aerosol number size distribution looks quite similar for all evaluated events, which is<br />
illustrated in Fig.2. The scavenging ratio increases for with particle diameter indicating<br />
that larger particles are preferred to act as IN. The increase of the scavenging<br />
fraction occurs between a particle size of 250 and 500 nm and at very different<br />
absolute levels. The single particle analysis with ESEM revealed a strong Si signature<br />
in the larger particles which implies that mineral dust particles are the main soured of<br />
IN. This is in agreement to the results of the aerosol mass spectrometer that did not<br />
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<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
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detect non-refractory substances in the ice nuclei. The smaller ice nuclei that control<br />
the number of ice particles show signatures of C and O which implies a contribution<br />
of low volatile organic matter and BC. In agreement to this ESEM results, an enrichment<br />
of BC was found in the IN in comparison to the total aerosol particles. Whereas<br />
a fraction of 2 – 3 % of BC was found in the total aerosol mass, the fraction of BC in<br />
the IN mass was in the range of 10 to 14 %.<br />
0.05<br />
E_4-2: 20.02.05 18:01 - 21.02.05 10:02 E_6-1: 27.02.05 06:30 - 27.02.05 18:30<br />
0.05 0.005<br />
0.005<br />
0.04<br />
0.04<br />
0.004<br />
0.004<br />
0.03<br />
0.03<br />
0.003<br />
0.003<br />
0.02<br />
0.02<br />
0.002<br />
0.002<br />
scavenging fraction<br />
0.01<br />
0.01 0.001<br />
0<br />
0 0<br />
20 30 50 100 200 300 500<br />
20 30 50 100 200 300 500<br />
0.25<br />
E_8-3: 07.03.05 17:41 – 08.03.05 09:55<br />
0.25 0.08<br />
E_10: 14.03.05 20:00 – 15.03.05 04:00<br />
0.2<br />
0.2<br />
0.06<br />
0.001<br />
0<br />
0.08<br />
0.06<br />
0.15<br />
0.1<br />
0.15<br />
0.1<br />
0.04<br />
0.04<br />
0.05<br />
0.05<br />
0.02<br />
0.02<br />
Fig.1<br />
0<br />
20 30<br />
50<br />
100 200 300 500<br />
particle diameter d p<br />
(nm)<br />
0<br />
0<br />
20<br />
30<br />
50<br />
100 200 300 500<br />
particle diameter d p<br />
(nm)<br />
scavenging fraction of ice nuclei with regard to the abundant total aerosol population as a<br />
function of 4 particle size of 4 different mixed phase cloud events during CLACE-4<br />
0<br />
During CLACE-4 in <strong>2005</strong> the data base of ice nuclei measurements could be<br />
significantly enhanced. The results from the field experiment confirm that large<br />
particles are preferred to serve as IN. Mineral dust, non-volatile organic matter and<br />
BC were identified as ice nuclei substances. The latter ones imply an anthropogenic<br />
influence on ice nucleation in tropospheric supercooled clouds.<br />
Key words:<br />
aerosol cloud interactions, mixed-phase clouds, heterogeneous ice nucleation, ice<br />
nuclei<br />
Internet data bases:<br />
http://www.tropos.de<br />
Collaborating partners/networks:<br />
Paul Scherrer Institute Villigen (PSI); Max-Planck Institute Mainz (MPI); Technical<br />
University of Darmstadt (TUD); University of Manchester (SEAES)<br />
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<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
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Scientific publications and public outreach <strong>2005</strong>:<br />
Conference papers<br />
Mertes, S., B. Verheggen, J. Schneider, M. Ebert, S. Walter, A. Worringen, M. Inerle-<br />
Hof, J. Cozic, M.J. Flynn, P. Connolly, K.N. Bower, E. Weingartner, Sampling and<br />
physico-chemical characterisation of ice nuclei in mixed phase clouds at the high<br />
alpine research station Jungfraujoch (3580 m asl) during CLACE, European Aerosol<br />
Conference <strong>2005</strong>, Ghent, Belgium, August 28-September 2, <strong>2005</strong>, Conference<br />
Proceedings, 130, <strong>2005</strong><br />
Address:<br />
Leibniz Institut für Troposphärenforschung<br />
Permoserstrasse 15<br />
D-04318 Leipzig<br />
Deutschland<br />
Contacts:<br />
Stephan Mertes<br />
Tel.: +49 341 235 2153<br />
Fax: +49 341 235 2361<br />
e-mail: mertes@tropos.de<br />
URL: http://www.tropos.de<br />
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Name of research institute or organization:<br />
Technische Universität Darmstadt, Institut für Angewandte<br />
Geowissenschaften, Umweltmineralogie<br />
Title of project:<br />
Identification of the ice forming fraction of the atmospheric aerosol in mixed-phase<br />
clouds by environmental scanning electron microscopy<br />
Project leader and team:<br />
Prof. Stephan Weinbruch, project leader<br />
Dr. Martin Ebert, Dr. Anette Worringen, Dr. Nathalie Brenker<br />
Project description:<br />
The main focus of this experiment was the study of aerosol-cloud interaction<br />
processes in mixed-phase clouds. The high altitude research station Jungfraujoch<br />
enables the unique feature for ground-based in situ sampling of mixed phase clouds.<br />
Our main focus was to identify the ice forming fraction of the total aerosol in mixedphase<br />
clouds. Most particles in the interstitial aerosol fraction were found to be<br />
carbon dominated, some are internally mixed with sulphates, nitrates, and/or silicates.<br />
For the ice crystal residuals we have found two maxima in the size distribution, one<br />
above and one below 1 µm. The smaller particles (< 1 µm) show a similar elemental<br />
composition as the interstitial particles, except that internal mixtures of nitrates and<br />
sulphates are less frequent. Above 1 µm additionally external silicates (soil material)<br />
are a main component. The observation that silicates are well suited to act as ice<br />
nuclei, while sulphate- and nitrate-particles (at the Jungfraujoch often observed as<br />
internal mixtures or coatings of carbon dominated particles) remain in the interstitial<br />
fraction is in good agreement with the results of other studies and our co-workers.<br />
Motivation<br />
In February/March 2004 an intensive Cloud and Aerosol Characterization Experiment<br />
(CLACE-4) was conducted at the high alpine research station Jungfraujoch (JFJ, 3580<br />
m asl; 46.55 o N, 7.98 o E) in Switzerland. The main focus of this experiment was the<br />
study of aerosol-cloud interaction processes in mixed-phase clouds. The high altitude<br />
research station Jungfraujoch enables the unique feature for ground-based in situ<br />
sampling of mixed phase clouds.<br />
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Sampling<br />
For this purpose, we have used two self constructed miniaturized two stage impactors<br />
(cut off diameter 1.8 µm and 0.1 µm) linked with two different inlet systems for the<br />
sampling of different fractions of the aerosol particles inside the mixed-phase clouds.<br />
Impactor housing<br />
jets<br />
substrate<br />
holder<br />
Figure 1: Self-constructed two-stage mini-cascade impactor (length ~ 8cm) for the<br />
sampling of ice nuclei and interstitial aerosol (in combination with the described inlet<br />
systems).<br />
First, for the sampling of the interstitial aerosol an interstitial inlet operated with a<br />
PM2 cyclone impactor was used. Second, we have used an ice-CVI (Counterflow<br />
Virtual Impactor) inlet, which was designed at the Institute for Tropospherical<br />
Research (IfT) in Leipzig, Germany (Mertes et al., <strong>2005</strong>) to sample residual particles<br />
of small ice crystals (IN).<br />
Results and discussion<br />
The size, morphology and elemental composition of some hundred particles of<br />
selected interstitial- and IN- samples will be analyzed by environmental scanning<br />
electron microscopy (ESEM) combined with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX).<br />
Because of the use of nickel plates as impaction substrates, also hygroscopicity and<br />
volatility investigations are enabled by ESEM.<br />
Final results of the individual particle analysis of the CLACE-4 campaign cannot be<br />
presented at this time, but our preliminary results show the same trends as we have<br />
found in the CLACE-3 campaign at the Jungfraujoch station, in which we<br />
participated in 2004. During CLACE-3 the interstitial aerosol shows a maximum in<br />
the size distribution in the range of 100 – 300 nm. Most particles are carbon-<br />
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dominated, sulphates, or mixtures of sulphates with nitrates, carbon-dominated<br />
particles or silicates.<br />
Figure 2: TEM brightfield image of sulphate droplets in an interstitial sample of the<br />
CLACE-4 campaign.<br />
a<br />
b<br />
Figure 3: Secondary electron images of ice crystal residuals (IN): (a) silicatic soil<br />
material; (b) carbon-dominated particles (images from the CLACE-3 campaign).<br />
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Figure 4: Silicon- (green) and carbon- (blue) element distribution images, derived by<br />
EDX mapping in the ESEM, superimposed to the referring secondary electron image<br />
of an IN sample (CLACE-3: cloud event 13, March 21, 2004 – March 22, 2004).<br />
This false colour mapping identifies some external silicates and carbon rich particles<br />
besides a majority of internal mixed carbon/silicate particles.<br />
For the ice crystal residuals we have found two maxima in the size distribution, one<br />
above and one below 1 µm. The smaller particles (< 1 µm) show a similar elemental<br />
composition as the interstitial particles, except that internal mixtures of nitrates and<br />
sulphates are less frequent. Above 1 µm additionally external silicates (soil material)<br />
are a main component.<br />
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Table 1: Particle group abundances [%] in three mixed cloud events for the ice-nuclei<br />
(IN) and for the interstitial aerosol particles during CLACE-3.<br />
There are two characteristics in particle composition during the CLACE-4 experiment<br />
in contrast to the CLACE-3 campaign.<br />
Firstly, there is a high abundance of irregular shaped aluminium oxides and mostly<br />
spherical calcium fluorides at some days, which were not detected in these<br />
concentrations during CLACE-3. These particle groups have no strong natural source<br />
in this region and are probably a sampling artifact.<br />
Secondly, externally mixed silicates are also found in the interstitial fraction during<br />
CLACE-4, which was also not the case during CLACE-3 (see Table 1). Maybe these<br />
particles have to be traced back to the rock blastings, which were done near the<br />
Jungfraujoch station during the whole campaign. For this reason, we are very thankful<br />
that it was possible to realize a stop of these blastings during the CLACE-5 campaign<br />
in 2006.<br />
Figure 5: Secondary electron images of ice crystal residuals (IN): (left) Calcium<br />
fluoride spheres; (right) aluminium oxide particle.<br />
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The observation that silicates are well suited to act as ice nuclei, while sulphate- and<br />
nitrate-particles (at the Jungfraujoch often observed as internal mixtures or coatings<br />
of carbon dominated particles) remain in the interstitial fraction is in good agreement<br />
with the results of other studies and our co-workers. The source of the in the INfraction<br />
most abundant particle group, the “carbon dominated” -particles is not<br />
completely solved. EDX allows only the detection of carbon, not the classification as<br />
organic or elemental carbon. Based on morphology only single particles in the<br />
interstitial- and IN-fraction could definitely be identified as soot. Additional<br />
experiments in the ESEM showed no visible water uptake of the carbon dominated<br />
particles at a relative humidity of 95% and no volatilization of these particles, even at<br />
300°C and a water vapor pressure of 1.3 mbar. Because of these result and the fact<br />
that an aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer could not measure any significant organic<br />
signals in the IN-fraction it can be assumed that the carbon dominated particles,<br />
which were found in the IN-fraction, consist neither of highly volatile organics, nor of<br />
elemental carbon, but of low-volatility organics. One possible source for these<br />
particles could be found in oil combustion.<br />
References<br />
S. Mertes, B. Verheggen, J. Schneider, M. Ebert, S. Walter, A. Worringen, M. Inerle-<br />
Hof, J. Cozic, M.J. Flynn, P. Connolly, K.N. Bower, E. Weingartner, Sampling and<br />
physico-chemical characterisation of ice nuclei in mixed phase clouds at the high<br />
alpine research station Jungfraujoch (3580 asl) during CLACE, Journal of Aerosol<br />
Science, Abstracts of EAC, Ghent, <strong>2005</strong>, S130.<br />
M. Ebert, M. Inerle-Hof, S. Mertes, S. Walter, J. Schneider, B. Verheggen, J. Cozic,<br />
E. Weingartner, and S. Weinbruch, Identification of the ice forming fraction of the<br />
atmospheric aerosol in mixed-phase clouds by environmental scanning electron<br />
microscopy, Journal of Aerosol Science, Abstracts of EAC, Ghent, <strong>2005</strong>, S504.<br />
Key words:<br />
Ice nuclei, ESEM, individual particle analysis, chemical composition<br />
Collaborating partners/networks:<br />
Institute for Tropospherical Research, Leipzig, Germany<br />
Scientific publications and public outreach <strong>2005</strong>:<br />
Conference papers<br />
J. Cozic, E. Weingartner, B. Verheggen, S. Sjögren, J. Duplissy, J.S. van Ekeren, U.<br />
Baltensperger, S. Mertes, K.N. Bower, M. Flyn n , P. Connolly, J. Allan, J. Crozier, M.<br />
Gallagher, H. Coe, S. Walter, J. Schneider, N. Hock, J. Curtius, S. Borrmann, A.<br />
Petzold, S. Henning, Thomas Rosenørn, M Bilde, M. Ebert, M. Inerle-Hof,<br />
A. Worringen, S. Weinbruch, E. Fries, W. Püttmann, W. Jaeschke, P. Aalto, A.<br />
Hirsikko, M. Vana, M. Kulmala, Aerosol – Cloud Interaction: <strong>High</strong>lights From The<br />
Cloud And Aerosol Characterization Experiments (Clace) Conducted At The <strong>High</strong><br />
Alpine Research Station Jungfraujoch In Switzerland, Accent Conference In Urbino<br />
In September <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
E. Weingartner, B. Verheggen, J. Cozic, S. Sjögren, J.Duplissy, J.S. van Ekeren, U.<br />
Baltensperger, S. Mertes, K.N. Bower, M. Flynn, P. Connolly, J. Crozier, M.<br />
Gallagher, H. Coe, S. Walter, J. Schneider, N. Hock, J. Curtius, S. Borrmann, A.<br />
Petzold, S. Henning, Thomas Rosenørn, M Bilde, M. Ebert, M. Inerle-Hof, S.<br />
Weinbruch, E. Fries, W. Püttmann, W. Jaeschke, P. Aalto, A. Hirsikko, M. Kulmala,<br />
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An overview of the Cloud and Aerosol Characterization Experiments (CLACE)<br />
conducted at the high alpine research station Jungfraujoch in Switzerland, Journal of<br />
Aerosol Science, Abstracts of EAC, Ghent, 2004, S129.<br />
Weingartner, E., B. Verheggen, J. Cozic, S. Sjögren, J.S. van Ekeren, U.<br />
Baltensperger, S. Mertes, K.N. Bower, M. Flynn, J. Crozier, M. Gallagher, H. Coe, S.<br />
Walter, J. Schneider, N. Hock, J. Curtius, S. Borrmann, A. Petzold, M. Ebert, M.<br />
Inerle-Hof, S. Weinbruch, An overview of the Cloud and Aerosol Characterization<br />
Experiments (CLACE) conducted at a high alpine site in the free troposphere, EGU<br />
<strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Ebert, M., M. Inerle-Hof und S.Weinbruch, Untersuchungen von Residuen von<br />
Eiskristallen sowie des Prozesses der Eiskeimbildung in einem Environmental<br />
Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM), the second workshop „Die troposphärische<br />
Eisphase“ TROPEIS II, Frankfurt, 2004.<br />
Mertes, S., A. Schwarzenböck, J. Schneider, S. Walter, M. Ebert, M. Inerle-Hof, B.<br />
Verheggen, J. Cozic und E. Weingartner, Ein Counterflow-Virtual Impactor (CVI)<br />
System zur Sammlung frisch gebildeter Eispartikel in Mischphasenwolken auf der<br />
hochalpinen Forschungsstation Jungfraujoch (3580 m): Funktionsweise und erste<br />
Ergebnisse des ICE-CVI, the second workshop „Die troposphärische Eisphase“<br />
TROPEIS II, Frankfurt, 2004.<br />
Weingartner, E., B. Verheggen, J. Cozic, S. Sjögren, S. van Ekeren, N. Bukowiecki,<br />
U. Baltensperger, S. Mertes, K.N. Bower, M.J. Flynn, J.D. Allan, M.W. Gallagher, J.<br />
Crosier, H. Coe, T.W. Choularton, J. Schneider, S. Walter, S. Henning, T. Rosenhørn,<br />
M. Bilde, A. Petzold, M. Inerle-Hof, M. Ebert, S. Weinbruch, Wintermesskampagne<br />
CLACE-3 auf dem Jungfraujoch (3580 m.ü.M.) im Überblick, the second workshop<br />
„Die troposphärische Eisphase“ TROPEIS II, Frankfurt, 2004.<br />
Mertes, S., A. Schwarzenböck, J. Schneider, S. Walter, M. Ebert, M. Inerle-Hof, B.<br />
Verheggen, J. Cozic, and, E. Weingartner, Design and Operation of a Counterflow<br />
Virtual Impactor Inlet System to Collect Small Ice Particles out of Mixed Phase<br />
Clouds at the <strong>High</strong> Alpine Site Jungfraujoch (3580 M Asl), Journal of Aerosol<br />
Science, Abstracts of EAC, Volume I, Budapest, 2004, S167-168.<br />
Verheggen, B., J. Cozic, E. Weingartner, S. Sjögren, S. Van Ekeren, N. Bukowiecki,<br />
R. Schmidhauser, U. Baltensperger, S. Mertes, K. N. Bower, M. J. Flynn, J. D. Allan,<br />
M. W. Gallagher, J. Crosier, H. Coe, T. W. Choularton, J. Schneider, S. Walter, S.<br />
Henning, T. Rosenørn, M. Bilde, A. Petzold, E. Barthazy, M. Inerle-Hof, M. Ebert,<br />
and S. Weinbruch, Clace-3: Third Cloud and Aerosol Characterization Experiment<br />
Conducted at a <strong>High</strong> Alpine Site in The Free Troposphere, Journal of Aerosol<br />
Science, Abstracts of EAC, Volume I, Budapest, 2004, S171-172.<br />
S. Mertes, B. Verheggen, J. Schneider, M. Ebert, S. Walter, A. Worringen, M. Inerle-<br />
Hof, J. Cozic, M.J. Flynn, P. Connolly, K.N. Bower, E. Weingartner, Sampling and<br />
physico-chemical characterisation of ice nuclei in mixed phase clouds at the high<br />
alpine research station Jungfraujoch (3580 asl) during CLACE, Journal of Aerosol<br />
Science, Abstracts of EAC, Ghent, <strong>2005</strong>, S130.<br />
M. Ebert, M. Inerle-Hof, S. Mertes, S. Walter, J. Schneider, B. Verheggen, J. Cozic,<br />
E. Weingartner, and S. Weinbruch, Identification of the ice forming fraction of the<br />
atmospheric aerosol in mixed-phase clouds by environmental scanning electron<br />
microscopy, Journal of Aerosol Science, Abstracts of EAC, Ghent, <strong>2005</strong>, S504.<br />
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Address:<br />
Dr. Martin Ebert<br />
TU-Darmstadt<br />
Institut für Angewandte Geowissenschaften<br />
Fachgebiet Umweltmineralogie<br />
Schnittspahnstr. 9<br />
64287 Darmstadt<br />
Contacts:<br />
Dr. Martin Ebert<br />
Tel.: 06151/165477<br />
Fax: 06151/164021<br />
e-mail: mebert@geo.tu-darmstadt.de<br />
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<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
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Name of research institute or organization:<br />
University of Leicester<br />
Title of project:<br />
Composition Control in the Lower Free Troposphere<br />
Project leader and team:<br />
Dr. Paul S. Monks, project leader<br />
Alex E. Parker, Kevin P. Wyche<br />
Project description:<br />
Long-range transport of pollutants throughout the atmosphere and its consequences<br />
underlies many environmental problems that have arisen over the last 50 years. There<br />
are still quite large uncertainties in the budget of free troposphere trace gases. The<br />
importance of ozone and it's precursors in the free troposphere is now well<br />
established. However, the issue of the transport of anthropogenic pollutants from<br />
continental outflow and their potential coupling the natural cycles of the remote free<br />
troposphere is an issue of continuing concern. During the summer of <strong>2005</strong> the<br />
University of Leicester carried out a significant measurement effort at the highaltitude<br />
research station Jungfraujoch, aimed at investigating the control of composition<br />
and the effect of long-range transport (LRT) on free tropospheric chemistry.<br />
The combination of measurements provides an unique insight into LRT and lower<br />
free tropospheric chemistry.<br />
There has been significant progress over the last decade in the measurement of a<br />
variety of chemical species that control ozone, an integral component in the control of<br />
the oxidising ability of the troposphere and a key climate gas. According to<br />
photochemical theory, the relative importance of ozone production and loss processes<br />
in the background troposphere is highly sensitive to competition between reaction of<br />
peroxy radicals with NO and the cross- or self-reactions of the peroxy radicals, and<br />
therefore the local NO x and peroxy radical concentrations. The presence of peroxy<br />
radicals (HO 2 and RO 2 ) leads to net ozone production in the presence of NO x (NO<br />
and NO 2 ) by allowing oxidation of NO to NO 2 without the consumption of ozone.<br />
The local ozone production P(O 3 ) is proportional to the product of the local NO and<br />
peroxy radical concentrations while hydroperoxy radicals (HO 2 ) are also involved in<br />
the local destruction of ozone through the reaction between HO 2 +O 3 . In the very dry<br />
and cold conditions of the free troposphere this loss term can be dominant because the<br />
direct loss by photolysis of ozone and reaction of O 1 D with water vapour is getting<br />
smaller. Hence, peroxy radical measurements are essential in order to provide further<br />
insight into the fast photochemistry that controls tropospheric ozone production and<br />
loss.<br />
The aims of the experiment were by way of peroxy radical and supporting<br />
measurements,<br />
1. To investigate the role of in-situ photochemistry in the control of lower free<br />
tropospheric composition in summer<br />
2. To assess European export and transatlantic import via long-range transport,<br />
using trajectory analysis over the Swiss Alps<br />
3. To quantify transport from pollutant sources in Swiss plateau and Po valley to<br />
the lower free troposphere.<br />
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4. To test and develop instrumentation used for aircraft-based studies<br />
The University of Leicester team deployed<br />
a) A four-channel peroxy radical chemical amplifier for the determination of<br />
HO 2 +ΣRO 2 and ΣRO 2 [1].<br />
b) Photolysis rate measurements using a diode-array based spectral radiometer<br />
[2].<br />
The measurements from ETHZ include: NO, NO 2 , NO y , CO, O 3 and six selected<br />
volatile hydrocarbons: Routine high quality measurements of a range of trace species<br />
provided by EMPA. Measurements of PAN, formaldehyde and other volatile<br />
oxygenated hydrocarbons from 2 PhD students of ETHZ, one working at EMPA.<br />
In the course of the experiment the University of Leicester succesfully made high<br />
quality measurements of the sum of peroxy radicals (HO 2 +Σ i R i O 2 ) and a range of<br />
photolysis rates. These, in addition to the measurements made by ETH and EMPA,<br />
shall be used to provide an unique insight into the control of the chemistry and the<br />
impact of long range transport over Europe during Summer. A significant data set<br />
has been collected and analysis of the data is ongoing, leading to publication of a<br />
scientific paper in a high impact journal.<br />
References<br />
[1] Salisbury, G., P.S. Monks, S. Bauguitte, B.J. Bandy and S.A. Penkett,<br />
J.Atmos.Chem., 41, 163-187, 2002.<br />
[2] Edwards, G.D. & Monks, P.S., J.Geophys.Res., 108, 8546,<br />
10.1029/2002JD002844, 2003.<br />
Key words:<br />
Peroxy Radicals, Troposphere, Ozone production, Composition control<br />
Collaborating partners/networks:<br />
ETHZ<br />
EMPA<br />
Address:<br />
Department of Chemistry<br />
University Of Leicester<br />
University Road<br />
Leicester<br />
LE1 7RH<br />
United Kingdom<br />
Contacts:<br />
Dr. Paul S. Monks<br />
Tel.: +44 116 252 2141<br />
Fax: +44 116 252 3789<br />
e-mail: paul.s.monks@le.ac.uk<br />
URL: http://www.le.ac.uk/chemistry/staff/psm7.html<br />
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Name of research institute or organization:<br />
Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Physical Sciences,<br />
University of Helsinki<br />
Title of project:<br />
Air ion concentrations, dynamics and their relation to new particle formation in<br />
Jungfraujoch, Switzerland<br />
Project leader and team:<br />
Dr. Pasi Aalto, project leader<br />
Dr. Marko Vana, Anne Hirsikko, Toivo Pohja, Prof. Markku Kulmala<br />
Project description:<br />
The Air Ion Spectrometer (AIS) was installed at the high-alpine research station<br />
Jungfraujoch. The measurements of air ion mobility distributions in the mobility<br />
range about 0.002 – 3 cm 2 V -1 s -1 were carried out during 02.02.<strong>2005</strong> – 16.04.<strong>2005</strong>.<br />
These were our first experiments at Jungfraujoch.<br />
We had the following scientific objectives for our experiments:<br />
1) to characterize of the formation and growth events of intermediate air ions<br />
(charged aerosol particles in the diameter range 1.6 – 7.4 nm) in high altitude<br />
conditions;<br />
2) to study the variability of concentration of cluster air ions (mobility 3 – 0.5 cm 2 V -<br />
1 s -1 );<br />
3) to study the particle mobility, diameter and mass relations in low pressure<br />
conditions;<br />
4) the research station is lots of time in cloud and so is also an excellent location for<br />
ground based cloud – air ions interaction studies.<br />
During the measurement period several concentration bursts of intermediate air ions<br />
were observed. These nucleation events occurred during daytime with high diurnal<br />
variations in temperature and relative humidity, low wind speed and high global<br />
radiation, i.e. in conditions which favor nucleation and growth of atmospheric aerosol<br />
particles observed in many other places around the world. One of the events is<br />
depicted in Figure 1. We can see the formation of 1 – 2 nm intermediate air ions and<br />
their growth to 20 nm. Cluster ions were found to be around almost all the time.<br />
From the measurements of air ion mobility distributions at Jungfraujoch research<br />
station, we have observed two special effects, which cause formation or fate of air<br />
ions. Firstly, during the periods when the station was in cloud, the concentration of air<br />
ions was found to be extremely low. This effect can be seen from Figure 1, it<br />
happened just before the nucleation event during the night and early morning.<br />
Secondly, during the periods with high wind speed, the formation of 2 – 6 nm<br />
intermediate air ions was observed. The high concentration of these particles can last<br />
from several hours to two days. The last effect may be connected to ice crystals<br />
suspended during high wind speeds. These described phenomena need further<br />
investigation and measurements.<br />
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Figure 1. The surface plots of the size distribution of positive and negative air ions<br />
measured by the AIS at Jungfraujoch research station on March 25, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
These are preliminary results. The further data analysis will concentrate on<br />
characterization of the formation and growth events of intermediate air ions in high<br />
altitude conditions.<br />
Key words:<br />
Mobility distribution of air ions, ion spectrometer, particle formation<br />
Internet data bases:<br />
The internet data base is not established yet.<br />
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Collaborating partners/networks:<br />
Paul Scherrer Institute, Switzerland<br />
Scientific publications and public outreach <strong>2005</strong>:<br />
Conference papers<br />
Weingartner, E., B. Verheggen, J. Cozic, S. Sjögren, J. Duplissy, J.S. van Ekeren, U.<br />
Baltensperger, S. Mertes, K.N. Bower, M. Flynn, P. Connolly, J. Crosier, M.<br />
Gallagher, H. Coe, T. Choularton, S. Walter, J. Schneider, N. Hock, J. Curtius, S.<br />
Borrmann, A. Petzold, S. Henning, T. Rosenørn, M. Bilde, M. Ebert, M. Inerle-Hof,<br />
A. Worringen, S. Weinbruch, E. Fries, E. Starokozhev, W. Püttmann, W. Jaeschke, P.<br />
Aalto, A. Hirsikko and M. Kulmala, An overview of the Cloud and Aerosol<br />
Characterization Experiments (CLACE) conducted at the high alpine research station<br />
Jungfraujoch in Switzerland, Proc. of the European Aerosol Conference, Ghent,<br />
Belgium, 28 August – 2 September, <strong>2005</strong>, p. 129.<br />
Verheggen, B., J. Cozic , E. Weingartner, M. Vana, P. Aalto, A. Hirsikko, M.<br />
Kulmala and U. Baltensperger, Observations of atmospheric nucleation events in the<br />
lower free troposphere, Proc. of EGU, Vienna, Austria, 2-7 April, 2006.<br />
Vana, M., A. Hirsikko, E.Tamm, P.P. Aalto, M. Kulmala, Verheggen, B., J. Cozic , E.<br />
Weingartner and U. Baltensperger, Characteristics of air ions and aerosol particles at<br />
the high-alpine research station Jungfraujoch, Proc. of the <strong>International</strong> Aerosol<br />
Conference, St. Paul, Minnesota, US, 10 – 15 September, 2006.<br />
Verheggen, B., J. Cozic , E. Weingartner, U. Baltensperger, M. Vana, P. Aalto, A.<br />
Hirsikko and M. Kulmala, Observations of atmospheric nucleation events in the<br />
lower free troposphere, Proc. of the <strong>International</strong> Aerosol Conference, St. Paul,<br />
Minnesota, US, 10 – 15 September, 2006.<br />
Weingartner, E., B. Verheggen, J. Cozic, M. Gysel, S. Sjögren, J.Duplissy, U.<br />
Baltensperger, U. Lohmann, S. Mertes, K.N. Bower, M. Flynn, P. Connolly, J.<br />
Crosier, M. Gallagher, H. Coe, T. Choularton, S. Walter, J. Schneider, J. Curtius, S.<br />
Borrmann, A. Petzold, M. Ebert, M. Inerle-Hof, A. Worringen, S. Weinbruch, E.<br />
Fries, E. Starokozhev, W. Püttmann, W. Jaeschke, M. Vana, A. Hirsikko, E. Tamm,<br />
P. Aalto and M. Kulmala, Aerosol-cloud interactions in the lower free troposphere as<br />
measured at the high alpine research station Jungfraujoch in Switzerland, Proc. of the<br />
<strong>International</strong> Aerosol Conference, St. Paul, Minnesota, US, 10 – 15 September, 2006.<br />
Address:<br />
Division of Atmospheric Sciences<br />
Department of Physical Sciences<br />
P.O. Box 64<br />
FI-00014 University of Helsinki<br />
Finland<br />
Contacts:<br />
Pasi Aalto<br />
Tel.: + 358-9-19150755<br />
Fax: + 358-9-19150860<br />
e-mail: pasi.p.aalto@helsinki.fi<br />
URL: http://www.atm.helsinki.fi<br />
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Name of research institute or organization:<br />
Climate and Environmental Physics, Universität Bern<br />
Title of project:<br />
Temporal variation of stable isotopes in Alpine precipitation<br />
Project leader and team<br />
Ulrich Schotterer, Markus Leuenberger, Hansueli Bürki, Peter Nyfeler, Willibald<br />
Stichler<br />
Project description:<br />
During the last 20 years of the 20 th century, Switzerland went through the most<br />
substantial climatic change since the national climate measurement and observation<br />
network was established in 1864. Summer and winter half-years experienced a sudden<br />
warming, the precipitation amounts temporarily increased and a higher frequency<br />
of heavy precipitation events during the summer half-year was recorded (1). Stable<br />
isotopes in precipitation (δD, δ 18 O) are influenced by these changes and have already<br />
been proven to provide additional information to the understanding of changes in the<br />
water cycle (2). Of special interest is the deuterium excess d (the scaled difference of<br />
both isotopes), namely in relation to the condition at the origin of water vapour that<br />
forms precipitation. However, secondary effects such as cloud processes, evaporation<br />
from falling raindrops etc. cause local noise that overlies the original signal from the<br />
source region. The yearly averages of d recorded at NISOT, the Swiss network for the<br />
observation of isotopes in the water cycle (3), vary between 6 and 14‰ and no systematic<br />
trend with altitude can be observed. For example, the values at the Jungfraujoch<br />
research station (3580 m) are on the average 2‰ lower than at the Grimsel<br />
station (1960 m). Our ongoing research aims at a better understanding of the main<br />
processes influencing the stable isotope in precipitation (and thus the deuterium<br />
excess) on local to regional scales to extract the signal of climate variability from the<br />
data series of stable isotopes in precipitation. In this context, the data obtained from<br />
precipitation at the Jungfraujoch Research Station are of increasing importance.<br />
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The deuterium excess d in monthly composites of precipitation stations selected for differences<br />
in altitude. NISOT stations are denoted with a star. The influence of secondary processes (i.e.<br />
evaporation of falling raindrops) on the spread of the data is currently being investigated.<br />
(1) Bader, S., Bantle, H., 2003: Das Schweizer Klima im Trend. Temperatur- und Niederschlagsentwicklung<br />
1864-2001. Meteo Schweiz, Veröffentlichung Nr. 68.<br />
(2) Rozanski, K., Araguas-Araguas, L.,Gonfiantini, R., 1993: Isotope patterns in modern global<br />
prcipitation, in Climate Change in Continental Isotopic Records, AGU, Washington DC 1-37.<br />
(3) Schürch, M., Kozel, R., Schotterer, U., Tripet, J.P. 2003: Observations of isotopes in the water cycle<br />
– the Swiss National Network (NISOT), Environmental Geology, 45-1-11, DOI 10.1007/s00254-<br />
003-0843-9.<br />
Key words:<br />
Isotopes, precipitation, climate variability<br />
Collaborating partners/networks:<br />
Willibald Stichler, Physicist, GSF-Institute for Groundwater Ecology Neuherberg,<br />
Germany<br />
Address:<br />
Physikalisches Institut<br />
Abteilung für Klima und Umweltphysik<br />
Universität Bern<br />
Sidlerstrasse 5<br />
CH-3012 Bern<br />
Contacts<br />
Ulrich Schotterer<br />
Tel.: +41 31 631 4484<br />
Fax: +41 31 631 8742<br />
e-mail: schotterer@climate.unibe.ch<br />
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Name of research institute or organization:<br />
Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bern<br />
Title of project:<br />
Neutron Monitors - Study of solar and galactic cosmic rays<br />
Project leader and team:<br />
Prof. Erwin Flückiger, project leader<br />
Dr. Rolf Bütikofer, Michael R. Moser<br />
Project description:<br />
The Cosmic Ray Group of the Division for Space Research and Planetary Sciences of<br />
the Physikalisches Institut at the University of Bern, Switzerland, operates two<br />
standardized neutron monitors (NM) at Jungfraujoch: an 18-IGY NM (since 1958)<br />
and a 3-NM64 NM (since 1986). NMs provide key information about the interactions<br />
of galactic cosmic radiation with the plasma and the magnetic fields in the<br />
heliosphere and about the production of energetic cosmic rays at the Sun, as well as<br />
about geomagnetic, atmospheric, and environmental effects. They ideally<br />
complement space observations. The NMs at Jungfraujoch are part of a worldwide<br />
network of standardized cosmic ray detectors. By using the Earth's magnetic field as a<br />
giant spectrometer, this network determines the energy dependence of primary<br />
cosmic ray intensity variations in the GeV range. Furthermore, the high altitude of<br />
Jungfraujoch provides good response to solar protons ≥ 3.6 GeV and to solar neutrons<br />
with energies as low as ~250 MeV.<br />
In <strong>2005</strong>, operation of the two NMs at Jungfraujoch was pursued without major<br />
problems. No significant technical modifications were necessary. The recordings are<br />
published in near-real time on the webpage (http://cosray.unibe.ch), and in special<br />
reports after processing. In addition, the data are submitted to the World Data Centers<br />
in Boulder and Tokyo in electronic form.<br />
Figure 1 shows daily counting rates of the IGY NM for <strong>2005</strong>. The overall count rate<br />
of the NMs at Jungfraujoch shows a clear tendency to increase, in anticorrelation with<br />
solar activity. Although the sunspot activity cycle 23 is still on its decreasing phase<br />
approaching minimum, the Sun again had phases of very high activity e.g. in January<br />
and in September <strong>2005</strong>. Between January 15 and 20, the solar active region NOAA<br />
10720 produced five powerful solar flares. In association with this major solar<br />
activity, several pronounced variations in the ground-level cosmic ray intensity were<br />
observed. After a magnetic storm sudden commencement (ssc) on January 17, <strong>2005</strong>,<br />
at 0748 UT the worldwide network of NMs recorded a significant global decrease in<br />
cosmic ray intensity, a so-called Forbush decrease (Fd). The IGY NM at Jungfraujoch<br />
observed a maximum decrease in the count rate of about -15 %, as can be seen in<br />
Figure 2. Three days later, on January 20, <strong>2005</strong>, i.e. still during the Fd, NOAA AR<br />
10720 produced its fifth flare, a X7.1 solar burst with onset time at 0636 UT and peak<br />
time at 0952 UT. The flare position on the Sun was at 14°N, 67°W, i.e. near the west<br />
limb, and therefore the Earth was well connected to the flare site along the interplanetary<br />
magnetic field lines. Less than 15 minutes after the observation of the flare<br />
onset, the first relativistic solar particles arrived near Earth and a solar cosmic ray<br />
ground level enhancement (GLE) was observed by the worldwide network of NM<br />
stations. This GLE is ranked the second largest in fifty years with gigantic count rate<br />
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increases at the south polar NM stations McMurdo (almost 3000 %) and South Pole<br />
(more than 5000 %). The two NMs at Jungfraujoch observed an increase in the<br />
counting rate of about 10 % in the 1-minute values. Both NMs at Jungfraujoch also<br />
observed a significant pre-increase in the time interval 0647-0649 UT. Figure 3<br />
shows the relative 1-minute count rates of the IGY NM at Jungfraujoch for January<br />
20, <strong>2005</strong>, 0400-1200 UT, and Figure 4 the GLE observed by the NM stations South<br />
Pole, Inuvik, Barentsburg, and Jungfraujoch. Figure 4 clearly illustrates the<br />
complexity of the event.<br />
Figure 1: Relative pressure corrected daily counting rates of the IGY NM at<br />
Jungfraujoch for <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Figure 2: Relative pressure corrected hourly counting rates of the IGY NM at<br />
Jungfraujoch for the time interval 15-25 January <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
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Figure 3: Relative pressure corrected 1-minute counting rates of the IGY NM at<br />
Jungfraujoch for January 20, <strong>2005</strong>, 0400-1200 UT.<br />
Figure 4: Relative pressure corrected 1-minute counting rates of the NM stations<br />
South Pole, Inuvik, Barentsburg and Jungfraujoch (IGY and NM64 combined) for<br />
January 20, <strong>2005</strong>, 0400-1200 UT.<br />
From the recordings of the Swiss cosmic ray detectors and of the worldwide network<br />
of NMs, we determined the characteristics of the solar particle flux near Earth<br />
(spectral form, amplitude, pitch angle distribution). Due to the fact that the ground-<br />
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based cosmic ray detectors around the world measured significantly different and<br />
complex intensity-time profiles, the determination of the GLE parameters has proved<br />
rather difficult. This GLE was characterized by a very narrow beam of solar cosmic<br />
ray particles (protons) during the first minutes of the event, but already some minutes<br />
after the event onset the particle flux was clearly less anisotropic. The energy<br />
spectrum changed from very hard at the beginning of the GLE to a very soft spectrum<br />
within ~10 minutes. However, it seems that the spectrum became again somewhat<br />
harder later in the event. This may be an indication for a second population of solar<br />
cosmic rays that was accelerated during a second phase of the event. In Figure 5 the<br />
directional solar proton flux, J ║ , in the presumed source direction, is plotted for the<br />
initial, the main, and the decay phase as recorded by the south polar stations. For<br />
comparison the galactic cosmic ray spectrum as of January <strong>2005</strong> is also shown. The<br />
detailed analysis of this unique event is still in progress. First findings have been<br />
reported at three international conferences.<br />
Figure 5: Solar cosmic ray (J ║ ) and galactic cosmic ray (GCR) spectra near Earth<br />
during the giant solar particle event on January 20, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Key words:<br />
Astrophysics, cosmic rays, neutron monitors; solar, heliospheric and magnetospheric<br />
phenomena<br />
Internet data bases:<br />
http://cosray.unibe.ch<br />
Collaborating partners/networks:<br />
<strong>International</strong> Council of the Scientific Union's (ICSU) Scientific Committee on Solar-<br />
Terrestrial Physics (SCOSTEP)<br />
World Data Centers A (Boulder), B (Moscow), C (Japan), <strong>International</strong> GLE database<br />
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Scientific publications and public outreach <strong>2005</strong>:<br />
Conference papers<br />
Flückiger, E.O., R. Bütikofer, M.R. Moser, and L. Desorgher, The Cosmic Ray<br />
Ground Level Enhancement and the Forbush Decrease in January <strong>2005</strong> - Analysis of<br />
the Swiss Cosmic Ray Observations, contributed paper 58-ST-A1500, 2 nd Annual<br />
Meeting of the Asia Oceania Geosciences Society (AOGS), Singapore, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Flückiger, E.O., R. Bütikofer, M.R. Moser, and L. Desorgher, The Cosmic Ray<br />
Ground Level Enhancement during the Forbush Decrease in January <strong>2005</strong>, 29 th<br />
<strong>International</strong> Cosmic Ray Conference, Pune, India, August to be published in the<br />
conference proceedings, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Belov, A. V., L. Baisultanova, R. Bütikofer, E. Eroshenko, E. O. Flückiger, G.<br />
Mariatos, H. Mavromichalaki, V. Pchelkin and V. G. Yanke, Geomagnetic effects on<br />
cosmic rays during the very strong magnetic storms in November 2003 and<br />
November 2004, 29 th <strong>International</strong> Cosmic Ray Conference, to be published in the<br />
conference proceedings, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Yanke, V. G., L. Baisultanova, A. V. Belov, R. Bütikofer, E. Eroshenko, E. O.<br />
Flückiger, G. Mariatos and H. Mavromichalaki, Variations of geomagnetic cutoff<br />
rigidities during the series of geomagnetic storms in January <strong>2005</strong>: observations and<br />
modeling, 29 th <strong>International</strong> Cosmic Ray Conference, to be published in the<br />
conference proceedings, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Bütikofer, R., E.O. Flückiger, M.R. Moser, and L. Desorgher, The Extreme Cosmic<br />
Ray Ground Level Enhancement on January 20, <strong>2005</strong>, Solar Extreme Events <strong>2005</strong><br />
(SEE-<strong>2005</strong>), <strong>International</strong> Symposium at Nor Amberd, Armenia, to be published in<br />
scientific journal Sun and Geosphere, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Flückiger, E. O., Extreme events and super storms, Invited Talk, Solar Extreme<br />
Events <strong>2005</strong> (SEE-<strong>2005</strong>): Fundamental Science and Applied Aspects, <strong>International</strong><br />
Symposium at Nor Amberd, Armenia, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Data books and reports<br />
Bütikofer, R., and E.O. Flückiger, Neutron Monitor Data for Jungfraujoch and Bern<br />
during the Ground-Level Solar Cosmic Ray Event on 20 January <strong>2005</strong>, internal<br />
report, Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physikalisches Institut, University of<br />
Bern, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Address:<br />
Physikalisches Institut<br />
Universität Bern<br />
Sidlerstrasse 5<br />
CH-3012 Bern<br />
Contacts:<br />
Rolf Bütikofer<br />
Tel.: +41 31 631 4058<br />
Fax: +41 31 631 4405<br />
e-mail: rolf.buetikofer@phim.unibe.ch<br />
URL: http://cosray.unibe.ch<br />
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Name of research institute or organization:<br />
University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Department of Physics<br />
Title of project:<br />
Study of detector to measure cosmic ray flux at large zenith angle<br />
Project leader and team:<br />
Prof. Maurizio Iori, project leader<br />
Dr. A. Sergi, Prof. D. Fargion<br />
Project description:<br />
Measurements were performed at <strong>High</strong> <strong>Altitude</strong> Jungfraujoch Station to understand<br />
detector characteristics and performance. These studies also aimed at the understanding<br />
of the possible source of background from inclined atmospheric showers at<br />
large zenith angles. Towers with different tile sizes have been installed: two are<br />
instrumented with scintillating tiles of dimension of 12.5x12.5x2 cm 3 and placed<br />
parallel to each other about 50 cm apart, while another tower has tile of 20x20x1.4<br />
cm 3 and was installed at a distance of 20 m. With this setup a measurement of cosmic<br />
ray flux was performed using two towers pointing at different zenith angles between<br />
80-100 degrees and compared to results from other experiments at sea level.<br />
At large zenith angles our measurements are unique, only one other experiment at sea<br />
level has investigated this region. These results have been also used to write a Proposal,<br />
to be submitted on February 2006, of a large surface detector array designed to<br />
detect Ultra high Energy tau neutrino fluxes.<br />
Key words:<br />
Cosmic rays, tau neutrino flux<br />
Scientific publications and public outreach <strong>2005</strong>:<br />
Journal articles<br />
M. Iori, A. Sergi, D. Fargion, M. Gallinaro and M. Kaya, Study of a detector array<br />
design to measure Ultra <strong>High</strong> Energy, tau neutrino fluxes, astro-ph/ and submitted to<br />
Physics Journal G<br />
Seminar<br />
M. Iori, Detection of UHE tau neutrinos with a surface detector array, Carnegie<br />
Mellon University, December 12, <strong>2005</strong><br />
Address:<br />
University of Rome “La Sapienza“<br />
P.zza A. Moro 5<br />
00198 Rome Italy<br />
Contacts:<br />
Maurizio Iori<br />
Tel.: +39 06 49914422<br />
Fax: +39 06 4957697<br />
e-mail: Maurizio.iori@roma1.infn.it<br />
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Name of research institute or organization:<br />
Dipartimento di Fisica Nucleare e Teorica and INFN,<br />
Pavia University<br />
Title of project:<br />
Measuring the flux of cosmic rays arriving nearly horizontally<br />
Project leader and team<br />
Prof. Gianluigi Boca<br />
Project description:<br />
My activity at the Jungfraujoch in <strong>2005</strong> was concentrated in two periods of time spent<br />
at the end of May and in June, for an approximate length of 2 weeks total.<br />
I worked with a group of 2 people from Dipartimento di Fisica of University 'La<br />
Sapienza' in Rome, Italy, Maurizio Iori and Antonino Sergi, on a project of experiment<br />
on cosmic rays.<br />
The experiment aims at measuring the flux of cosmic rays arriving nearly horizontally,<br />
at about 92 degrees azimuthal angle, from an observation point high (a<br />
mountain) from sea level. In this way one can detect particle showers caused by very<br />
high energy tau neutrinos scraping the crust of earth for aproximately 200-300 Km<br />
and producing a tau lepton that escapes the earth crust and induces a high energy<br />
shower in air. This shower will be detected by towers placed almost horizontally at<br />
about 92 degrees of azimuthal angle (~ 500 towers). Each tower is made by two<br />
square tiles (20cm x 20cm) of scintillator material, read out by a fast phototube. The<br />
two tiles are approximately 1.5m far apart and this will allow to measure the direction<br />
of arrival of the particles crossing the tower.<br />
During my stay at the Jungfraujoch I tested three prototypes of towers placed inside<br />
the scientific station, read out by standard NIM and Camac electronics. The three<br />
towers were placed at approximately 95 degrees azimuthal angle and they were put in<br />
coincidence. Data were taken to check if the towers and electronics were working and<br />
to assess the amount of background existing, caused both by electronic noise and by<br />
regular vertical cosmic rays at such high level above sea.<br />
The tests were satisfactory and gave us a preliminary sense on the feasibility of the<br />
full experiment with 500 towers.<br />
Address:<br />
Dipartimento di Fisica Nucleare e Teorica and INFN<br />
Pavia University<br />
Italy<br />
Contacts:<br />
Gianluigi Boca<br />
Tel : +39-0382987522<br />
Fax : +39-0382526938<br />
e-mail: Gianluigi.Boca@pv.infn.it<br />
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Name of research institute or organization:<br />
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Torino (Italy)<br />
Title of project:<br />
Neutron background measurements at Jungfraujoch Research Station<br />
Project leader and team:<br />
Alba Zanini, Project leader<br />
A.Ferrantelli, P.Morfino, L.Visca, O.Borla<br />
Project description:<br />
From 21st of May <strong>2005</strong> until 28th of May <strong>2005</strong> a short time neutron cosmic ray background<br />
measurement was carried out at the Sphinx laboratory, located at Jungfraujoch<br />
research station, 3580 m geographical co-ordinates 7° 59' 2" E, 46° 32' 53" N. The<br />
experimental set up included a set of 10 integral neutron dosimeter (BD-PND)<br />
working in the energy range 100 keV-20 MeV, a bubble detector spectrometer able to<br />
detect neutron in the energy range 10 keV-20 MeV, available by the BTI Inc.,<br />
(constituted by 18 dosimeter). The bubble detector readings are elaborated by using<br />
the unfolding code BUNTO especially developed for this application [1]<br />
Results<br />
The data collection was carried out with two different instruments in such a way to<br />
cross-check the results.<br />
The measurements were stopped after 576000 seconds (160 h).<br />
Table 1 lists the neutron dose equivalent rate obtained using two different methods.<br />
The BD-PND dose is measured counting the tracks in the dosimeter and using the<br />
conversion coefficients provided by BTI. The BDS dose equivalent rate is obtained<br />
coupling the dosimeter readings with the BUNTO unfolding code.<br />
Detector Energy range H rate<br />
BD-PND 100 keV- 20 MeV (9E-02±2 E-02) µSv/h<br />
BDS 10 keV to 20 MeV (5E-02±1 E-02) µSv/h<br />
Table 1: Neutron dose equivalent rate measured at Jungfraujoch.<br />
As it can be noticed the dose rate calculated using the BDS spectrometer is different<br />
from the dose rate measured with BD-PND integral dosimeters. The difference is due<br />
to the fact that the BDS dose rate is calculated applying the conversion coefficients to<br />
the reconstructed spectrum shown in figure 2. The same neutron background<br />
measurements have been carried out during the year 2003 in the high mountain<br />
laboratory (Testa Grigia, Matterhorn 3480m), using the same detection system, in<br />
figure 1 the two spectra are shown together.<br />
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As it can be noticed, the expected 1 MeV peak in cosmic rays neutron spectrum is not<br />
correctly reconstructed by the unfolding procedure for Jungfraujoch spectrum. The<br />
reason is probably due to the fact that the BDS system was not inserted into a<br />
pressure box (while it was during Testa Grigia experiments) so that the readings are<br />
affected by the high altitude pressure conditions.<br />
Fig. 1: Jungfraujoch and Testa Grigia neutron spectra.<br />
Due to the short time exposure and the lack of pressurized container, the<br />
measurements are to be considered as a preliminary test. It is necessary to repeat the<br />
measure using the pressure box in such a way to cross check the neutron spectrum<br />
with the data from other high altitude laboratories. The pressure box will be provided<br />
by ASI (Agenzia Spaziale Italiana).<br />
This device is realized by Kayser Italia Factory and is in use for ASI balloon flights<br />
and is able to maintain pressure and temperature in extreme conditions as encountered<br />
at 40000 meters of altitude. By using this device, it should be possible to perform the<br />
neutron measurements outside the laboratory, avoiding the neutron background due to<br />
the concrete walls of the building.<br />
References<br />
[1] A Zanini, F Fasolo, L Visca, E Durisi, M Perosino, J R M Annand and K W Burn,<br />
Test of a bubble passive spectrometer for neutron dosimetry, Phys. Med. Biol. 50 No<br />
18 (<strong>2005</strong>) 4287-4297.<br />
Key words:<br />
Neutron spectra, bubble detectors.<br />
Internet data bases:<br />
www.to.infn.it/~zanini<br />
Collaborating partners/networks:<br />
Marisa Storini IFSI-INAF Roma<br />
Scientific publications and public outreach <strong>2005</strong>:<br />
Refereed journal articles<br />
Akkurt,I, J.O. Adler, J.R.M. Annand, F.Fasolo, K. Hansen, C.Ongaro, A.Reiter, G.<br />
Rosner, A. Zanini , Photoneutron Yields from Tungsten in the Energy range of the<br />
Giant Dipole Resonance, Physics in Medicine and Biology 48, 3345-3352, 2003<br />
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Zanini,A, E. Durisi, F. Fasolo, C. Ongaro, L. Visca, U. Nastasi, K.W. Burn, G:<br />
Scielzo, J.O. Adler, J.R.M. Annand, G. Rosner, Monte Carlo Simulation of the<br />
Photoneutron Field in LINAC Radiotherapy Treatments with Different Collimation<br />
Systems, Phys. Med. Biol. 49 (4) 571-582, 2003<br />
Rosi,G,, G. Gambarini, V. Colli, S. Gay, L. Scolari, O. Fiorani, A. Perrone, E. Nava,<br />
F. Fasolo, L. Visca, A. Zanini, Dose Measurements in the Thermal Column of the<br />
TAPIRO reactor, Rad. Prot. Dosim. 110, 651-654, 2004<br />
Zanini, A., E. Durisi, F. Fasolo C. Ongaro, U. Nastasi, K.W. Burn, J.R.M. Annand,<br />
Neutron Spectra in a Tissue-Equivalent Phantom during Photon Radiotherapy<br />
Treatment by linacs, Radiation Protection Dosimetry 110, 1-4, 157-160, 2004<br />
Zanini, A., E. Durisi, F. Fasolo, M. Storini, O. Saavedra, L. Visca, M. Perosino,<br />
Neutron Spectrometry at <strong>High</strong> Mountain Observatories, Journal of Atmospheric and<br />
Solar-Terrestrial Physics, (<strong>2005</strong>) 67 8-9, 755-762, <strong>2005</strong><br />
Zanini,A., F Fasolo, L Visca, E Durisi, M Perosino, J R M Annand and K W Burn,<br />
Test of a bubble passive spectrometer for neutron dosimetry, Phys. Med. Biol., (<strong>2005</strong>)<br />
50 18, 4287-4297.<br />
Book sections<br />
Esposito, D., C. Faraloni, F. Fasolo, A. Margonelli, G. Torzillo, A. Zanini and Maria<br />
Teresa Giardi, in Biotechnological Applications of Photosynthetic Proteins: Biochips,<br />
Biosensors and Biodevices, Maria Teresa Giardi and Elena V. Piletska (eds.),<br />
Biodevices for Space Research, Springer Science+ Business Media, New York, New<br />
York U.S.A. 212-215, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Manfredotti, C., C.Ongaro, L.Tommasino and A.Zanini in Researcher’s Reference<br />
Manual and Data Book, Peter KF Grieder (ed.) Neutron spectra, Elsevier Science,<br />
ISBN 0444507108, 110-112, (2001).<br />
Conference papers<br />
Zanini, A., M. Pelliccioni, E. Durisi, F. Fasolo, L. Visca, C. Ongaro, O. Saavedra,<br />
Differential Neutron Flux in Atmosphere at Various Geophysical Conditions, 28 th<br />
<strong>International</strong> Cosmic Ray Conference Tsukuba (Japan), 31 st July – 7 th August 2003.<br />
Durisi, E., F. Fasolo, C. Ongaro, O. Saavedra, P.P.Trapani, L. Visca, A.Zanini, <strong>High</strong><br />
Mountain Observatory Network for studying the role of cosmoc ray flux variability<br />
on the atmospheric processes, Proc.<strong>International</strong> Conference on Cosmic Rays and<br />
Dark Matter, July 28-30,2003, Nagoya, Japan.Universal Academy Press Inc. Frontier<br />
Science Series 42, ISSN 0915-8502<br />
Edited books<br />
Zanini,A. (ed.) Radiation Dosimetry: basic technologies, medical applications, space<br />
applications, Frascati Physics Series 29, 2002 (ISBN 88-86409-36-2)<br />
Ongaro. C., A.Zanini (eds.) Neutron Spectrometry and Dosimetry: experimental techniques<br />
and MC calculations, OTTO editore. 2004 (ISBN 88-87503-86-9)<br />
Theses<br />
Perosino M., Biosensor for radiation detection in space application, Thesis, Università<br />
Torino, 2004<br />
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Iannarelli R., Evaluation of radiation damages to instrumentation in Bepi Colombo<br />
mission to Mercure, Università Torino, <strong>2005</strong><br />
Durisi E., Study of a compact Neutron Source based on D-D fusion reaction for NCT<br />
application, PhD Thesis Universita’ Torino, <strong>2005</strong><br />
Magazine and Newspapers articles<br />
“Sugli aerei un fantoccio antiradiazioni” Il Tempo, 6 Marzo 2003<br />
“Radiazioni in volo”, Le Scienze, Italian edition of Scientific American, 417, May<br />
2003<br />
Radio and television<br />
“Jimmy, the flying phantom “spazio12, Interview for the Scientific program<br />
Leonardo, RAI 3 on Jimmy, the anthropomorphic phantom used on Alitalia flights for<br />
neutron dose evaluation. July 2003.<br />
Address:<br />
INFN Sezione Torino<br />
Via Pietro Giuria n.1<br />
10125 Torino<br />
Italy<br />
Contacts:<br />
Alba Zanini<br />
Tel.: 039 011 6707378<br />
Fax: 039 011 6699579<br />
e-mail: zanini@to.infn.it<br />
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Name of research institute or organization:<br />
ABB Switzerland Ltd, Semiconductors<br />
Title of project:<br />
Cosmic ray induced failures in biased high power semiconductor devices<br />
Project leader and team<br />
Thomas Stiasny<br />
Project description:<br />
Biased high power semiconductor devices like diodes, thyristors or IGBTs might fail<br />
suddenly without any previous device wear-out or electrical overload condition. This<br />
phenomenon is explained by cosmic rays where one particle triggers inside the biased<br />
silicon bulk a localized breakdown event, finally destroying the devices [1-4].<br />
Accelerated tests reducing costs and time are feasible at locations with enhanced<br />
cosmic ray fluxes (e.g. at Jungfraujoch) or with particle beams.<br />
The test setup was located on a platform (area 0.7 m 2 ) just below a wooden roof of<br />
the Sphinx observatory. About 10 to 500 devices of one or two different types or<br />
designs were tested in parallel. Failed devices due to cosmic rays were identified by<br />
observing a constant leakage current until the occurrence of the failure and by<br />
characteristic defects like small spots somewhere on the silicon chip [5,6]. The<br />
measured failure rates and the characteristic defects of the chips depended on the<br />
device types and the applied biases but were in first order independent on the incident<br />
particle type (neutron or proton beams and cosmics).<br />
The sharp drop of the failure rates below a characteristic bias U c was observed for all<br />
device types but so far only with proton and neutron beams (Fig. 1). The poor<br />
statistics with cosmic tests did not allow to reproduce this drop-off. The predictions<br />
for most of the device types were in fair agreement with the test results except for the<br />
sharp drop of the failure rates [4].<br />
The biases for typical device applications are normally below U c . Typical applications<br />
of high power semiconductors demand failure rates of power devices due to<br />
cosmics lower than one failure every 10 9 hour and every 1 cm 2 device area. Thus it is<br />
of vital interest to know if the failure rates due to cosmics exhibit a similar drop-off<br />
behaviour similar to those due to neutron or proton beams.<br />
In 2002 a test sequence with an increased number of devices was started to clarify the<br />
possible drop of the failure rates due to cosmics below U c . This experiment was<br />
continued in <strong>2005</strong>. The data evaluation is ongoing.<br />
Glossary<br />
IGBT: Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor; voltage controlled power transistor.<br />
References<br />
[1] H. Kabza et al., Proc IEEE Intern. Symp. Power Semicond. Devices and ICs,<br />
Davos, pp. 9-12, 1994<br />
[2] H.R. Zeller, Proc IEEE Intern. Symp.Power Semicond. Devices and ICs, Davos,<br />
pp. 339-340, 1994<br />
H.R. Zeller, Solid State Electronics, 38, No.12, 2041-2046, (1995)<br />
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[3] P. Voss et al., Proc IEEE Intern. Symp. Power Semicond. Devices and ICs,<br />
Weimar, pp. 169-172, 1997<br />
[4] H.R. Zeller, Microelectron. Reliab., Vol. 37, No. 10/11, pp. 1711-1718, 1997<br />
[5] Ch. Findeisen et al., Microelectron. Reliab., Vol. 38 (1998), pp. 1335-1339<br />
[6] Ch. Findeisen et al., Annual report of the <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG, 1998, 2000, 2001<br />
1.E+05<br />
1.E+04<br />
IGBT<br />
cosmics<br />
failure rate [FIT/cm 2 ]<br />
1.E+03<br />
1.E+02<br />
1.E+01<br />
protons (PIF)<br />
neutrons<br />
(LANSCE)<br />
1.E+00<br />
ABB Switzerland Ltd<br />
Semiconductors<br />
prediction<br />
1.E-01<br />
1200 1400 1600 1800 2000<br />
blocking bias (V)<br />
Fig. 1: Failure rates of a certain IGBT device due to cosmics, protons (PSI-PIF, 300<br />
MeV) and neutrons (LANSCE, energy spectrum proportional to 1/E and with E < 800<br />
MeV). Here the application bias was well below the characteristic bias U c = 1500 V.<br />
All failure rates were normalized to New York City and to a temperature of 25 °C.<br />
One FIT/cm 2 corresponded to one failed chip every 10 9 chip⋅hour normalized to one<br />
cm 2 silicon area.<br />
Key words:<br />
cosmics, power semiconductor devices, failures<br />
Address:<br />
ABB Switzerland Ltd<br />
Semiconductors<br />
Fabrikstrasse 3<br />
CH-5600 Lenzburg<br />
Contacts<br />
Thomas Stiasny<br />
Tel.: +41 58 586 14 79<br />
Fax: +41 58 586 13 09<br />
e-mail: Thomas.Stiasny@ch.abb.com<br />
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Name of research institute or organization:<br />
Institut d’automatisation Industrielle, Haute Ecole d’Ingénierie et de<br />
Gestion<br />
Title of project:<br />
Development of a seeing monitor for astronomical applications<br />
Project leader and team:<br />
Prof. François Wildi, project leader<br />
Léonard Dal-Magro, Sébastien Mamin, graduating students<br />
Project description:<br />
Our goal is to develop a versatile and easy to use seeing monitor to offer real time<br />
dynamic atmospheric parameters characterization to smaller observatories that do not<br />
have a permanent facility of this type available<br />
This project was only initiated in <strong>2005</strong> and is still in infant phase.<br />
Key words:<br />
<strong>High</strong> resolution imaging, turbulence description, adaptive optics<br />
Scientific publications and public outreach <strong>2005</strong>:<br />
Theses<br />
L. Dal Magro, S. Mamin, Development of a seeing monitor of type DIMM. Diploma<br />
thesis, HEIG-VD, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Other<br />
This project was presented in the frame of the “Journées Techniques 2006”, an<br />
exhibit that highlights the technological capabilities of the the Haute Ecole<br />
d’Ingénierie et de Gestion du canton de Vaud.<br />
Address:<br />
Institut d’automatisation Industrielle<br />
Haute Ecole d’Ingénierie et de Gestion<br />
1, route de Cheseaux<br />
CH-1400 Yverdon-les-bains<br />
Contacts:<br />
François Wildi<br />
Tel.: +41 24 55 76 326<br />
Fax: +41 24 55 76 326<br />
e-mail: francois.wildi@heig-vd-ch<br />
URL: http://iai.eivd.ch/profs/fwi<br />
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Name of research institute or organization:<br />
Relaisgemeinschaft HB9F Bern<br />
Title of project:<br />
Operation of a 70 cm amateur beacon transmitter, operation of a 23 cm voice repeater<br />
station, study of high frequency propagation conditions.<br />
Project leader and team<br />
Roland Moser, HB9MHS (project leader); Jürg Furrer, HB9APG; Christian<br />
Schmocker, HB9DUU; Heinz Burkhard, HB9MOA; Ruedi Wyss, HB9BEN<br />
Project description:<br />
The “Relaisgemeinschaft HB9F Bern” has been operating two amateur radio stations<br />
at the Sphinx observatory, one of them for more than 25 years.<br />
A 70cm beacon was installed in 1980 and has been working without any interruption<br />
at 432.432 MHz (formerly 432.984 MHz) for more than two years now.<br />
In 1992 the 23cm repeater at Tx 1258.900 MHz and Rx 1293.900 MHz completed the<br />
repeater network of the “Relaisgemeinschaft HB9F Bern”. Due to the high reliability<br />
of the used components also the 23cm repeater did not need any maintenance during<br />
the past two years.<br />
Detailed information on technical equipment and further activities of the group can be<br />
found on our group website http://www.relais-hb9f.ch.<br />
Furthermore, reports on radio reception are still welcome by e-mail to<br />
hb9mhs@relais-hb9f.ch.<br />
For the kind hospitality during the last decades the “Relaisgemeinschaft HB9F Bern”<br />
expresses its sincere thanks to the <strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG.<br />
Key words:<br />
Amateur radio beacon, repeater<br />
Internet data bases:<br />
URL: http://www.relais-hb9f.ch, WAP: http://wap.relais-hb9f.ch<br />
Collaborating partners/networks:<br />
USKA – Union of Swiss Short Wave Amateurs, Section Bern<br />
Address:<br />
Relaisgemeinschaft HB9F Bern<br />
c/o Roland Moser<br />
Zeerlederstrasse 2<br />
CH-3006 Bern<br />
Contacts<br />
Roland Moser<br />
phone: +41 31 3 510 510<br />
mobile: +41 79 3000 311<br />
e-mail: hb9mhs@relais-hb9f.ch<br />
URL: http://www.relais-hb9f.ch<br />
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Name of research institute or organization:<br />
Division for Biomedical Physics, Innsbruck Medical University<br />
Title of project:<br />
Solar UV irradiance<br />
Project leader and team:<br />
Prof. Dr. Mario Blumthaler, project leader<br />
Prof. Dr. Monika Ritsch-Marte, Dr. Josef Schreder, Dr. Barbara Schallhart,<br />
Michael Schwarzmann, Dr. Roland Silbernagl<br />
Project description:<br />
Since 1980 variability and long-term trend of solar UV irradiance have been observed<br />
at the <strong>High</strong> Alpine Research Station Jungfraujoch in annual campaigns of about 8<br />
weeks duration. Especially the erythemally weighted UV-irradiance is of high<br />
interest, as it can be taken as a general indicator of harmful reactions of UV radiation<br />
on humans. The erythema dose is measured with broadband detectors, and long-term<br />
variations are investigated within our long-term project.<br />
Additionally, spectral measurements of solar global irradiance between 280 nm and<br />
500 nm with a resolution of 0.25 nm are carried out with a double-monochromator<br />
spectroradiometer. Total ozone column and spectral extinction by aerosols is derived<br />
from spectral measurements of direct sun irradiance. Close international cooperation<br />
guarantees high quality of the UV measurements. The spectral measurements allow<br />
the quantitative determination of the effects of individual parameters like ozone,<br />
albedo and aerosols, because each parameter has a different spectral effect on UV<br />
radiation.<br />
In <strong>2005</strong>, the measurements at Jungfraujoch took place between 06.04.<strong>2005</strong> and<br />
10.05.2003. During the whole period at least one scientific co-worker from the<br />
Division for Biomedical Physics, Innsbruck, was taking care of the measurements at<br />
Jungfraujoch for continuous quality control and for manual ancillary measurements<br />
on clear sky days. With the spectroradiometer, spectral global irradiance and actinic<br />
flux density were measured continuously under all weather conditions. Measurements<br />
of direct sun irradiance with the spectroradiometer and with hand-held detectors<br />
during cloudless days allowed verifying the absolute calibration of these instruments<br />
by applying the Langley-method. Furthermore, on clear sky days, measurements of<br />
sky radiance in the vertical plane of the sun and in the almucantar were carried out for<br />
320 nm, 350 nm and 450 nm with a field of view of about 1.6°. At each selected point<br />
on the sky, a UV-polarising filter in front of the input optics was rotated in 4 steps<br />
over 135°. This allows to determine the degree and the direction of polarisation of the<br />
diffuse sky radiance in the UV wavelength range. These data will be analysed in<br />
combination with radiative transfer models. The measurements at Jungfraujoch can<br />
serve as a base line for such measurements, as the amount of aerosols is there<br />
extremely small and therefore their effect on polarisation can almost be neglected.<br />
However, the inhomogeneous distribution of snow coverage in the surrounding up to<br />
a distance of about 20 km has a significant influence on the diffuse sky radiance and<br />
also on its degree of polarisation. This makes the interpretation of the measurements<br />
quite complicate.<br />
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Figure 1: Installation of the radiation detectors on the roof of the Sphinx observatory,<br />
looking towards Mönchsjoch. On the right, detectors for global, UVA and UVB<br />
irradiance and in the middle the respective detectors covered by a shadow band to<br />
measure the diffuse component only. On the left on the pole the sun tracker with the<br />
input optics of the spectroradiometer for direct sun and diffuse sky measurements.<br />
Figure 2: Further radiation detectors: on the left input optics of the spectroradiometer<br />
for global irradiance (dark blue) and actinic flux density (black) All input optics of the<br />
spectroradiometer are connected with quartz fibres (6 m) to the spectroradiometer<br />
itself, which is installed in the laboratory just below the terrace. The 3 white detectors<br />
are broadband instruments for global, UVA and UVB irradiance.<br />
142
Key words<br />
UV, erythemal irradiance, ozone, aerosols, albedo effects, polarisation<br />
Internet data bases:<br />
http://www.uv-index.at<br />
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
Collaborating partners/networks:<br />
Close contact to Meteo Schweiz concerning radiation measurements and to BUWAL<br />
concerning ground level ozone measurements. <strong>International</strong> cooperation in several<br />
EC-funded projects concerning spectral solar UV measurements.<br />
Scientific publications and public outreach <strong>2005</strong>:<br />
Refereed journal article:<br />
Huber M., M. Blumthaler, J. Schreder, B. Schallhart and J. Lenoble, Effect of<br />
inhomogeneous surface albedo on diffuse UV sky radiance at a high altitude site, J<br />
Geophys Res, 109, D08107, 10.1029/2003JD004013, 1-7, 2004.<br />
Schallhart B., M. Huber and M. Blumthaler,Semi-empirical method for the conversion<br />
of spectral UV global irradiance data into actinic flux, Atm Env 38, 4341-4346, 2004.<br />
Thesis:<br />
Schallhart B., Spectral global and actinic UV radiation – measurements and<br />
correlations. PhD Thesis, University Innsbruck, 2004.<br />
Address:<br />
Division for Biomedical Physics<br />
Innsbruck Medical University<br />
Müllerstrasse 44<br />
A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria<br />
Contacts:<br />
Mario Blumthaler<br />
Tel.: +43 512 507 3556<br />
Fax: +43 512 507 2860<br />
e-mail: Mario.Blumthaler@i-med.ac.at<br />
URL: http://www.uv-index.at<br />
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<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
Name of research institute or organization:<br />
Exercise Physiology, ETH-University of Zürich<br />
Title of project:<br />
Short-term acclimatization to high altitude in children<br />
Project leader and team:<br />
Dr. med. Susi Kriemler, project leader<br />
Dr. med. M. Kohler, Dr. med. HP Brunner, M. Zehnder, E. Handke<br />
Project description:<br />
Background:<br />
There is very little known about the short-term adaptation of children to high altitude,<br />
despite the fact that more and more children travel to those altitudes for recreational<br />
reasons such as skiing or trekking. The physiological characteristics at rest and<br />
exercise in a child are different from those in an adult mainly due to smaller body<br />
dimensions, hormonal and metabolic differences. Upon acute exposure to high<br />
altitude, the body adapts through different mechanism to the lower partial pressure of<br />
oxygen, a process called acclimatization, but very few data exist in children. Based on<br />
the different physiological characteristics in children at low altitude, we also expect<br />
differences in acclimatization between children and adults.<br />
The general objectives of this study were therefore to determine short-term (3-day<br />
exposure) altitude-related (3450m above sea level) 1. changes of pulmonary,<br />
cardiovascular functions at rest, during exercise and sleep, and 2. the tolerance of<br />
altitude and occurrence of AMS of prepubescent children. Specifically, we compared<br />
function between low altitude (LA) and day 1-3 in high altitude (HA) among the<br />
children, and in comparison to their fathers.<br />
Methods:<br />
Clinical examinations. Each subject had a physical examination of the cardiopulmonary<br />
system at LA and daily at HA to ensure a good general health. Tanner<br />
stage and height was assessed once at LA, weight was measured at LA and daily at<br />
HA.<br />
Acute mountain sickness score. In 1991, the Lake Louise Consensus Committee<br />
agreed on diagnostic criteria and a scoring system for the symptoms and signs of<br />
acute mountain sickness (Roach et al. 1993). It consists of a short self-report<br />
questionnaire, which is sufficient in itself, and to which an additional clinical<br />
assessment may be added, consisting of three signs: mental status, ataxia and<br />
peripheral edema. A diagnosis of AMS is based on a recent gain in altitude, at least<br />
several hours at the new altitude, and the presence of at least 5 score points. At LA<br />
and in the evenings and mornings of each day at HA, a questionnaire regarding<br />
symptoms and signs of AMS was filled out by each subject. Signs of AMS were<br />
evaluated by the investigator. One of the limitations in comparing prevalence and<br />
incidence of AMS among the studies is the fact, that there were different criteria in<br />
definition of the diagnosis. We therefore also included an ESQ questionnaire<br />
(Sampson et al. 1983) which was previously used to be able to compare AMS scores<br />
with the adult data from previous studies.<br />
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Resting pulmonary function. Pulmonary function testing was performed at LA and on<br />
each day at HA. Each subject performed at least three forced expiratory maneuvers in<br />
a sitting position (Vmax 2900, SensorMedics, Yorba Linda, CA, USA). The trial with<br />
the largest vital capacity is used to determine functional vital capacity (FVC), forced<br />
vital capacity in 1 sec (FEV 1 ), peak expiratory flow (PEF), single breath diffusion<br />
capacity (DL CO ), and closing volume by single breath nitrogen washout tests (CV)<br />
according to standard technique. For DLCO, unadjusted values, and those adjusted<br />
for altitude and alveolar ventilation are reported. Calibration of the flow meter and the<br />
gas analyzers was performed several times per day. Values will be compared to<br />
reference values (Sherill et al. 1992) and expressed as measured values and in percent<br />
change compared to LA.<br />
Doppler Echocardiography. Echocardiography was performed at LA and on each day<br />
at HA. It has previously been shown, that echocardiographic and invasive measurements<br />
of pulmonary artery pressure closely correlated at high altitude (Allemann et<br />
al. 2000). The echocardiographic recordings were performed by an experienced<br />
investigator using a portable ultrasound system (Cypress, Accuson Inc, USA). The<br />
recordings were stored together with data from a peripheral electrocardiographic lead<br />
on a videotape and analyzed off line. Systolic pulmonary-artery pressure was evaluated<br />
from the pressure gradient between the right ventricle and atrium using<br />
continuous-wave Doppler echocardiography and the clinically determined mean<br />
jugular venous pressure. In tricuspid regurgitation, as indirect parameter of pulmonary<br />
artery pressure, the continuous-wave Doppler beam was superimposed on the<br />
regurgitant jet into the right atrium by means of color Doppler, to obtain the maximal<br />
velocity within the Doppler spectrum. The trans-tricuspid pressure gradient was then<br />
calculated from the maximal velocity within the tricuspid jet of at least three beats, by<br />
a modification of the Bernoulli equation (trans-tricuspid pressure gradient equals four<br />
times the square of the velocity in the tricuspid jet).<br />
Aerobic exercise test. Each subject performed a graded exercise test on a cycle<br />
ergometer (Ergoline er800s, Pilger, Switzerland) to determine maximal oxygen<br />
uptake (VO 2 ), maximal aerobic capacity and submaximal V, . O2-HR relationship<br />
during exercise at LA and on day 1 and 3 of HA. A McMaster protocol was applied<br />
for the children (Bar-Or 1983). The initial load and the increments were based on the<br />
child's height. Load was increased after each 2 min stage until the child could no<br />
longer pedal at the prescribed cadence of 50 rpm, in spite of encouragement by the<br />
investigator. Maximal aerobic capacity (V, . O2-test) for men will be performed with<br />
an initial load of 70 W and an increase by 30 W every 2 minutes until volitional<br />
exhaustion of the subject. All subjects breathed through a face mask from which<br />
expired gas concentrations were continuously monitored (Quark b2, Cosmed, Rome,<br />
Italy). Minute ventilation, V, . O2 , CO 2 production and respiratory exchange ratio were<br />
then calculated. Heart rate was measured by Polar Vantage XL 4000 Sporttester<br />
(Leuenberger, Switzerland) at an interval of 5 seconds. Oxygen saturation was<br />
monitored by pulse oximetry throughout the test by forehead oximetry (OxiMax N-<br />
595, Nellcor, Leuag AG, Stans, Switzerland).<br />
Fluid balance. Fluid balance was assessed at HA only. The participants of the study<br />
continuously noted their fluid intake and output at all days of HA. All fluid was taken<br />
by a single bottle which was filled up by the investigators only. Urine was collected<br />
in a bottle which never left the subject. Daily weight measurements were taken in the<br />
evenings and mornings at HA. The meals were standardized to ensure an adequate<br />
intake for sodium (65 mmol/d) and to cover sodium sweat losses in individuals who<br />
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are moderately active (RDA standard). Subjects adhered to a standardized diet with<br />
known composition in which calorie and sodium intake was measured individually.<br />
Hypoxic ventilatory response. Hypoxic ventilatory response was measured at LA and<br />
at days 1 and 2 of HA. For the ventilatory response tests, subjects sat comfortably in<br />
an armchair situated in a quite room with temperatures between 20 and 24°C. The<br />
subjects breathed through a face mask connected to a metabolic cart (Quark b2,<br />
Cosmed, Rome, Italy); V E , P ET CO 2 and P ET O 2 were continuously measured breathby-breath.<br />
Arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) was monitored by an oximeter using a<br />
finger probe (OxiMax N-595, Nellcor, Leuag AG, Stans, Switzerland). An initial 10-<br />
min hyperoxic period (F I O 2 =0.59) was used before all ventilatory response tests<br />
performed at HA to eliminate possible depression caused by ambient hypoxia at HA<br />
and to measure HVR over the same saturation range as that measured at LA (Sato et<br />
al. 1992). Each subject was familiarized with the testing prior to the first<br />
measurement at LA. The acute isocapnic hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) was<br />
measured by a method previously described by Severinghaus et al (1976). Initially,<br />
resting minute ventilation was assessed until minute ventilation, end-tidal CO2 and<br />
heart rate were stable. End-tidal oxygen pressure was then randomly reduced to three<br />
different levels (60, 50, 40 Torr) within 90-180sec and kept for 3 min. End-tidal CO2<br />
was maintained at a 2 Torr higher level than during room air breathing within 0-2<br />
Torr.<br />
Respiratory plethysmography. These measurements were taken at LA and on both<br />
nights at HA. Nocturnal breathing pattern was recorded by computerized devices<br />
incorporating a respiratory inductive plethysmograph, a pulse oximeter, an ECG, and<br />
a position sensor (Somnostar, SensorMedics, Yorba Lainda, CA, USA). Displacement<br />
of inductance sensors was avoided by taping them directly to the skin and securing<br />
them with an elastic net (Somnostar). The Qualititative Diagnostic Calibration<br />
method was applied during natural breathing in supine position over 5 min. It<br />
provided relative gains of rib cage and abdominal inductive plethysmograph signals.<br />
Their sum was subsequently calibrated in absolute units (l) for 5-10 breaths with the<br />
nose clipped. Accuracy of calibration was verified in the mornings after the sleep<br />
studies, and regarded as acceptable if inductive plethysmographic tidal volumes were<br />
within 20% of the calibration bag volume. P ET CO 2 was continuously measured<br />
throughout the night by a transcutaneous PCO 2 43°C electrode mounted on the volar<br />
forearm which was calibrated in vivo after 15 min of stabilization to equal P ET CO 2 .<br />
Rest/activity pattern during the nights was recorded by an accelerometer placed at the<br />
wrist as an indirect measure of sleep/wakefulness (Actiwatch, Cambridge<br />
Neurotechnology, Cambridge, UK).<br />
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Preliminary results and significance:<br />
In Table 1 you find the characteristics of the study participants.<br />
Adults<br />
Age Height Weight BSA FVC FVC, %pred<br />
Mean 44.0 179.0 73.9 1.92 5.33 105.8<br />
SD 4.2 6.8 7.5 0.13 0.60 10.6<br />
Min 36.6 169.0 61.0 1.72 4.24 89.4<br />
Max 57.1 190.0 91.3 2.20 6.25 136.0<br />
Children<br />
Mean 10.7 142.3 33.0 1.14 2.45 100.3<br />
SD 1.1 7.7 6.1 0.13 0.44 9.8<br />
min 9.2 129.5 24.3 0.95 1.54 77.5<br />
max 12.4 158.0 49.5 1.42 3.21 118.3<br />
* n=20 fathers and 20 children (4 girls, 16 boys)<br />
BSA=body surface area, FVC=forced vital capacity<br />
All children and adults showed a normal FVC compared to reference values. One<br />
child and two adults were slightly overweight. Children and adults were also well<br />
matched in respect to fitness.<br />
The cumulative incidence of acute mountain sickness (AMS) was similar when<br />
measured with the Lake Louise score, but was higher in children when measured with<br />
the AMS-C-Score. All children and their fathers were sick within 30 hours of altitude<br />
exposure, on day 3 of HA all participants were healthy again. These results have to be<br />
interpreted with caution, since 1. adult questionnaires were used in a population of<br />
children who might have problems to read and interpret the questionnaires as well as<br />
give appropriate responses. Nevertheless, it makes sense to be very cautious when<br />
taking children to HA, and make sure to adhere to recommendations regarding ascent<br />
rate and prompt descent in case of symptoms.<br />
Maximal aerobic exercise performance at LA was similar in children and adults,<br />
respectively, when corrected per bodyweight. Both reduced there VO2max similarly<br />
by about 20% on day 1 and 3 of HA. But the heart rate behaved differently. While it<br />
stayed at equal levels throughout the altitude exposure in children, it decreased<br />
significantly from LA to HA in adults on both days at HA. It seems, therefore, that<br />
the cardiovascular response to HA is different in children and adults, but mechanism<br />
behind have to be determined. Possible differences could be a different cardiac output<br />
or a different arterio-venous oxygen content in the peripheral vascular system.<br />
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60<br />
55<br />
VO 2 max, ml*kg -1 *min -1<br />
50<br />
45<br />
40<br />
35<br />
30<br />
adults<br />
children<br />
25<br />
LA HA1 HA3<br />
Fig 1: Maximal oxygen uptake corrected for body weight (VO2max) at low altitude (LA) and<br />
on day 1 and 3 at high altitude (HA1 and HA3)<br />
During sleep, ascent to 3450m induced proportional increases of ventilation in<br />
children and fathers and similar reductions of SpO2. Breath rate increased more in<br />
children than adults. Periodic breathing was marked in fathers, but much less<br />
pronounced in children. It is still a matter of debate, whether periodic breathing plays<br />
a role in the occurrence of AMS. If so, it might explain part of the differences in<br />
AMS incidence we found between the two generations.<br />
Resting ventilation was higher in children than in adults at LA and HA, and<br />
significantly rose at HA to the same extent. Children mainly increased ventilation by<br />
increasing respiratory frequency, adults increased ventilation by a parallel increase in<br />
respiratory frequency and tidal volume. The decrease in oxygen saturation between<br />
LA and HA was prominent and similar in both groups. Again, the extent of<br />
respiratory adaptations to HA seems to be similar between children and adults, but the<br />
mechanisms by which ventilation is increased are different, mainly due to the smaller<br />
lung volumes in children. Whether the inherited higher ventilation per kg bodyweight<br />
in children plays a role in the acclimatization process has to be determined.<br />
Isocapnic hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) is higher in children than in adults at<br />
LA and HA. Both groups increase their HVR with HA, but adults seem to increase<br />
their HVR more than children. HVR is a measure of hypoxia induced respiratory<br />
drive of a person. Whether the extent of the drive at LA, or the extent of increase at<br />
HA is important for the protection against AMS, is still controversial even among the<br />
adult population.<br />
With HA, pulmonary artery pressure seems to increase more in children than in<br />
adults. This could be one important factor why children become more sick at HA than<br />
adults. The main postulated mechanism why a high pulmonary artery pressure leads<br />
to more AMS, is an inhomogeneous vasoconstriction in the pulmonary arteries<br />
leading to a diffusion limitation of oxygen into the blood.<br />
Fluid balance is still in investigation. In an adult population, the literature postulates<br />
that those who become sick show more water retention and consequently increase<br />
bodyweight, due to renal and hormonal alterations, but whether this is true is also a<br />
matter of debate in the literature.<br />
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In 2006, we will finish data analysis and statistics, and several papers are prepared to<br />
be published in peer-reviewed international physiological or medical journals.<br />
Acknowledgment:<br />
We thank all the children and adults who took part in this demanding but also<br />
challenging project. We also thank the foundation HFSJG, with a special thank for<br />
Prof. E. Flückiger, L. Wilson, J. and M. Fischer, G. and K. Hemund for the excellent<br />
support to run the study.<br />
Key words:<br />
<strong>High</strong> altitude, children, high altitude illness<br />
Collaborating partners/networks:<br />
University Hospital of Zürich, Dept of Pneumology (Prof. K. Bloch)<br />
University Hospital of Basle, Dept of Cardiology (PD Dr. HP Brunner)<br />
Scientific publications and public outreach <strong>2005</strong>:<br />
Conference papers<br />
Kohler, M., Kriemler, S., Handke E., Zehnder, M., Bloch, K.E. Adaptation of<br />
ventilation to acute altitude exposure in prepubertal children. <strong>International</strong><br />
Conference of the American Thoracic Society, San Diego, 2006.<br />
Kriemler, S., Zehnder, M., Kohler M., Brunner, H.P., Boutellier, U. Maximal aerobic<br />
performance of prepubertal children upon fast ascent to high altitude. 53 rd Annual<br />
Meeting of American College of Sports Medicine, Denver, 2006.<br />
Radio and television<br />
MTW-Spezial vom Jungfraujoch: Forschung zwischen Himmel und Erde, Pioniere<br />
und Abenteuer, Bedrohung aus dem Kosmos, medizinisches Hoehen-Experiment,<br />
Geheimnisse im Weltraum, Hoechstgelegener Arbeitsort, Menschen Technik<br />
Wissenschaft, SF1, Januar 12, 2006.<br />
Address:<br />
Exercise Physiology<br />
ETH-University of Zürich<br />
Winterthurstr. 190<br />
8057 Zürich<br />
Contacts:<br />
Susi Kriemler<br />
Tel.: +41 44 635 5006<br />
Fax: +41 44 493 53 54<br />
e-mail: Kriemler@access.unizh.ch<br />
URL: www.unizh.ch/physiol<br />
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Name of research institute or organization:<br />
Pneumology, Medizinische Klinik Innenstadt, University of Munich<br />
Title of project:<br />
Change of peripheral lung function paramaters in healthy subject acutely exposed to<br />
3454 m<br />
Project leader and team:<br />
Dr. med. Rainald Fischer<br />
Project description:<br />
It has been shown that interstitial lung edema evolves in healthy subjects acutely<br />
exposed to altitudes above 4500 m. However, it is not known whether these changes<br />
occur also at lower altitudes.<br />
The goal of our study was to monitor peripheral lung function changes by measuring<br />
resistance and reactance at different frequencies with impulse oscillometry.<br />
In 22 healthy, non-smoking subjects, baseline measurements (flow-volume-loop,<br />
impulse oscillometry) were obtained at Grindelwald (943 m) before exposure to high<br />
altitude at Jungfraujoch (3454 m). After 6 h (T1) and 18 h (T2) at high altitude,<br />
measurements were repeated.<br />
We found a significant reduction of vital capacity (mean delta 105 ml, p=0.11),<br />
reactance at 5 Hz (mean delta 0.016, p=0.001) and low frequency reactance area (AX,<br />
mean delta -16.5, p
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
Address:<br />
Pneumologie<br />
Medizinische Klinik Innenstadt, Universität München<br />
Ziemssenstrasse 1<br />
80336 München<br />
Contacts:<br />
Dr. med. Rainald Fischer<br />
Tel.: +49 89 5160 2111<br />
Fax: +49 89 5160 4953<br />
e-mail: Rainald.fischer@med.uni-muenchen.de<br />
URL: http://www.bexmed.de<br />
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Name of research institute or organization:<br />
Labor für Radio- und Umweltchemie der Universität Bern und des<br />
Paul Scherrer Instituts<br />
Title of project:<br />
VITA Varves, Ice cores, and Tree rings – Archives with annual resolution<br />
Project leader and team:<br />
Prof. Heinz W. Gäggeler<br />
Dr. Margit Schwikowski<br />
Dr. Sönke Szidat<br />
Theo Jenk<br />
Project description:<br />
VITA (Varves, Ice cores and Tree rings – Archives with annual resolution), the<br />
subprogram of the National Center of Competence in Research on Climate (NCCR<br />
Climate) aims to compare proxy climate records obtained from trees, lakes, peat bogs<br />
and glaciers (http://www.nccr-climate.unibe.ch/). The site selected for ice coring was<br />
the Fiescherhorn glacier in the Berner Oberland (FH, Swiss Alps, 46°33’3.2’’N,<br />
08°04’0.4’’E; 3900 m asl.), close to the Jungfraujoch. Samples from this ice core<br />
were analysed to obtain a first long-term record of the two main fractions, organic<br />
carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) of carbonaceous particle concentrations in<br />
ice along with the fraction of modern carbon derived from 14 C analysis. Long-term<br />
concentration records of carbonaceous particles are of increasing interest in climate<br />
research due to their not yet completely understood effects on climate. We analysed<br />
33 samples of 0.4 to 1 kg ice, covering the time period ~1670-1940. Details of sample<br />
preparation and analysis can be found elsewhere (Jenk et al., submitted).<br />
Since analysis of standard parameters like stable isotopes (δ 18 O, δD) and chemical<br />
species, e.g. ammonium, used for dating of ice cores by annual layer counting (ALC),<br />
is not completed yet for the Fiescherhorn glacier core, dating of the presented samples<br />
was performed by ALC back to 1880 (uncertainty: ± 2 years) and by a Nye ice flow<br />
model for the time before (± 10, rising to the end). Ice samples were obtained by<br />
cutting slices along the recovered core sections of about 70 cm length and were<br />
prepared as described in (Jenk et al., submitted).<br />
Concentrations of OC, EC and total carbon (TC) in µg/kg ice are presented in Fig. 1,<br />
representing the water insoluble amount. OC, as a tracer of biogenic emissions, shows<br />
a high variability in concentrations. An influence from anthropogenic emissions is not<br />
obvious for the examined time period, since high concentrations were already<br />
observed around 1700. The relatively low levels during the early 19 th century are<br />
unexpected. A possible explanation might be a change in bioactivity due to colder<br />
conditions around 1800. EC concentrations, as a tracer of anthropogenic emissions<br />
show less variability. In contrast to OC, the anthropogenic influence due to<br />
industrialisation and the use of fossil fuels (hard coal, later oil and gasoline) is clearly<br />
reflected in EC concentrations, which began to increase around 1880.<br />
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1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950<br />
80<br />
OC conc. [µg/kg ice]<br />
60<br />
40<br />
"Year (ALC / Nye Ice flow model)" vs u (fM)<br />
"Year (ALC / Nye Ice flow model)" vs Col 4<br />
20<br />
"Year (ALC / Nye Ice flow model)" vs "fM OCVB Abzug"<br />
"Year (ALC / Nye Ice flow model)" vs Col 8<br />
0<br />
EC conc. [µg/kg ice]<br />
100 0<br />
80<br />
TC conc. [µg/kg ice]<br />
60<br />
40<br />
20<br />
0<br />
1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950<br />
year<br />
40<br />
30<br />
20<br />
10<br />
Fig. 1: OC, EC and TC concentrations as µg/kg ice from 1670 to 1940 (solid lines)<br />
with measurement uncertainties (1 σ, shaded areas). The dashed line was obtained by<br />
smoothing of the data.<br />
14 C analysis has shown to be a powerful tool for source apportionment of<br />
carbonaceous particles (Szidat et al., 2006). In Fig. 2, results of 14 C analysis are<br />
presented for OC and EC as fraction of modern carbon (f M ) corrected for the decay by<br />
accounting for the age of the sample. The f M thus indicates the level of<br />
biogenic/anthropogenic contribution to the sample. Accordingly, a sample with a f M =<br />
1 originated to 100% from biogenic sources. The record for the f M of OC shows -<br />
similar to the EC record in Fig.1 - a rising of anthropogenic emissions after 1880. The<br />
level for 1940 is already comparable to recent aerosol samples with an anthropogenic<br />
contribution of around 40% [3]. A very strong peak of anthropogenic emissions<br />
between 1880 and 1900 is interesting for further investigation. Before 1850, OC was<br />
almost purely of biogenic origin. This is an important finding as we intend to use OC<br />
for radiocarbon dating of the oldest sections of ice cores. The f M of EC reflects a more<br />
and more dominating contribution of anthropogenic sources after 1900 until reaching<br />
about 80% of the total EC emissions in 1940, comparable to what is observed in<br />
recent aerosol samples (Szidat et al., 2006). Interesting but without explanation yet is<br />
the f M for the sample from around 1850. EC seems to be influenced by 14 C extinct<br />
sources even around 1850.<br />
1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950<br />
1.0<br />
biogenic<br />
OC [f M<br />
]<br />
0.5<br />
recent aerosol samples, Zürich<br />
0.0<br />
1.0<br />
anthropogenic<br />
biogenic<br />
EC [f M<br />
]<br />
0.5<br />
recent aerosol samples, Zürich<br />
anthropogenic<br />
0.0<br />
1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950<br />
year<br />
Fig. 2: f M of the OC and EC fractions derived from 14 C AMS analysis (solid lines)<br />
with measurement uncertainties (1 σ, shaded areas). The dashed line was obtained by<br />
smoothing of the data. The dotted line represents 100% biogenic origin.<br />
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Acknowledgements:<br />
This study was conducted in the frame of the NCCR-Climate project VITA. Financial<br />
support from the Swiss National Science <strong>Foundation</strong> is acknowledged. The<br />
possibility to use the <strong>High</strong> Alpine Research Station Jungfraujoch as base camp is<br />
highly acknowledged.<br />
References:<br />
Jenk, T.M., S. Szidat, M. Schwikowski, H.W. Gäggeler, D. Bolius, L. Wacker, H.-A.<br />
Synal, M. Saurer, Microgram level radiocarbon ( 14 C) determination on carbonaceous<br />
particles in ice, submitted to Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. B.<br />
Szidat, S., T.M. Jenk, H.-A. Synal, M. Kalberer, L. Wacker, I. Hajdas, A. Kasper-<br />
Giebl, U. Baltensperger, Contribution of fossil fuel, biomass burning and biogenic<br />
emissions to carbonaceous aerosols in Zürich as traced by 14 C, J. Geophys. Res.<br />
Atmos., in press.<br />
Key words:<br />
carbonaceous particles, radiocarbon, aerosol effect<br />
Internet data bases:<br />
http://lch.web.psi.ch/<br />
http://www.nccr-climate.unibe.ch/<br />
Collaborating partners/networks:<br />
Brigitta Ammann, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern<br />
Martin Grosjean, Jürg Luterbacher, Heinz Wanner, Geographical Institute, University<br />
of Bern.<br />
Lukas Wacker, Hans-Arno Synal, Martin Suter, ETH Zürich.<br />
Scientific publications and public outreach <strong>2005</strong>:<br />
Refereed journal articles<br />
Sodemann, H., A.S. Palmer, C. Schwierz, M. Schwikowski, H. Wernli, The transport<br />
history of two Saharan dust events archived in an Alpine ice core, Atmos. Chem.<br />
Phys. Discuss. 5, 7497-7545 (<strong>2005</strong>).<br />
Address:<br />
Paul Scherrer Institut<br />
Labor für Radio- und Umweltchemie<br />
CH-5232 Villigen<br />
Switzerland<br />
Contacts:<br />
Margit Schwikowski<br />
Tel.: +41 56 310 4110<br />
Fax: + 41 56 310 4435<br />
e-mail: margit.schwikowski@psi.ch<br />
URL: http://lch.web.psi.ch/<br />
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Name of research institute or organization:<br />
Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW),<br />
ETH Zürich<br />
Title of project:<br />
Variations of the Grosser Aletschgletscher<br />
Project leader and team:<br />
Dr. Andreas Bauder, project leader<br />
2-4 coworkers and field assistents<br />
Project description:<br />
Long-term glacier observations have been carried out to document glacier variations<br />
of Grosser Aletschgletscher:<br />
- Since the 1880's the length changes at the glacier tongue were recorded annually.<br />
- Starting in September 1918, the firn accumulation and mass balance was measured<br />
on Jungfraufirn. These are the second longest time series of in-situ stake<br />
measurements.<br />
- The mass balance of the whole catchment area is evaluated with the hydrological<br />
method using runoff records which started in 1922.<br />
- Special high precision topographic maps covering the whole catchment area of the<br />
branched glacier system have been produced repeatedly in 1926/27 and 1957.<br />
These maps are complemented by an earlier map from 1880.<br />
In an ongoing project the length, area, volume, and mass changes are continuously<br />
observed applying modern remote sensing techniques as well as direct field<br />
measurements. In order to calculate net volume changes of high spatial resolution,<br />
photogrammetrical results from two sets of recent aerial photographs for 1980 and<br />
1999 were compared with the topograhical maps. The changes in mass on<br />
Jungfraufirn are continuously measured twice per year in spring after the<br />
accumulation season and in late summer after the ablation season. The variation of<br />
snow accumulation and melting is recorded monthly.<br />
Figure: Length variation and mean thickness change of the Grosser Aletschgletscher<br />
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Key words:<br />
Glacier measurements, firn accumulation, mass balance<br />
Internet data bases:<br />
http://www.vaw.ethz.ch/research/glaciology/glacier_change/gz_variations_gr_aletsch<br />
gretscher<br />
Collaborating partners/networks:<br />
Swiss Glacier Monitoring Network in collaboration with Swiss Academy of Sciences<br />
(SCNAT)<br />
Address:<br />
ETH Zürich<br />
Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW)<br />
Gloriastrasse 37/39<br />
CH-8092 Zürich<br />
Contacts:<br />
Andreas Bauder Tel. +41 44 632 4112 e-mail: bauder@vaw.baug.ethz.ch<br />
Martin Funk Tel. +41 44 632 4132 e-mail: funk@vaw.baug.ethz.ch<br />
URL: http://www.vaw.ethz.ch/gz/<br />
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Name of research institute or organization:<br />
MeteoSchweiz, Zürich<br />
Project description:<br />
The weather in <strong>2005</strong><br />
The most important climatologic event in <strong>2005</strong> was certainly the devastating storm on<br />
August 21 and 22. The extremely heavy rainfall, which lasted in part more than 36<br />
hours, caused flooding, landslides, and mudflow, and did enormous damage in large<br />
areas of Switzerland. The Berner Oberland region was especially hard hit by the<br />
unusually heavy rainfall, a subject which will be discussed in detail in reviewing the<br />
weather in summer <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Table 1 illustrates that compared to the long-range means from 1961-1990 in both the<br />
plains of the northern side of the Alps as well as in the high mountainous areas, the<br />
year <strong>2005</strong> was too warm. In Bern it was +0.7° C and at Jungfraujoch +0.9° C warmer<br />
than the average. The duration of sunshine was also above the long-range mean<br />
(=100%) in the region of Bern (115%) and in the Jungfraujoch region (108%).<br />
Precipitation in the Jungfrau region corresponded to the long-term mean, while the<br />
amounts in the plains were clearly below average.<br />
Table 1: Comparisons of three parameters with the long-range mean 1961-1990 at the stations<br />
Jungfraujoch and Bern. For temperature the deviation from the long-range mean is shown.<br />
Duration of sunshine and precipitation are expressed relative to the average amounts.<br />
Because precipitation is not measured at Jungfraujoch, values from Kleine Scheidegg have<br />
been used.<br />
Jungfraujoch Bern<br />
Mean temperature +0.9° C +0.7° C<br />
Duration of sunshine 108% 115%<br />
Precipitation 101% 83%<br />
Significant incursion of cold air at the beginning of the year<br />
<strong>2005</strong> started where 2004 left off: a stable high pressure system over southwest Europe<br />
produced sunny weather until mid-January. In the higher areas of the Swiss Alps it<br />
was almost as warm as in springtime, and on January 7, <strong>2005</strong>, the thermometer at the<br />
weather station Jungfraujoch at 3580 meters above sea level briefly climbed above<br />
freezing. The stable high pressure weather came to an end at the end of the month<br />
with a massive cold front, bringing partly heavy snowfall even into the lowlands.<br />
There was a marked drop in temperature in the mountains, illustrated by the maximum<br />
daily temperature of -26.3° C on January 25, <strong>2005</strong>, at Jungfraujoch. During the<br />
following night, -29.5° C was measured at Jungfraujoch, the record low temperature<br />
there for <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
There was a further heavy thrust of polar air on February 13, <strong>2005</strong>, which started an<br />
unusually long period of cold weather. Repeated surges of artic air with varying<br />
amounts of humidity hit the Alps. By the end of February the northern side of the<br />
Alps registered 12 to 17 days of mostly light snow fall, and in Zürich snow fell on 19<br />
days. The last time there were similar numbers of days with snowfall was in 1996<br />
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and 1986. However, because the snowfall was only light, no extremely great amounts<br />
of snow were registered. Temperatures remained frosty even during the daytime.<br />
The situation was different on the protected southern side of the Alps with practically<br />
no precipitation. Together with the very dry January, it had been 20 years since<br />
Tessin had had such a dry period at the beginning of a year.<br />
Records in spring time<br />
The exceptionally cold weather continued on to the beginning of the meteorological<br />
spring. After the arrival of a cold front of Siberian air at the end of February, the<br />
nights of March 1 and 2, <strong>2005</strong>, were clear, allowing the air to cool out over the<br />
freshly fallen snow. The result was that many stations, especially those in the<br />
flatlands on the northern side of the Alps, reported their lowest local temperatures in<br />
<strong>2005</strong>. Several stations, such as in Bern, measured the lowest March temperatures<br />
since measurements have been recorded. The frosty weather with occasional<br />
snowfall continued throughout the following days.<br />
Mid-March the weather changed drastically, due to a warm high pressure system over<br />
Italy. This occurred in the lowlands as well as in the mountains. For example, on<br />
March 5, <strong>2005</strong>, the temperature at Jungfraujoch reached a daytime high of only<br />
-20° C, and in Bern the temperature stayed below freezing with a daytime high of<br />
-4° C. About a week later, on March 16, <strong>2005</strong>, it was -0.6° C at Jungfraujoch and<br />
+18.0° C in Bern – almost 20 degrees warmer. And at the same time in Tessin it was<br />
+27-28° C, a new record for March.<br />
The month of April also had phases of exceptional weather. The month began calmly<br />
due to a high over eastern Europe, but then several low pressure systems activated<br />
weather conditions. Starting April 7, <strong>2005</strong>, a low pressure system caused long<br />
periods of precipitation south of the Alps and then snowfall down into the lowlands<br />
north of the Alps. This was followed by a low pressure system that moved from<br />
southern France to Upper Italy, bringing considerable precipitation as rain and snow<br />
into the midlands. This heavy precipitation was triggered by the collision of humid,<br />
warm air masses from the southwest with cold air masses from the north. This caused<br />
the snowfall mentioned above. Bern registered 5 cm of new snow on the morning of<br />
April 17, <strong>2005</strong>, and Geneva had 3 cm of new snow, something that hadn’t occurred<br />
there so late in April since 1931. The main load of snow fell in the region of<br />
Lausanne and Lauvaux as well as the in southern arm of the Jura in Waadt. Parts of<br />
the city of Lausanne had more than 30 cm of snow on the morning of April 17, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
As is usually the case with spring snow, it didn’t stay long. The longer hours of<br />
sunshine made the temperatures climb rapidly, and by the end of April the +24-28° C<br />
temperatures reached early summer levels. The last time temperatures this warm<br />
were measured in April was in 1993. And it was also warmer at Jungfraujoch. On<br />
April 30, <strong>2005</strong>, the daytime maximum reached +3.0° C, which is usually only<br />
measured in the summer months.<br />
The warm weather dominated through to the beginning of May. On May 3, <strong>2005</strong>, a<br />
storm front from the west brought a period of unsettled and cool weather. It rained<br />
more or less constantly in light or moderate intensity. This kind of “April” weather<br />
lasted until May 23, <strong>2005</strong>, after which an extensive high pressure system brought in<br />
summer weather untypical for the end of May. Many stations reported the first<br />
sweltering temperatures in <strong>2005</strong> of 30° C and higher. For many stations this was the<br />
first time such high May temperatures had been registered since 1969, and for some<br />
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stations even since 1953. With +8.9° C Jungfraujoch registered the highest May temperatures<br />
since 1961. However, it is advisable to be cautious when making comparisons<br />
with the past, especially with regard to record values. Measurement conditions<br />
often change with time. Weather stations are moved, or new meteorological<br />
instruments are put in operation. This means that great caution should be exercised in<br />
comparing old measurements with modern measurements. And this is the case with<br />
the measurements at the Jungfraujoch station. One method that is used to make historical<br />
measurements comparable with modern ones is the so-called homogenization<br />
of data series, which tries to adjust old measurements to modern measurement conditions<br />
based on statistical methods. A complete homogenized data series for Jungfrauoch<br />
is not available at present.<br />
Heat at the beginning and severe rainfall at the end of summer <strong>2005</strong><br />
As can be expected in June, the first heavy summer thunderstorms came in. On June<br />
3, <strong>2005</strong>, there was hail and stormy weather that mainly affected the Berner Oberland.<br />
This would not be the last time that this region would be struck by severe weather in<br />
<strong>2005</strong>.<br />
After the passage of these thunderstorms the entire region of the northern side of the<br />
Alps experienced a period of unsettled, cool weather. The nights from June 7-11<br />
were especially cold for this time of year. Bern had ground frost every night in this<br />
period, which hadn’t occurred in June since the beginning of ground temperature<br />
measurements in 1981.<br />
Starting in mid-June a subtropical high pressure system drove temperatures up to<br />
summer levels. In many places temperatures during the second half of July were<br />
above 30° C. In the Basel area they even reached 34° C. Nevertheless, record<br />
temperatures, which were set in the scorching June of 2003, and in June 2002, 1950,<br />
and 1947, were reached or broken at only a very few stations.<br />
An active system with heavy thunderstorms cooled temperatures off starting July 4,<br />
<strong>2005</strong>. At Jungfraujoch the temperature sank to -7.9° C and in parts of Canton<br />
Graubünden the snow line sank to 1700 meters above sea level. This highly unstable<br />
layered air mass produced thunderstorms with tornado funnels over Lake Geneva and<br />
in the Zürcher Oberland on July 5, <strong>2005</strong>. The subsequent weather was unsettled but<br />
relatively warm. A stable phase of beautiful summer vacation weather didn’t arrive<br />
as people were hoping for. It didn’t occur until the last days of July, and then only for<br />
a few days. Air masses coming from Africa caused the hottest and most humid days<br />
of the year on July 27 and 28, <strong>2005</strong>. The record high temperature at Jungfraujoch in<br />
<strong>2005</strong> was measured at 12.7° C, and the year’s highest temperature in Switzerland was<br />
measured in Geneva at 36.2° C. Two heavy thunderstorms in July caused severe<br />
local damage. The first storm on July 18, <strong>2005</strong>, devastated a large part of the upper<br />
Lake Geneva area. Gusts of up to 160 km/h and hail caused enormous damage to the<br />
vineyards. Another thunderstorm accompanied by hazelnut sized hailstones and galeforce<br />
winds rampaged the western shore of Lake Geneva.<br />
In the first half of August, cool and rainy weather prevailed. Snow fell in the higher<br />
mountain passes of the Alps. During occasionally clear nights, the temperatures sank<br />
notably. Several stations in the plains of the northern side of the Alps registered<br />
almost the record low for the beginning of August. And in the mountains it was cool<br />
and unpleasant. At Jungfraujoch for example the daytime maximum temperature<br />
reached only -3.2° C on August 8, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
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The devastating storms in August <strong>2005</strong><br />
On August 18 and 19, <strong>2005</strong>, a low pressure system was located over France. This<br />
low pressure system crossed over to the Gulf of Genova and then by August 23, <strong>2005</strong>,<br />
moved over the eastern Alps going north. In the process, warm and humid air masses<br />
from the Mediterranean were carried along over the Alps and jammed back onto the<br />
northern slope of the Alps by north easterly winds. Meteorologists call this a “Vbcondition”,<br />
and it is known to have repeatedly caused devastating amounts of<br />
precipitation in the past. This is exactly what occurred on August 21 and 22, <strong>2005</strong>. In<br />
the ensuing heavy rainfall, six people lost their lives and the material damage<br />
amounted to approximately two billion Swiss francs. The Berner Oberland and<br />
central Switzerland were severely affected. Almost every valley from the lower<br />
Simmental through to Canton Uri experienced landslides and mudflows. Streams<br />
torrentially flooded over their banks, devastating villages, farmland, bridges, railway<br />
lines, and roads. Entire valleys were cut off for days. Even some higher areas of the<br />
Alp foothills were affected, especially from Emmental to Lake Zug, and the town of<br />
Weesen on Walensee. It flooded in parts of the midlands as well. In the city of Bern<br />
the river Aare flooded over its banks into the Matte. The river Reuss flooded houses<br />
in the area Wasseramt. The Lake of Thun, the Lake of Lucerne, and the Lake of Biel<br />
also flooded over their banks. And even farther away, the areas of upper Prättigau<br />
and Lower Engadin also experienced damage.<br />
An exceptionally rare phenomenon<br />
Unprecedented was the fact that within 48 hours the large northern slope of the Alps<br />
was inundated with more than 100 liters of rain pro m2 (= 100mm). (See figure 2.)<br />
Several stations measured record amounts (see table 2 and figure 3). For some of<br />
these stations the statistical recurrence rate for such an event is much greater than 100<br />
years.<br />
Table 2: Accumulated precipitation during 48 hours. Measurement period August 21<br />
(Sunday 05:40 h UTC) to August 23, <strong>2005</strong> (Tuesday, 05:40 h UTC).<br />
Measurement<br />
station<br />
Amount of<br />
precipitation<br />
Previous<br />
maximum amount<br />
Measured on<br />
Data available<br />
since<br />
Meiringen 205 mm 159 mm 07.03.1896 1889<br />
Brienz 181 mm 129 mm 13.02.1990 1961<br />
Wimmis 141 mm 120 mm 07.05.1985 1961<br />
Engelberg 190 mm 153 mm 21.12.1991 1901<br />
Einsiedeln 152 mm 142 mm 07.08.1978 1900<br />
Marbach/LU 181 mm 165.mm 02.06.2004 1961<br />
Napf 178 mm 158 mm 13.02.1990 1978<br />
Events preceding the flooding<br />
There are other ominous circumstances that preceded the flooding. Even before the<br />
devastating precipitation began, a great deal of rain had already fallen during the<br />
month of August in the affected areas. This had already equaled the usual amounts<br />
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for the entire month of August. In addition, the snow line had risen to 3000 meters<br />
above sea level and even higher, meaning that the precipitation in the mountains up to<br />
that level was not bound in the form of snow and ran off immediately.<br />
Even during the days immediately preceding the flooding, several regions experienced<br />
large amounts of precipitation. There was heavy rain on the northern slopes of<br />
the Alps during a thunderstorm on the evening of August 18, <strong>2005</strong>, and thunderstorm<br />
activity continued on August 19 and 20, especially in the foot hills of Fribourg, the<br />
Napf area, in Entlebuch through to central Switzerland. The ground was saturated<br />
with water and unable to absorb the huge amounts that followed: streams and rivers<br />
flooded over in no time.<br />
What could the future bring?<br />
The results of regional model analyses for Europe for the second half of the 21 st<br />
century show an increasing tendency in the mean precipitation intensity and the frequency<br />
of days with intensive precipitation. For Europe this could mean that the rate<br />
of extreme events occurring every 50 years could shrink to 25 years. This increase in<br />
heavy precipitation can also be interpreted as a result of the intensified hydrological<br />
cycle due to the greenhouse effect. Today an intensified hydrological cycle during<br />
the winter months and for the entire European continent is considered to be very<br />
probable. In the Alps it could especially cause an increase in precipitation of long<br />
duration.<br />
Dry autumn<br />
At the end of August and the beginning of September <strong>2005</strong> a high pressure system<br />
covered middle Europe and brought many sunny late summer days. The warm and<br />
dry weather brought relief to the flooded areas, the level of the lakes and rivers sank,<br />
and the saturated ground dried again. Some stations once again registered temperatures<br />
of +30° C, and there were a few typical local summer thunderstorms. Mid-<br />
September a cold front came into Switzerland from the northwest, sinking temperatures<br />
drastically and causing heavy rainfall. On the morning of September 17, <strong>2005</strong>,<br />
it snowed partly down to 1700 m above sea level on the northern side of the Alps.<br />
The night of September 21, <strong>2005</strong>, was clear and cold, thus cooling off the air masses.<br />
This led to the first local frosts in autumn <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
At the start of the month of October <strong>2005</strong> it rained heavily again in large areas of<br />
Switzerland. For the northern slopes of the Alps, Wallis, and large areas of Graubünden<br />
and Tessin, these were the last notable amounts of precipitation during the<br />
month of October, which later led to a considerable deficit. Tessin, for example, only<br />
received 20% of the usual amount of precipitation for October. During the last ten<br />
days of the month a high pressure system over the Mediterranean brought very warm<br />
weather for the time of the year. In higher regions the temperatures nearly reached<br />
historical records. Several stations in Wallis and in Graubünden measured new<br />
record high temperatures. In general, the temperatures in the mountains made one<br />
think more of summer than of the approaching winter.<br />
The relatively mild and dry weather continued through the first days of November<br />
<strong>2005</strong>. It wasn’t until November 17 that a low pressure system over Ukraine brought<br />
in a disturbance to the Alps. This disturbance was followed by cold polar air, and in<br />
the eastern plains snow fell partly into the lowlands and with it the first covering of<br />
snow of the winter <strong>2005</strong>/2006. Temperatures stayed below 0° C for the first time the<br />
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entire day on November 24, <strong>2005</strong>. Climatologists call this an “ice day”. Another low<br />
pressure system brought snow to the entire country on November 26, <strong>2005</strong>, which<br />
was earlier than southern Switzerland has on the average, but which could be<br />
expected in the north. It was only a light layer of snow, however, and the month of<br />
November was generally very dry. Combined with the very dry month of October,<br />
this led to an extremely dry situation from the eastern Berner Oberland through to<br />
Appenzell and the Rhine valley, as well as in the Upper Rhine valley, the Gotthard<br />
area, and northern Tessin. Looking at all the meteorological autumn months<br />
September to November, the last similarly dry autumn was in 1962 and 1961. The<br />
water level in rivers and lakes sank continually, and the fish in small rivers were<br />
endangered for the lack of water. Lake Constance reached a level almost as low as<br />
had ever been measured since the beginning of measurements in 1864, and Swiss<br />
reservoirs were almost at an historically low level as well.<br />
The first day of December was cold. It rained shortly thereafter up to 1300 m above<br />
sea level in the north and snowed 15 to 30 cm in the south. From December 6 to 9,<br />
<strong>2005</strong>, it snowed in the north down into the lowlands, and the south was sunny again.<br />
Then dry and relatively cold air moved in from the north, with a short interlude on<br />
December 16 and 17 when it snowed heavily in the northern slopes of the Alps and<br />
made a thin covering of snow in the east. There was only snow for a white Christmas<br />
above 600 m above sea level in the midlands. On December 26, <strong>2005</strong>, another blast<br />
of arctic air moved in, and temperatures sank even lower. In the midlands it was<br />
between -10° and -15° C on December 30, <strong>2005</strong>. The temperature in Samedan was<br />
-31° C and in La Brévine -35.9° C, which was the coldest temperature measured in<br />
Switzerland in <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
In Tessin it snowed 15-30 cm, and on the night of December 30, <strong>2005</strong>, it also snowed<br />
heavily in the north. On the last day of the year, temperatures rose above freezing.<br />
Figure 1: Mean temperature in <strong>2005</strong> measured at the station Jungfraujoch compared to<br />
the long-term mean 1961-1990 (solid line) and to the long-term mean variation (broken<br />
lines = standard deviation).<br />
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Figure 2: 48 hour sum of rainfall on August 21 and 22, <strong>2005</strong> (07:00 until 07:00 on the<br />
following day). Analysis of the measurements from 372 MeteoSwiss stations and 42<br />
mountain stations of the Swiss Federal Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research,<br />
Davos. This precipitation map was prepared by C. Frei, MeteoSwiss.<br />
Figure 3: Estimated periods (in years) of the recurrence of the sum of precipitation<br />
measured on August 21 and 22, <strong>2005</strong>. The recurrence period indicates how frequently<br />
on a long-term average the observed amount of precipitation can be expected at the same<br />
station, assuming the climate is stationary. The periods were estimated by using extreme<br />
value statistics for the long measurement series of MeteoSwiss. This precipitation map<br />
was prepared by C. Frei, MeteoSwiss.<br />
Thomas Schlegel, MeteoSchweiz<br />
Translation: Louise Wilson<br />
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Address:<br />
Klimadienste<br />
MeteoSchweiz<br />
Krähbühlstrasse 58<br />
Postfach 514<br />
CH-8044 Zürich<br />
Schweiz<br />
Contacts:<br />
Tel: +41 44 256 91 11<br />
Tel (direct): +41 44 256 94 56<br />
Fax: +41 44 256 92 78<br />
mailto:thomas.schlegel@meteoschweiz.ch<br />
http://www.meteoschweiz.ch<br />
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Research statistics for <strong>2005</strong><br />
<strong>High</strong> <strong>Altitude</strong> Research Station Gornergrat<br />
Astronomical Observatory Gornergrat South (KOSMA)<br />
Institute Country Person-working days<br />
I. Physikal. Institut, Universität zu Köln Germany 469<br />
Astronomisches Institut, Universität Bonn Germany 45<br />
Observatoire Bordeaux France 22<br />
BAO Peking China 8<br />
Total 544<br />
Solar Neutron Telescope SONTEL<br />
Institute Country Person-working days<br />
Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bern Switzerland 2<br />
Field campaigns<br />
Institute Country Person-working days<br />
VAW ETH Zürich Switzerland ca. 400<br />
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Name of research institute or organization:<br />
I. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln,<br />
Radioastronomisches Institut, Universität Bonn<br />
Title of project:<br />
KOSMA - Kölner Observatorium für Submm-Astronomie<br />
Project leader and team:<br />
Prof. Dr. Jürgen Stutzki, observatory director<br />
Dr. M. Miller, station manager<br />
Universität zu Köln: H. Jakob, Dr. U.Graf, PD Dr. C. Kramer, Dr. B. Mookerjea, PD<br />
Dr. V. Ossenkopf, Dr. M. Röllig.<br />
Universität Bonn: Prof. Dr. F. Bertoldi, Dr. U. Klein, Dr. F. Bensch, P. Müller, J.<br />
Pineda, Dr. S. Stanko, T. Westmeier.<br />
Project description:<br />
The large scale distribution, physical and chemical conditions of the interstellar<br />
matter<br />
In <strong>2005</strong> KOSMA was in operation for 5 months only. The observations had to be<br />
stopped end of March. The Kulmhotel including some rooms of the observatory were<br />
refurbished. The works started in April. The observatory was back in operation in mid<br />
October. After cleaning all rooms and the telescope and starting up all systems the<br />
first astronomical observations after refurbishment was done in November. Two SIS<br />
receivers were used, a dual channel receiver operating at 230 GHz and 350 GHz, and<br />
the dual frequency array receiver SMART which allowed a series of successful<br />
observations of both [CI]-lines simultaneously and the transitions CO(4-3), (7-6), and<br />
13 CO(8-7). [CI](1-0)/(2-1) observations were done in IVC135, IVC140, in the<br />
Serpens region, in IC348, W51 IRDC1, CepheusB, and CasA. CO(4-3) was observed<br />
in CepheusB, in the DR21 region, in Serpens, and in IC348. In April the array<br />
receiver SMART was brought back to the institute in Cologne for upgrating the<br />
system to 16 channels (8 pixel in the two frequency ranges 490GHz and 810 Ghz).<br />
Besides 12/13 CO2-1,3-2 transitions we observed with the dual channel receiver N 2 H+<br />
(3-2) and N 2 D+(3-2) in several sources in Cygnus, Perseus, and Taurus and we<br />
detected the very weak transition of 13 C 18 O (J=2-1) in W49.<br />
Five major projects were continued during the short observing period in <strong>2005</strong>:<br />
1. KOSMA observations of CO in the Cepheus OB3 Giant Molecular Cloud<br />
Observers: M. Masur, B. Mookerjea, C. Kramer (Universität zu Köln)<br />
For a large-scale CO survey we observe the Cepheus Giant Molecular Cloud at 730<br />
pc distance in CO (3-2) and 13CO (2-1) using the KOSMA 3m submillimeter<br />
telescope. We would like to get more knowledge about the structure of the densities<br />
and temperatures in the whole Cepheus GMC. That cloud shows bright emission<br />
features, which are in regions of ongoing star formation, a quiescent and very broad<br />
region and regions with embedded and obscured young stars and objects.<br />
Status: ongoing.<br />
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2. Low-metallicity translucent clouds<br />
Observers: Jorge L. Pineda, Angela Kuhn, Frank Bensch (Universität Bonn)<br />
We try to understand the physical properties of low-metallicity translucent clouds as<br />
examples of low metallicity low UV radiation field photon dominated regions<br />
(PDRs). Sources: IVC 210, IVC 140, IVC 135. We used both SIS receivers for our<br />
observations. We observed the transitions of 12CO(2-1) , 12CO(3-2), 13CO(2-1),<br />
12CO(4-3), [CI] 3P1-3P0. Status: ongoing.<br />
3. <strong>High</strong> Mass Star Formation in the Cygnus X Region<br />
Observers: N. Schneider, S.Bontemps, (University Bordeaux), R. Simon (Universität<br />
zu Köln)<br />
Cygnus X is one the most active, nearby Giant Molecular Cloud (GMC) complex<br />
with ongoing high-mass star formation. In order to investigate the relationship<br />
between the global GMC complex structure and the star formation activity, we draw<br />
the global view of the high-density regions of Cygnus X based on a complete 13 CO(3-<br />
2)/(2-1) survey with KOSMA. Status: this project has been finished now.<br />
4. Supernova remant: HB21 in 12CO 2-1 & 3-2<br />
Do-Young Byun, Bon-Chul Koo Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute<br />
and Seoul National University in collaboration with Martin Miller, Carsten Kramer<br />
(Universität zu Köln).<br />
We are studying shocked clouds in the supernova remnant HB21. For this, we are<br />
combining SRAO 6m 12CO 1-0 maps with KOSMA 2-1 and 3-2 maps. We are<br />
planning to supplement these maps with KOSMA observations at selected positions<br />
of SiO, HCO+, and CS lines. These data sets<br />
are complemented with 1420 MHz radiocontinuum<br />
images from the CGPS/DRAO<br />
surveyand maps of the X-ray emission<br />
detected with ROSAT. Status: ongoing<br />
5. 13 CO 2-1 and 12 CO 3-2 survey of the<br />
Serpens molecular cloud<br />
Project of K. Sun, C. Kramer (Universität zu<br />
Köln)<br />
Serpens is located in the inner Galaxy, not<br />
very far away in the direction toward the<br />
Galactic Centre (b = 5°and l = 32°) at a<br />
distance of 259±37 pc and contains a deeply<br />
embedded, young cluster with large and<br />
spatially inhomogeneous cloud extinction,<br />
exceeding 50 mag of visual extinction.<br />
Earlier observations discovered discrete far<br />
infrared sources of relatively low luminosity.<br />
It is currentely forming a dense cluster of<br />
low to intermediate mass stars, which is<br />
evident from the existing one of the richest<br />
known collection of Class 0 objests, the<br />
presence of several molecular outflows, pre-<br />
Fig. 1: This Serpens integrated<br />
intensity map in the<br />
12 CO(3-2)<br />
rotational transition includes all<br />
observations up to Dec. 2003.<br />
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stellar condensations seen as sub-mm sources, a far-IR source (FIRS1) possibly<br />
associated with a non-thermal triple radio continuum source.<br />
Serpens belongs to the complete census of the stellar content of nearby (≤ 350 pc)<br />
molecular clouds obtained by the Spitzer legacy project “Cores to Disks”. Large-scale<br />
12 CO, 13 CO 1–0 and A v maps of the Serpens clouds were recently obtained by the<br />
COMPLETE team. The KOSMA survey of Serpens in higher CO transitions traces<br />
the warmer and denser gas due to the elevated critical densities and excitation<br />
energies (~ 10 5 cm -3 and 33.2K for CO 3–2) relative to the J = 1–0 transition.<br />
Moreover, 12 CO is largely optically thick, while 13 CO, being a factor ~ 65 less<br />
abundant, is often optically thin, thus tracing column densities.<br />
Status: ongoing<br />
Key words:<br />
Interstellar matter, ISM, PDR, millimeter, submillimeter wave telescope, SIS<br />
receiver, array receiver<br />
Internet data bases:<br />
http://www.ph1.uni-koeln.de/gg<br />
http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de/~webrai/index.php<br />
Collaborating partners/networks:<br />
MPI für Radioastronomie Bonn, Institut für angewandte Physik, Universität Bern,<br />
ETH Zürich, Center of Astrophysics, Boston, USA, Observatoire de Bordeaux,<br />
Astronomy Department Peking University, China.<br />
Scientific publications and public outreach <strong>2005</strong>:<br />
Refereed journal articles<br />
Jakob, H., Kramer, C., Simon, R., Stutzki, J., Tracing the Photon Dominated Region<br />
around DR 21 with CO, CI, CII, and OI emission, Astron. Nachr., 326, 655-656,<br />
<strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Emprechtinger M., Simon R., Wiedner M. C., N2D+ abundance in high mass star<br />
forming regions, Astronomische Nachrichten, 326, 649, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Masur, M., Mookerjea, B., Kramer, C., Stutzki, J., Large-scale CO mapping of the<br />
CEPHEUS giant molecular cloud using KOSMA, Astron. Nachr., 326, 661-662 <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Sun, K., Kramer, C., Bensch, F., Ossenkopf, V., Stutzki, J., Miller, M., Structure<br />
analysis of the CO data in the Perseus clouds, Astron. Nachr., 326, 670-670, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Mookerjea, B., Sun, K., Kramer, C., Masur, M., Roellig, M., CI/CO Mapping of IC<br />
348 and Cepheus B using SMART on KOSMA, Astron. Nachr., 326, 581-582, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
S.-L. Qin, J.-J. Wang, G. Zhao, and M. Miller, A New Interpretation of the Bipolar<br />
HII Region S106 from HCN J = 3 – 2 Mapping Observations, Chin. J. Astron, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Sun, K., Kramer, C., Bensch, F., Ossenkopf, V., et al., A KOSMA 7 deg2 13CO 2-1<br />
& 12CO 3-2 survey of the Perseus cloud, I. Structure Analysis, A&A, submitted,<br />
<strong>2005</strong><br />
Mookerjea, B., Kramer, C., Roellig, M., et al., Study of Photon Dominated Regions<br />
in the Cepheus B Molecular Cloud, A&A, in preparation, <strong>2005</strong><br />
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Address:<br />
1. Physikalisches Institut Radioastronomisches Institut<br />
Universität zu Köln<br />
der Universität Bonn<br />
Zülpicher Str. 77 Auf dem Hügel 71<br />
D-50937 Köln D-53121 Bonn<br />
Contacts:<br />
Jürgen Stutzki (observatory director)<br />
Tel.: +49 221 470 3494<br />
Fax: +49 221 470 5162<br />
e-mail: stutzki@ph1.uni-koeln.de<br />
Martin Miller (station manager)<br />
Tel.: +49 221 470 3558<br />
Fax: +49 221 470 5162<br />
e-mail: miller@ph1.uni-koeln.de<br />
URL: http://www.ph1.uni-koeln.de<br />
http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de<br />
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Name of research institute or organization:<br />
INAF - Istituto di Radioastronomia<br />
Title of project:<br />
TIRGO – Telescopio Infrarosso del Gornergrat<br />
Project leader and team:<br />
Prof. Gianni Tofani, directorof the institute<br />
Prof. Enzo Natale, director of the department<br />
Dott. Filippo Mannucci, telescope supervisor<br />
Project description:<br />
The TIRGO telescope use to be an Italian national facility for infrared observations.<br />
Founded in the late '70, its scientific operation ended in March <strong>2005</strong> and during the<br />
following summer the telescope was dismounted. The decision of closing the<br />
telescope was due to the fact that several other larger telescopes with infrared<br />
capabilities are now available to Italian astronomers, and the budget limitations<br />
allows no duplications.<br />
The telescope had a great impact on Italian astronomy as, in the late '70s, it was one<br />
of the first 5 telescopes in the world capable of infrared observations. The<br />
development of this telescope and of its instrumentation had the consequence of<br />
creating a competitive group of infrared astronomers and technicians.<br />
The site<br />
The top of the Gornergrat mountain is one of the highest location in Europe than can<br />
be reached in every period of the year because of the presence of a rack-railway. It<br />
was chosen as an astronomical site because during winter it has low temperatures<br />
(between -10 and -20 deg) and low precipitable water vapor. During a few tens of<br />
nights a year the conditions at Gornergrat are excellent to allow for far-IR<br />
observations, and during this short time Gornergrat is one of the best sites in the<br />
world.<br />
The telescope<br />
Tirgo had a classical equatorial Cassegrain configuration, with a 1.5m primary. It was<br />
optimized for infrared observations, with no buffles and a small (20 cm) secondary<br />
mirror that can oscillate up to 30 Hz with a throw up to 5 arcmin. A “cube” mounted<br />
below the primary mirror at the position of the secondary focus allowed for the use of<br />
four instruments and an optical camera: a set of four dicroics bent the infrared light to<br />
one of the four scientific instruments while the optical light was collected by a<br />
camera for pointing and tracking. It was possible to switch from one instrument to the<br />
other in just a few seconds.<br />
Many instruments were used at Tirgo (see Table 1), most of them developed<br />
specifically for that telescope. Several Italian institutions were involved in this effort,<br />
in particular those in Arcetri (Observatory, CNR and university), the CNR institutes<br />
of IAS, IFSI, TESRE and IROE, and the Observatory of Turin.<br />
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Table 1<br />
Instruments used at TIRGO<br />
near-IR InSb photometer<br />
mm GaGe photometer<br />
Optical photometer<br />
mid-IR spectrometer<br />
mid-IR camera TIRCAM<br />
mid-IR camera CAMIRAS<br />
mid-IR bolometer<br />
mid-IR camera TCMIRC<br />
far-IR bolometer<br />
near-IR InSb photometer FIRT<br />
near-IR spectrometer GOSPEC<br />
near-IR camera ARNICA<br />
near-IR spectrometer LONGSP<br />
mid-IR camera TIRCAM2<br />
optical intensified camera<br />
optical CCD camera<br />
800Ghz heterodine<br />
Tirgo was an Italian national facility open also to foreign astronomers. A national<br />
time allocation committee was in charge of reviewing the proposals twice a year and<br />
assigning observing time. Tirgo produced about 340 (known) papers, including over<br />
160 refereed papers.<br />
Data Archive<br />
All the data taken after 1992 by ARNICA and LONGSP are publicly available in the<br />
web site html://tirgo.arcetri.astro.it/. A web form allows the selection of the data from<br />
object name, target position, night of observation, filter or file name. A total of about<br />
330.000 images are available, 45GB of data.<br />
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Figure 1: Upper panel: lunar occultation of SAO77810. The dots are the observation, the<br />
solid line a model it. The residuals are also shown. The source turns out to be a riple star with<br />
the intensities shown in the right panel (Richichi et al., 2000}. Lower panel: Temperature<br />
scale of the cold stars between classes K0 and M10 (Richichi et al., 1999} as measured using<br />
mostly radii and photometry obtained at Tirgo. The solid line is the obtained mean<br />
calibration, the dashed lines represent the range of associated error.<br />
Some representative results<br />
Many scientific problems were addressed by Tirgo in 20 years of observations. Here<br />
some of them are listed to resume the scientific activity at the telescope. The listed<br />
works are not necessary the most important in their fields, as the choice didn't follow<br />
any objective rule.<br />
Lunar Occultations<br />
When a source is covered by the edge of the moon during its motion, the diffraction<br />
pattern produced is a function of the shape and the dimension of the source. Using<br />
sophisticated deconvolution algorithms, stellar diameters as small as a few milliarcsec<br />
(mas) can be measured with precision of about 1 mas, and the stellar<br />
multiplicity can be accurately tested. Lunar occultations is one of the oldest Tirgo<br />
projects, started in December 1985 and recorded more than 400 lunar occultations by<br />
using both FIRT and ARNICA. The main scientific targets are the measure of the<br />
frequency of binary stars, constraining models of star formation, and the measure of<br />
the star diameter, a very important parameter to study the stellar structure. Among the<br />
results, the discovery of several tens of new binary and multiple stars (Richichi et al.,<br />
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2002) and the measured of the temperature scale of the cold stars (Richichi et al.,<br />
1999, see Fig. 1)<br />
Figure 2: Left panel: Jupiter before and after the collisions with the fragments of the comet<br />
Shoemaker-Levy 9 in July 1994. Before the impacts only the polar caps of the planet are<br />
visible because of the use of a filter centered on a methane band. The bright spots outside the<br />
planet circle are the satellite Io and Europa. The loci of the impacts are visible near the<br />
southern cap in the second image. Right panel: the variation with rotation phase of the<br />
brightness of the K+W fragment. This evolution is well fitted by a simple sin function with<br />
the expected values of phase and period, indicating that the dust is geometrically thin and<br />
optically thick. The albedo of the dust can also be measured and the results support the<br />
hypothesis of the presence of silicate dust of 1 micron grains.<br />
Comets<br />
Many comets, including SL9, Hyakutake and Hale-Bopp, were observed at Tirgo<br />
with several instruments. The collision between Jupiter and the comet Shoemaker-<br />
Levy 9 was observed in July 1994 using ARNICA. A custom narrow-band filter<br />
centered on a methane absorption band was used for this project. The atmosphere of<br />
the planet is opaque at this wavelength and therefore in this filter the planet appears<br />
dark, with some emission only from the polar caps (see Fig. 2). The fragments of the<br />
comet deposited dust on the outer layers of the atmosphere and therefore after the<br />
impacts these region appear bright due to the reflected solar light. By using ARNICA<br />
observations (Tozzi et al., 1994) measured the geometrical distribution of the dust<br />
and its albedo, giving information on the composition.<br />
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Figure 3: ARNICA and LONGSP observations of the Orion bar from Marconi et al., 1998.<br />
Left panel: composite ARNICA J, H and K image of the Orion bar. The positions of the<br />
LONGSP and IRSPEC slits are indicated. Right panel: variation of the brightness of various<br />
emission lines along the slit, tracing the gas and radiation conditions across the region. Dotted<br />
line: H(7-4); dashed line: H2 1-0S(1); solid line: FeII 1.64µm in the upper panel, OI 1.317µm<br />
in the lower panel.<br />
Long wavelength observations<br />
In 1982 a GaGe bolometer was used at Tirgo to obtain observations at 1mm of<br />
wavelength (Mandolesi et al., 1984) observed the giant molecular cloud W49 and<br />
detected it at the level of 1300 Jy. This is the longest wavelength ever reached at<br />
Tirgo.<br />
The second-longest wavelength published measures were obtained at 34µm between<br />
1983 and 1988 by using a Ge bolometer (Persi et al., 1990}. The target was a sample<br />
of OH/IR stars observed to derive the stellar mass loss rate and test the origin of the<br />
pumping of the OH maser. The Tirgo observations between 2 and 34µm nicely fit the<br />
IRAS data.<br />
Imaging and spectroscopy of the Orion bar<br />
The Orion bar is one of the favorite targets for infrared astronomy, and Tirgo gave its<br />
contribution to the study of this region of active star formation. Marconi et al., (1998)<br />
used LONGSP to observe this region and study the stratification of the emission to<br />
derive density, temperature, geometric distribution and radiation field in the various<br />
emitting regions (see Fig. 3)<br />
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Figure 4: Color magnitude relation for the galaxy in the sample by Gavazzi et al. (1996,<br />
2000), Black dots are ellipticals and S0s, circles and squares are later type galaxies. The two<br />
different behaviours are related to different formation histories and star populations.<br />
Surface brightness of galaxies<br />
Gavazzi and co-workers have used ARNICA to observe over 900 galaxies of various<br />
morphological types in the H band. Observations spanned three years from 1995 and<br />
1997 and produced the largest homogeneous sample on near-IR data of galaxies<br />
before 2MASS. The aim of this work was to measure the surface photometry of a<br />
large number of galaxies to study several issues related to the process of galaxy<br />
formation, as the color-magnitude relation (see Fig. 4, Gavazzi et al., 1996). As the<br />
mass-to-light ratio (M/L) in H and K does not depend on galaxy luminosity, the near-<br />
IR bands are in fact good tracer of the stellar mass.<br />
The near-IR camera ARNICA had quite a large field-of-view among the cameras<br />
based on the 256x256 arrays. This allowed for the observations of large, nearby<br />
galaxies to study their detail properties. A large sample of galaxies (about 200) were<br />
observed in J, H and K by Hunt, Giovanardi, Moriondo and coworkers to deconvolve<br />
bulges and disks, extract a nuclear point-like component, study the color gradients<br />
due to both the stellar populations and to extinction effects, study the global scaling<br />
relations for disks and bulges, investigate the properties of the bars (Moriondo et al.,<br />
1998, 1999).<br />
Spectra of normal galaxies<br />
The spectrometer LONGSP was used to observe a sample of large, nearby galaxies of<br />
morphological type between E and Sc to define the first set of template spectra on<br />
normal galaxies at near-IR wavelengths (Mannucci et al., 2000). 28 galaxies were<br />
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observed in J, H and K using apertures similar to those used by Kinney et al., (1996)<br />
in the optical to define their catalog of template spectra, allowing a reliable matching<br />
of the two sets. The final uncertainties of the spectra are between 1 and 3%. These<br />
spectra are very useful to test the galaxy spectrophotometric models which are<br />
usually calibrated by using optical spectra only. The dominant stellar populations can<br />
also be studied by the ratio between the equivalent widths of several lines in the H<br />
and K bands (see Figure 5)<br />
Figure 5. Left panel: comparison between the observed average spectrum of the elliptical<br />
galaxies (thick line) with the prediction by Bruzual & Charlot (2003) model for a simple<br />
stellar population 12 Gyr old. The overall spectral shape is very well fitted, while many<br />
absorption lines are not correctly reproduced. Right panel: Detail spectrum of the early-type<br />
galaxies in the H band (thick line) compared with various libraries of stellar spectra<br />
(Meyerset al., 1998, Pickles 1998) and with the Bruzual \& Charlot spectrum in the left panel.<br />
References<br />
Bruzual A., G., \& Charlot, S. 2003, in preparation<br />
Gavazzi, G., et al. 2000, A&AS ,142, 65<br />
Gavazzi, G., et al. 1996, A&AS, 120, 489<br />
Kinney, A. L., et al. 1996, ApJ, 467, 38<br />
Mandolesi, N., et al. 1984, A&A ,133, 293<br />
Mannucci, F., et al., 2001, MNRAS, 326, 745<br />
Marconi, A., Testi, L., Natta, A., & Walmsley, C. M. 1998, A&A 330, 696<br />
Meyer, M. R. et al., 1998, ApJ, 508, 397<br />
Moriondo, G., Giovanardi, C., & Hunt, L.K. 1998, A\&A 130, 81<br />
Moriondo, G., Giovanelli, R., & Haynes, M. P. 1999, A\&A 346, 415<br />
Persi, P., et al., 1990, A&A, 237, 153<br />
Pickles, A. J. 1998, PASP, 110, 863<br />
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Richichi, A., Calamai, G., & Stecklum, B. 2002, A\&A 382, 178<br />
Richichi A., et al., 2000, A\&A, 361, 594<br />
Richichi, A., Fabbroni, L., Ragland, S., & Scholz, M. 1999, AJ 344, 511<br />
Tozzi, G. P., et al. 1994, Earth, Moon and Planets 66, 83.<br />
Key words:<br />
Infrared astronomy, infrared instrumentation<br />
Internet data bases:<br />
http://arcetri.astro.it/irlab/tirgo (Telescope site)<br />
http://tirgo.arcetri.astro.it (Public Data archive)<br />
Collaborating partners/networks:<br />
Several italian institutions have collaborated with IRA in the development of new<br />
instruments: among the others, the Turin Astronomical Observatory and two institutes<br />
of the CNR located in Rome, IAS and IFSI.<br />
Scientific publications and public outreach <strong>2005</strong>:<br />
Refereed journal articles<br />
Richichi, A.; Roccatagliata, V., Aldebaran's angular diameter: How well do we know<br />
it? <strong>2005</strong>, A&A , 433 305.<br />
Address:<br />
INAF, Istituto di Radioastronomia, sezione di Firenze<br />
Largo Enrico Fermi 5<br />
I-50125 Firenze<br />
Contacts:<br />
Filippo Mannucci<br />
Tel: +39 055 2752230<br />
Fax: +39 055 220039<br />
e-mail: filippo@arcetri.astro.it<br />
URL: http//www.arcetri.astro.it/irlab/tirgo<br />
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Name of research institute or organization:<br />
Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bern<br />
Title of project:<br />
SONTEL - Solar Neutron Telescope for the identification and the study of highenergy<br />
neutrons produced in energetic eruptions at the Sun<br />
Project leader and team:<br />
Prof. Erwin Flückiger, project leader<br />
Dr. Rolf Bütikofer, Michael R. Moser<br />
Project description:<br />
The solar neutron telescope (SONTEL) at Gornergrat, Switzerland, has been in<br />
continous operation since 1998 as the European cornerstone of a worldwide network<br />
for the study of high-energy neutrons produced in energetic processes at the Sun.<br />
In <strong>2005</strong> the operation of SONTEL and the data transfer to Bern was affected by the<br />
construction work at the Kulmhotel Gornergrat. In particular, the electric power was<br />
cut several times. As a consequence, there were more interruptions in the operation of<br />
SONTEL in <strong>2005</strong> than in the preceeding years. Nevertheless SONTEL was in<br />
operation during 97.3 % of the time.<br />
Although the sunspot cycle 23 is approaching its end there was a phase of extreme<br />
solar activity in January <strong>2005</strong>. Between January 15 and 20, <strong>2005</strong>, the solar active<br />
region NOAA 10720 produced five powerful solar flares. The fifth flare, a X7.1 solar<br />
burst, occurred on January 20, <strong>2005</strong>, with onset at 0636 UT and peak time at 0952<br />
UT. This flare produced high-energy solar cosmic rays, leading to the second largest<br />
ground level enhancement (GLE) observed by the worldwide network of ground<br />
based neutron monitors (NMs) in the last fifty years (see the contribution in this<br />
publication about the neutron monitors at Jungfraujoch). For this outstanding<br />
relativistic solar particle event Figure 1 shows the relative count rates of the NMs at<br />
Jungfraujoch (IGY + NM64 combined) and the relative count rate of the neutron<br />
channel >40 MeV of the SONTEL at Gornergrat. The two NMs at Jungfraujoch<br />
observed a significant pre-increase in the counting rate in the time interval 0647-<br />
0649 UT (see Figure 3 in the contribution in this report about the neutron monitors at<br />
Jungfraujoch). The neutron channels of the SONTEL detector at Gornergrat,<br />
however, did not show an increase at this time, as can be seen from Figure 1.<br />
Therefore the possibility that the pre-increase was due to solar neutrons can be<br />
excluded, even more so as the zenith angle of the Sun’s position at the time of the<br />
event (~0800 local time) was too large for solar neutrons to reach the stations at<br />
Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat through the atmosphere.<br />
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Figure 1: Relative count rates of the neutron monitors at Jungfraujoch (IGY + NM64<br />
combined; above) and relative count rate of the neutron channel >40 MeV of the<br />
Solar Neutron Telescope (SONTEL) at Gornergrat, Switzerland, (below) for January<br />
20, <strong>2005</strong>, 0600-0900 UT. The data are 1-minute values.<br />
Key words:<br />
Astrophysics, cosmic rays, solar neutrons<br />
Internet data bases:<br />
http://cosray.unibe.ch<br />
http://stelab.nagoya-u.ac.jp/ste-www1/div3/CR/Neutron/index.html<br />
Collaborating partners/networks:<br />
Prof. Y Muraki , Prof. Y. Matsubara, Dr. T. Sako, Dr. H. Tsuchiya, Solar Terrestrial<br />
Environment Laboratory, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan<br />
T. Sakai; Physical Science Lab., College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University,<br />
2-11-1 shin-ei, Narashino-shi, Chiba 275, Japan<br />
Prof. A. Chilingarian, Cosmic Ray Divison, Yerevan Physics Institute, Yerevan,<br />
375036, Armenia<br />
Scientific publications and public outreach <strong>2005</strong>:<br />
Refereed journal articles<br />
Flückiger, E. O., R. Bütikofer, L. Desorgher, M. R. Moser, Y. Muraki, Y. Matsubara,<br />
T. Sako, H. Tsuchiya and T. Sakai, The giant Forbush decrease in October/November<br />
2003: Data analysis for the solar neutron detector at Gornergrat, <strong>International</strong> Journal<br />
of Modern Physics A, 20(29), 6684-6687, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Flückiger, E. O., R. Bütikofer, A. Chilingarian, G. Hovsepyan, Y. H. Tan, T. Yuda,<br />
H. Tsuchiya, M. Ohnishi, Y. Katayose, Y. Muraki, Y. Matsubara, T. Sako, K.<br />
Watanabe, K. Masuda, T. Sakai, S. Shibata, R. Ogasawara, Y. Mizumoto, M.<br />
Nakagiri, A. Miyashita, P. H. Stoker, C. Lopate, K. Kudela and M. Gros, Solar<br />
neutron events that have been found in solar cycle 23, <strong>International</strong> Journal of<br />
Modern Physics A, 20(29), 6646-6649, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
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Book sections<br />
Moser, M. R., L. Desorgher, E. O. Flückiger, R. S. Miller, J. M. Ryan, J. R. Macri<br />
and M. L. McConnell, Solar neutron observation at ground-level and from space,<br />
Neutrinos and Explosive Events in the Universe, Series: NATO Science Series II:<br />
Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry, Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study<br />
Institute on Neutrinos and Explosive Events in the Universe, held in Erice, Italy, 2-13<br />
July 2004, M. M. Shapiro, Stanev, T., Wefel, J.P., eds., 209, 393-397, <strong>2005</strong>, Springer-<br />
Verlag, ISBN 1-4020-3747-3.<br />
Conference papers<br />
Matsubara, Y., Y. Muraki, T. Sako, K. Watanabe, K. Masuda, T. Sakai, S. Shibata,<br />
E. O. Flückiger, R. Bütikofer, A. Chilingarian, G. Hovsepyan, Y. H. Tan, T. Yuda,<br />
M. Ohnishi, H. Tsuchiya, Y. Katayose, R. Ogasawara, Y. Mizumoto, M. Nakagiri,<br />
A. Miyashita, A. Velarde, R. Ticona and N. Martinic, Search for solar neutrons<br />
associated with proton flares in solar cycle 23, 29 th <strong>International</strong> Cosmic Ray<br />
Conference, Pune, India, August 03-10, <strong>2005</strong>, to be published in the conference<br />
proceedings, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Bütikofer, R., E.O. Flückiger, M.R. Moser, and L. Desorgher, The Extreme Cosmics<br />
Ray Ground Level Enhancement on January 20, <strong>2005</strong>, Solar Extreme Events <strong>2005</strong><br />
(SEE-<strong>2005</strong>), <strong>International</strong> Symposium at Nor Amberd, Armenia, to be published in<br />
scientific journal Sun and Geosphere, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Flückiger, E.O., R. Bütikofer, M.R. Moser, and L. Desorgher, The Cosmic Ray<br />
Ground Level Enhancement during the Forbush Decrease in January <strong>2005</strong>, 29 th<br />
<strong>International</strong> Cosmic Ray Conference, Pune, India, August 03-10, <strong>2005</strong>, to be<br />
published in the conference proceedings, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Address:<br />
Physikalisches Institut<br />
Universität Bern<br />
Sidlerstrasse 5<br />
CH-3012 Bern<br />
Contacts:<br />
Rolf Bütikofer<br />
Tel.: +41 31 631 4058<br />
Fax: +41 31 631 4405<br />
e-mail: rolf.buetikofer@phim.unibe.ch<br />
URL: http://cosray.unibe.ch<br />
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<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
Name of research institute or organization:<br />
Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW),<br />
ETH Zürich<br />
Title of project:<br />
Glacier outburst floods: A study of the processes controlling the drainage of glacierdammed<br />
lakes<br />
Project leader and team:<br />
Martin Funk, Heinz Blatter, Nicholas Deichmann, Andreas Bauder, Martin Lüthi,<br />
Shin Sugiyama<br />
Project description:<br />
During the period of the lake formation and drainage in 2004 and <strong>2005</strong>, detailed field<br />
investigations of the surface ice flow field, basal water pressure, dye-tracing of the<br />
water from the Gornersee to the glacier snout and passive seismicity were performed.<br />
Fig. 1 Map of the study site (<strong>2005</strong>. The locations of the theodolite survey stakes, GPSstations<br />
and boreholes are indicated by the open red circles, solid red circles, and<br />
solid blue circles, respectively. The seismicity was measured in the hatched red-areas<br />
(left <strong>2005</strong> and right 2004) and Gornersee is shown in light blue.<br />
Boreholes were drilled by hot water drilling technique to measure subglacial water<br />
pressure, vertical strain and ice temperature. More than 30 stakes were installed on<br />
the glacier to survey the position every hour with an automatic theodolite with<br />
distance-meter (ATD) and with differential GPS stations. The lake level was recorded<br />
with a water pressure transducer and the evolution of the lake was monitored with an<br />
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automatic digital camera installed at Gornergrat. An automatic weather station was<br />
set up on the glacier flank to measure air temperature, precipitation and humidity. In<br />
the outlet stream near the glacier terminus, temperature, conductivity and turbidity<br />
sensors were installed. Water discharge measurements in the Gornera were obtained<br />
from the Grande Dixence SA. With a network of geophones, passive seismic<br />
measurements were performed on the glacier in collaboration with the Institute of<br />
Geophysics ETHZ (Figure 1 for an overview). Our main results are:<br />
1. Outburst of the Gornersee<br />
In 2004, the lake started to form on May 15. The outflow first occurred at the glacier<br />
surface for roughly one day, before the water started to escape sub- and englacially on<br />
July 2. Total amount of the stored water was estimated as 4 mio m 3 from the<br />
bathymetry of the lake and from the discharge in the outlet stream. In <strong>2005</strong>, the filling<br />
of the lake started around May 12. The drainage of the lake started subglacially on<br />
June 10 with a surface water level 18 m lower than in 2004, well before a supraglacial<br />
outflow could occur. The stored water amounted to only 1.2 mio m 3 and the<br />
lake was empty on June 15. According to these observations it seems likely that the<br />
2004 flood was triggered by flotation of the ice dam with a linearly rising lake<br />
outflow discharge, whereas the <strong>2005</strong> flood was the classical slowly rising jökulhlaup<br />
with an exponentially rising lake outflow discharge (Figure 2). However, the<br />
hydrographs of the Gornera river (presented here without melt water contribution)<br />
look very similar in both years. The striking different hydrographs of the lake outflow<br />
in 2004 and <strong>2005</strong> are indicative for different outburst mechanisms in both years. This<br />
“early drainage” was observed several times in the past at other glacier-dammed lakes<br />
(e.g. Mathews, 1973; Clarke, 1982; Anderson et al., 2003; Björnsson, 1992). In our<br />
case the corresponding triggering mechanisms are still not clear.<br />
Fig. 2 Outflow from Gornersee and corresponding discharge record (in which the<br />
contribution of the glacier melt was substracted) in the Gornera river at Grande-<br />
Dixence gauging station near the glacier snout for the years 2004 and <strong>2005</strong>. Note<br />
that after July 5 2004, no lake level records were available.<br />
A detailed analysis of the existing hydrographs of the Gornera at the Grande-Dixence<br />
gauging station near the glacier snout has been performed (Huss et al., in<br />
preparation). Using the distributed temperature-index-model (Hock, 1999; Pellicciotti<br />
et al., in press), a reconstruction of the discharge records since 1970 could be<br />
achieved. From the difference between the modeled and recorded discharge, the<br />
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former outburst events could be reconstructed in terms of water volume, timing,<br />
duration and intensity. Moreover, the results allow for inferences on the development<br />
of the Gornersee as well as insights into the subglacial drainage processes during the<br />
lake drainage.<br />
2. Glacier flow<br />
The glacier flow pattern was influenced by the lake outburst. In most places of the<br />
glacier, surface lifted up during the outburst and then dropped afterwards. The<br />
magnitude of the uplift is not spatially uniform across the glacier. Although the<br />
surface uplift of a temperate glacier is often attributed to pressurized subglacial water<br />
pushing up the glacier sole, it is also caused by vertical straining of ice. To determine<br />
the mechanism of the uplift, the surface vertical displacement was measured by stake<br />
surveying (differential GPS and ATD) and compared with the length changes of<br />
boreholes drilled at the same location. While the surveyed vertical uplift at the glacier<br />
surface can be attributed to vertical strain or lifting up by subglacial water pressure<br />
(or a combination of both), the length changes of deep boreholes are only the result<br />
of vertical strain. Our results show that the ice was lifted up by subglacial water<br />
pressure during the intensive lake drainage period, then it dropped as the water<br />
pressure decreased. Although the intensive uplift during the drainage was caused by<br />
the high water pressure, vertical strain rates significantly changed after the drainage<br />
and influenced the surface uplift. The change in the vertical strain rate indicates the<br />
lasting impact of the outburst on the glacier flow regime. Two distinctive flow<br />
patterns could be identified during the period of the lake drainage. The changes in the<br />
flow direction relative to the pre-event direction are opposite in these two patterns.<br />
Considering the very rapid changes in the basal conditions and corresponding stress<br />
and strain fields in the glacier, the change in the ice flow during the first half of the<br />
lake drainage is partly due to elastic ice deformation. If we assume a significant part<br />
of the change was caused by the elasticity, the flow pattern during the second half of<br />
the drainage can be understood as the rebound of the elastic deformation during the<br />
first half. The timing of the flow direction change favors this interpretation, because it<br />
coincides with the drop in the discharge from the lake. Elasticity of ice has been<br />
studied in laboratory experiments, but is normally neglected in the glacier dynamics.<br />
Since the sudden water release from the lake changes basal conditions rapidly, the<br />
glacier is expected to behave as a visco-elastic material rather than a viscous fluid. It<br />
is plausible that the elastic behavior of ice near the lake plays an important role in the<br />
triggering of the outburst. In order to better understand the observed glacier flow<br />
patterns, a three dimensional glacier flow model has been developed. A finite-element<br />
mesh with 2,145 rectangular elements was constructed based on the bedrock profile<br />
obtained by radar echo sounding carried out in spring 2004 and <strong>2005</strong>. The model<br />
solves non-linear viscous flow of ice (Gudmundsson, 1999; Helbing, in press) with a<br />
prescribed inflow from Gorner- and Grenzgletscher and outflow downglacier as<br />
boundary conditions. The computed flow field under the assumptions of no basal<br />
sliding and no water in the lake shows reasonable agreement with measured annual<br />
flow speeds. The flow patterns at the confluence area as well as the flow direction<br />
nearby the lake are well reproduced by the model (Weiss, <strong>2005</strong>). Two main questions<br />
raised by the flow measurements in 2004 and <strong>2005</strong> are, the mechanism of huge uplift<br />
and reverse movement at the lake marginal ice, and spatial variability of the speed up<br />
and uplift in the lower reaches of the glacier and their relationship with subglacial<br />
water pressure. The first question is directly related to the triggering mechanism of<br />
the outburst and the second one gives insight into the subglacial drainage process as<br />
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well as the dynamic response of a glacier to basal conditions. A finer stake network is<br />
required near the lake to investigate the behavior of the marginal ice. In the lower<br />
reaches of the glacier, stake profiles across and along the glacier near stake 14 (Figure<br />
2) will provide information to solve the second question.<br />
3. Passive seismicity<br />
Goal of the passive seismic measurements is to detect, localize and characterize<br />
seismic signals due to deep icequakes and link them to hydrologic processes of the<br />
glacier, particularly the lake drainage. The networks of seismometers were set up in<br />
two distinct aeras in 2004 and <strong>2005</strong> (Figure 1). In both years, seismic data was<br />
collected for about one month. The systems recorded between several hundred and<br />
several thousand seismic events per day producing a large amount of data. This<br />
imposes a serious challenge when analyzing the data, because those signals due to<br />
deep sources have to be identified. Since surface crevasse opening, icequakes outside<br />
the seismic network and weak signals constitute the vast majority of recorded<br />
seismograms, this is a very laborious task. So far, about two dozens of deep events<br />
were identified. In order to characterize their sources, an inversion procedure will be<br />
applied to determine their seismic moment tensors. In 2004, several surface events<br />
showed radiation patterns hinting toward double couple sources. They suggest the<br />
presence of shear fractures in the ice, which has not been observed so far.<br />
Determining their moment tensors will provide valuable insights into the fracture<br />
processes inside glacier ice.<br />
4. Dye tracing<br />
After the illfated tracer experiments in 2004, good data was obtained during the <strong>2005</strong><br />
field campaign. A total of 30 tracer experiments were conducted before, during and<br />
after the jökulhlaup using fluorecent dyes. With these experiments the development<br />
of the hydraulic conditions inside and beneath the glacier could be probed. In<br />
particular, these three points could be recognized: Prior to the drainage, a transition<br />
from a distributed to a channelized system occurred several hundred meters upglacier<br />
from the lake, significant changes of the transit velocity and the dispersion of the<br />
tracer could be observed between the period before, during and after the lake<br />
drainage, and a substatial amount of water was stored in the glacier during the<br />
drainage. These data will provide, in the course of this project, valuable benchmarks<br />
for testing numerical models of glacial drainage.<br />
5. Englacial temperatures<br />
The ice temperature is an important factor with respect to the heat transfer in the<br />
drainage channels between water and ice. For this reason we performed profile<br />
measurements of englacial temperatures at BH210, BH430 and BH4 (Figure 1)<br />
during the last two field campains. We found slightly decreasing temperatures from 0<br />
o C at the surface to 0.2 o C at 200 m depth (BH210 and BH430). In summer <strong>2005</strong> we<br />
installed another thermistor chain down to the bed (BH4), but the thermal equilibrium<br />
is not yet attained. Nevertheless, our former assumption of polythermal conditions<br />
seems to be verified, but then ice temperatures seem to be much higher than<br />
previously published (Haeberli, 1976). Therefore the effect of the cold ice on the<br />
subglacial drainage process can be considered as marginal.<br />
References<br />
Anderson, S.P., Walder, J.S., Anderson, R.S., Kraal, E.R., Cunico, M., Fountain,<br />
A.G., and Trabant, D. (2003). Real-time hydrologic observations of Hidden Creek<br />
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Lake jökulhlaups, Kennicott Glacier, Alaska. Journal of Geophysical Research,<br />
108(F1):6003, doi:10.1029/2002JF000004.<br />
Björnsson, H. (1992). Jökulhlaups in Island: Prediction, characteristics and<br />
simulation. Annals of Glaciology, 16:95--106.<br />
Clague, J.J. and Mathews, W.H. (1973). The magnitude of Jökulhlaups. Journal of<br />
Glaciology, 12(66):501--504.<br />
Clarke, G. K. C. (1982). Glacier outburst floods from “Hazard Lake”, Yukon<br />
Territory, and the problem of flood magnitude prediction. Journal of Glaciology,<br />
28(98):3--21.<br />
Gudmundsson, G.H. (1999). A three-dimensional numerical model of the confluence<br />
area of Unteraargletscher, Bernese Alps, Switzerland. Journal of Glaciology,<br />
45(150):219-230.<br />
Haeberli, W. (1976). Eistemperaturen in den Alpen. Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde<br />
und Glazialgeologie, 11(2):203--220.<br />
Helbing, J. (in press). Glacier dynamics of Unteraargletscher: Verifying theoretical<br />
concepts through flow modeling. Mitteilungen der Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau,<br />
Hydrologie und Glaziologie der ETH Zürich. ETH PhD.<br />
Hock, R. (1999). A distributed temperature-index ice- and snowmelt model including<br />
potential direct solar radiation. Journal of Glaciology, 45(149):101-111.<br />
Huss, M. (<strong>2005</strong>). Gornergletscher, Gletscherausbrüche und Massenbilanzschätzungen<br />
(in german with english summary). Diplomarbeit, Abteilung für Glaziologie, VAW<br />
(unveröffentlicht), ETH-Zürich. pp. 176.<br />
Mathews, W.H. (1973). Record of two jökulhlaups. In Symposium on the Hydrology<br />
of Glaciers, volume 95, pages 99-110. <strong>International</strong> Association of Hydrological<br />
Sciences. edited by J.W. Glen et al.<br />
Pellicciotti, F., Brock, B.~J., Strasser, U., Burlando, P., Funk, M., and Corripio, J. (in<br />
press). An enhanced temperature-index glacier melt model including the shortwave<br />
radiation balance: development and testing for Haut Glacier d’Arolla, Switzerland.<br />
Journal of Glaciology.<br />
Weiss, P. (<strong>2005</strong>). Gletscherdynamik vor und nach der Entleerung des Gornersees im<br />
Sommer 2004. Diplomarbeit, Abteilung für Glaziologie, VAW (unveröffentlicht),<br />
ETH-Zürich. pp. 149.<br />
Key words:<br />
Glaciology, glacier hazards, glacier floods<br />
Internet data bases:<br />
http://www.vaw.ethz.ch/research/glaciology/glacier_hydraulics/gz_outburst_glacierd<br />
ammed_lake<br />
Collaborating partners/networks:<br />
University of Oslo, Dr. T. Schuler<br />
University of Stokholm, Dr. R. Hock<br />
IHW-ETH, Prof. P. Burlando<br />
University of British Columbia, Prof. G. Clarke<br />
Scientific publications and public outreach <strong>2005</strong>:<br />
Conference papers<br />
Sugiyama S., Funk M., Müller B., Bauder A., Fischer U., Weiss P., Huss M.,<br />
Deichmann N., Blatter H.; Glacier dynamcis during the outburst of a glacier dammed<br />
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lake on Gornergletscher, Switzerland EGU05-A-07473; CR1-1MO3O-004, Vienna<br />
<strong>2005</strong><br />
Theses<br />
Huss, M. (<strong>2005</strong>). Gornergletscher, Gletscherausbrüche und Massenbilanzschätzungen<br />
(in german with english summary). Diplomarbeit, Abteilung für Glaziologie, VAW<br />
(unveröffentlicht), ETH-Zürich. pp. 176.<br />
Weiss, P. (<strong>2005</strong>). Gletscherdynamik vor und nach der Entleerung des Gornersees im<br />
Sommer 2004. Diplomarbeit, Abteilung für Glaziologie, VAW (unveröffentlicht),<br />
ETH-Zürich. pp. 149.<br />
Address:<br />
VAW<br />
ETH-Zentrum<br />
CH-8092 Zürich<br />
Contacts:<br />
Martin Funk<br />
Tel.: (with international prefix) +41 44 632 4132<br />
Fax: (with international prefix) +41 44 632 1192<br />
e-mail: funk@vaw.baug.ethz.ch<br />
URL: http://www.glaciology.ch<br />
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<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
„Dreharbeiten in der Höhe: MTW-Spezial kommt vom Jungfraujoch“, Der Brienzer,<br />
Der Oberhasler, Echo von Grindelwald, Jungfrau Zeitung, December 28, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Article about the production of TV program MTW at Jungfraujoch.<br />
„Die ‚Sphinx’ live in der Wohnstube: MTW-Spezialsendung vom Jungfraujoch“,<br />
Berner Oberländer, Thuner Tagblatt, December 21, <strong>2005</strong>. Article about the production<br />
of TV program MTW at Jungfraujoch.<br />
„Zwischen Himmel und Erde forschen“, Der Brienzer, Der Oberhasler, Echo von<br />
Grindelwald, Jungfrau Zeitung, December 20, <strong>2005</strong>. Article about the production of<br />
TV program MTW at Jungfraujoch.<br />
„Der auftauende Permafrost“, Menschen-Technik-Wissenschaft MTW, SF 1,<br />
December 15, <strong>2005</strong>. <strong>Report</strong> on permafrost including statements about the Sphinx at<br />
Jungfraujoch.<br />
„130'000 Eintritte in fünf Monaten; Einstein-Ausstellung verlängert bis 15. Oktober<br />
2006“, Podium 5/<strong>2005</strong>, article mentioning the spark chambers at the Historisches<br />
Museum Bern and at Jungfraujoch.<br />
“Heute vor 75 Jahren”, Berner Oberländer, September 9, <strong>2005</strong>. Article on the 75 th<br />
anniversary of the <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG.<br />
“Gletscherblicke: Jungfraugebiet und Aletschgletscher”, interview with Kurt Hemund,<br />
Radio DRS Regionaljournal Bern, Fribourg, Wallis, July 29, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
“Von Schnee statt Sternen geblendet, Jungfraujoch: neuer Treffpunkt für Amateur-<br />
Astronomen?”, Berner Oberländer, June 23, <strong>2005</strong>. <strong>Report</strong> on a visit by Bruno Stanek<br />
to Jungfraujoch.<br />
“Den Launen des Gornersees auf der Spur”, Swiss National Science <strong>Foundation</strong>, June<br />
20, <strong>2005</strong>. Press release about the work of Prof. Martin Funk, VAW, ETH Zurich at<br />
Gornersee.<br />
“UNESCO-Welterbe erhält ein Schaufenster”, Walliser Bote, June 13, <strong>2005</strong>. Article<br />
about the Pro Natura / UNESCO exhibition at Riederalp.<br />
“VS/Riederalp/Ausstellung/Pro Natura/UNESCO”, Schweiz. Depeschenagentur,<br />
Bern, and AWP-News Zurich, June 10, and Bieler Tagblatt June 11, <strong>2005</strong>. Press<br />
release about the opening of a UNESCO World Heritage exhibition at Riederalp. The<br />
Research Station Jungfraujoch is included in the exhibition.<br />
“MeteoSchweiz: Beispielhafter Schweizer Beitrag zu den weltweiten Atmosphärenbeobachtungen”,<br />
Schweiz. Depeschenagentur, Bern, April 26, <strong>2005</strong>. The Research<br />
Station Jungfraujoch was named a GAW station by the WMO in February <strong>2005</strong> and is<br />
mentioned several times in this press release.<br />
Bayerisches Fernsehen / Klinik München / 24.-25. April (Gruppe Dr. Fischer, med.<br />
klinik München).<br />
“Weltspiegel”, ARD/SWR, March 13, <strong>2005</strong>. <strong>Report</strong> on Jungfraujoch, including the<br />
Research station.<br />
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<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
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“Arbeiten auf 3550 Metern”, Leben & Glauben and Sonntag, February 17, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Description of work at Jungfraujoch with a short interview with Martin and Joan<br />
Fischer.<br />
“Gestern wars minus 29,5 Grad”, Pulstipp, February 16, <strong>2005</strong>. Interview with Gertrud<br />
Hemund about her work as custodian at the Research Station Jungfraujoch.<br />
“Abschied vom Ozonloch”, Der Brienzer, Der Oberhasler, Echo von Grindelwald,<br />
Jungfrau Zeitung, February 8, <strong>2005</strong>, <strong>Report</strong> on decrease in trichlorethan and reference<br />
to the Research Station Jungfraujoch.<br />
“Abschied vom Ozonloch”, NZZ am Sonntag, February 6, <strong>2005</strong>, <strong>Report</strong> on decrease<br />
in trichlorethan and reference to the Research Station Jungfraujoch.<br />
“Schweiz: Jungfraujoch”, Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk, February 6, <strong>2005</strong>. <strong>Report</strong> in the<br />
series “Windrose” about Jungfraujoch, including the Research Station.<br />
“Eine gute Nachricht für unsere Ozonschicht: Weniger Trichlorethan”, Schweizer<br />
Fernsehen 1, Sendung MTW Menschen Technik Wissenschaft, interview with Stefan<br />
Reiman, EMPA, with reference to the measurements taken at the Research Station<br />
Jungfraujoch, February 3, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
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<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
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Publication list<br />
Refereed publications<br />
Bach, M., S. Fally, P.-F. Coheur, M. Carleer, A. Jenouvrier, A. C. Vandaele Line<br />
parameters of HDO from <strong>High</strong>-Resolution Fourier Transform Spectroscopy in the 11<br />
500 - 23 000 cm-1 Spectral Region, J. Mol. Spectrosc., 232(2), 341-350, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Balis, D., J-C. Lambert, M. Van Roozendael, D. Loyola, R. Spurr, Y. Livschitz, P.<br />
Valks, V. Amiridis, P. Gerard, and J. Granville, Reprocessing the 10-year<br />
GOME/ERS-2 total ozone record for trend analysis: the new GOME Data Processor<br />
Version 4.0 – Paper 2: Product Validation, submitted to Journal of Geophysical<br />
Research – Atmosphere, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Barret, B., D.Hurtmans, M. Carleer, M. De Mazière, E. Mahieu and P.-F. Coheur,<br />
Line narrowing effect on the retrieval of HF and HCl vertical profiles from groundbased<br />
FTIR measurements, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer., 95(4), 499-519,<br />
<strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Bernath, P.F., C.T. McElroy, M.C. Abrams, C.D. Boone, M. Buttler, C. Camy-Peyret,<br />
M. Carleer, C. Clerbaux, P.-F. Coheur, R. Colin, P. DeCola, M. De Mazière, J.R.<br />
Drummond, D. Dufour, W.F.J. Evans, H. Fast, D. Fussen, K. Gilbert, D.E. Jennings, E.J.<br />
Llewellyn, R.P. Lowe, E. Mahieu, J.C. McConnell, M. McHugh, S.D. McLeod, R.<br />
Michaud, C. Midwinter, R. Nassar, F. Nichitiu, C. Nowlan, C.P. Rinsland, Y.J. Rochon,<br />
N. Rowlands, K. Semeniuk, P. Simon, R. Skelton, J.J. Sloan, M.-A. Soucy, K. Strong, P.<br />
Tremblay, D. Turnbull, K.A. Walker, I. Walkty, D.A. Wardle, V. Wehrle, R. Zander,<br />
and J. Zou, Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE): mission overview, Geophys.<br />
Res. Lett., 32, L15S01, doi:10.1029/<strong>2005</strong>GL022386, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Brockmann E., D. Ineichen und A. Wiget (<strong>2005</strong>): Neumessung und Auswertung des<br />
GPS-Landesnetzes der Schweiz LV95. Geomatik Schweiz 08/05, August <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Campana, M., Y.S. Li, J. Stähelin, A.S.H. Prevot, P. Bonasoni, H. Loetscher, T. Peter,<br />
The influence of south foehn on the ozone mixing ratios at the high alpine site Arosa,<br />
Atmospheric Environment, 39(16), 2945-2955, May <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
De Mazière, M., C. Vigouroux, T. Gardiner, M. Coleman, P. Woods, K. Ellingsen, M.<br />
Gauss, I. Isaksen, T. Blumenstock, F. Hase, I. Kramer, C. Camy-Peyret, P. Chelin, E.<br />
Mahieu, P. Demoulin, P. Duchatelet, J. Mellqvist, A. Strandberg, V. Velazco, J.<br />
Notholt, R. Sussmann, W. Stremme, and A. Rockmann, The exploitation of groundbased<br />
Fourier transform infrared observations for the evaluation of tropospheric<br />
trends of greenhouse gases over Europe, Environmental Sciences, 2 (2-3), 283-293,<br />
June-September <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
De Mazière, M., C. Vigouroux, T. Gardiner, M. Coleman, P. Woods, K. Ellingsen, M.<br />
Gauss, I. Isaksen, T. Blumenstock, F. Hase, I. Kramer, C. Camy-Peyret, P. Chelin, E.<br />
Mahieu, P. Demoulin, P. Duchatelet, J. Mellqvist, A. Strandberg, V. Velazco, J.<br />
Notholt, R. Sussmann, W. Stremme, A. Rockmann, Evaluation of tropospheric trends<br />
of primary and secondary greenhouse gases over Europe from ground-based remote<br />
sensing observations and model analyses, Proceedings of the Fourth <strong>International</strong><br />
Symposium on Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases (NCGG-4), Science, Control, Policy and<br />
Implementation, Utrecht (The Netherlands, 4-6 July <strong>2005</strong>); also in Environ. Sciences,<br />
Special Issue 2 (2-3), 283-293 (<strong>2005</strong>).<br />
Dils, B., M. De Mazière, T. Blumenstock, M. Buchwitz, R. de Beek, P. Demoulin, P.<br />
193
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
Duchatelet, H. Fast, C. Frankenberg, A. Gloudemans, D. Griffith, N. Jones, T.<br />
Kerzenmacher, E. Mahieu, J. Mellqvist, S. Mikuteit, R. L. Mittermeier, J. Notholt, H.<br />
Schrijver, D. Smale, A. Strandberg, W. Stremme, K. Strong, R. Sussmann, J. Taylor,<br />
M. van den Broek, T. Wagner, T. Warneke, A. Wiacek, S. Wood, Comparisons<br />
between SCIAMACHY scientific products and ground-based FTIR data for total<br />
columns of CO, CH4, CO2 and N2O, ACPD, 5(3), 2677-2717 (to be published in<br />
ACP), <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Emprechtinger M., Simon R., Wiedner M. C., N2D+ abundance in high mass star<br />
forming regions, Astronomische Nachrichten, 326, 649, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Fischer R, Lang SM, Bergner A, Huber RM. Monitoring of expiratory flow rates and<br />
lung volumes during a high altitude expedition. Eur J Med Res. 16, 469-74, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Fischer, R., Hazards of mountain climbing and hiking. MMW Fortschr Med. 22, 28-<br />
30, 32. <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Fischer, R., Lang SM, Bruckner K, Hoyer HX, Meyer S, Griese M, Huber RM. Lung<br />
function in adults with cystic fibrosis at altitude: impact on air travel. Eur Respir J. 25,<br />
718-24. <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Flückiger, E. O., R. Bütikofer, A. Chilingarian, G. Hovsepyan, Y. H. Tan, T. Yuda, H.<br />
Tsuchiya, M. Ohnishi, Y. Katayose, Y. Muraki, Y. Matsubara, T. Sako, K. Watanabe,<br />
K. Masuda, T. Sakai, S. Shibata, R. Ogasawara, Y. Mizumoto, M. Nakagiri, A.<br />
Miyashita, P. H. Stoker, C. Lopate, K. Kudela and M. Gros, Solar neutron events that<br />
have been found in solar cycle 23, <strong>International</strong> Journal of Modern Physics A, 20(29),<br />
6646-6649, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Flückiger, E. O., R. Bütikofer, L. Desorgher, M. R. Moser, Y. Muraki, Y. Matsubara,<br />
T. Sako, H. Tsuchiya and T. Sakai, The giant Forbush decrease in October/November<br />
2003: Data analysis for the solar neutron detector at Gornergrat, <strong>International</strong> Journal<br />
of Modern Physics A, 20(29), 6684-6687, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Fries, E., Starokozhev, E., Auras, S., Sieg, K., Püttmann, W and Jaeschke, W.<br />
Volatile organic compounds in air at the high alpine research station Jungfraujoch<br />
during CLACE 4; in prep. for submission to Atmospheric Environment.<br />
Gamnitzer, U., U. Karstens, B. Kromer, R. Neubert, H. Meijer, H. Schroeder and I.<br />
Levin, <strong>2005</strong>. Carbon Monoxide: A quantitative tracer for fossil fuel CO 2 ? submitted<br />
to J. Geophys. Res. December <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Grünig, S. und U. Wild (<strong>2005</strong>): swipos über Internet. Neue Entwicklungen bei der<br />
Echtzeit-Positionierung. Geomatik Schweiz 02/<strong>2005</strong>, März <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Guerova, G., E. Brockmann, F. Schubiger, J. Morand and C. Mätzler (<strong>2005</strong>): An<br />
Integrated Assessment of Measured and Modeled Integrated Water Vapor in<br />
Switzerland for the Period 2001–03, Journal of Applied Meteorology, Vol. 44, No. 7,<br />
pages 1033–1044.<br />
Guerova, G., J.-M. Bettems, E. Brockmann and Ch. Mätzler (<strong>2005</strong>): Assimilation of<br />
COST-716 Near-Real Time GPS data in the nonhydrostatic area model used at<br />
MeteoSwiss. Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. (MAP), June 30, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Henne, S., J. Dommen, B. Neininger, S. Reimann, J. Staehelin, and A.S.H. Prevot,<br />
Ozone production following export of European emissions by mountain venting in the<br />
Alps, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D22307, doi:10.1029/<strong>2005</strong>JD005936, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
194
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
Henne, S., M. Furger, and A.S.H. Prévôt, Climatology of mountain venting-induced<br />
elevated moisture layers in the lee of the Alps, J. Applied Meteorology, 44 (5), 620-<br />
633, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Hinz, K.P., A. Trimborn, E. Weingartner, S. Henning, U. Baltensperger, and B.<br />
Spengler, Aerosol single particle composition at the Jungfraujoch, J. Aerosol Sci., 36<br />
(1), 123-145, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Iori, M. A.Sergi, D. Fargion, M. Gallinaro and M. Kaya, Study of a detector array<br />
design to measure Ultra <strong>High</strong> Energy, tau neutrino fluxes, astro-ph/ and submitted to<br />
Physics Journal G <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Jakob, H., Kramer, C., Simon, R., Stutzki, J., Tracing the Photon Dominated Region<br />
around DR 21 with CO, CI, CII, and OI emission, Astron. Nachr., 326, 655-656,<br />
<strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Krieg, J., J. Notholt, E. Mahieu, C.P. Rinsland, and R. Zander, Sulphur hexafluoride<br />
(SF 6 ): comparison of FTIR-measurements at three sites and determination of its trend<br />
in the northern hemisphere, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 92, 383-392, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Li, Y., Campana, M., Reimann, S., Schaub, D., Stemmler, K., Staehelin, J. and Peter,<br />
T. (<strong>2005</strong>), Hydrocarbon concentrations at the Alpine mountain sites Jungfraujoch and<br />
Arosa, Atmospheric Environment 39, 1113-27.<br />
Mahieu, E., R. Zander, P. Duchatelet, J.W. Hannigan, M.T. Coffey, S. Mikuteit, F.<br />
Hase, T. Blumenstock, A. Wiacek, K. Strong, J.R. Taylor, R. Mittermeier, H. Fast,<br />
C.D. Boone, S.D. McLeod, K.A. Walker, P.F. Bernath, and C.P. Rinsland,<br />
Comparisons between ACE-FTS and ground-based measurements of stratospheric<br />
HCl and ClONO 2 loadings at northern latitudes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L15S08,<br />
doi:10.1029/<strong>2005</strong>GL022396, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Masur, M., Mookerjea, B., Kramer, C., Stutzki, J., Large-scale CO mapping of the<br />
CEPHEUS giant molecular cloud using KOSMA, Astron. Nachr., 326, 661-662 <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
McFiggans, G., P. Artaxo, U. Baltensperger, H. Coe, M.C. Facchini, G. Feingold, S.<br />
Fuzzi, M. Gysel, A. Laaksonen, U. Lohmann, T.F. Mentel, D.M. Murphy, C.D.<br />
O'Dowd, J.R. Snider, and E. Weingartner, The Effect of Physical & Chemical Aerosol<br />
Properties on Warm Cloud Droplet Activation, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 5,<br />
8507-8647, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Mookerjea, B., Kramer, C., Roellig, M., et al., Study of Photon Dominated Regions in<br />
the Cepheus B Molecular Cloud, A&A, in preparation, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Mookerjea, B., Sun, K., Kramer, C., Masur, M., Roellig, M., CI/CO Mapping of IC<br />
348 and Cepheus B using SMART on KOSMA, Astron. Nachr., 326, 581-582, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Morland, J., B. Deuber, D. G. Feist, L. Martin, S. Nyeki, N. Kämpfer, C. Mätzler, P.<br />
Jeannet, and L. Vuilleumier (<strong>2005</strong>), The STARTWAVE atmospheric water database,<br />
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, 5, pp 10839.<br />
Nessler, R., E. Weingartner, and U. Baltensperger, Adaptation of dry nephelometer<br />
measurements to ambient conditions at the Jungfraujoch, Environ. Sci.Technol., 39<br />
(7), 2219-2228, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Nessler, R., E. Weingartner, and U. Baltensperger, Effect of humidity on aerosol light<br />
absorption and its implications for extinction and the single scattering albedo illustrated<br />
for a site in the lower free troposphere, J. Aerosol Sci., 36 (8), 958-972, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
195
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
Nyeki, S., L. Vuilleumier, J. Morland, A. Bokoye, P. Viatte, C. Mätzler, and N.<br />
Kämpfer (<strong>2005</strong>), A 10-year integrated atmospheric water vapor record using precision<br />
filter radiometers at two high-alpine sites, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L23803,<br />
http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/<strong>2005</strong>GL024079.<br />
Prinn, R.G., Huang, J., Weiss, R.F., Cunnold, D.M., Fraser, P.J., Simmonds, P.G.,<br />
McCulloch, A., Harth, C., Reimann, S., Salameh, P., O'Doherty, S., Wang, R.H.J.,<br />
Porter, L.W., Miller, B.R. and Krummel, P.B. (<strong>2005</strong>), Evidence for variability of<br />
atmospheric hydroxyl radicals over the past quarter century, Geophysical Research<br />
Letters 32, L07809, doi: 10.1029/2004GL022228.<br />
Qin, S.-L., J.-J. Wang, G. Zhao, and M. Miller, A New Interpretation of the Bipolar<br />
HII Region S106 from HCN J = 3 – 2 Mapping Observations, Chin. J. Astron, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Reimann, S., Manning A. J., Simmonds P. G., Cunnold D. M., Wang R. H. J., Li J.,<br />
McCulloch A., Prinn R. G., Huang J., Weiss R. F., Fraser P. J., O'Doherty S., Greally<br />
B. R., Stemmler K., Hill M., Folini D., (<strong>2005</strong>) Low European methyl chloroform<br />
emissions inferred from long-term atmospheric measurements. Nature 433 506-508.<br />
Richichi, A.; Roccatagliata, V., Aldebaran's angular diameter: How well do we know<br />
it? <strong>2005</strong>, A&A, 433 305.<br />
Rinsland, C.P., A. Goldman, E. Mahieu, R. Zander, L.S. Chiou, J.W. Hannigan, S.W.<br />
Wood, and J.W. Elkins, Long-term evolution in the tropospheric concentration of<br />
chlorofluorocarbon 12 (CCl 2 F 2 ) derived from high-spectral resolution infrared solar<br />
absorption spectra: retrieval and comparison with in situ surface measurements, J.<br />
Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 92, 201-209, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Rinsland, C.P., C. Boone, R. Nassar, K. Walker, P. Bernath, E. Mahieu, R. Zander, J.C.<br />
McConnell, and L. Chiou, Trends of HF, HCl, CCl 2 F 2 , CCl 3 F, CHClF 2 (HCFC-22), and<br />
SF 6 in the lower stratosphere from Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE) and<br />
Atmospheric Trace MOlecule Spectroscopy (ATMOS) measurements near 30ºN<br />
latitude, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L16S03, doi:10.1029/<strong>2005</strong>GL022415, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Sodemann, H., A.S. Palmer, C. Schwierz, M. Schwikowski, H. Wernli, The transport<br />
history of two Saharan dust events archived in an Alpine ice core, Atmos. Chem.<br />
Phys. Discuss. 5, 7497-7545 (<strong>2005</strong>).<br />
Spurr, R., W. Balzer, D. Loyola, W. Thomas, E. Mikusch, T. Rupper, M. Van<br />
Roozendael, J.-C. Lambert, V. Soebijanta, GOME Level 1-to-2 Data Processor<br />
Version 3.0: A Major Upgrade of the GOME/ERS-2 Total Ozone Retrieval<br />
Algorithm, accepted for publication in Appl. Optics, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Sturm, P., M. Leuenberger, and M. Schmidt, Atmospheric O 2 , CO 2 and δ 13 C<br />
observations from the remote sites Jungfraujoch, Switzerland, and Puy de Dme,<br />
France, Geophysical Research Letters, 32 (doi:10.1029/<strong>2005</strong>GL023304), L17811,<br />
<strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Sturm, P., M. Leuenberger, F.L. Valentino, B. Lehmann, and B. Ihly, Measurements<br />
of CO 2 , its stable isotopes, O 2 /N 2 , and 222Rn at Bern, Switzerland, Atmospheric<br />
Chemistry and Physics, 1680-7375/acpd/<strong>2005</strong>-5-8473, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Sun, K., Kramer, C., Bensch, F., Ossenkopf, V., et al. , A KOSMA 7 deg2 13CO 2-1<br />
& 12CO 3-2 survey of the Perseus cloud, I. Structure Analysis, A&A, submitted,<br />
<strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Sun, K., Kramer, C., Bensch, F., Ossenkopf, V., Stutzki, J., Miller, M., Structure<br />
196
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
analysis of the CO data in the Perseus clouds, Astron. Nachr., 326, 670-670, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Taslakov, M., V. Simeonov, and H. van den Bergh, “Open path atmospheric<br />
spectroscopy using room temperature operated pulsed quantum cascade laser”,<br />
accepted for publishing in Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular<br />
Spectroscopy, SAA-D-05-00145R1, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Tolchenov, R., O. Naumenko, N. Zobov, O. Polyansly, J. Tennyson, M. Carleer, P.-F.<br />
Coheur, S. Fally, A. Jenouvrier, A. C. Vandaele, Water vapor line assignments in the<br />
9250 – 26000 cm-1 frequency range, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 233(1),<br />
68-76, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Troller, M., E. Brockmann, D. Ineichen, S. Lutz, A. Geiger and H.-G. Kahle (<strong>2005</strong>):<br />
Determination of the 3D Water Vapor Distribution in the Troposphere on a<br />
Continuous Basis Using GPS. Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 7.<br />
Vandaele, A. C., C. Fayt, F. Hendrick, C. Hermans, F. Humbled, M. Van Roozendael,<br />
M. Gil, M. Navarro, O. Puentedura, M. Yela, G. Braathen, K. Stebel, K. Tørnkvist, P.<br />
Johnston, K. Kreher, F. Goutail, A. Mieville, J.-P. Pommereau, S. Khaikine, A.<br />
Richter, H. Oetjen, F. Wittrock, S. Bugarski, U. Frieb, K. Pfeilsticker, R. Sinreich, T.<br />
Wagner, G. Corlett, R. Leigh, An intercomparison campaign of ground-based UV-<br />
Visible measurements of NO2, BrO, and OClO slant columns. Methods of analysis<br />
and results for NO2, J. of Geophys. Res., 110, D08305, doi:10.1029/2004JD005423,<br />
<strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Vaughan, G., P. T. Quinn, A. C. Green, J. Bean, H. K. Roscoe, M. Van Roozendael<br />
and F. Goutail SAOZ measurements of stratospheric NO2 at Aberystwyth, 1991-<br />
2004, submitted to Journal of Environmental Monitoring (JEM), <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Yurganov, L.N., P. Duchatelet, A.V. Dzhola, D.P. Edwards, F. Hase, I. Kramer, E.<br />
Mahieu, J. Mellqvist, J. Notholt, P.C. Novelli, A. Rockmann, H.E. Scheel, M.<br />
Schneider, A. Schulz, A. Strandberg, R. Sussmann, H. Tanimoto, V. Velazco, J.R.<br />
Drummond, and J.C. Gille, Increased Northern Hemispheric carbon monoxide burden<br />
in the troposphere in 2002 and 2003 detected from the ground and from space, Atmos.<br />
Chem. Phys., 5, 563-573, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Zander, R., E. Mahieu, P. Demoulin, P. Duchatelet, C. Servais, G. Roland, L.<br />
Delbouille, M. De Mazière and C.P. Rinsland, Evolution of a dozen non-CO 2<br />
greenhouse gases above Central Europe since the mid-1980s, Environmental Sciences,<br />
2 (2-3), 295-303, June-September <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Zander, R., E. Mahieu, P. Demoulin, P. Duchatelet, C. Servais, G. Roland, L.<br />
Delbouille, M. De Mazière, and C.P. Rinsland (<strong>2005</strong>). Evolution of a dozen non-CO2<br />
greenhouse gases above Central Europe since the mid-1980s, Proceedings of the<br />
Fourth <strong>International</strong> Symposium on Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases (NCGG-4), Science,<br />
Control, Policy and Implementation, Utrecht, The Netherlands, 4-6 July <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Zanini, A., E. Durisi, F. Fasolo, M. Storini, O. Saavedra, L. Visca, M. Perosino,<br />
Neutron Spectrometry at <strong>High</strong> Mountain Observatories, Journal of Atmospheric and<br />
Solar -Terrestrial Physics, (<strong>2005</strong>) 67 8-9, 755-762, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Zanini, A., F Fasolo, L Visca, E Durisi, M Perosino, J R M Annand and K W Burn,<br />
Test of a bubble passive spectrometer for neutron dosimetry, Phys. Med. Biol., (<strong>2005</strong>)<br />
50 18, 4287-4297.<br />
197
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
Conference presentations / Posters<br />
Bach, M., Fally, S., Vandaele, A.C., Coheur, P.-F., Carleer, M., Jenouvrier, A. (<strong>2005</strong>)<br />
Fourier transform absorption spectroscopy of HDO in the visible and near-IR spectral<br />
regions, European Geosciences Union General Assembly <strong>2005</strong>, Vienna (Austria), 24-<br />
29 April <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Baltensperger, U. et al., Aerosol hygroscopic growth closure by simultaneous<br />
measurement of hygroscopic growth and chemical composition at the high-Alpine<br />
station Jungfraujoch, solicited oral presentation at the EGU General Assembly,<br />
Vienna, Austria, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Belov, A. V., L. Baisultanova, R. Bütikofer, E. Eroshenko, E.O. Flückiger, G.<br />
Mariatos, H. Mavromichalaki, V. Pchelkin and V. G. Yanke, Geomagnetic effects on<br />
cosmic rays during the very strong magnetic storms in November 2003 and November<br />
2004, 29 th <strong>International</strong> Cosmic Ray Conference, to be published in the conference<br />
proceedings, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Bower, K.N., M.W. Gallagher, T.W. Choularton, M.J. Flynn, J.D. Allan, H. Coe, J.<br />
Crosier, P. Connolly, U. Baltensperger, E. Weingartner, and S. Sjögren, Investigations<br />
of cloud-aerosol interactions at the Jungfraujoch mountain-top site in the Swiss Alps<br />
during summer and winter CLACE experiments, p. 133, EAC <strong>2005</strong>, Ghent Belgium,<br />
<strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Bower, Keith N., H. Coe, M.W. Gallagher, T.W. Choularton, M.J. Flynn, J.D. Allan,<br />
J Crosier, P.Connolly, R.A. Burgess, U. Baltensperger, E. Weingartner, S. Sjogren,<br />
and M.R. Alfarra, Wintertime Cloud-Aerosol Interactions at the Jungfraujoch <strong>High</strong><br />
Alpine Site in Switzerland. Proceedings of the 16th AGM of the UK Aerosol Society,<br />
Bristol University, April 14th-15 th , <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Bower, Keith, N., T.W. Choularton, M.W. Gallagher, H. Coe, M.J. Flynn, J.D. Allan,<br />
J Crosier, P.Connolly, I. Crawford, R.A. Burgess, U. Baltensperger, E. Weingartner,<br />
S. Sjogren, B. Verheggen, J. Cozic, M. Gysel and M.R. Alfarra, Investigations of<br />
Cloud-Aerosol Interactions at the Jungfraujoch Mountain-Top Site in the Swiss Alps<br />
during Summer and Winter CLACE Experiments. The proceedings of the European<br />
Aerosol Conference, Ghent, August 28 th – September 2 nd , <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Bower, Keith, Thomas Choularton, Hugh Coe, Michael Flynn, James Allan,<br />
Jonathan Crosier, Paul Connolly, Rachel Burgess, Ernest Weingartner, Summer and<br />
Wintertime Investigations of Cloud-Aerosol Interactions at the Jungfraujoch<br />
Mountain Top Site in Switzerland. Proceedings of the Royal Meteorological Society<br />
Conference, University of Exeter, Exeter, 11th – 16th September, <strong>2005</strong><br />
Brockmann E. and D. Ineichen (<strong>2005</strong>): TOUGH activities at swisstopo (LPT).<br />
TOUGH annual meeting, L'Aquilla, January 27-28, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Brockmann E. and D. Ineichen (<strong>2005</strong>): TOUGH activities at swisstopo (LPT).<br />
TOUGH semi-annual meeting, Exeter, September 29-30, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Brockmann E., D. Ineichen, U. Marti, A. Schlatter (<strong>2005</strong>): Results of the 3rd<br />
observation of the Swiss GPS Reference Network LV95 and status of the Swiss<br />
Combined Geodetic Network CH-CGN. In: Torres, J.A. and H. Hornik (Eds):<br />
Subcommission for the European Reference Frame (EUREF), Vienna <strong>2005</strong>, EUREF<br />
Publication in preparation.<br />
Bütikofer, R., E.O. Flückiger, M.R. Moser, and L. Desorgher, The Extreme Cosmic<br />
198
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
Ray Ground Level Enhancement on January 20, <strong>2005</strong>, Solar Extreme Events <strong>2005</strong><br />
(SEE-<strong>2005</strong>), <strong>International</strong> Symposium at Nor Amberd, Armenia, to be published in<br />
scientific journal Sun and Geosphere, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Collaud Coen, M., E. Weingartner, and U. Baltensperger, Seasonality and diurnal<br />
cycles of aerosol parameters and of their wavelength dependence at the Jungfraujoch,<br />
p. 172, EAC <strong>2005</strong>, Ghent, Belgium, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Collaud Coen, M., E. Weingartner, and U. Baltensperger, Variability and trend of<br />
aerosol parameters and of their wavelength dependence at the Jungfraujoch, in<br />
Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Meteorologie (SGM), PSI, Villigen, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Cozic, J. et al., Aerosol - cloud interaction: highlights from the Cloud and Aerosol<br />
Characterization Experiments (CLACE) conducted at the high alpine research station<br />
Jungfraujoch in Switzerland, oral presentation at the 1 st ACCENT Symposium,<br />
Urbino, Italy, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Cozic, J., S. Mertes, B. Verheggen, M. Flynn, P. Connolly, K. Bower, A. Petzold, E.<br />
Weingartner, and U. Baltensperger, Activated fraction of black carbon in mixed phase<br />
clouds at the high alpine site Jungfraujoch (3580 m asl) during CLACE campaigns, p.<br />
506, EAC <strong>2005</strong>, Ghent, Belgium, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Crosier, J., K.N. Bower, J.D. Allan, H. Coe, U. Baltensperger, E. Weingartner, S.<br />
Sjögren, S. Mertes, J. Schneider, D.R. Worsnop, J.T. Jayne, and J.L. Jimenez,<br />
Comparing winter and summer submicron aerosol chemical composition and size<br />
distributions at the Jungfraujoch, p. 505, EAC <strong>2005</strong>, Ghent, Belgium, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Ebert, M. et al., Identification of the ice forming fraction of the atmospheric aerosol in<br />
mixed-phase clouds by environmental scanning electron microscopy, poster<br />
presentation at the European Aerosol Conference, Ghent, Belgium, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Ebert, M., M. Inerle-Hof, S. Mertes, S. Walter, J. Schneider, B. Verheggen, J. Cozic,<br />
E. Weingartner, and S. Weinbruch, Identification of the ice forming fraction of the<br />
atmospheric aerosol in mixed-phase clouds by environmental scanning electron<br />
microscopy, p. 504, EAC <strong>2005</strong>, Ghent, Belgium, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Fally S., M. Carleer, P.-F. Coheur, C. Clerbaux, L. Daumont, A. Jenouvrier, C.<br />
Hermans, A. C. Vandaele, M. Kiseleva (<strong>2005</strong>). Water vapor continuum absorption<br />
and O2-X collision-induced absorption by laboratory Fourier transform spectroscopy,<br />
CECAM workshop on water dimers and weakly interacting species in atmospheric<br />
modeling, Lyon (France), 25-27 April <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Flückiger, E. O., Extreme events and super storms, Invited Talk, Solar Extreme<br />
Events <strong>2005</strong> (SEE-<strong>2005</strong>): Fundamental Science and Applied Aspects, <strong>International</strong><br />
Symposium at Nor Amberd, Armenia, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Flückiger, E.O., R. Bütikofer, M.R. Moser, and L. Desorgher, The Cosmic Ray<br />
Ground Level Enhancement and the Forbush Decrease in January <strong>2005</strong> - Analysis of<br />
the Swiss Cosmic Ray Observations, contributed paper 58-ST-A1500, 2 nd Annual<br />
Meeting of the Asia Oceania Geosciences Society (AOGS), Singapore, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Flückiger, E.O., R. Bütikofer, M.R. Moser, and L. Desorgher, The Cosmic Ray<br />
Ground Level Enhancement during the Forbush Decrease in January <strong>2005</strong>, 29 th<br />
<strong>International</strong> Cosmic Ray Conference, Pune, India, August 03-10, <strong>2005</strong>, to be<br />
published in the conference proceedings, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Fries, E., E. Starokozhev, W. Püttmann and W. Jaeschke, Volatile organic compounds<br />
199
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<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
(VOC) in air, snow and ice crystals and super-cooled droplets at high alpine research<br />
station Jungfraujoch during CLACE 4. Presented at the European Aerosol Conference<br />
(EAC). Ghent, 28 August - 2 September, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Iori, M., Detection of UHE tau neutrinos with a surface detector array, Carnegie<br />
Mellon University, December 12, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Jenouvrier A., L. Daumont, L. Regalia-Jarlot, Vl.G. Tyuterev, M. Carleer, S. Fally,<br />
A.C. Vandaele, S.N. Mikhailenko (<strong>2005</strong>). Long path Fourier Transform absorption<br />
Spectroscopy of water vapor in the 4200-6600 cm-1 spectral range, The 19th<br />
Colloquium on <strong>High</strong> Resolution Molecular Spectroscopy, Salamanca (Spain), 11-15<br />
Sept. <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Knap, W. H., S. Nyeki, A. Los and P. Stammes (<strong>2005</strong>), Aerosol optical thickness<br />
measurements at the <strong>High</strong> <strong>Altitude</strong> Research Station Jungfraujoch, Switzerland, EGU<br />
General Assembly <strong>2005</strong>, Vienna, 24-29 April <strong>2005</strong>, Geophysical Research Abstracts,<br />
7, 04838.<br />
Legreid, G., Reimann, S, Steinbacher, M. and Stähelin, J., “OVOCs at the high alpine<br />
station Jungfraujoch: In-Situ measurements and assessment of anthropogenic<br />
sources”, Urbino, Italy, September 12 – 16, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Mahieu, E., R. Zander, P. Demoulin, P. Duchatelet, C. Servais, C.P. Rinsland, and M.<br />
De Mazière, Recent evolution of atmospheric OCS above the Jungfraujoch station:<br />
Implications for the stratospheric aerosol layer, in Proceedings of "Atmospheric<br />
Spectroscopy Applications, ASA Reims <strong>2005</strong>", Reims, September 6-8, <strong>2005</strong>, pp.235-<br />
238, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Matsubara, Y., Y. Muraki, T. Sako, K. Watanabe, K. Masuda, T. Sakai, S. Shibata,<br />
E. O. Flückiger, R. Bütikofer, A. Chilingarian, G. Hovsepyan, Y. H. Tan, T. Yuda,<br />
M. Ohnishi, H. Tsuchiya, Y. Katayose, R. Ogasawara, Y. Mizumoto, M. Nakagiri,<br />
A. Miyashita, A. Velarde, R. Ticona and N. Martinic, Search for solar neutrons<br />
associated with proton flares in solar cycle 23, 29 th <strong>International</strong> Cosmic Ray<br />
Conference, Pune, India, August 03-10, <strong>2005</strong>, to be published in the conference<br />
proceedings, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Mertes, S. et al., Sampling and physico-chemical characterisation of ice nuclei in<br />
mixed phase clouds at the high alpine research station Jungfraujoch (3580 m asl)<br />
during CLACE, oral presentation at the European Aerosol Conference, Ghent,<br />
Belgium, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Mertes, S., B. Verheggen, J. Schneider, M. Ebert, S. Walter, A. Worringen, M. Inerle-<br />
Hof, J. Cozic, M.J. Flynn, P. Connolly, K.N. Bower, E. Weingartner, Sampling and<br />
physico-chemical characterisation of ice nuclei in mixed phase clouds at the high<br />
alpine research station Jungfraujoch (3580 m asl) during CLACE, European Aerosol<br />
Conference <strong>2005</strong>, Ghent, Belgium, August 28-September 2, <strong>2005</strong>, Conference<br />
Proceedings, 130, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Nessler, R., B. Verheggen, E. Weingartner, and U. Baltensperger, Effect of humidity<br />
on aerosol light absorption and its implications for extinction and single scattering<br />
albedo at the Jungfraujoch, EGU General Assembly, Vienna, Austria, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Prévôt, A.S.H., Atmospheric Studies of the Paul Scherrer Institute in Central Europe,<br />
Aerodyne, Billerica, USA, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Reimann, S., Folini, D., Vollmer, M.K., Ubl, S., Buchmann, B., Stemmler, K.,<br />
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O'Doherty, S., European Emission Estimates of Halogenated Greenhouse Gases from<br />
Continuous Measurements at Jungfraujoch, Switzerland. Invited talk at the ACCENT<br />
symposium, Urbino, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Reimann, S., Stemmler, K., Vollmer, M.K. Evaluation of Emissions Halocarbons<br />
from Mobile Air Conditioning Systems, Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases Conference,<br />
Utrecht (NL), <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Ristori, P., M. Froidevaux, T. Dinoev, I. Serikov, V. Simeonov, M. Parlange, H. Van<br />
den Bergh, “Development of a temperature and water vapor Raman LIDAR for<br />
turbulent observations, in Proc. of SPIE Vol. 5984 59840F-1, Remote Sensing-<br />
<strong>2005</strong>,19–22 September <strong>2005</strong> Bruges, Belgium, in print<br />
Schaer S., D. Ineichen and E. Brockmann (<strong>2005</strong>): EUREF LAC Analysis at<br />
swisstopo/CODE Using Bernese Software V5.0. In: Torres, J.A. and H. Hornik (Eds):<br />
Subcommission for the European Reference Frame (EUREF), Vienna <strong>2005</strong>, EUREF<br />
Publication in preparation.<br />
Schneider D., B. Vogel, A. Wiget, U. Wild, E. Brockmann, U. Marti and A. Schlatter<br />
(<strong>2005</strong>): EUREF'05: National <strong>Report</strong> of Switzerland: New Developments in Swiss<br />
National Geodetic Surveying. In: Torres, J.A. and H. Hornik (Eds): Subcommission<br />
for the European Reference Frame (EUREF), Vienna <strong>2005</strong>, EUREF Publication No.<br />
in preparation.<br />
Simeonov, V., P. Ristori, M. Taslakov,T. Dinoev, L. T. Molina, M. J.Molina, and H.<br />
van den Bergh, “Ozone and aerosol distribution above Mexico City measured with a<br />
DIAL/elastic lidar system during the Mexico City Metropolitan Area ( MCMA) 2003<br />
field campaign”, in Proc. of SPIE Vol. 5984 59840O-1, Remote Sensing <strong>2005</strong>,19–22<br />
September <strong>2005</strong> Bruges, Belgium, in print.<br />
Sjögren, S., R. Alfarra, J. Cozic, B. Verheggen, U. Baltensperger, E. Weingartner, J.<br />
Crosier, K.N. Bower, M. Gysel, J.D. Allan, and H. Coe, Hygroscopic properties<br />
linked with chemical composition of aerosol particles at the high alpine site<br />
Jungfraujoch during the CLACE campaigns, p. 507, EAC <strong>2005</strong>, Ghent, Belgium,<br />
<strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Steinbacher, M., Vollmer, M. K., Stemmler, K. and Reimann, S., Global Warming<br />
Budget of non-CO 2 Trace Gases at the <strong>High</strong> Alpine Site Jungfraujoch, Switzerland,<br />
ACCENT Symposium ‘The Changing Chemical Climate of the Atmosphere’, Urbino,<br />
Italy, September 12 – 16, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Steinbacher, M., M.K. Vollmer, and S. Reimann, CO measurements at the high-alpine<br />
site Jungfraujoch, Switzerland, Proc. Joint WMO/GAW-Accent Workshop on the<br />
Global Tropospheric Carbon Monoxide Observation System, Quality Assurance and<br />
Applications, Dubendorf, Switzerland, 24 -- 26 October <strong>2005</strong>, Empa Dubendorf, 49-<br />
51, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Sugiyama S., Funk M., Müller B., Bauder A., Fischer U., Weiss P., Huss M.,<br />
Deichmann N., Blatter H.; Glacier dynamcis during the outburst of a glacier dammed<br />
lake on Gornergletscher, Switzerland EGU05-A-07473; CR1-1MO3O-004, Vienna<br />
<strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Tashkun, S. A., Schwenke D. W., Tyuterev Vl.G., Jenouvrier A., Mikhailenko S.,<br />
Carleer M., Fally S., Vandaele A. C., Daumont L., Regalia L., Barbe A. (<strong>2005</strong>).<br />
Global modelling of rovibrational line intensities of the water vapour in the IR and<br />
visible range and extended comparisons with new long-path experimental spectra,<br />
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European Geosciences Union (EGU) General Assembly, Vienna, (Austria), 24-29<br />
April <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Taslakov, M., Simeonov V, van den Bergh H, “System for a Remote Read out of<br />
Multiple Passive Sensors Using 28 THz Quantum Cascade Laser”, in the proceedings<br />
<strong>2005</strong> Joint IEEE <strong>International</strong> Frequency Control Symposium and Precise Time and<br />
Time Interval (PTTI) 29-31 August <strong>2005</strong>, Vancouver, BC, Canada. In print.<br />
Taslakov, M., V. Simeonov, H. van den Bergh, and J. Feist, “Ammonia and Ozone<br />
Open Path. Measurements Using Quantum Cascade Laser Technology”, in the<br />
proceedings of The First <strong>International</strong> Conference on Environmental Science and<br />
Technology January 23-26, <strong>2005</strong>, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, In print.<br />
Vana, M., A. Hirsikko, E.Tamm, P.P. Aalto, M. Kulmala, Verheggen, B., J. Cozic , E.<br />
Weingartner and U. Baltensperger, Characteristics of air ions and aerosol particles at<br />
the high-alpine research station Jungfraujoch, Proc. of the <strong>International</strong> Aerosol<br />
Conference, St. Paul, Minnesota, US, 10 – 15 September, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Verheggen, B. et al., Nucleation and activation of aerosol particles during CLACE<br />
campaigns (Jungfraujoch, 3580 metres a.s.l., Switzerland), oral presentation at the<br />
European Aerosol Conference, Ghent, Belgium, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Verheggen, B., J. Cozic, E. Weingartner, M. Vana, P. Aalto, A. Hirsikko, M. Kulmala<br />
and U. Baltensperger, Observations of atmospheric nucleation events in the lower free<br />
troposphere, Proc. of EGU, Vienna, Austria, 2-7 April, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Verheggen, B., J. Cozic, E. Weingartner, U. Baltensperger, M. Vana, P. Aalto, A.<br />
Hirsikko and M. Kulmala, Observations of atmospheric nucleation events in the lower<br />
free troposphere, Proc. of the <strong>International</strong> Aerosol Conference, St. Paul, Minnesota,<br />
US, 10 – 15 September, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Verheggen, B., J. Cozic, E. Weingartner, S. Mertes, M. Flynn, P. Connolly, K. Bower,<br />
M. Gallagher, and U. Baltensperger, Nucleation and activation of aerosol particles<br />
during CLACE campaigns (Jungfraujoch, 3580 metres a.s.l., Switzerland), in<br />
European Aerosol Conference, edited by W. Maenhaut, p. 131, Elsevier, Ghent,<br />
Belgium, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Verheggen, B., J. Cozic, E. Weingartner, U. Baltensperger, S. Mertes, M. Flynn, P.<br />
Connolly, K. Bower, M. Gallagher, J. Crosier, H. Coe, and A. Petzold, Activation<br />
behaviour of aerosol particles and black carbon in mixed-phase clouds, in EGU<br />
General Assembly, European Geosciences Union, Vienna, Austria, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Vollmer, M. K., Folini, D., Stemmler K., Reimann, S. European Emissions of HFC-<br />
245fa and HFC-227ea using continuous atmospheric measurements from the highaltitute<br />
observatory at Jungfraujoch, Switzerland, Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases<br />
(NCGG-4), Utrecht, The Netherlands, July 4 – 6, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Vollmer, M. K., Reimann, S., and Folini, D. Foaming the North: HFC-365mfc as a<br />
promising atmospheric tracer for interhemispheric transport. 32 nd Meeting of AGAGE<br />
scientists and Cooperating Networks, Florence, Italy, October 24 – 28, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Vollmer, M. K., Reimann, S., Folini, D. Buchmann, B., and Hofer, P. Trends in<br />
halogenated trace gases derived from observations at the high-altitute observatory at<br />
Jungfraujoch, Switzerland. Global Atmospheric Watch <strong>International</strong> Symposium &<br />
Ten-ear Anniversary of Waliguan Observatory, Xinin, China, August 15 – 17, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Vuilleumier, L. and J. Gröbner (<strong>2005</strong>) Operational mode uncertainty for broadband<br />
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<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
erythemal UV radiometers, Proceedings of the 9 th international conference on new<br />
developments and applications in optical radiometry, 11-19 October, <strong>2005</strong>, Davos,<br />
Switzerland, pp 71-72.<br />
Walter, S., J. Schneider, N. Hock, J. Curtius, S. Borrmann, S. Mertes, E. Weingartner,<br />
B. Verheggen, J. Cozic, and U. Baltensperger, Mass spectrometric analysis of<br />
residuals from small ice particles and from supercooled cloud droplets during<br />
CLACE-3 and CLACE-4, p. 132, EAC <strong>2005</strong>, Ghent, Belgium, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Walter, S., J. Schneider, N. Hock, J. Curtius, S. Borrmann, S. Mertes, E. Weingartner,<br />
B. Verheggen, J. Cozic, and U. Baltensperger, Mass spectrometric analysis of ice and<br />
supercooled cloud residuals during CLACE-3, European Geoscience Union, Vienna,<br />
Austria, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Wehrli, C., GAWPFR: A network of Aerosol Optical Depth observations with<br />
Precision Filter Radiometers. In: WMO/GAW Experts workshop on a global surface<br />
based network for long term observations of column aerosol optical properties, GAW<br />
<strong>Report</strong> No. 162, WMO TD No. 1287 (<strong>2005</strong>).<br />
Weingartner, E. et al., An overview of the Cloud and Aerosol Characterization<br />
Experiments (CLACE) conducted at the high alpine research station Jungfraujoch in<br />
Switzerland, oral presentation at the European Aerosol Conference, Ghent, Belgium,<br />
<strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Weingartner, E., B. Verheggen, J. Cozic, M. Gysel, S. Sjögren, J.Duplissy, U.<br />
Baltensperger, U. Lohmann, S. Mertes, K.N. Bower, M. Flynn, P. Connolly, J.<br />
Crosier, M. Gallagher, H. Coe, T. Choularton, S. Walter, J. Schneider, J. Curtius, S.<br />
Borrmann, A. Petzold, M. Ebert, M. Inerle-Hof, A. Worringen, S. Weinbruch, E.<br />
Fries, E. Starokozhev, W. Püttmann, W. Jaeschke, M. Vana, A. Hirsikko, E. Tamm, P.<br />
Aalto and M. Kulmala, Aerosol-cloud interactions in the lower free troposphere as<br />
measured at the high alpine research station Jungfraujoch in Switzerland, Proc. of the<br />
<strong>International</strong> Aerosol Conference, St. Paul, Minnesota, US, 10 – 15 September, 2006.<br />
Weingartner, E., B. Verheggen, J. Cozic, S. Sjoegren, J.S.v. Ekeren, U. Baltensperger,<br />
S. Mertes, K.N. Bower, M. Flynn, J. Crozier, M. Gallagher, H. Coe, S. Walter, J.<br />
Schneider, N. Hock, J. Curtius, S. Borrmann, A. Petzold, M. Ebert, M. Inerle-Hof,<br />
and S. Weinbruch, An overview of the Cloud and Aerosol Characterization<br />
Experiments (CLACE) conducted at a high alpine site in the free troposphere<br />
(solicited), European Geoscience Union, Vienna, Austria, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Weingartner, E., B. Verheggen, J. Cozic, S. Sjögren, J. Duplissy, J.S. Van Ekeren, U.<br />
Baltensperger, S. Mertes, K.N. Bower, M. Flynn, P. Connolly, J. Crosier, M.<br />
Gallagher, H. Coe, T. Choularton, S. Walter, J. Schneider, N. Hock, J. Curtius, S.<br />
Borrmann, A. Petzold, S. Henning, T. Rosenorn, M. Bilde, M. Ebert, M. Inerle-Hof,<br />
A. Worringen, S. Weinbruch, E. Fries, E. Starokozhev, W. Püttmann, W. Jaeschke, P.<br />
Aalto, A. Hiriskko, and M. Kulmala, An overview of the cloud and aerosol<br />
characterization experiments (CLACE) conducted at the high alpine research station<br />
Jungfraujoch in Switzerland, p. 129, EAC <strong>2005</strong>, Ghent, Belgium, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Yanke, V. G., L. Baisultanova, A. V. Belov, R. Bütikofer, E. Eroshenko, E. O.<br />
Flückiger, G. Mariatos and H. Mavromichalaki, Variations of geomagnetic cutoff<br />
rigidities during the series of geomagnetic storms in January <strong>2005</strong>: observations and<br />
modeling, 29 th <strong>International</strong> Cosmic Ray Conference, to be published in the<br />
conference proceedings, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
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Edited books<br />
Calpini, B., V. Simeonov, “Trace gas species detection in the lower atmosphere by<br />
lidar from remote sensing of atmospheric pollutants to possible air pollution<br />
abatement strategies”, Chapter 4 in “Laser Remote Sensing” Optical Engineering<br />
series Volume: 97, T. Fuji and T. Fukuchi eds., Taylor and Francis/CRC Press, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Esposito, D., C. Faraloni, F. Fasolo, A. Margonelli, G. Torzillo, A. Zanini and Maria<br />
Teresa Giardi, in Biotechnological Applications of Photosynthetic Proteins: Biochips,<br />
Biosensors and Biodevices, Maria Teresa Giardi and Elena V. Piletska (eds.),<br />
Biodevices for Space Research, Springer Science+ Business Media, New York, New<br />
York U.S.A. 212-215, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Moser, M. R., L. Desorgher, E. O. Flückiger, R. S. Miller, J. M. Ryan, J. R. Macri and<br />
M. L. McConnell, Solar neutron observation at ground-level and from space,<br />
Neutrinos and Explosive Events in the Universe, Series: NATO Science Series II:<br />
Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry, Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study<br />
Institute on Neutrinos and Explosive Events in the Universe, held in Erice, Italy, 2-13<br />
July 2004, M. M. Shapiro, Stanev, T., Wefel, J.P., eds., 209, 393-397, <strong>2005</strong>, Springer-<br />
Verlag, ISBN 1-4020-3747-3.<br />
Theses<br />
Dal Magro, L., S. Mamin, Development of a seeing monitor of type DIMM. Diploma<br />
thesis, HEIG-VD, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Durisi E., Study of a compact Neutron Source based on D-D fusion reaction for NCT<br />
application, PhD Thesis Universita’ Torino, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Huss, M. (<strong>2005</strong>). Gornergletscher, Gletscherausbrüche und Massenbilanzschätzungen<br />
(in German with English summary). Diplomarbeit, Abteilung für Glaziologie, VAW<br />
(unveröffentlicht), ETH-Zürich. pp. 176.<br />
Iannarelli R., Evaluation of radiation damages to instrumentation in Bepi Colombo<br />
mission to Mercure, Università Torino, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Weiss, P. (<strong>2005</strong>). Gletscherdynamik vor und nach der Entleerung des Gornersees im<br />
Sommer 2004. Diplomarbeit, Abteilung für Glaziologie, VAW (unveröffentlicht),<br />
ETH-Zürich. pp. 149.<br />
Data publications and reports<br />
Buchmann, B., Reimann, S. and Hüglin, Ch., The GAW-CH Greenhouse and<br />
Reactive Gases Programme at the Jungfraujoch, Veröffentlichung Nr. 70,<br />
MeteoSchweiz (Editor), ISSN: 1422-1381, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Bütikofer, R., and E.O. Flückiger, Neutron Monitor Data for Jungfraujoch and Bern<br />
during the Ground-Level Solar Cosmic Ray Event on 20 January <strong>2005</strong>, internal<br />
report, Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physikalisches Institut, University of<br />
Bern, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Gesundheit und Umwelttechnik Nr. 1, April <strong>2005</strong> (Organ der Schweiz. Vereinigung<br />
für Gesundheits- und Umwelttechnik SVG), Trichlorethan-Emissionen in Europa<br />
nach unten korrigiert. Neuste Resultate der Empa<br />
Kleffmann, J. and P. Wiesen: Final report to the DFG Pilot study: “Nitrous Acid<br />
204
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<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
(HONO) in Polar Regions”, in the DFG priority program: „Antarktisforschung mit<br />
vergleichenden Untersuchungen in arktischen Eisgebieten (SPP 1158)“, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Lelieveld, J., M. De Mazière, S. Fuzzi, C. Granier, N. Harris, Ǿ. Hov, U. Schumann<br />
(<strong>2005</strong>). Atmospheric Change and Earth System Science - AIRES III: Research<br />
Challenges.<br />
NABEL, Luftbelastung 2004, Schriftenreihe Umwelt Nr. 388 Luft, Bundesamt für<br />
Umwelt Wald und Landschaft, Bern <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
“Ozone, rayonnement et aérosols (GAW)” in Annalen 2004 MeteoSchweiz, Zürich<br />
(July <strong>2005</strong>) pp. 126-129.<br />
Technischer Bericht zum Nationalen Beobachtungsnetz für Luftfremdstoffe<br />
(NABEL), EMPA, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Umweltradioaktivität und Strahlendosen in der Schweiz, Bundesamt für Gesundheit,<br />
Abteilung Strahlenschutz, 2004 (in preparation).<br />
Popular publications and presentations<br />
Baltensperger, U. and E. Weingartner, Klimawirksamkeit von Partikeln, VCS-<br />
Magazin Leonardo, März <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Reimann, S. and B. Zierl, „Emissionen in Europa nach unten korrigiert“, empa News,<br />
1/<strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Handelsblatt, 03.02.<strong>2005</strong>, Ozonkiller geringer als angenommen.<br />
"La couche d'ozone se reconstruit. Des chercheurs de l'ULg étudient la composition<br />
chimique de l'atmosphère depuis un sommet suisse", with Pierre Duchatelet, Groupe<br />
Sud Presse, 17 March <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
NZZ, 03.02.<strong>2005</strong>, Europa emittiert noch immer verbotene Ozonabbaustoffe<br />
NZZ am Sonntag, 06.02.<strong>2005</strong>, Abschied vom Ozonloch.<br />
Swissinfo, „Europa produziert offenbar weniger Ozonkiller“, February 2, <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
Tages-Anzeiger, 03.02.<strong>2005</strong>, Ozon-Schadstoff über Europa.<br />
Umwelt Focus, Februar <strong>2005</strong>, Trichlorethan-Emissionen korrigiert.<br />
Walliser Bote, 03.02.<strong>2005</strong>, Deutlich tiefer – Emissionen von Ozon-Abbaustoff.<br />
Radio and television<br />
MTW, SF1, 03.02.<strong>2005</strong>, Eine gute Nachricht für unsere Ozonschicht: Weniger<br />
Trichlorethan.<br />
DRS2 aktuell am Abend, DRS2, 03.02.<strong>2005</strong>, Wider das Ozonloch.<br />
205
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
206
Index of research groups / institutes<br />
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
Research group / institute Project Page<br />
ABB Switzerland, Ltd.,<br />
Semiconductors<br />
Abteilung für Klima- und<br />
Umweltphysik,<br />
Physikalisches Institut,<br />
Universität Bern<br />
Belgian Institute for Space<br />
Aeronomy (BIRA – IASB)<br />
Berner Fachhochschule,<br />
Hochschule für Technik<br />
und Informatik (HTI),<br />
Photovoltaik-Labor<br />
Bundesamt für<br />
Landestopographie / Swiss<br />
Federal Office of<br />
Topography (swisstopo)<br />
Bundesamt für<br />
Strahlenschutz, Freiburg<br />
i.Br.<br />
Climate and Environmental<br />
Physics, University of Bern<br />
Cosmic ray induced failures in biased high power<br />
semiconductor devices<br />
CarboEurope-IP: Assessment of the European Terrestrial<br />
Carbon Balance<br />
http://www.climate.unibe.ch/<br />
http://www.lsce.cnrs-gif.fr/CE-atmosphere<br />
http://www.carboeurope.org<br />
Atmospheric physics and chemistry<br />
http://www.ncep.noaa.gov/<br />
http://www.nilu.no/projects/nadir<br />
http://nadir.nilu.no/calval/<br />
http://www.nilu.no/uftir<br />
www.oma.be/BIRA-IASB/<br />
Long-term energy yield and reliability of a high alpine PV<br />
(photovoltaic) plant at 3453 m<br />
http://www.pvtest.ch/<br />
http://egvap.dmi.dk/<br />
Automated GPS Network Switzerland (AGNES)<br />
http://www.swisstopo.ch<br />
http://www.knmi.nl/samenw/cost716/<br />
85 Kr <strong>Activity</strong> Determination in Tropospheric Air<br />
http://www.climate.unibe.ch<br />
135<br />
57<br />
77<br />
23<br />
53<br />
83<br />
Climate and Environmental<br />
Physics, Universität Bern<br />
Dipartimento di Fisica<br />
Nucleare e Teorica and<br />
INFN, Pavia University<br />
Temporal variation of stable isotopes in Alpine precipitation 119<br />
Measuring the flux of cosmic rays arriving nearly horizontally 129<br />
Division of Atmospheric<br />
Sciences, Department of<br />
Physical Sciences,<br />
University of Helsinki<br />
École Polytechnique<br />
Fédérale de Lausanne<br />
(EPFL)<br />
EMPA Dübendorf, Swiss<br />
Federal Laboratories for<br />
Materials<br />
Air ion concentrations, dynamics and their relation to new<br />
particle formation in Jungfraujoch, Switzerland<br />
http://www.atm.helsinki.fi<br />
Study of the atmospheric aerosols, water vapor and temperature<br />
by LIDAR<br />
http://lpas.epfl.ch/lidar/research/LidarJungfrau/Jungfrau.html<br />
Carbon monoxide and molecular hydrogen at Jungfraujoch<br />
http://empa.ch/abt134<br />
115<br />
13<br />
35<br />
207
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
Research group / institute Project Page<br />
EMPA Dübendorf, Swiss<br />
Federal Laboratories for<br />
Materials<br />
Monitoring of halogenated greenhouse gases<br />
http://www.empa.ch/abt134<br />
http://www.empa.ch/plugin/template/empa/700/*/---/l=2<br />
http://www.nilu.no/soge/<br />
25<br />
EMPA Dübendorf, Swiss<br />
Federal Laboratories for<br />
Materials<br />
EMPA Dübendorf, Swiss<br />
Federal Laboratories for<br />
Materials<br />
National Air Pollution Monitoring Network, NABEL<br />
http://www.empa.ch/nabel<br />
Emissions of Non-Regulated Oxidized Volatile Organic<br />
Compounds by advance GC-MS Technology (ENOVO)<br />
31<br />
39<br />
ETH Institute of<br />
Atmospheric and Climate<br />
Science<br />
Exercise Physiology, ETH-<br />
University of Zürich<br />
INAF - Istituto di<br />
Radioastronomia<br />
Innsbruck Medical<br />
University, Division for<br />
Biomedical Physics<br />
Institut d’Astrophysique et<br />
de Géophysique -<br />
Université de Liège<br />
Institut d’automatisation<br />
Industrielle, Haute Ecole<br />
d’Ingénierie et de Gestion<br />
Institut für Atmosphäre und<br />
Umwelt, Universität<br />
Frankfurt, Germany<br />
Institut für Umweltphysik,<br />
Universität Heidelberg<br />
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica<br />
Nucleare, Torino (Italy)<br />
Labor für Radio- und<br />
Umweltchemie der<br />
Universität Bern und des<br />
Paul Scherrer Instituts<br />
Measurements at the <strong>High</strong> Alpine Station Jungfraujoch to study<br />
the long range Transport and in-situ Photochemistry<br />
Short-term acclimatization to high altitude in children<br />
www.unizh.ch/physiol<br />
TIRGO – Telescopio Infrarosso del Gornergrat<br />
TIRGO web pages http://www.arcetri.astro.it/irlab/tirgo<br />
Tirgo data archive http://tirgo.arcetri.astro.it<br />
Solar UV irradiance<br />
http://www.uv-index.at<br />
<strong>High</strong> resolution, solar infrared Fourier Transform<br />
Spectrometry. Application to the study of the Earth atmosphere<br />
http://girpas.astro.ulg.ac.be/<br />
http://www.nilu.no/nadir/<br />
ftp://ndsc.ncep.noaa.gov/pub/ndsc/jungfrau/ftir<br />
Development of a seeing monitor for astronomical applications<br />
http://iai.eivd.ch/profs/fwi<br />
Volatile organic compounds (VOC) in air, snow and ice<br />
crystals and super-cooled droplets at high alpine research<br />
station Jungfraujoch during CLACE 4<br />
http://www.meteor.uni-frankfurt.de/b8.htm<br />
Long-term observations of 14 CO 2 at Jungfraujoch<br />
http://www.radiocarbon.org/IntCal04.htm<br />
http://www.iup.uni-heidelberg.de/institut/forschung/groups/kk/<br />
Neutron background measurements at Jungfraujoch Research<br />
Station<br />
www.to.infn.it/~zanini<br />
VITA Varves, Ice cores, and Tree rings – Archives with annual<br />
resolution<br />
http://lch.web.psi.ch/<br />
http://www.nccr-climate.unibe.ch/<br />
87<br />
145<br />
173<br />
141<br />
5<br />
137<br />
93<br />
61<br />
131<br />
153<br />
208
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
Research group / institute Project Page<br />
Laboratory of Atmospheric<br />
Chemistry, Paul Scherrer<br />
Institute<br />
Laboratory of<br />
Radiochemistry and<br />
Environmental<br />
Chemistry,Universität Bern<br />
Leibniz-Institut für<br />
Troposphärenforschung,<br />
Leipzig, Deutschland (IfT)<br />
Max Planck Institute for<br />
Chemistry, Mainz, Particle<br />
Chemistry Department<br />
MeteoSwiss, Payerne<br />
Global Atmosphere Watch Aerosol Program at the<br />
Jungfraujoch<br />
http://www.psi.ch/gaw<br />
http://www.psi.ch/lac<br />
http://aerosolforschung.web.psi.ch<br />
MeteoSwiss, Zurich The weather in <strong>2005</strong><br />
http://www.meteoschweiz.ch<br />
Physikalische Chemie /<br />
FBC, Bergische Universität<br />
Wuppertal<br />
Physikalisches Institut,<br />
Universität Bern<br />
Physikalisches Institut,<br />
Universität Bern<br />
I. Physikalisches Institut,<br />
Universität zu Köln<br />
Radioastronomisches<br />
Institut, Universität Bonn<br />
SONTEL - Solar Neutron Telescope for the identification and<br />
the study of high-energy neutrons produced in energetic<br />
eruptions at the Sun<br />
http://cosray.unibe.ch/<br />
http://stelab.nagoya-u.ac.jp/stewww1/div3/CR/Neutron/index.html<br />
Physikalisch-<br />
Meteorologisches<br />
Observatorium Davos,<br />
World Radiation Center<br />
Pneumology, Medizinische<br />
Klinik Innenstadt,<br />
University of Munich<br />
Source apportionment of carbonaceous aerosols with 14 C<br />
http://lch.web.psi.ch/analytic/members/project_soenke.html<br />
Sampling and physico-chemical characterisation of ice nuclei<br />
in mixed phase clouds<br />
http://www.tropos.de<br />
Mass spectrometric analysis of residuals from small ice<br />
particles and from super-cooled cloud droplets during the<br />
Cloud and Aerosol Characterization Experiments (CLACE)<br />
http://www.mpch-mainz.mpg.de/~clouds/<br />
Global Atmosphere Watch Radiation Measurements<br />
http://www.meteoswiss.ch/<br />
http://www.iapmw.unibe.ch/research/projects/STARTWAVE/s<br />
tartwave_dbs.html (IWV STARWAVE data)<br />
http://wrdc.mgo.rssi.ru/<br />
45<br />
85<br />
101<br />
89<br />
17<br />
159<br />
Measurements of nitrous acid (HONO) in the free troposphere 63<br />
Neutron Monitors - Study of solar and galactic cosmic rays<br />
http://cosray.unibe.ch/<br />
KOSMA - Kölner Observatorium für Submm-Astronomie<br />
http://www.ph1.uni-koeln.de<br />
http://www.ph1.uni-koeln.de/gg<br />
http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de<br />
http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de/~webrai/index.php<br />
Remote sensing of aerosol optical depth<br />
http://www.pmodwrc.ch,<br />
http://wdca.jrc.it/<br />
Change of peripheral lung function parameters in healthy<br />
subject acutely exposed to 3454 m<br />
www.bexmed.de<br />
121<br />
181<br />
169<br />
21<br />
151<br />
209
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
Research group / institute Project Page<br />
Relaisgemeinschaft HB9F<br />
Bern<br />
Operation of a 70 cm amateur beacon transmitter, operation of<br />
a 23 cm voice repeater station, study of high frequency<br />
propagation conditions.<br />
http://www.relais-hb9f.ch<br />
139<br />
School of Earth, Atmospheric<br />
and Environmental<br />
Sciences, University of<br />
Manchester<br />
CLoud Aerosol Characterisation Experiment 4 (CLACE 4) 97<br />
Section of Environmental<br />
Radioactivity, Radiation<br />
Protection Division of the<br />
Swiss Federal Office of<br />
Public Health<br />
Technische Universität<br />
Darmstadt, Institut für<br />
Angewandte Geowissenschaften,<br />
Umweltmineralogie<br />
University of Leicester<br />
University of Rome “La<br />
Sapienza”, Department of<br />
Physics<br />
Versuchsanstalt für<br />
Wasserbau, Hydrologie und<br />
Glaziologie,<br />
ETH Zentrum, Zürich<br />
Versuchsanstalt für<br />
Wasserbau, Hydrologie und<br />
Glaziologie,<br />
ETH Zentrum, Zürich<br />
Aerosol monitoring Station at the Jungfraujoch (RADAIR)<br />
http://www.bag.admin.ch/strahlen/ionisant/radio_env/document<br />
ation/d/document2001.php<br />
Identification of the ice forming fraction of the atmospheric<br />
aerosol in mixed-phase clouds by environmental scanning<br />
electron microscopy<br />
Composition Control in the Lower Free Troposphere<br />
http://www.le.ac.uk/chemistry/staff/psm7.html<br />
Study of detector to measure cosmic ray flux at large zenith<br />
angle<br />
Glacier outburst floods: A study of the processes controlling<br />
the drainage of glacier-dammed lakes<br />
http://www.vaw.ethz.ch/research/glaciology/glacier_hydraulics<br />
/gz_outburst_glacierdammed_lake<br />
http://www.glaciology.ch<br />
Variations of the Grosser Aletschgletscher<br />
http://www.vaw.ethz.ch/gz/<br />
41<br />
105<br />
113<br />
127<br />
185<br />
157<br />
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG: http://www.ifjungo.ch/<br />
Index of projects<br />
Project Research group / institute Page<br />
Aerosol monitoring Station at the Jungfraujoch (RADAIR)<br />
http://www.bag.admin.ch/strahlen/ionisant/radio_env/docume<br />
ntation/d/document2001.php<br />
Air ion concentrations, dynamics and their relation to new<br />
particle formation in Jungfraujoch, Switzerland<br />
http://www.atm.helsinki.fi<br />
Section of Environmental<br />
Radioactivity, Radiation<br />
Protection Division of the<br />
Swiss Federal Office of<br />
Public Health<br />
Division of Atmospheric<br />
Sciences, Department of<br />
Physical Sciences,<br />
University of Helsinki<br />
41<br />
115<br />
210
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
Project Research group / institute Page<br />
Atmospheric physics and chemistry<br />
http://www.ncep.noaa.gov/<br />
http://www.nilu.no/projects/nadir<br />
http://nadir.nilu.no/calval/<br />
http://www.nilu.no/uftir<br />
www.oma.be/BIRA-IASB/<br />
Automated GPS Network Switzerland (AGNES)<br />
http://www.swisstopo.ch<br />
http://www.knmi.nl/samenw/cost716/<br />
CarboEurope-IP: Assessment of the European Terrestrial<br />
Carbon Balance<br />
http://www.climate.unibe.ch/<br />
http://www.lsce.cnrs-gif.fr/CE-atmosphere<br />
http://www.carboeurope.org<br />
Carbon monoxide and molecular hydrogen at Jungfraujoch<br />
http://empa.ch/abt134<br />
Change of peripheral lung function parameters in healthy<br />
subject acutely exposed to 3454 m<br />
www.bexmed.de<br />
CLoud Aerosol Characterisation Experiment 4 (CLACE 4)<br />
Composition Control in the Lower Free Troposphere<br />
http://www.le.ac.uk/chemistry/staff/psm7.html<br />
Belgian Institute for Space<br />
Aeronomy (BIRA – IASB)<br />
Bundesamt für<br />
Landestopographie / Swiss<br />
Federal Office of<br />
Topography (swisstopo)<br />
Abteilung für Klima- und<br />
Umweltphysik,<br />
Physikalisches Institut,<br />
Universität Bern<br />
EMPA Dübendorf, Swiss<br />
Federal Laboratories for<br />
Materials<br />
Pneumology, Medizinische<br />
Klinik Innenstadt,<br />
University of Munich<br />
School of Earth, Atmospheric<br />
and Environmental<br />
Sciences, University of<br />
Manchester<br />
77<br />
53<br />
57<br />
35<br />
151<br />
97<br />
University of Leicester 113<br />
Cosmic ray induced failures in biased high power<br />
semiconductor devices<br />
Development of a seeing monitor for astronomical<br />
applications<br />
http://iai.eivd.ch/profs/fwi<br />
Emissions of Non-Regulated Oxidized Volatile Organic<br />
Compounds by advance GC-MS Technology (ENOVO)<br />
ABB Switzerland, Ltd.,<br />
Semiconductors<br />
Institut d’automatisation<br />
Industrielle, Haute Ecole<br />
d’Ingénierie et de Gestion<br />
EMPA Dübendorf, Swiss<br />
Federal Laboratories for<br />
Materials<br />
135<br />
137<br />
39<br />
Glacier outburst floods: A study of the processes controlling<br />
the drainage of glacier-dammed lakes<br />
http://www.vaw.ethz.ch/research/glaciology/glacier_hydraulic<br />
s/gz_outburst_glacierdammed_lake<br />
http://www.glaciology.ch<br />
Global Atmosphere Watch Aerosol Program at the<br />
Jungfraujoch<br />
http://www.psi.ch/gaw<br />
http://www.psi.ch/lac<br />
http://aerosolforschung.web.psi.ch<br />
Versuchsanstalt für<br />
Wasserbau, Hydrologie und<br />
Glaziologie,<br />
ETH Zentrum, Zürich<br />
Laboratory of Atmospheric<br />
Chemistry, Paul Scherrer<br />
Institute<br />
185<br />
45<br />
211
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
Project Research group / institute Page<br />
Global Atmosphere Watch Radiation Measurements<br />
http://www.meteoswiss.ch/<br />
http://www.iapmw.unibe.ch/research/projects/STARTWAVE/<br />
startwave_dbs.html (IWV STARWAVE data)<br />
http://wrdc.mgo.rssi.ru/<br />
<strong>High</strong> resolution, solar infrared Fourier Transform<br />
Spectrometry. Application to the study of the Earth<br />
atmosphere<br />
http://girpas.astro.ulg.ac.be/<br />
http://www.nilu.no/nadir/<br />
ftp://ndsc.ncep.noaa.gov/pub/ndsc/jungfrau/ftir<br />
MeteoSwiss, Payerne 17<br />
Institut d’Astrophysique et<br />
de Géophysique - Université<br />
de Liège<br />
5<br />
Identification of the ice forming fraction of the atmospheric<br />
aerosol in mixed-phase clouds by environmental scanning<br />
electron microscopy<br />
KOSMA - Kölner Observatorium für Submm-Astronomie<br />
http://www.ph1.uni-koeln.de<br />
http://www.ph1.uni-koeln.de/gg<br />
http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de<br />
http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de/~webrai/index.php<br />
Technische Universität<br />
Darmstadt, Institut für<br />
Angewandte Geowissenschaften,<br />
Umweltmineralogie<br />
I. Physikalisches Institut,<br />
Universität zu Köln<br />
Radioastronomisches<br />
Institut, Universität Bonn<br />
105<br />
169<br />
85 Kr <strong>Activity</strong> Determination in Tropospheric Air<br />
http://www.climate.unibe.ch<br />
Long-term energy yield and reliability of a high alpine PV<br />
(photovoltaic) plant at 3453 m<br />
http://www.pvtest.ch/<br />
http://egvap.dmi.dk/<br />
Long-term observations of 14 CO 2 at Jungfraujoch<br />
http://www.radiocarbon.org/IntCal04.htm<br />
http://www.iup.uniheidelberg.de/institut/forschung/groups/kk/<br />
Mass spectrometric analysis of residuals from small ice<br />
particles and from super-cooled cloud droplets during the<br />
Cloud and Aerosol Characterization Experiments (CLACE)<br />
http://www.mpch-mainz.mpg.de/~clouds/<br />
Measurements at the <strong>High</strong> Alpine Station Jungfraujoch to<br />
study the long range Transport and in-situ Photochemistry<br />
Bundesamt für<br />
Strahlenschutz, Freiburg<br />
i.Br.<br />
Climate and Environmental<br />
Physics, University of Bern<br />
Berner Fachhochschule,<br />
Hochschule für Technik und<br />
Informatik (HTI),<br />
Photovoltaik-Labor<br />
Institut für Umweltphysik,<br />
Universität Heidelberg<br />
Max Planck Institute for<br />
Chemistry, Mainz, Particle<br />
Chemistry Department<br />
ETH Institute of<br />
Atmospheric and Climate<br />
Science<br />
Measurements of nitrous acid (HONO) in the free troposphere Physikalische Chemie /<br />
FBC, Bergische Universität<br />
Wuppertal<br />
Measuring the flux of cosmic rays arriving nearly horizontally<br />
Dipartimento di Fisica<br />
Nucleare e Teorica and<br />
INFN, Pavia University<br />
83<br />
23<br />
61<br />
89<br />
87<br />
63<br />
129<br />
212
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
Project Research group / institute Page<br />
Monitoring of halogenated greenhouse gases<br />
http://www.empa.ch/abt134<br />
http://www.empa.ch/plugin/template/empa/700/*/---/l=2<br />
http://www.nilu.no/soge/<br />
EMPA Dübendorf, Swiss<br />
Federal Laboratories for<br />
Materials<br />
25<br />
National Air Pollution Monitoring Network, NABEL<br />
http://www.empa.ch/nabel<br />
Neutron background measurements at Jungfraujoch Research<br />
Station<br />
www.to.infn.it/~zanini<br />
Neutron Monitors - Study of solar and galactic cosmic rays<br />
http://cosray.unibe.ch/<br />
Operation of a 70 cm amateur beacon transmitter, operation of<br />
a 23 cm voice repeater station, study of high frequency<br />
propagation conditions.<br />
http://www.relais-hb9f.ch<br />
Remote sensing of aerosol optical depth<br />
http://www.pmodwrc.ch,<br />
http://wdca.jrc.it/<br />
Sampling and physico-chemical characterisation of ice nuclei<br />
in mixed phase clouds<br />
http://www.tropos.de<br />
Short-term acclimatization to high altitude in children<br />
www.unizh.ch/physiol<br />
Solar UV irradiance<br />
http://www.uv-index.at<br />
SONTEL - Solar Neutron Telescope for the identification and<br />
the study of high-energy neutrons produced in energetic<br />
eruptions at the Sun<br />
http://cosray.unibe.ch/<br />
http://stelab.nagoya-u.ac.jp/stewww1/div3/CR/Neutron/index.html<br />
Source apportionment of carbonaceous aerosols with 14 C<br />
http://lch.web.psi.ch/analytic/members/project_soenke.html<br />
Study of detector to measure cosmic ray flux at large zenith<br />
angle<br />
Study of the atmospheric aerosols, water vapor and<br />
temperature by LIDAR<br />
http://lpas.epfl.ch/lidar/research/LidarJungfrau/Jungfrau.html<br />
EMPA Dübendorf, Swiss<br />
Federal Laboratories for<br />
Materials<br />
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica<br />
Nucleare, Torino (Italy)<br />
Physikalisches Institut,<br />
Universität Bern<br />
Relaisgemeinschaft HB9F<br />
Bern<br />
Physikalisch-<br />
Meteorologisches<br />
Observatorium Davos,<br />
World Radiation Center<br />
Leibniz-Institut für<br />
Troposphärenforschung,<br />
Leipzig, Deutschland (IfT)<br />
Exercise Physiology, ETH-<br />
University of Zürich<br />
Innsbruck Medical<br />
University, Division for<br />
Biomedical Physics<br />
Physikalisches Institut,<br />
Universität Bern<br />
Laboratory of<br />
Radiochemistry and<br />
Environmental<br />
Chemistry,Universität Bern<br />
University of Rome “La<br />
Sapienza”, Department of<br />
Physics<br />
École Polytechnique<br />
Fédérale de Lausanne<br />
(EPFL)<br />
31<br />
131<br />
121<br />
139<br />
21<br />
101<br />
145<br />
141<br />
181<br />
85<br />
127<br />
13<br />
213
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
Project Research group / institute Page<br />
Temporal variation of stable isotopes in Alpine precipitation<br />
The weather in <strong>2005</strong><br />
http://www.meteoschweiz.ch<br />
TIRGO – Telescopio Infrarosso del Gornergrat<br />
TIRGO web pages http://www.arcetri.astro.it/irlab/tirgo<br />
Tirgo data archive http://tirgo.arcetri.astro.it<br />
Variations of the Grosser Aletschgletscher<br />
http://www.vaw.ethz.ch/gz/<br />
VITA Varves, Ice cores, and Tree rings – Archives with<br />
annual resolution<br />
http://lch.web.psi.ch/<br />
http://www.nccr-climate.unibe.ch/<br />
Volatile organic compounds (VOC) in air, snow and ice<br />
crystals and super-cooled droplets at high alpine research<br />
station Jungfraujoch during CLACE 4<br />
http://www.meteor.uni-frankfurt.de/b8.htm<br />
Climate and Environmental<br />
Physics, Universität Bern<br />
119<br />
MeteoSwiss, Zurich 159<br />
INAF - Istituto di<br />
Radioastronomia<br />
Versuchsanstalt für<br />
Wasserbau, Hydrologie und<br />
Glaziologie,<br />
ETH Zentrum, Zürich<br />
Labor für Radio- und<br />
Umweltchemie der<br />
Universität Bern und des<br />
Paul Scherrer Instituts<br />
Institut für Atmosphäre und<br />
Umwelt, Universität<br />
Frankfurt, Germany<br />
173<br />
157<br />
153<br />
93<br />
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG: http://www.ifjungo.ch/<br />
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Picture Gallery <strong>2005</strong> from http://www.ifjungo.ch<br />
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
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January: Signs of wind and weather at the Sphinx.<br />
February: View from Jungfraujoch by moonlight.<br />
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March: CLACE 4: CLoud and Aerosol Characterization Experiment. A<br />
partial view of the installations in the Sphinx.<br />
April: imachination: --<br />
Science and art by the<br />
German artist Tim Otto<br />
Roth<br />
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<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
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May: Students from the Kantonsschule Zürcher Unterland in Bülach (Switzerland)<br />
measuring the solar irradiance at Jungfraujoch as part of their "Research in Switzerland"<br />
project week with their tutor Kuno Strassmann from the University of Bern.<br />
June: incandescence hivernale -- ice crystal birds --<br />
Wolkenvögel. A moment caught on camera by Julie<br />
Cozic.<br />
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<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
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July: Construction site at Gornergrat.<br />
August: Dr. med. Susi Kriemler (ETH and University of Zurich) and a young test<br />
person at the Research Station Jungfraujoch during the ALTKIDS experiment.<br />
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<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
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September: Fascinating<br />
cloud formations as seen<br />
from Jungfraujoch.<br />
October: Construction scene at Gornergrat.<br />
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<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
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November: Astronomic dome of Observatory Gornergrat North.<br />
December: Sunset at Jungfraujoch.<br />
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<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
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<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
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<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
TIRGO 1980 - <strong>2005</strong>: 25 Years of History<br />
Presentation by Dr. Filippo Mannucci at the Jubilee Meeting of the Board<br />
HFSJG, October 21, <strong>2005</strong>, Interlaken<br />
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<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
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<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
<strong>Activity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2005</strong><br />
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<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
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<strong>International</strong> <strong>Foundation</strong> HFSJG<br />
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Acknowledgements<br />
We gratefully acknowledge financial support and support in kind from<br />
Swiss National Science <strong>Foundation</strong> (SNF), Bern<br />
Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique FNRS, Bruxelles<br />
Max-Planck Gesellschaft, München<br />
The Royal Society, London<br />
Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Rome<br />
Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien<br />
Schweizerische Akademie der Naturwissenschaften (scnat), Bern<br />
Jungfraubahn AG, Interlaken<br />
Gornergrat Bahn AG, Brig<br />
Burgergemeinde Zermatt, Zermatt<br />
Canton of Bern<br />
University of Bern<br />
Mammut Sports Group AG, Seon<br />
And our hearty thanks to all the individual research groups at Jungfraujoch<br />
and Gornergrat who contributed the scientific content of this<br />
report. Their enthusiasm and success, combined with their discipline<br />
and hard work, are our greatest motivation.<br />
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