Uttarakhand - Department of Land Resources
Uttarakhand - Department of Land Resources Uttarakhand - Department of Land Resources
SOIL AND MOISTURE CONSERVATION MEASURES The soil and moisture conservation treatment in arable and non arable areas are separate. In arable lands soil and moisture conservation measures can be broadly classified into two categories, viz; i. Biological, and ii. Mechanical and Engineering i. Biological or Vegetative measures are preferred in watershed development programs as they are eco friendly, sustainable and cost effective. These measures are normally adopted on lands having milder slopes, less run off and sediment flow. These can be adopted singly or in combination with mechanical measures depending upon the intensity of soil erosion problem. Commonly used biological measures consist of vegetative barriers, alley cropping, strip cropping, contour farming, tillage and mulching. ii. Mechanical and Engineering measures: In situations where biological measures only are insufficient to check erosion toward desirable level due to high velocity of run off or discharge, mechanical measures are needed. These measures not only check erosion but also conserve moisture for crop growth. Basically these measures constitute a series of mechanical barriers constructed a cross the slope to reduce or break the length of slope only or both the length and degree of slope to dissipate the energy of flowing water. Mechanical measures like bunding, terracing, leveling etc. are adopted in arable lands on relatively moderate to steep slopes. Non arable lands are those lands which are generally unsuitable for cultivation of agricultural crops due to one or more limitation of slope, erosion, stoniness, shallowness, wetness, flooding, climate etc. these wasted lands are formed due to misuse, over exploitation and non adoption of suitable conservation measures quite often, establishment of vegetation on these highly degraded lands is difficult due to higher run off / debris movement, lack of moisture and absence of fertile soil. Engineering or mechanical measures are, therefore, often needed before undertaking re-vegetation program to stabilize the slopes and create conditions conducive for plant growth by arresting fine soil and improving moisture status. For this purpose diversion drain, contour trenching, stone wall, half moon terracing, wattling followed by vegetation measures help control erosion. 118
Drainage line treatment is essential for a watershed as drainage lines carry run off and sediment flow. These drainage lines may have different forms such as drainage channel, gullies, natural/ artificial water ways, streams, rivers or torrents. Network of these drainage lines, quite often suffers from degradation due to uncontrolled run off and may go on extending and render and adjoining lands degraded. Drainage line treatment can be done through check dams which may be vegetative, temporary and gabion, Torrents also known as raos may be trained by construction of spurs, protection wall, embankments and bio fencing etc. WATER HARVESTING TECHNIQUES Various system of water harvesting depending upon the source of water supply may be implemented like (a) in-situ rain water harvesting can be done through bunding and terracing, contour farming, mulching etc. (b) rain water / direct surface run off harvesting through roof top collection, dug out ponds, storage tank, diversion bunds / channel etc. (c) Stream flow or run off harvesting through nala bunding, water harvesting dam, percolation tank/ ponds, (d) Sub surface flow harvesting. FORESTRY Afforestation means raising of forest crop on lands which are not already covered with the forests. Besides, production of fuel, fodder, fiber, fruits and timber, forests serve the important purpose of preservation of environment and conservation of soil and water. Although, existing vegetation gives a clear indication of the suitable species but the choice of the species depends upon various factors. Fast growing, top feed and drought resistant tree species capable of growing under adverse condition should be preferred for afforestation purposes. Species like Grewia optiva, Morus alba, Bauhinia, Salix alba, Robinia pseudoacacia, Eucalyptus, Populus spp. etc. could be taken up for plantation. Pasture or grassland management is forage production from all kinds of natural vegetation edible to livestock, mostly grasses and herbs, on the non- arable lands. Pasture or grasslands require management by initial range improvement measures, especially reseeding and planting, and kept in a state of optimum productivity by
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SOIL AND MOISTURE CONSERVATION MEASURES<br />
The soil and moisture conservation treatment in arable and non arable areas are<br />
separate. In arable lands soil and moisture conservation measures can be broadly<br />
classified into two categories, viz; i. Biological, and ii. Mechanical and Engineering<br />
i. Biological or Vegetative measures are preferred in watershed development<br />
programs as they are eco friendly, sustainable and cost effective. These<br />
measures are normally adopted on lands having milder slopes, less run <strong>of</strong>f and<br />
sediment flow. These can be adopted singly or in combination with mechanical<br />
measures depending upon the intensity <strong>of</strong> soil erosion problem. Commonly used<br />
biological measures consist <strong>of</strong> vegetative barriers, alley cropping, strip cropping,<br />
contour farming, tillage and mulching.<br />
ii. Mechanical and Engineering measures: In situations where biological<br />
measures only are insufficient to check erosion toward desirable level due to high<br />
velocity <strong>of</strong> run <strong>of</strong>f or discharge, mechanical measures are needed. These<br />
measures not only check erosion but also conserve moisture for crop growth.<br />
Basically these measures constitute a series <strong>of</strong> mechanical barriers constructed a<br />
cross the slope to reduce or break the length <strong>of</strong> slope only or both the length and<br />
degree <strong>of</strong> slope to dissipate the energy <strong>of</strong> flowing water. Mechanical measures<br />
like bunding, terracing, leveling etc. are adopted in arable lands on relatively<br />
moderate to steep slopes.<br />
Non arable lands are those lands which are generally unsuitable for cultivation <strong>of</strong><br />
agricultural crops due to one or more limitation <strong>of</strong> slope, erosion, stoniness,<br />
shallowness, wetness, flooding, climate etc. these wasted lands are formed due to<br />
misuse, over exploitation and non adoption <strong>of</strong> suitable conservation measures quite<br />
<strong>of</strong>ten, establishment <strong>of</strong> vegetation on these highly degraded lands is difficult due to<br />
higher run <strong>of</strong>f / debris movement, lack <strong>of</strong> moisture and absence <strong>of</strong> fertile soil.<br />
Engineering or mechanical measures are, therefore, <strong>of</strong>ten needed before<br />
undertaking re-vegetation program to stabilize the slopes and create conditions<br />
conducive for plant growth by arresting fine soil and improving moisture status. For<br />
this purpose diversion drain, contour trenching, stone wall, half moon terracing,<br />
wattling followed by vegetation measures help control erosion.<br />
118
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