Practices in managing finfish aquaculture using RAS technologies ...
Practices in managing finfish aquaculture using RAS technologies ...
Practices in managing finfish aquaculture using RAS technologies ...
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<strong>Practices</strong> <strong>in</strong> manag<strong>in</strong>g f<strong>in</strong>fish <strong>aquaculture</strong> us<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>RAS</strong> <strong>technologies</strong>, the Dutch example<br />
O. Schneider 1x , E. Schram 1 , M. Poelman 1 , Ep Ed<strong>in</strong>g 4<br />
A. Rothuis 2 , A. van Duijn 3 , H. van der Mheen 1<br />
1<br />
IMARES Wagen<strong>in</strong>gen UR, Korr<strong>in</strong>gaweg 5, 4401 NT Yerseke<br />
2<br />
M<strong>in</strong>istry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality, P.O.Box 20401, 2500EK Den Haag<br />
3<br />
LEI Wagen<strong>in</strong>gen UR, Alexanderveld 5, 2585 DB, Den Haag<br />
4<br />
Wagen<strong>in</strong>gen Univeristy, Mariejkeweg 40, Wagen<strong>in</strong>gen<br />
x<br />
oliver.schneider@wur.nl
Outl<strong>in</strong>e<br />
• Dutch <strong>aquaculture</strong> sector<br />
• Susta<strong>in</strong>ability<br />
• Pitfalls, Challenges & Opportunities<br />
• Conclusions<br />
IMARES
Dutch <strong>aquaculture</strong> sector<br />
Trickl<strong>in</strong>g filter<br />
Fish tanks<br />
Lamella<br />
sedimentation unit<br />
Courtesy Fleuren & Nooijen BV, Someren, The Netherlands<br />
IMARES
Dutch <strong>aquaculture</strong> sector<br />
150,000<br />
100,000<br />
50,000<br />
0<br />
Fish<br />
Shellfish<br />
IMARES
<strong>RAS</strong> – technical concept<br />
FISH<br />
TREATMENT<br />
After Kamstra, 1998. Wegwijzer <strong>in</strong> de pal<strong>in</strong>g teelt.<br />
IMARES
The Wagen<strong>in</strong>gen approach to Susta<strong>in</strong>ability: biological & social<br />
Planet<br />
<strong>in</strong>stitutions<br />
Policy & limit<strong>in</strong>g conditions<br />
Society<br />
<strong>technologies</strong><br />
Products<br />
Gene/ Molecule<br />
planet<br />
profit<br />
Gene/ Molecule<br />
people<br />
IMARES
The Wagen<strong>in</strong>gen approach to Susta<strong>in</strong>ability: biological & social<br />
Planet<br />
<strong>in</strong>stitutions<br />
Policy & limit<strong>in</strong>g conditions<br />
Society<br />
<strong>technologies</strong><br />
Products<br />
Gene/ Molecule<br />
planet<br />
profit<br />
Gene/ Molecule<br />
people<br />
IMARES
<strong>RAS</strong> - the Dutch context (production 1000MT)<br />
6 2004<br />
2007<br />
5<br />
2009<br />
4<br />
3<br />
2<br />
1<br />
0<br />
IMARES
35<br />
Susta<strong>in</strong>ability – Economy (no of farms)<br />
30<br />
25<br />
20<br />
2004<br />
2007<br />
2009<br />
15<br />
10<br />
5<br />
0<br />
IMARES
Susta<strong>in</strong>ability – Economy (e.g. turbot)<br />
17%<br />
13%<br />
12%<br />
13%<br />
20%<br />
F<strong>in</strong>gerl<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Feed<br />
Others<br />
Labour<br />
Investment<br />
Capital<br />
25%<br />
IMARES
Susta<strong>in</strong>ability – Economy meets Ecology<br />
40000<br />
35000<br />
30000<br />
25000<br />
€36,234<br />
Cost of waste discharge (/100 ton catfish production <strong>in</strong> Hungary<br />
(green) & The Netherlands (yellow) <strong>in</strong> 2006<br />
20000<br />
15000<br />
€14,411<br />
€10,625<br />
10000<br />
5000<br />
€1,946 €527<br />
€247<br />
0<br />
Flow though <strong>RAS</strong> & drum filter & septic<br />
tank *<br />
<strong>RAS</strong> & drumfilter &<br />
flocculation **<br />
*Based on Kamstra & vd. Heul, 1999, ** based on Ebel<strong>in</strong>g et al., 2005<br />
IMARES
The Wagen<strong>in</strong>gen approach to Susta<strong>in</strong>ability: biological & social<br />
Planet<br />
<strong>in</strong>stitutions<br />
Policy & limit<strong>in</strong>g conditions<br />
Society<br />
<strong>technologies</strong><br />
Products<br />
Gene/ Molecule<br />
planet<br />
profit<br />
Gene/ Molecule<br />
people<br />
IMARES
Susta<strong>in</strong>ability – Ecology (water use)<br />
12<br />
m³/kg fresh weight<br />
10<br />
8<br />
6<br />
4<br />
2<br />
0<br />
Pigs:<br />
(farrow-f<strong>in</strong>ish)<br />
Eggs<br />
Milk (per<br />
liter)<br />
Pellet-fed<br />
pond<br />
<strong>RAS</strong> –<br />
Clarias<br />
<strong>RAS</strong> – Eel <strong>RAS</strong> –<br />
Turbot<br />
Verdegem et al<br />
IMARES
Susta<strong>in</strong>ability – Ecology (feed/waste manipulation)<br />
Faeces from basal diet<br />
Faeces from modified diet<br />
Courtesy Br<strong>in</strong>ker et al 2010<br />
IMARES
Susta<strong>in</strong>ability – Ecology (waste treatment)<br />
Sludge flow<br />
1.<br />
1.<br />
Sewer<br />
3.<br />
2.<br />
IMARES
The Wagen<strong>in</strong>gen approach to Susta<strong>in</strong>ability: biological & social<br />
Planet<br />
<strong>in</strong>stitutions<br />
Policy & limit<strong>in</strong>g conditions<br />
Society<br />
<strong>technologies</strong><br />
Products<br />
Gene/ Molecule<br />
planet<br />
profit<br />
Gene/ Molecule<br />
people<br />
IMARES
Feed<br />
System<br />
Footpr<strong>in</strong>t<br />
Waste<br />
Transport<br />
IMARES
g CO2 / kg fish<br />
Susta<strong>in</strong>ability – Ecology (CO 2 Foot pr<strong>in</strong>t & LCA)<br />
<strong>RAS</strong><br />
Pond<br />
2000<br />
1800<br />
1600<br />
1400<br />
1200<br />
1000<br />
800<br />
600<br />
400<br />
200<br />
0<br />
<strong>RAS</strong>: 3.8 CO 2 per kg fish<br />
Pond 5.0 kg CO 2 per kg fish<br />
IMARES
The Wagen<strong>in</strong>gen approach to Susta<strong>in</strong>ability: biological & social<br />
Planet<br />
<strong>in</strong>stitutions<br />
Policy & limit<strong>in</strong>g conditions<br />
Society<br />
<strong>technologies</strong><br />
Products<br />
Gene/ Molecule<br />
planet<br />
profit<br />
Gene/ Molecule<br />
people<br />
IMARES
Susta<strong>in</strong>ability – Social & Governance<br />
• Society<br />
• Natural resources (fish meal & oil, seeds, water, energy, food miles)<br />
• Welfare (husbandry, transport, slaughter)<br />
• Sticht<strong>in</strong>g Milleukeur, Global GAP, ASC<br />
• Self organization (NeVeVI, NGVA, Future for eel)<br />
• National Governance<br />
• Rules & Frameworks<br />
• F<strong>in</strong>ancial stimulation based on susta<strong>in</strong>ability <strong>in</strong>dicators<br />
• European Governance & Strategy<br />
• Water directive<br />
• Veter<strong>in</strong>ary directive<br />
• Exotic species directive<br />
IMARES
Pitfalls, Challenges & Opportunities<br />
African catfish<br />
• ~30 years, no substantial market<br />
Barramundi<br />
• no market, 1 st placement <strong>in</strong>ferior quality<br />
Happy Shrimp<br />
• limited market, too high cost price<br />
Tilapia<br />
• not competitive<br />
IMARES
Pitfalls, Challenges & Opportunities<br />
Profit<br />
• Pangasius, Tilapia, Cod, Turbot, Flounder<br />
• Supermarkets (susta<strong>in</strong>ability & product safety & quality)<br />
• Cost price<br />
Planet<br />
• Resource use<br />
• Waste management<br />
People<br />
• Eel<br />
• Reproduction & susta<strong>in</strong>ability dialogue<br />
• (Mar<strong>in</strong>e) Waste management<br />
• Certifications (GlobalGAP, Aquaculture Stewardship Council)<br />
IMARES
Pitfalls, Challenges & Opportunities<br />
Species driven<br />
• African catfish Consolidation<br />
• Claresse new market<br />
• Eel dialogue & assessment<br />
• Sturgeon Caviar less fisheries & illegal practices<br />
• Sole product replacement<br />
• Yellowtail k<strong>in</strong>gfish product replacement<br />
• Worm pond culture<br />
System driven<br />
• Zeeland Sole extensive IMTA on land<br />
• Shrimps Biofloc systems<br />
• Urban <strong>RAS</strong><br />
• <strong>RAS</strong> export (e.g. to Norway, Africa, South America & Asia)<br />
IMARES
Conclusions<br />
• Dutch <strong>aquaculture</strong> sector = <strong>in</strong>novative<br />
• Well structured governance framework<br />
• Stakeholders dialogues & several umbrella organisations<br />
• Instruments <strong>in</strong> place to develop susta<strong>in</strong>able sector<br />
• animal welfare, nutrient emissions, new species, drug use & others<br />
• Some pitfalls & issues, but as well several opportunities<br />
IMARES
Dutch Seafood for the future?<br />
IMARES
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