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CHAPTER 5: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS concentrations to those below acute or chronic effects levels. This reduction in risk will contribute to achievement of the management goals for the site, which are stated as follows: • Sediment, surface water quality, and food source conditions capable of supporting terrestrial, aquatic, and semi-aquatic plant and wildlife populations that would typically be found in Full Tidal and Managed Tidal coastal wetland habitats, and non-tidal Seasonal Ponds. • Sediment, surface water quality, and food source conditions supportive of individuals of special-status biota and migratory birds protected under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act likely to be found in Full Tidal and Managed Tidal coastal wetland habitats, and nontidal Seasonal Ponds. 5.3 Recommendations Chemicals that were not identified as COECs fall into two categories: (a) those that have low or no potential for exposure or risk and (b) those that have no known reference toxicity values for the receptors we evaluated. The development of clean-up strategies for these chemicals is not recommended. Chemicals identified as COECs in the Bolsa Chica Lowlands are recommended for further evaluation or remediation. Clean-up goals should be developed based on the receptors that may be at risk. The integrated nature of the exposure (through surface water, sediment/soil and food web pathways) demonstrates a need to remove the contamination at the source. In most instances, clean-up of COECs in the sediment/soil would provide the greatest opportunity to reduce the risk through improving the habitat and reducing the exposure potential to lower trophic organisms and thus reducing the contamination throughout the food chain. The following factors should be considered in the development of clean-up goals: • Magnitude of observed concentrations and toxic concentrations as defined by the reference toxicity values in this ERA • Likelihood of persistence of contamination without remediation • Functional value and uniqueness of the Bolsa Chica site in relation to the surrounding area • Recovery potential of the site • Short-term and long-term impacts of clean-up on the site habitat and larger ecosystem • Effectiveness of a clean-up effort; that is, whether there are other continuing, nearby contaminant releases that will continue to adversely affect the ecosystem after cleanup is implemented The results of the ERA provide adequate information to evaluate the need for clean-up and appropriate levels of clean-up. However, additional delineation of individual sites is needed to determine the bounds of the clean-up effort. SAC/143368(005.DOC) 5-7 ERA REPORT 7/31/02
SECTION 6 References Abbasi, S. A. and R. Soni. 1983. Stress-induced enhancement of reproduction in earthworm Octochaetus pattoni exposed to chromium (VI) and mercury (II) – Implications in environmental management. Intern. J. Environ. Stud. 22: 43-47. Abdel-Rahman, M. S., J. J. Saladin, C. E. Bohman, and D. Coure. 1978. The effect of 2-hexanone and 2-hexanone metabolites on pupillomotor activity and growth. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 39: 94-99. Ambrose, A. M., P. S. Larson, J. F. Borzelleca, and G. R. Hennigar, Jr. 1976. Long-term toxicologic assessment of nickel in rats and dogs. J. Food Sci. Tech. 13: 181-187. ASTM. 1990. Standard Guide for Conducting 10-Day Static Sediment Toxicity Tests with Marine and Estuarine Amphipods. ASTM Designation: E 1367-90. American Society for Testing and Materials. Bengtsson, G. and L. Tranvik. 1989. Critical metal concentrations for forest soil invertebrates. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 47: 381-417. Bennett, J., et al. 1996. Preliminary Level I Preacquisition Environmental Contaminant Survey of the Koll Company, Bolsa Chica Lowlands and Edwards Thumb Uplands. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Carlsbad, CA. March 6. Beyer, W. N. and C. Stafford. 1993. Survey and evaluation of contaminants in earthworms and in soils derived from dredged material at confined disposal facilities in the Great Lakes region. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 24: 151-165. Beyer, W. N., E. Conner, and S. Gerould. 1994. Survey of Soil Ingestion by Wildlife. J. Wildl. Manage. 58: 375-382. Biomedical and Environmental Information Analysis (BEIA). 1989. The installation restoration program toxicology guide, Vols. 2 and 3. Health and Safety Research Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory for Harry G. Armstrong Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory. Bisessar, S. 1982. Effect of heavy metals on microorganisms in soils near a secondary lead smelter. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 17: 305-308. Burmaster, D. E., and D. A. Hull. 1997. Using Lognormal Distributions and Lognormal Probability Plots in Probabalistic Risk Assessments. Human Ecol. Risk Assess. 3: 235-255. Byron, W. R., G. W. Bierbower, J. B. Brower, and W. H. Hansen. 1967. Pathological changes in rats and dogs from two-year feeding of sodium arsenite or sodium arsenate. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 10: 132-147. California Department of Fish and Game and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (CDFG/USFWS). 1976. The Natural Resources of Anaheim Bay-Huntington Harbor. Coastal Wetland Series #18. August. SAC/143368(006.DOC) 6-1 ERA REPORT 7/31/02
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REVISED FINAL VOLUME I Ecological R
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CONTENTS 3. Analysis...............
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CONTENTS 3-21 Summary of EC 50 s an
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Executive Summary The Bolsa Chica L
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The ERA report ev
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY “focused sampli
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Exposure point co
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY sample. However,
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The chemicals in
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SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION • Sedimen
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SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION Assessment
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SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION Based on th
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SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION 1.5 Organiz
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SECTION 2:PROBLEM FORMULATION The L
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SECTION 2:PROBLEM FORMULATION 2.2.1
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SECTION 2:PROBLEM FORMULATION 2.4.1
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SECTION 2:PROBLEM FORMULATION The f
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SECTION 2:PROBLEM FORMULATION Benth
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SECTION 2:PROBLEM FORMULATION Fish
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SECTION 3: ANALYSIS The field sampl
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SECTION 3: ANALYSIS CAR Sites A tot
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SECTION 3: ANALYSIS 3.1.2 Data Eval
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SECTION 3: ANALYSIS Pesticides were
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SECTION 3: ANALYSIS copper were det
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SECTION 3: ANALYSIS For five of the
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SECTION 3: ANALYSIS the subsurface
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SECTION 3: ANALYSIS 3.1.4 Exposure
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SECTION 3: ANALYSIS 3.1.4.2 Exposur
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