Influence of the Processes Parameters on the Properties of The ...

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Chapter 2. <strong>Processes</strong> to Manufacture Foams and to Functionalize <strong>the</strong> Surface well as <strong>the</strong> resistance to water <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> material, not only from <strong>the</strong> improvement <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> dispersion homogeneity <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> filler in <strong>the</strong> matrix, but also thanks to a modification <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> interface quality. 6 Conclusion Different processes for manufacturing scaffolds were discussed in detail with advantages and disadvantages. Scaffolds obtained by each technique posses typical structure and morphology and can be used as per requirement. Scaffolds for tissue engineering should encourage <strong>the</strong> growth, migration, and organization <strong>of</strong> cells, providing support while <strong>the</strong> tissue is forming <strong>the</strong> scaffolds will be replaced with host cells and a new extracellular matrix which in turn should provide functional and mechanical properties, similar to native tissue. The material and <strong>the</strong> 3-D structure <strong>of</strong> scaffolds have a significant effect on cellular activity. Depending on <strong>the</strong> tissue <strong>of</strong> interest and <strong>the</strong> specific application, <strong>the</strong> required scaffold material and its properties will be quite different. Gas foaming technique to manufacture scaffolds discussed with reference to kinetics and <strong>the</strong>rmodynamic approach. Diffusion, plasticization <strong>of</strong> polymer, nucleation and desorption phenomena <strong>the</strong>ory play an important role during scaffold forming by gas foaming. The experimental results obtained by this technique will be discussed extensively in <strong>the</strong> later chapters. - 60 -
Chapter 3 Chapter 3 Analytical Methods and Designs <strong>of</strong> Experiments This chapter is primarily devoted to <strong>the</strong> <strong>the</strong>oretical description <strong>of</strong> experimental facilities and analytical techniques employed during <strong>the</strong> experimental work. Differential scanning Calorimetry (DSC) was used to measure <strong>the</strong> glass transition temperature and <strong>the</strong> melting temperature <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> polymers and o<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong>rmal data. Viscosimetry and laser granulometry were used for <strong>the</strong> polymer viscosity and particle size characterization. Various microscopic techniques such as porosity analysis, X-ray microtomography and scanning electron micrography (SEM) were used. Macroscopic methods such as Brazilian test, surface energy analysis were applied. 1 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) Phase transition analysis techniques are based on <strong>the</strong> ability to transfer heat to a material and monitor its effects. This class <strong>of</strong> techniques is known as <strong>the</strong>rmal analysis. Several techniques can be used to determine <strong>the</strong> glass transition temperature (T g ), <strong>of</strong> bio-polymeric materials, including differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and dynamic mechanical <strong>the</strong>rmal analysis (DMTA). 1.1 Generalities on Thermal Transitions <strong>of</strong> Polymers Thermal analysis encompasses a wide variety <strong>of</strong> techniques such as: <strong>the</strong> measurement <strong>of</strong> heating curves, dynamic adiabatic calorimetry, differential <strong>the</strong>rmal analysis, DTA differential scanning calorimetry, DSC <strong>the</strong>rmogravimetry, TG <strong>the</strong>rmal mechanical analysis, TMA dynamic mechanical <strong>the</strong>rmal analysis, DMTA - 61 -
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Institut National Polytechnique de
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iii Dedicated to My Fathe</
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pleased I was to work with all memb
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Publications and Conferences The wo
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Nomenclature and Abbreviations Abbr
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ρ p Pellet density Splitting (Bra
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Chapter 2 .........................
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6.2.1 Surface Tensions of</
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4.1 Effect of <str
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3.2 Experiments on PLA/Waxes Scaffo
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List of Figures Fi
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Figure 4.28: Incremental Intrusion
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Figure 6.36: Micrographs of
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Figure 8.32: Slice images o
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List of Tables Tab
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Table 8.1: Polymers with different
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iological performance. Biocompatibi
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Thesis Introduction Chapter 1 Chapt
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Chapter 1. Polylactide Based Bio-Ma
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Chapter 1. Polylactide Based Bio-Ma
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Chapter 5. Characterization <strong
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