Influence of the Processes Parameters on the Properties of The ...

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Acknowledgements There are many who have contributed in small and large ways to <strong>the</strong> completion <strong>of</strong> this dissertation and to whom I give special thanks for what <strong>the</strong>y have given and what I have learned from <strong>the</strong>m. I thank my Lord and Savior for his grace and mercy that has blessed me since before I was born. The research subject <strong>of</strong> this <strong>the</strong>sis was performed in <strong>the</strong> laboratory Institute Carnot - Centre Interuniversitaire de Recherche Ingénierie Materiaux, <strong>the</strong> team " SURF / Surfaces : Réactivité-Protection. I am first <strong>of</strong> all very grateful to Francis MAURY, Director and CIRIMAT Raja Chatila, LAAS director, for having me in <strong>the</strong>ir respective laboratory. I wish to thank Francis and Alain for welcoming me in <strong>the</strong>ir team and for <strong>of</strong>fering me this PhD exciting subject. I am deeply indebted to my supervisor Pr<strong>of</strong>. Alain Lamure, who provided me an opportunity to perform this work and for his constant support, guidance and fellowship to carry out this Ph.D <strong>the</strong>sis in his supervision, and also for helping me to have better perspective in my scientific thinking. Alain, thanks for giving me your trust. Thank you for <strong>the</strong> freedom that you left me appropriating for this research topic and for your support in all circumstances. Thank you also and especially for your friendliness and <strong>the</strong> way you always focus on human relationships. I would like to express my deep appreciation for his availability even passing through a critical health condition, many valuable suggestions and discussions that led to <strong>the</strong> progress and my personal growth. Francis, I want to thank you for <strong>the</strong> advice you've provided throughout three and half years. I would also like to express my gratitude to my two informal co-supervisors present in <strong>the</strong> jury: first, Veronique SANTARN, DG ICELLTIS, allowed me to work with her and expand my knowledge in tissue engineering biotechnology. A lot <strong>of</strong> thanks, not only to participate in my <strong>the</strong>sis committee but also for her widespread availability throughout <strong>the</strong> <strong>the</strong>sis tenure. Thank you for your help, your invaluable advice, your encouragement, time and resources you have spent. I take along a part <strong>of</strong> your optimism. On <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r hand, Nadine LE BOLAY, pr<strong>of</strong>essor at LGC, who introduced me into <strong>the</strong> world <strong>of</strong> powder technology and size reduction processes in a very active way, consulting has always been welcome. None <strong>of</strong> this research would have been possible without <strong>the</strong> financial support <strong>of</strong> Higher Education Commission <strong>of</strong> Pakistan and CNRS Toulouse. I would also like to thank those who agreed to judge my work: Ms.Nadine LE BOLAY, pr<strong>of</strong>essor at Université Paul Sabatier, Laboratoire de Genie Chimique for her interest in this work and to honor us by accepting it to chair <strong>the</strong> commission <strong>the</strong>sis, Ms Elisabeth BADENS, Génie Chimique Génie des procédés and Responsable Equipe Procédés & Fluides SupercritiquesUniversité Paul Cézanne (Aix-Marseille III) for <strong>the</strong> interest in this work by agreeing to be reporters, Mr.Bertrand Charrier, Maitre de conférence, at Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, for agreeing to review <strong>the</strong> manuscript. I express my gratitude to both <strong>the</strong> reporters, for <strong>the</strong>ir interest in this work whose memory critically and benevolent permit to improve <strong>the</strong> content. A lot <strong>of</strong> thanks to all individuals, with those I had worked in CIRIMAT, LGC and LAAS for <strong>the</strong>ir instant help and kindness. This work was mainly carried out within <strong>the</strong> SURF team. I want to express how i
pleased I was to work with all members <strong>of</strong> SURF team, I am very grateful to <strong>the</strong> permanent (Constantin VAHLAS, François SENOCQ, Alain GLEIZES, Nadine PEBER, Corinne Lacaze-DUFAURE, Claire TENDERO, Maelen AUFRAY, Diane SAMELOR, Daniel SADOWSKI) and all o<strong>the</strong>r non-permanent doctoral students. The geographical position <strong>of</strong> my <strong>of</strong>fice also allowed me to mix several PPB and MEMO team members and enjoy <strong>the</strong>ir support as a scientific point <strong>of</strong> view that morale. In this team I really enjoyed <strong>the</strong> discussions with Christian REY, Christèle COMBES, Christophe DROUET, David GROSSIN, Olivier MARSAN, Gerard DECHAMBRE, Cedric CHARVILLAT, Françoise BOSC, Dominique BONSIRVEN. I thank <strong>the</strong>m for <strong>the</strong>ir availability in <strong>the</strong> daily routine. In this team, I also express my sympathy to Solène TADIER, Ahmed AL KATTAN, Imane DEMNATI and o<strong>the</strong>r members for <strong>the</strong>ir friendly guidance. Within CIRIMAT, I also had <strong>the</strong> opportunity to be in contact with members <strong>of</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r teams at different floors. I want to thank <strong>the</strong>m for <strong>the</strong>ir cordial welcome and assistance Bernard VIGUIER, Jacques LACAZE, Christine BLANCK, Jeanne Marie ALCARAZ, Aline PERIES, Christine Marie LAFONT, Dominique POQUILLON, Julitte HUEZ, Djar OQUAB, Eric ANDRIEU, Jean-Claude SALABURA, Ronan MAINGUY, Yannick THEBAULT, Alexander FREUND and many researchers and students. Thank you to for your availability and efficiency whenever I need you in difficulty. I will never forget <strong>the</strong> beautiful moments I shared with my friends at CIRIMAT during <strong>the</strong>se 3 years especially useful discussions with Ahmed, Lyasin, solene, and many o<strong>the</strong>rs. I thank you for useful discussions and <strong>the</strong> interaction we shared on a daily basis. My abilities as a researcher and pr<strong>of</strong>essional have grown from working with all <strong>of</strong> you. I have made many valuable friendships during my stay in <strong>the</strong> SURF group. I would first like to say a great thank you to Jaime Puig-Pey GONZÁLEZ and Christel AUGUSTIN, Lyacine ALOUI, Guilhaume BOISSELIER, Sabrina MARCELIN and Aneesha VARGHESE. I was also well received and much learned in <strong>the</strong> lab than at home. I really appreciate your friendship and I keep firmly in mind that "we can get in <strong>the</strong> way <strong>of</strong> happiness." It will not be fair to mention here Revathi BACSA who had always provided a moral support in difficult situations during my stay in laboratory. During my experimentations in LAAS, my work would not have been possible without <strong>the</strong> unconditional support <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> clean room team, and more particularly Laurent RABBIA and Vincent PERRUT, Their cooperation helped me working with supercritical equipment. In LGC, I would be thankful to Séverine CAMY and Jean-Stéphane CONDORET for facilitating and helping in conducting <strong>the</strong> foaming process on supercritical CO 2 pilot plant. Their technical knowledge and skill enhance my abilities while working on this system. I was also very pleased to have participated in <strong>the</strong> supervision <strong>of</strong> several projects <strong>of</strong> engineering students in ENSIACET: Selmi Erim BOZBAG, Sandrine AUSSET, Tristan DESPLECHIN, Arnaud VIEYRES, Rodrigues TIAGO, Capdevielle MARION, Hochman LÉA, Pasco OLIVIER, Alexandre FRANCOIS, Cyril BESNARD, Sophie RISSE, Erika Martínez PÉREZ and Nora GALLEGO LEIS through <strong>the</strong>ir internship on various projects related to polymers and foaming. Moreover, I want to thank all <strong>of</strong> INP, ENSIACET, LGC, LAAS and more especially Claude, Max, Sylvia, Ahmid, <strong>the</strong> guys in <strong>the</strong> shop, cleaning women for <strong>the</strong>ir hospitality, <strong>the</strong>ir friendliness and good humor. Special thanks to Usman ASHRAF, Rameez KHALID, Umer HAYAT, Nadeem MIRZA and Muhammad ILYAS for your hospitality in Toulouse and moments <strong>of</strong> relaxation and discussion I had <strong>the</strong> pleasure to share with you. Rameez and Usman <strong>of</strong>fered me a piece <strong>of</strong> "Sooth" when I came here and I look forward to see you again and to collect more in <strong>the</strong> coming years ...Ali, Saad and Umar Farooq, I ii
Page 1 and 2: Institut National Polytechnique de
Page 4: iii Dedicated to My Fathe</
Page 10 and 11: Publications and Conferences The wo
Page 12 and 13: Nomenclature and Abbreviations Abbr
Page 14: ρ p Pellet density Splitting (Bra
Page 17 and 18: Chapter 2 .........................
Page 19 and 20: 6.2.1 Surface Tensions of</
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Page 23 and 24: 3.2 Experiments on PLA/Waxes Scaffo
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Page 36 and 37: Table 8.1: Polymers with different
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Chapter 1. Polylactide Based Bio-Ma
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Chapter 2. Processes</stron
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Chapter 3. Analytical Methods and D
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. Chapter 3. Analytical Methods and
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Chapter 4. Experimental Procedures
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Chapter 5 - 112 -
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Chapter 5. Characterization <strong
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