Influence of the Processes Parameters on the Properties of The ...

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Thesis Introduction Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Bibliographic Snyn<strong>the</strong>sis Polylactides Based Bio Materials <strong>Processes</strong> to Manufacture Porous Bio-Composites and to Functionalize <strong>the</strong> Surface Analytical Methods and Designs <strong>of</strong> Experiments Experimentation Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Experimental Procedures and Protocols for Analysis Characterization <strong>of</strong> Scaffolds for Connective Tissue Engineering Optimization <strong>of</strong> Scaffolds Properties for Connective Tissue Engineering Characterization <strong>of</strong> Scaffolds for Calcified Tissue Engineering Optimization <strong>of</strong> Scaffolds Properties for Calcified Tissue Engineering Conclusion . - 4 -
Chapter 1 Chapter 1 Polylactides Based Bio-Materials In this chapter, we present a bibliographic syn<strong>the</strong>sis divided in three parts. The first one deals with generalities on bio-composites, <strong>the</strong>ir uses in tissue engineering and bone regeneration applications. The second one concerns polyester based biomaterials, and in particular those used in this study polylactides such as polylactic acid and poly (lactide-co-glycolide acid). Finally, <strong>the</strong> third part deals with adjuvant and fillers. We focus on hyaluronic acid, amorphous calcium phosphate and - calcium phosphate which are <strong>the</strong> fillers retained for <strong>the</strong> study. 1 Introduction to Bio Composites A bio-composite is a material formed by a matrix (resin) and a reinforcement <strong>of</strong> natural fibres or particles (usually derived from plants or cellulose). Their application has wide-range uses from environment-friendly biodegradable composites to biomedical composites for drug/gene delivery, tissue engineering applications and cosmetic orthodontics. They <strong>of</strong>ten mimic <strong>the</strong> structures <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> living materials involved in <strong>the</strong> process in addition to <strong>the</strong> streng<strong>the</strong>ning properties <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> matrix that was used but still providing biocompatibility, e.g. in creating scaffolds in bone and cartilage tissue engineering. Such markets are significantly rising, mainly because <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> increase in oil price, and recycling and environment necessities. Bio-composites are characterised by <strong>the</strong> fact that: <strong>the</strong> petrochemical resin is replaced by a vegetable or animal resin, and/or <strong>the</strong> bolsters (fibreglass, carbon fibre or talc) are replaced by natural fibres (wood fibres, hemp, flax, sisal, jute etc.). In biomaterials, it is important that each constituent <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> composite must be biocompatible and biodegradable. Moreover, <strong>the</strong> interface between constituents should not be degraded by <strong>the</strong> body environment. Normally, bio-composite materials can be classified into three groups: Particulate composites, Fibrous composites, 5
Page 1 and 2: Institut National Polytechnique de
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Chapter 2. Processes</stron
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Chapter 5. Characterization <strong
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