Influence of the Processes Parameters on the Properties of The ...

4.4 Distribution <strong>of</strong> Pores .............................................................................................................................................. 54
5 Manufacturing <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Composite Biomaterials ............................................................................................ 56
5.1 Fundements <strong>of</strong> Co-grinding Process ...................................................................................................................... 56
5.1.1 Mechanism <strong>of</strong> Size Reduction .................................................................................................................... 56
5.1.2 Fragmentation Mechanisms ........................................................................................................................ 57
5.1.3 Agglomeration Phenomena ......................................................................................................................... 57
5.2 Obtention <strong>of</strong> Composites by <strong>the</strong> Co-grinding Process ........................................................................................... 58
6 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................... 60
Chapter 3 ........................................................................................................................................................ 61
1 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) .................................................................................................... 61
1.1 Generalities on Thermal Transitions <strong>of</strong> Polymers ................................................................................................. 61
1.2 First Order Transitions ........................................................................................................................................... 62
1.3 Second Order Transition ........................................................................................................................................ 63
2 Intrinsic Viscosity ........................................................................................................................................ 64
2.1 Molecular Mass <strong>of</strong> Polymer and Viscosity ............................................................................................................ 64
2.2 General Principle <strong>of</strong> Viscosity Measurement ........................................................................................................ 64
2.3 The Mark-Houwink Relationship (MHR).............................................................................................................. 66
2.4 The Mark-Houwink Constants <strong>of</strong> Polylactides and Hyaluronic Acid .................................................................... 66
3 Laser Granulometry Method ........................................................................................................................ 67
3.1 Granulometry ......................................................................................................................................................... 67
3.2 Principle <strong>of</strong> Laser Analysis .................................................................................................................................... 67
3.2.1 Rayleigh’ Theory ........................................................................................................................................ 68
3.2.2 Lorenz-Mie’ Theory .................................................................................................................................... 68
3.2.3 Fraunh<strong>of</strong>er’ Theory ..................................................................................................................................... 69
4 Sorption Analysis ......................................................................................................................................... 70
5 Microscopic Methods to Analyze Porous Structures ................................................................................... 70
5.1 Methods to Determine Porosity ............................................................................................................................. 70
5.1.1 Geometric Porosity ..................................................................................................................................... 70
5.1.2 Mercury Porosimetry .................................................................................................................................. 71
5.1.3 X-ray Microtomography ............................................................................................................................. 72
5.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy Observations ........................................................................................................ 72
5.2.1 Bases <strong>of</strong> Image Analysis ............................................................................................................................. 73
5.2.2 Morphological Filtering .............................................................................................................................. 74
6 Macroscopic Methods .................................................................................................................................. 75
6.1 Mechanical Brazilian Tests .................................................................................................................................... 75
6.1.1 Principle <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Test .................................................................................................................................... 75
6.1.2 Compression <strong>of</strong> Porous Materials ............................................................................................................... 76
6.2 Surface Energy Experiments ................................................................................................................................. 77
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