Download - Center for Social Sciences
Download - Center for Social Sciences
Download - Center for Social Sciences
You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles
YUMPU automatically turns print PDFs into web optimized ePapers that Google loves.
socialur mecnierebaTa seria<br />
qarTuli politika:<br />
xelisufleba da<br />
politikuri procesi<br />
momzadebulia socialur mecnierebaTa centris<br />
akademiuri stipendiis safuZvelze<br />
saleqcio kursi<br />
socialuri mecnierebebis magistraturisaTvis<br />
malxaz macaberiZe<br />
Tbilisi<br />
2006
socialur mecnierebaTa seria<br />
mTavari redaqtori:<br />
enobrivi redaqtori:<br />
marine CitaSvili<br />
lia kaWarava<br />
dakabadoneba, ydis dizaini:<br />
giorgi bagrationi<br />
© socialur mecnierebaTa centri, 2006<br />
© <strong>Center</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>Social</strong> <strong>Sciences</strong>, 2006<br />
q. Tbilisi, 0108, T. WoveliZis q. # 10<br />
el. fosta: contact@ucss.ge<br />
internet gverdi: www.ucss.ge<br />
wigni momzadebulia da gamocemulia `socialur mecnierebaTa centris”<br />
(<strong>Center</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>Social</strong> <strong>Sciences</strong>) mier, fondis OSI – Zug, budapeStis Ria<br />
sazogadoebis institutis umaRlesi ganaTlebis mxardaWeris<br />
programis (HESP) finansuri xelSewyobiT<br />
The book has been published by the <strong>Center</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>Social</strong> <strong>Sciences</strong>, sponsored by<br />
the OSI-Zug Foundation and the Higher Education Support Program (HESP)<br />
of the Open Society Institute-Budapest.<br />
ISBN: 99940 - 872 - 3 - 1<br />
2
ibyffhcb<br />
ITCFDFKB .......................................................................................................................................................6<br />
STVF :& CF[TKVOBAJT,HBJ,BC CFAE>DKT,B.................................................................................................7<br />
MFHSEKB GJKBNBREHB FPHJDYT,BC TDHJGTBPFWBF.............................................................................................7<br />
LTVJRHFNBBC MFHSEKB VJLTKBC >BT,F ...........................................................................................................8<br />
OFHCEKBC UF[CTYT,F _ UPF VJVFDKBCRTY ......................................................................................................10<br />
9 FGHBKB ...................................................................................................................................................11<br />
STVF ::& LFVJERBLT,KJ,BC 15 OTKB% VBQOTDT,B LF ITWLJVT,B ...........................................................12<br />
KBNDFV UFFRTSF BC^ HBCB UFRTST,FW CFMFHSDTKJCFW EYLJLF ..........................................................................12<br />
ITWLJVT,B LFVJERBLT,KJ,BC UPFPT.............................................................................................................14<br />
LFVJERBLT,KJ,BC 15 OTKB% HFC VBDFQOBTS ...................................................................................................15<br />
HTDJKEWBBC 16 UFVFH]DT,F .........................................................................................................................16<br />
[TKBCEAKT,BC VBQOTDT,B LF XFDFHLYT,B.......................................................................................................17<br />
VFHN KFFHB% CFMFHSDTKJC ,TLB EF[KJTCB THSYF[TDFHB OKBC UFYVFDKJ,FIB UFLFO.LT,F................................18<br />
SFDB :::& THJDYEKB ECFAHS[JT,F............................................................................................................19<br />
GFHKFVTYNVF THJDYEKB ECFAHS[JT,BC RJYWTAWBBC ITVEIFDT,F VJBS[JDF ........................................................19<br />
THJDYEKB ECFAHS[JT,F LBLB CFAHS[BC OBYFIT .............................................................................................21<br />
CNHFNTUBEKB GFHNYBJHJ,BLFY GHFUVFNEK SFYFVIHJVKJ,FVLT.....................................................................22<br />
CFAHS[TT,B UFYCFPQDHEKBF _ BCBYB XHLBKJTSBLFY UDTVEMHT,F.....................................................................23<br />
CFV[TLHJ CNHFNTUBF CFAHS[TT,BC OBYFFQVLTU...............................................................................................24<br />
SFDB :|& DFHLT,BC HTDJKEWBF LF CFV[HTS RFDRFCBBC MDT.YT,B ...........................................................26<br />
2003 _ CFV[HTS RFDRFCBBC CFFHXTDYJ OTKB...................................................................................................26<br />
GJCNCF,ZJEHB FHXTDYT,BC ATYJVTYB ..............................................................................................................27<br />
DFHLT,BC HTDJKEWBF CFMFHSDTKJIB.............................................................................................................28<br />
DFHLT,BC HTDJKEWBBC CFVB UFYC[DFDT,EKB [TLDF...........................................................................................29<br />
[FDTHLJDFYB HTDJKEWBT,B LF UTJGJKBNBRF .................................................................................................30<br />
HFNJV UF[LF DFHLT,BC HTDJKEWBF ITCF>KT,TKB CFMFHSDTKJIB....................................................................31<br />
[FDTHLJDFYB HTDJKEWBBC CJV[TSIB FH ITLUF................................................................................................32<br />
DFHLT,BC HTDJKEWBF LF CFMFHSDTKJC CEFVTKB GFHNYBJHT,B.........................................................................33<br />
SFDB |& SFDBCEAKT,BCFRTY COHFADFC UKJ,FKEHB LTVJRHFNBEKB HTDJKEWBBCFRTY VBD.FDFHS...34<br />
GHTPBLTYN ,EIBC VFHIHENBC KJUBRF ...........................................................................................................34<br />
CFMFHSDTKJC LTVJRHFNBEKB VBCBF ...............................................................................................................36<br />
LBLB WDKBKT,T,BC [FYF ..............................................................................................................................36<br />
HFNJV FH XFVJDBLYTY S,BKBCIB CJV[TSBC LF FPTH,FB]FYBC GHTPBLTYNT,B.......................................................39<br />
F[FKB BFKNBC BLTF ....................................................................................................................................40<br />
VTNB LTVJRHFNBBC CEHDBKB .........................................................................................................................42<br />
CFMFHSDTKJ LF UKJ,FKEHB LTVJRHFNBBC GTHCGTMNBDT,B...............................................................................43<br />
SFDB |:& THJDYEKB SFY[VJ,BCFRTY VBVFDFKB UPF..................................................................................45<br />
]TH RBLTD ,TDHB RBS[DF GFCE[UFEWTVTKBF ....................................................................................................45<br />
THJDYEKB ITHBUT,BC HSEKB UPF .................................................................................................................46<br />
DBY BN.DBC CBVFHSKTC UFLFNHBFKT,BC ITCF[T,..............................................................................................47<br />
SFY[VJ,BC >BT,F OFHCEKBC ITCF[T,..............................................................................................................49<br />
UPF NJKTHFYNJ,BCF LF CFVJMFKFMJ BYNTUHFWBBCFRTY....................................................................................50<br />
THJDYEKB RJYCTYCECBC CEHDBKB....................................................................................................................52<br />
3
SFDB |::& CFMFHSDTKJC RJYCNBNEWBEHB UFYDBSFHT,F .........................................................................53<br />
@DFHLT,BC HTDJKEWBF# RJYCNBNEWBFIB ........................................................................................................53<br />
CF[TKVOBAJT,HBDB VJO.J,BC F[FKB VJLTKB.................................................................................................54<br />
DTYTWBBC RJVBCBF CFMFHSDTKJC RJYCNBNEWBBC CHEK.JAFC EHXTDC& ...................................................................55<br />
GJKBNBRJCT,B LF BYCNBNENT,B ...................................................................................................................56<br />
CF[TKBCEAKJ ,FKFYCB MFHSEK CBYFVLDBKTIB...............................................................................................58<br />
MFHSEKB GJKBNBRF ;DFYBFC CBRDLBKBC ITVLTU EAHJ [BCNB UF[LF..................................................................59<br />
HFC VJBNFYC GHTVBTH-VBYBCNHBC GFHKFVTYNBC OTDHJ,F...................................................................................60<br />
SFDB |:::& GJCNHTDJKEWBEHB UFYDBSFHT,BC CFRBS[T,B ........................................................................62<br />
DFHLT,BC [TKBCEAKT,BCFUFY HTDJKEWBBC LFVSFDHT,FC BS[JDTY......................................................................62<br />
HJUJH BVFHST,F CFMFHSDTKJ ......................................................................................................................63<br />
DFHLT,BC HTDJKEWBF TRJYJVBREHB GHJ,KTVT,BC OBYFIT.................................................................................64<br />
CFMFHSDTKJC LTVJRHFNBEKB BYCNBNENT,BC VITYT,KJ,F CZBHLT,F.................................................................66<br />
RFYJYBC EPTYFTCJ,BC EPHEYDTK.JAF _ LTVJRHFNBEKB CF[TKVOBAJC VITYT,KJ,BC EVYBIDYTKJDFYTCB FVJWFYF ...67<br />
CF[TKVOBAJC VITYT,KJ,F VJ[TKTT,BCFLVB WBDBKBPT,EK LFVJRBLT,EKT,FC VJBS[JDC .....................................68<br />
SFDB :\& CFMFHSDTKJ LF CFTHSFIJHBCJ LTVJRHFNBEKB CNFYLFHNT,B...........................................70<br />
TDHJCF,ZJ LTVJRHFNBEKB UFYDBSFHT,BC UPBCRTY VBUDBSBST,C .....................................................................70<br />
TDHJGBC CF,ZJ VTN LTVJRHFNBFC VJBS[JDC ...................................................................................................71<br />
LTVJRHFNBEKB CNFYLFHNB LF FLFVBFYBC EAKT,FSF LFWDF CFMFHSDTKJIB .......................................................73<br />
CF[TKVOBAJ LTGFHNFVTYNBC FYUFHBIB% FVTHBREKB ITAFCT,F LF MFHSEKB HTFMWBF.............................................75<br />
CFMFHSDTKJ FVTHBRTKT,BCSDBC LTVJRHFNBBC CBV,JKJL HXT,F ........................................................................77<br />
UFEV]J,TCLF SE FHF LTVJRHFNBBC [FHBC[B CFMFHSDTKJIB.............................................................................78<br />
CFMFHSDTKJ UFYOBHEKBF LTVJRHFNBBCFSDBC ..................................................................................................80<br />
LTVJRHFNBF CFV[HTS RFDRFCBFIB....................................................................................................................81<br />
SFDB \& GHTPBLTYNBC BYCNBNENB............................................................................................................83<br />
GHTPBLTYNBC BYCNBNENB LF F[FKB CFMFHSDTKJ ............................................................................................83<br />
V[CYTKB KBLTHBC VJKJLBYB ........................................................................................................................84<br />
GHTPBLTYNB LF VBCB UFHTVJWDF.....................................................................................................................85<br />
UDZBHLT,F SE FHF GHTPBLTYNBC BYCNBNENB( ................................................................................................86<br />
SFDB \:& GFHKFVTYNB ................................................................................................................................87<br />
GFHKFVTYNBC THSB OTKB .............................................................................................................................87<br />
GFHKFVTYNBC F[FKB GTHCGTMNBDT,B .............................................................................................................889<br />
CFGFHKFVTYNJ HTRJHLB _ 453 RFYJYB THS OTKBOFLIB.................................................................................91<br />
CFRFYJYVLT,KJ VEIFJ,BC VBQOTDT,B LF [FHDTPT,B.........................................................................................91<br />
JHGFKFNBFYB GFHKFVTYNBC RJYNEHT,B .........................................................................................................92<br />
50 VF;JHBNFHBCUFY ITVLUFHB CTYFNB .......................................................................................................92<br />
VF;JHBNFHT,B RFHUFL VEIFJ,FC DTH F[TH[T,TY............................................................................................ 95<br />
HFC ITWDKBC HBUUFHTIT CFGFHKFVTYNJ FHXTDYT,B ......................................................................................... 95<br />
SFDB \::& GFHNBT,B LF CFPJUFLJT,HBDB JHUFYBPFWBT,B ..................................................................... 97<br />
2005 OTKB% F[FKB GFHNBT,B LF CFVJMFKFMJ JHUFYBPFWBT,B.......................................................................... 97<br />
VTVFH]DTYTJ,F VTVFHW[TYT KJPEYUT,BC MDT.FYFIB......................................................................................... 97<br />
RJYREHTYWBF TDHJGBC CF[FK[J GFHNBFIB ITCFCDKTKFL ................................................................................. 98<br />
CFMFHSDTKJC VODFYTSF TDHJGEKB FQBFHT,F ................................................................................................. 99<br />
FHFCFVSFDHJ,J JHUFYBPFWBT,BC HBW[DB BPHLT,F .......................................................................................99<br />
CFKJVT PEHF,BIDBKBC @MFHSEKB UPF#........................................................................................................ 99<br />
FYNBUKJ,FKEHB BLTJKJUBBC >BT,F .......................................................................................................... 101<br />
4
SFDB \::: CFMFHSDTKJ F[FKB CFFHXTDYJ WBRKBC OBY ....................................................................... 102<br />
GJCNHTDJKEWBEHB FHXTDYT,BC SFDBCT,EHT,FYB ........................................................................................... 102<br />
HTDJKEWBEHB TBAJHBBC ITVLTU................................................................................................................. 105<br />
DBC [TKIBF FHXTDYT,BC ,TLB...................................................................................................................... 105<br />
IEFKTLEHB FHXTDYT,BC ITLTUT,B............................................................................................................... 107<br />
HTBNBYUEKB ,H>JKT,B ............................................................................................................................ 109<br />
CFMFHSDTKJIB GJKBNBRJCT,BCF LF GFHNBT,BC LTABWBNBF............................................................................ 110<br />
2006 OKBC VFBCB% CFPJUFLJT,BC CFFHXTDYJ UFYO.J,F .................................................................................. 112<br />
SFDB \:|& [TKBCEAKT,F LF JGJPBWBF................................................................................................ 114<br />
[TKBCEAKT,F LF JGJPBWBF% EHSBTHSJ,BC RJYAHJYNFWBEKB VJLTKB .......................................................... 114<br />
[TKBCEAKT,BC HTBNBYUB ITVWBHLF^ VFUHFV JGJPBWBF RJYREHTYWBFC VFBYW DTH EOTDC...................................... 116<br />
JGJPBWBF ]TH RBLTD XFVJ.FKB,T,BC CNFLBFIBF.......................................................................................... 117<br />
JGJPBWBBC VTVJHFYLEVB ............................................................................................................................ 119<br />
CFL VBUDB.DFYC LFGBHBCGBHT,BC TCRFKFWBF ................................................................................................... 121<br />
LBFKJUBC VJS[JDYF LFGBHBCGBHT,BC UPBS ...................................................................................................122<br />
SFDB \|& VTLBF LF CFPJUFLJT,HBDB FPHB.......................................................................................... 124<br />
SFDBCEAFKB VTLBF _ LTVJRHFNBBC EVSFDHTCB VJYFGJDFHB^ HJVTKCFW LFWDF CZBHLT,F .................................. 124<br />
CF[FK[J LFVWDTKB MFHSEKB VTLBBC GHJ,KTVT,BC ITCF[T,.......................................................................... 125<br />
SFDB \|:& FLUBKJ,HBDB SDBSVVFHSDTKJ,F ....................................................................................... 126<br />
CFMFHSDTKJC NTHBNJHBEKB VJO.J,BC CFRBS[B RDKFD FMNEFKEHBF............................................................. 126<br />
@ATLTHFKBPFWBBC# FYE CFMFHSDTKJC RJYNHJKBCF LF LFYFOTDHT,BC UTUVF.................................................... 127<br />
HJLBC BMYT,F CHEKAFCJDFYB SDBSVVFHSDTKJ,F .......................................................................................... 128<br />
UPF TATMNEHB SDBSVVFHSDTKJ,BCFRTY........................................................................................................ 130<br />
GBHLFGBHB FHXTDYT,B _ JGJPBWBBC VSFDFHB VJS[JDYF ................................................................................. 131<br />
SDBSVVFHSDTKJ,BC VJKJLBYB................................................................................................................... 132<br />
S,BKBCBC VTHBC FHXTDF _ JGJPBWBBC NHFLBWBEKB CFVBPYT ......................................................................... 134<br />
DBY FBHXTDC S,BKBCBC VTHC........................................................................................................................ 135<br />
THE GEORGIAN POLITICS: GOVERNMENT AND POLITICAL PROCESSE........................................................ 135<br />
5
itcfdfkb<br />
byntycbehb cfvfubcnhj ctvbyfhbc vbpfybf vbc vjyfobktt,c cfiefkt,f vbcwtc cofdkbc<br />
lhjc vbqt,ekb stjhbekb wjlyf lf rdktdbc vtsjlt,b ufvjb.tyjy mdt.fyfib vbvlbyfht<br />
gjkbnbrehb ghjwtct,bc fyfkbpbc lhjc& tc rfhub itcf>Kt,kj,ff hjujhw stjhbekb<br />
wjlybc ufcfqhvfdt,kfl^ bct rdktdbc eyfh-xdtdt,bc lfcfeakt,kfl&<br />
vbvlbyfht gjkbnbrehb ghjwtct,bc fyfkbpb cfbynthtcj^ fvfdt lhjc efqhtcfl hsekb<br />
cfmvtf^ hflufyfw vjdktyt,b cohfafl dbsfhlt,f^ cfdctf vjekjlytkj,t,bs lf bc^ hfw lqtc<br />
cfrfvfsjf^ [dfk itb>kt,f erdt uflfo.dtnbkb b.jc lf bcnjhbbc resdybkt,f uf[ltc&<br />
vbvlbyfht gjkbnbrehb ghjwtct,bc fyfkbpbcfc fewbkt,tkbf ofhcekbc ufsdfkbcobyt,f&<br />
tc udt[vfht,f lfdbyf[js vjdktyfsf ufydbsfht,bc ntyltywbt,b lf lqtdfyltkb ghj,ktvfnbrbc<br />
bcnjhbekb atcdt,b^ vtvrdblhtj,bsj,f^ fylf^ gbhbmbs^ vrdtshb ufhlfnt[f gjkbnbreh<br />
ghjwtct,ib* itcf>Kt,kj,fc b>ktdf itdflfhjs ofhcekbcf lf sfyfvtlhjdt vblujvt,b thsb<br />
lf bubdt^ fy vcufdcb cfrbs[t,bc uflfo.dtnbc lhjc&<br />
ctvbyfhbc afhukt,ib^ mfhsekb gjkbnbrbc fyfkbpbcfc^ .ehflqt,f vf[dbklt,f lqbc<br />
otchbuib vlufh fmnefkeh ghj,ktvt,pt& w[flbf^ vfsb yfobkb lhjsf ufyvfdkj,fib >dtklt,f<br />
lf obyf hbuib cek c[df cfrbs[t,b^ pju]th chekbfl vjekjlytkbw ufvjlbc& fvfdt lhjc^<br />
mfhsekb gjkbnbrbc itcofdkbc lhjc itb>Kt,f ufvjb.jc @velvbdb# ghj,ktvfnbrf^ hjvtksf<br />
uflfo.dtnfw vjrkt lhjib ite>kt,tkbf&<br />
ctvbyfhek veifj,fc cfae>dkfl eltdc%<br />
_ itcf,fvbc stvfpt ufvjmdt.yt,ekb fyfkbnbrehb vfcfkt,bc ufwyj,f*<br />
_ vfcvtlbbc rjyntyn-fyfkbpb*<br />
_ cftmcgthnj ufvjrbs[dt,b&<br />
.jdtkb stvbc itcfcofdkfl ufvj.jabkbf evsfdhtcb rbs[dt,b^ hfptw lqtc thsvybidytkjdfyb<br />
gfce[t,b fh fhct,j,c lf rdkfdfw ufyc]bcf lf fphsf zblbkbc cfufybf& ufyc[dfdt,ekb<br />
vjcfpht,t,bc ufwyj,f^ vfsb itlfht,f lf cfresfhb gjpbwbbc ufycfpqdhf^ fvbcfsdbc afmnj,-<br />
hbdb vfcfkbc vj>Bt,f bc upff^ hfw .jdtkb cfrbs[bc itcofdkbc lhjc eylf ufdbfhjs& fvfcsfy^<br />
lblbf fk,fsj,f bvbcf^ hjv ctvbyfhbc vjyfobktsf lfcrdyt,b lf ghj,ktvfsf [tldf fh bmyt,f<br />
thsyfbhb& rfvfsb rb rfhub itcf>Kt,kj,ff cfresfhb gjpbwbbc lfwdbc^ ufyc[dfdt,ekb fphbc<br />
vjcvtybc lf cfthsj lfcrdybc ufvjnfybc reknehbc lfcfvrdblht,kfl&<br />
6
stvf :& cf[tkvobajt,hbj,bc cfae>dkt,b<br />
o mfhsekb gjkbnbrehb fphjdyt,bc tdhjgtbpfwbf<br />
pehf, ;dfybfc [fyuh>kbdb gjkbnbrehb rfhbthblfy ths-ths .dtkfpt lfcfvf[cjdht,tk<br />
ahfpfl lfhxf cnhfc,ehuib^ tdhjcf,zjib cfmfhsdtkjc vbqt,bc lhjc ofhvjsmvekb cbn.dt-<br />
,b% @vt dfh mfhsdtkb lf^ vfifcflfvt^ dfh tdhjgtkb#& fv cbn.dt,c lqtc lblb gjkbnbrehb<br />
lfndbhsdf uffxybf lf ufvj[fnfdc mdt.ybc fhxtdfyc hjujhw cfufhtj^ bct cfibyfj gjkbnbrfib&<br />
lqtdfyltkb gjkbnbrehb ufyfw[flbc vbqvf rb lufc cfmfhsdtkjc tdhjgekj,bc bcnjhbekb<br />
lf reknehekb cfae>dkt,bc ghj,ktvf&<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc tdhjgekj,fib^ w[flbf^ fh buekbc[vt,f bc afmnb^ hjv cfv[hts rfdrfcbfc^<br />
cflfw cfmfhsdtkj vlt,fhtj,c^ tdhjgfc fresdyt,ty& cfmfhsdtkjc tdhjgekj,fib buekbc[vt-<br />
,f fv mdt.ybc vjcf[ktj,bc vbth tdhjgekb afctekj,t,bc ufpbfht,f lf fv afctekj,t,pt<br />
jhbtynfwbf& fv cfrbs[bc seylfw ptlfgbhekb ufy[bkdf qhvfl ofudb.dfyc bcnjhbfib^ cflfw<br />
itudb>kbf dyf[js^ hjv cfmfhsdtkjc lfcfdkts tdhjgbcufy lfvjerblt,kfl [fyuh>kbdb<br />
ehsbthsj,f /mjylf >dtk cf,th>ytssfy^ mdt.fyfcsfy^ cfblfyfw ijhtek cfsfdtc bqt,c sfdfl<br />
tdhjgekb afctekj,t,b&<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc tdhjgekj,fpt cfe,hbcfc itb>Kt,f ufdb[ctyjs cfereytt,bc ufyvfdkj,fib<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc cohfadf tdhjgbcfrty& \| cfereyblfy vnhek ufhtvjwdfib vfhnjl lfhxtybkb<br />
cfmfhsdtkjcsdbc vcjakbj^ itb>kt,f bsmdfc^ jh yfobkfl b.jajlf% @cfmhbcnbfyjl#^<br />
hjvkbc ufyfgbhf yfobkfl sfdc ufyb[bkfdlf lf ufhtvjvwdtk veckbveh cfv.fhjl^ hjvkbc<br />
itvjntdbcufyfw sfdbcb sdbsv.jaflj,bc lfwdfc wlbkj,lf& mhbcnbfyekb tdhjgf cfmfhsdtkjcsdbc<br />
ofhvjlut,jlf itcf>Kj vjrfdibhbcf lf lfv[vfhbc cf[bs^ vfuhfv ufhlf fvbcf^<br />
tdhjgf b.j erdt bv wjlybc vfnfht,tkb^ hjvkbc yfrkt,j,fw cfmfhsdtkjib erdt buh>yj,jlf&<br />
fv jhbdt vbptpbc ufvj hjvbc gfgbc vbth ufvjupfdybkb vbcbjytht,b^ hjujhw otcb^ lblb<br />
gfnbdbs cfhut,kj,lyty cfmfhsdtkjib&<br />
fvfdt lhjc^ mfhsek gjkbnbreh fphjdyt,fib \|::: cfereybc ief[fyt,blfy itcfvxytdbf<br />
vtnfl vybidytkjdfyb ufhlfnt[f& vfyfvlt mdt.fyfib fhct,ekb rhbpbcekb dbsfht,bc lf<br />
vfyrbtht,t,bc lf>Ktdf tcf[t,jlfs hjujhw >dtkb^ vnht,bc lf >ytk,tlj,bc itltufl<br />
itkf[ekb o.j,bkt,bc lf cjwbfkehb ehsbthsj,t,bc fqlutyf& \|::: cfereybc vtjht<br />
yf[tdhblfy rb cek eahj >kbthlt,f htajhvt,bc ufy[jhwbtkt,bc cehdbkb^ hjvkbc<br />
itltuflfw cfmfhsdtkjib eylf uflvjtnfyfs tdhjgekb cf[tkvobaj o.j,bc^ cfv[tlhj cfmvbc<br />
lf ufyfskt,bc vbqotdt,b& fv gthbjlblfy mfhsek gjkbnbreh ktmcbrjyib vrdblhlt,f sfdfl<br />
cbn.df @gjkbnbrf#^ @gfhnbf#^ @vfcjyb# lf vhfdfkb c[df^ dhwtklt,f bvlhjbyltkb tdhjgbc<br />
gjkbnbrehb bltt,b^ ufyfskt,ek ohtt,ib ufycfresht,ekb gjgekfhj,bs cfhut,kj,c<br />
djknthbfyj,f& 1 bv lhjc lfothbkb gjkbnbrehb nhfmnfnb _ fktmcfylht fvbkf[dfhbc<br />
@,h>tybc fqvjcfdktsbcf# hjv ofdbrbs[js^ vrfabjl buh>yj,f tdhjgekb gjkbnbrehb bltt,bc<br />
_ hecjc^ vjyntcrbtc ufdktyf& bmdt ufvjbrdtsf rbltd thsb cfuekbc[vj vjvtynb _<br />
ufyc[dfdt,ek reknehek-bcnjhbek gbhj,t,ib bv lhjbcfsdbc vjobyfdt tdhjgekb bltt,bc<br />
uflvjythudf fghbjhekfl^ lflt,bsb itltubc vjvnfyb fhff& vfufkbsfl^ fvbkf[dfhb v[fhc<br />
ezthlf cfvtaj [tkbceakt,bc itpqeldfc^ vfuhfv mfhsek ybflfupt fv bltbs fhf vtcfvt<br />
ojlt,fc^ fhfvtl vtabc obyffqvltu vT,H>JK VC[DBK ATJLFKT,C ITB>KT,F tcfhut,kfs&<br />
hectsbc vbth cfmfhsdtkjc lfg.hj,f lf lfvjerblt,kj,bc lfrfhudf lblb nhfutlbf b.j<br />
mdt.ybcfsdbc^ vfuhfv fvfdt lhjc^ vfhsfkbf lfvf[by]t,ekb ajhvbs^ vfuhfv rbltd eahj<br />
lfxmfhlf mfhsekb cfpjufljt,bc tdhjgtbpfwbf& 1832 otkc^ hectsbcfufy ufysfdbceakt,bc<br />
vbpybs vjo.j,bkb itsmvekt,bc vjyfobktt,c cfmfhsdtkj erdt tcf[t,jlfs rjycnbnewbeh<br />
vjyfhmbfl fy htcge,kbrfl^ hjvtkbw vjo.j,bkb bmyt,jlf bvlhjbyltkb lfcfdkehb<br />
1 fqcfybiyfdbf^ hjv fqvjcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc erfyfcrytkb vtabc ubjhub \:::-bc nf[nbc vtvrdblhtc^<br />
,fnjybidbk lfdbsc sfdbc jsf[ib trblf djknthbc cehfsb^ hbsfw vfvbc itiajst,f ufvjbodbf ~b[%<br />
gkfnjy bjctkbfyb& w[jdht,f ubjhub vtwfvtnbcf& na&% atlthfwbf^ 1936^ ud&70-71`&<br />
7
ybveit,bc itcf,fvbcfl&<br />
\:\ cfereybc vtjht yf[tdhblfy mfhsekb gjkbnbrehb fphjdyt,f erdt vskbfyfl<br />
nhbfkt,c tdhjgekb bltt,bcf lf vj>qdht,t,bc afhukt,ib& fvfcsfy cfmfhsdtkjib^ hectsbc<br />
vcufdcfl^ ljvbybht,ekb [lt,f cjwbfkbcnehb bltjkjubf lf cjwbfkbcnehb gfhnbt,b&<br />
1918-1921 okt,ib rb^ hjltcfw cfmfhsdtkjv sfdb lffqobf hecek vvfhsdtkj,fc^ xdtyb<br />
mdt.fyf gbhdtkb fqvjxylf vcjakbjib^ hjvkbc cfsfdtibw cjwbfk-ltvjrhfnt,b vjdblyty&<br />
erdt vfiby vrfabjl ufvjxylf ,jkitdbrehb hectsbc cfgbhbcgbhjl^ cfmfhsdtkjc tdhjgekb<br />
fhxtdfyb^ fhxtdfyb ltvjrhfnbbc cfcfhut,kjl& sevwf^ ltvjrhfnbbc mfhsekb vjltkbc >BT,f<br />
[fyvjrkt fqvjxylf cfmfhsdtkjc b>ekt,bsb ufcf,zjt,bc itltufl&<br />
hectsc lf vbcb o.fkj,bs^ cfmfhsdtkjcfw >fkptl >dbhb lfe]lf tdhjgek ybflfupt ofhvjij,bkb<br />
hflbrfkehb bltjkjubbc uf,fnjyt,f& cfmfhsdtkjv idblb fstekb okbc vfy>bkpt<br />
njnfkbnfhekb ht;bvbc gbhj,t,ib bw[jdhf& tdhjgf cfmfhsdtkjcsdbc b.j sfdbceakt,bcf<br />
lf ltvjrhfnbbc cbv,jkjl^ hjvkbcrtyfw cohfadf ,eyt,hbdb uf[lf gjcnrjveybcnehb ufydbsfht,bc<br />
gthbjlib&<br />
lqtc tdhjgtkj,f cfmfhsdtkjc vfqfk cnfylfhnt,c e.tyt,c flfvbfybc eakt,t,bc<br />
lfwdbc^ gjkbnbrehb gkehfkbpvbc lfvrdblht,bc^ rjycnbnewbehb vjo.j,bc^ [tkbceakt,bc<br />
injt,bc lf,fkfyct,bc^ flubkj,hbdb sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc htajhvbc lf c[df vhfdfk cfrbs[sfy<br />
lfrfdibht,bs^ hjvkt,bw^ vskbfyj,fib^ cf[tkvobajt,hbdb fqvityt,kj,bc evsfdhtcb<br />
fvjwfyt,bc uflfo.dtnfc ybiyfdc&<br />
o ltvjrhfnbbc mfhsekb vjltkbc >Bt,f<br />
2006 okbc 21 st,thdfkc itcheklf 85-t okbcsfdb cfmfhsdtkjc gbhdtkb rjycnbnewbbc<br />
vbqt,blfy^ hfw ltvjrhfnbek fqvityt,kj,fpt jhbtynbht,ekb mdt.ybcfsdbc evybidytkj<br />
sfhbqb fh fhbc& sevwf^ rjycnbnewbehb nhflbwbbcflvb gfnbdbcwtvbc lfvrdblht,fw<br />
ltvjrhfnbekb fqvityt,kj,bc itvflutytk yfobkfl itb>Kt,f ufydb[bkjs&<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc 1921 okbc rjycnbnewbfc sdfkcfxbyj flubkb erfdbf fhf v[jkjl mfhsek^<br />
fhfvtl vcjakbj rjycnbnewbjyfkbpvbc bcnjhbfib& 1921 okbc rjycnbnewbfib ufycf[btht,ekbf<br />
bc bltt,b lf vbcohfat,fyb^ hjvtksf lfvrdblht,fcfw wlbkj,lyty cfmfhsdtkjc<br />
ltvjrhfnbekb htcge,kbrbc sdfkcfxbyj vjqdfott,b& fv ljrevtynvf^ hjvtkcfw mdt.ybc<br />
?bhbsflb rfyjybc cf[bs^ afmnj,hbdfl^ fh eveifdbf^ vybidytkjdfyb ptufdktyf vjf[lbyf<br />
itvlujvb gthbjlbc mfhsekb gjkbnbrehb fphbcf lf^ vfcsfy thsfl^ mfhsekb cf[tkvobajc<br />
ufydbsfht,fpt& fqcfybiyfdbf^ hjv lfvjerblt,kj,bc fqlutybc itvltu^ elfdjl bmyf vbxytekb<br />
ghbywbgb^ hjv cfmfhsdtkjc f[fkb rjycnbnewbf 1921 okbc rjycnbnewbbc cfae>dtkpt eylf<br />
itveifdt,ekb.j&<br />
1918-1921 okt,ib cfmfhsdtkj vcjakbjib gbhdtkb mdt.fyf fqvjxylf^ cflfw [tkbceakt,bc<br />
cfsfdtib cjwbfk-ltvjrhfnbf vjdblf& fvbnjv cfmfhsdtkjc bvlhjbyltkb kbltht,b<br />
sfdc vjdfktl vbbxytdlyty^ tgjdfs @vtcfvt upf# _ hjujhw sdbsjy fv,j,lyty^ lfcfdktsbc<br />
@,eh;efpbek-ltvjrhfnbek itpqelekj,fcf# lf cf,zjsf hectsbc ,jkitdbreh tmcgthbvtync<br />
ijhbc& vfs fv ufyo.j,fc cfdct,bs bpbfht,lf bvlhjbyltkb tdhjgbc cjwbfk-ltvjrhfnbfw&<br />
mfhsdtk cjwbfk-ltvjrhfnt,c^ hjvkt,bw tvb]yt,jlyty ,jkitdbpvbc stjhbfcf lf ghfmnbrfc^<br />
yfflhtdfl lf ite?kt,kfl vbfxylfs cjwbfkbcnehb ufhlfmvyt,bc ufy[jhwbtkt,f<br />
cfmfhsdtkjib& cjwbfkbpvbcfrty obycdkf vfssdbc v[jkjl ltvjrhfnbbc cfae?dtkpt b.j<br />
vbcfqt,b^ cfmfhsdtkjc rjyrhtnek gbhj,t,ib evsfdhtc fvjwfyfl ltvjrhfnbekb cfpjufljt,bc<br />
itmvyf b.j vbxytekb& [tkbceakt,bc cfsfdtib rb cjwbfk-ltvjrhfnbbc .jaybc ufvj^<br />
cf[tkvobajc itcf?kt,kbc vfmcbvevb eylf uftrtst,byf vihjvtksf bynthtct,bc lfcfwfdfl&<br />
cjwbfk-ltvjrhfnbbc vbth ltvjrhfnbekb rjycnbnewbbc itveifdt,f rb ufyfgbhj,t,lf bvbc<br />
fewbkt,kj,fc^ hjv bc eylf .jabkb.j .dtkfpt ltvjrhfnbekb lf^ fv v[hbd^ cfybveij&<br />
bvlhjbyltkb ofv.dfyb gjkbnbrehb ?fkt,bcsdbc lfvjerblt,kj,f lf ltvjrhfnbf ufye-<br />
.jatkb b.j& rjycnbnewbbc ae?tvlt,tksf vbth^ hbu itvs[dtdt,ib^ cjwbfkbcnehb fhue-<br />
8
vtynfwbbc ufvj.tyt,bc vbe[tlfdfl^ hfw ufyfgbhj,t,lf sfdbct,eh gjkbnbreh hjvfynbpvcf<br />
lf vtcbfybpvc^ 1921 okbc rjycnbnewbf fvrdblht,lf ltvjrhfnbek gjkbnbreh cbcntvfc&<br />
?bhbsflb ghbywbgb^ hjvkbc ufy[jhwbtkt,fcfw wlbkj,lyty 1921 okbc rjycnbnewbfib^<br />
[fk[bc cedthtybntnbc htfkehb epheydtk.jaf b.j& rjycnbnewbbc cfthsj ltvjrhfnbekb<br />
cekbcrdtst,blfy ufvjvlbyfhtj,lf wtynhfkehb [tkbceakt,bc jhufybpfwbfw& fv v[hbd^<br />
ufycfresht,ekb vybidytkj,f tybzt,jlf gfhkfvtync& vbcb ltvjrhfnbekj,bc epheydtk.jabc<br />
vbpybs^ rjycnbnewbehfl vrdblhlt,jlf% tuhts ojlt,ekb^ @itpqelekb gfhkfvtynfhbpvb#<br />
_ ufsdfkbcobyt,ekb b.j cfrfyjyvlt,kj bybwbfnbdbcf lf htathtylevbc cbcntvbc<br />
afhsj ufvj.tyt,bs* gfhkfvtynbc chek[tkbceakt,bfyj,f _ bub v[jkjl @[fk[bc yt,bs b.j<br />
itpqelekb lf ufhlf cfrfyjyvlt,kjcb^ @fqvfchekt,tkb jhufyjc ybifycfw# fnfht,lf*<br />
aeymwbjybht,bc jgnbvfkehb dflf _ fctsfl cfvb otkb b.j vbxytekb& vbfxylfs^ hjv eahj<br />
[fyuh?kbdb dflbs fhxtekb gfhkfvtynb @[fk[c vjco.lt,jlf#& eahj [ibhb fhxtdyt,b rb<br />
ufvjbodtdlf f,ctynbpvc^ bylbathtynbpvc lf lbl [fh]t,c cf[tkvobajcsdbc&<br />
fqvfchekt,tkb [tkbceakt,bc vjo.j,fib 1921 okbc rjycnbnewbf .dtkfpt yfrkt,fl<br />
vb/.dt,jlf @lfcfdkts tdhjgek ghfmnbrfcf lf stjhbfc# lf^ egbhfntcfl^ cfmfhsdtkjc<br />
bvlhjbyltk ufvjwlbkt,fc t.hlyj,jlf& evfqktcb fqvfchekt,tkb [tkbceakt,f _<br />
htcge,kbrbc vsfdhj,f _ rjktubfc ofhvjflutylf^ hjvtkbw gfce[bcvut,tkb b.j gfhkfvtynbc<br />
obyfit& vsfdhj,fc cfsfdtib tluf sfdv]ljvfht^ hjvtkbw bvfdt lhjc htcge,kbrbc evfqktcb<br />
ofhvjvflutytkb b.j lf vfc gfhkfvtynb thsb okbc dflbs bhxtdlf& fvfcsfy thsb lf bvfdt<br />
gbhbc ptlbptl fhxtdf v[jkjl jh]th b.j lfcfidt,b& tc itpqeldf^ bctdt^ hjujhw<br />
ghtpbltynbc sfyfvlt,j,bc efh.jaf^ bvlhjbyltkb cjwbfkbcnt,bc evhfdktcj,bc fphbs^<br />
fewbkt,tkb b.j vfmcbvfkehb ltvjrhfnbekj,bc epheydtkcf.jafl&<br />
1921 okbc rjycnbnewbbc ae?tvlt,kt,bcsdbc elfdj b.j^ hjv ltvjrhfnbpvb vfhsdfufvutj,fib<br />
vjbs[jdlf ltwtynhfkbpfwbfc^ vfuhfv vbfxylfs^ hjv cfmfhsdtkjc bvlhjbyltk<br />
gbhj,t,ib tc gfhnbrekfhbpvbc cfahs[tc ofhvjij,lf& rjycnbnewbbs^ cfmfhsdtkjib<br />
.fkb,lt,jlf eybnfhekb ltvjrhfnbekb htcge,kbrf^ hfcfw c[df gfhnbt,sfy thsfl^ v[fhb<br />
lfezbhtc mfhsdtkvf atlthfkbcnt,vfw& fvfdt lhjc^ eybnfhbpvbc ghbywbgc esfdclt,jlf<br />
afhsj flubkj,hbdb sdbsvvfhsdtkj,f lf fdnjyjvbehb vvfhsdtkj,bc lfidt,f pjubthsb<br />
ufyfgbhf res[bcsdbc& fdnjyjvbeh vvfhsdtkj,fc [tkb eylf itto.j cf[tkvobajc<br />
@ufvstkt,bcf lf ufyvnrbwt,bcsdbc#&<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc 1921 okbc rjycnbnewbf ths-thsb gbhdtkbf^ hjvtkibw lfabmcbht,ekbf<br />
@vjmfkfmtsf cjwbfkeh-trjyjvbrehb eakt,fyb#^ fqybiyek sfdc ufycfresht,ek vybidytkj-<br />
,fc fybzt,lyty rjycnbnewbbc fdnjht,b& vfsb fphbs^ tc b.j @cjwbfkbpvbc vjvfdfkb<br />
cfvtajcrty# uflt,ekb [blb& vfs vbfxylfs^ hjv fv sfdbc vtidtj,bs^ ltvjrhfnbek rjycnbnewbfc<br />
@cjwbfkbcnehb tkathb# t?ktjlf& ufydkbk gthbjlib^ ufhrdtekobkfl itbwdfkf<br />
sfyfafhlj,f cjwbfkbcnehcf lf cjwbfkehc ijhbc& ,tdhb hfv^ hfcfw cjwbfkbcnehfl<br />
sdkblyty 1921 okbc rjycnbnewbbc ae?tvlt,kt,b^ lqtc flfvbfybc ufye.jatk eakt,t,fl<br />
vbbxytdf lf pjuflb cf[bs lfabmcbht,ekbf flfvbfybc eakt,fsf cf.jdtksfj ltrkfhfwbfib&<br />
lqtc vfspt efhc dth bn.dbc dthw thsb ltvjrhfnbekb cf[tkvobaj&<br />
1921 okbc rjycnbnewbbc ae?tvlt,kt,b tohfadjlyty rjycnbnewbfib xfvjt.fkb,t,byfs<br />
thjdyekb cfrbs[bc cfybveij^ efqhtcfl ltvjrhfnbekb uflfo.dtnf& thjdyek evwbhtcj,t,c<br />
tybzt,jlfs bctsb eakt,t,b^ @hjvkbc vfudfhb fhw ths rjycnbnewbfib fh vjbgjdt,f#& fvfdt<br />
lhjc^ thjdyek evwbhtcj,fsf eakt,t,bc ufycfpqdhf eylf vjv[lfhb.j thjdyekb<br />
cf[tkvobajc afhukt,ib lf vbcb bynthtct,bc ghbjhbntnblfy ufvjvlbyfht& thjdyekb<br />
evwbhtcj,t,bc eakt,t,b vjbfpht,jlf bv afhukt,ib^ @cflfw fh bkf[t,f thjdyekb<br />
cf[tkvobajc bynthtct,b#&<br />
mdt.ybc cf[tkvobajt,hbd vjo.j,fcsfy lfrfdibht,ekb aeylfvtynehb cfrbs[t,b^ hjvkt,bw<br />
uflfo.dbnf 1921 okbc rjycnbnewbfv^ lqtcfw fmnefkehbf lf ofhcekbc ufvjwlbkt,bc<br />
ufsdfkbcobyt,fc^ ufhlf nhflbwbbcflvb gfnbdbcwtvbcf^ ufhrdtekb lf[vfht,bc<br />
ufotdfw ite>Kbf&<br />
9
o ofhcekbc uf[ctyt,f _ upf vjvfdkbcrty<br />
26 vfbcb sfyfvtlhjdt cfmfhsdtkjcsdbc lfvjerblt,kj,bc cbv,jkjf lf fv cf[bs 26<br />
vfbcvf elbltcb hjkb itfchekf sfyfvtlhjdt cfmfhsdtkjc bcnjhbfib&<br />
1991 okbc 9 fghbkc lfvjerblt,kj,bc fqlutyf ufvjw[fllf bvfdt okbc 31 vfhnc<br />
xfnfht,ekb htathtylevbc itltut,bc cfae>dtkpt& rbs[df^ hfptlfw cfmfhsdtkjc vjcf[-<br />
ktj,bc f,cjkenehvf evhfdktcj,fv lflt,bsb gfce[b ufcwf^ itvltuyfbhfl ;qthlf% @ubylfs<br />
se fhf lfvjerblt,kj,bc fqlutyf 1918 okbc 26 vfbcbc lfvjerblt,kj,bc fmnbc<br />
cfae>dtkpt#& 2 fv lqtc itbmvyf cfmfhsdtkjc ltvjrhfnbekb htcge,kbrf^ hjvtkvfw cek<br />
jhyf[tdfhb otkb bfhct,f^ vfuhfv vbe[tlfdfl fvudfhb [fyvjrkt fhct,j,bcf^ vfy elbltcb hjkb<br />
itfchekf sfyfvtlhjdt cfmfhsdtkjc xfvj.fkb,t,fib&<br />
cf,zjsf o.j,bkt,f ofhvjelutytkb b.j fhf vfhnj fov.jc^ fhfvtl ofhcekbc<br />
htukfvtynbht,bc ufhtitw& cf,zjsf gthbjlib lfothbkb cfmfhsdtkjc bcnjhbf cfdct b.j<br />
bltjkjubeh-ghjgfufylbcnekb cmtvt,bs lf vhfdfkhbw[jdfyb @stshb kfmt,bs#& nf,e tlj<br />
.dtkfathc^ hfw ofhcekbc cf,zjeh cmtvt,ib fh sfdclt,jlf& ofhcekbc cehfsb^ gjkbnbrehb<br />
rjybeymnehblfy ufvjvlbyfht^ lhjlflhj wdkbkt,t,c ufybwlblf& fvfcsfy^ mhjyjkjubehfl<br />
hfw eahj f[kjc b.j sfyfvtlhjdtj,fcsfy ofhcekbc gthbjlb^ Vbs eahj vtnb b.j @stshb<br />
kfmt,b# lf frh>fkekb stvt,b&<br />
fv v[hbd^ cfmfhsdtkjc bcnjhbblfy^ itb>kt,f bsmdfc^ .dtkfpt vtnfl @fh ufevfhskf#<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc ltvjrhfnbekb htcge,kbrbc ~1918-1921 oo&` gthbjlc& bvlhjbyltkb fhf<br />
vfhnj cffhmbdj ljrevtynt,b^ fhfvtl obuyt,b ;ehyfk-ufptst,b vskbfyfl cgtwcfwfdt,ib<br />
uflfbnfytc^ cflfw vj[dtlhf vrdktdfhc v[jkjl cgtwbfkehb yt,fhsdbc vbqt,bc itvltu<br />
itt>Kj lf vrfwhfl rjynhjklt,jlf^ se hfc rbs[ekj,lf lf hfc fvjbothlf ofrbs[ekblfy&<br />
cf,zjsf cfmfhsdtkjc bcnjhbbc obuyt,blfy fqybiyekb gthbjlb ofhvjxtybkb b.j v[jkjl<br />
hjujhw @cf,zjsf [tkbceakt,bc lfv.fht,bcfsdbc vihjvtksf ,h>Jkbc# [fyf lf jabwbfkeh<br />
cfptbvj sfhbqfl vbxytekb b.j 25 st,thdfkb _ 1921 otkc s,bkbcib obstkb fhvbbc<br />
itvjcdkbc lqt&<br />
ujh,fxjdbc @gthtcnhjbrfv# fhf vfhnj fov.jpt uffdhwtkf vtn-yfrkt,b cbn.dbc<br />
sfdbceakt,f^ fhfvtl ofhcekblfyfw uf[lf itcf>kt,tkb @stshb kfmt,bc# fvjikfw& sfdfl tc<br />
nthvbybw _ @ofhcekbc stshb kfmt,b# cojhtl fv gthbjlib ufxylf& cfmfhsdtkjcsdbc<br />
@ofhcekbc uf[cyf# .dtkfpt v>kfdhfl cojhtl cfmfhsdtkjc ltvjrhfnbekb htcge,kbrbc<br />
gthbjlc itt[j& itb>kt,f bsmdfc^ hjv 1988-1989 okt,ib vj[lf fv gthbjlbc bcnjhbbc chekb<br />
uflfafct,f^ eahj cojhtl rb uf[ctyt,f& ;ehyfk-ufptst,b cfdct b.j bv gthbjlbc itcf[t,<br />
ge,kbrfwbt,bs^ [tkvbcfodljvb uf[lf lf [tkf[kf mdt.ylt,jlf tvbuhfwbfib lfothbkb<br />
yfihjvt,bw& itltufl^ mfhsekb cfpjufljt,bcfsdbc lfvjerblt,kj,bc fqlutyf ofhvjlut,jlf<br />
hjujhw fqlutyf cfmfhsdtkjc ltvjrhfnbekb htcge,kbrbcf& ofhcekbc uf[ctyt,fv<br />
itmvyf sfy[vj,f vjvfdkbc sfj,fpt& fqfhfdbcsdbc fh b.j cflfdj^ vfufkbsfl^ se hf lhjif^<br />
uth,b lf /bvyb eylf /mjyjlf gjcncf,zjeh cfmfhsdtkjc& cojhtl fv ufhtvjt,fvfw<br />
ufyfgbhj,f 1991 okbc htathtylevpt lfcvekb rbs[dbc ptvjs fqybiyekb ajhvekbht,fw&<br />
ofhcekbc @uf[ctyt,fv# itmvyf fhf vfhnj sfy[vj,f vjvfdkbc sfj,fpt^ fhfvtl bvlhjbyltk<br />
thjdyek-ufvfsfdbceakt,tk vj>hfj,fc vbcwf lfvjerblt,kj,bc fqlutybc rjyrhtnekb ghjuhfvfw%<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc hectsbc obyfit eylf lft.tyt,byf cfmfhsdtkjc ltvjrhfnbek htcge,kbrfcf<br />
lf hectsbc atlthfwbfc ijhbc 1920 okbc 7 vfbcbc [tkitrhekt,bc lfhqdtdbc cfrbs[b& cf,zjsf<br />
hectsvf fqybiyekb [tkitrhekt,bs cwyj cfmfhsdtkjc lfvjerblt,kj,f lf cfpqdht,b^ 1921<br />
okbc st,thdfkib rb jvbc ufvjew[flt,kfl lftc[f cfmfhsdtkjc lf tc @vihjvtksf f]fy.t,fl#<br />
ofhvjflubyf& st,thdfk-vfhnbc jvbc itltufl vj[lf cfmfhsdtkjc ltvjrhfnbekb htcge,kbrbc<br />
jregfwbf lf afmnj,hbdb fytmcbf^ hjltcfw vjcrjdbc vbth itmvybkb @cfmfhsdtkjc cf,zjsf<br />
cjwbfkbcnehb htcge,kbrf# itb.dfytc cf,zjsf rfdibhbc itvflutykj,fib&<br />
2 1991 okbc 31 vfhnbc htathtylevib vjyfobktj,f vbbqj fvjvhxtdtksf cfthsj hfjltyj,bc 90^3)-vf&<br />
rbs[dfpt lflt,bsb gfce[b ufcwf 3&266&265 flfvbfyvf^ fye htathtylevib vjyfobktsf 98^9)-vf^ [jkj<br />
fvjvhxtdtksf chekb hfjltyj,bc 89^3)-vf& obyffqvltub b.j 17400 vjmfkfmt^ hfw htathtylevbc<br />
vjyfobktsf 0^53)^ [jkj fvjvhxtdtksf chekb hfjltyj,bc 0^48) itflutylf&<br />
10
lfvjerblt,kj,bc fqlutybc fqybiyekb rjywtawbblfy fhfathb ufvjdblf^ hflufyfw<br />
@lbfkjub ofhcekbc itcf[t,# hectssfy dth itluf& hectsbc v[fht fhfse vfiby^ fhfvtl<br />
lqtcfw efhc fv,j,c ofhcekbc uflfafct,fpt lf cfmfhsdtkjc jregfwbbcf lf fytmcbbc afmnbc<br />
fqbfht,fpt& ofhcekib fuhtcbbc fhfqbfht,f rb^ hjujhw otcb^ ybifybf bvbcf^ hjv fh<br />
ufsfdbceakt,ekfy fuhtcbekb phf[dt,bcfufy fov.jibw&<br />
o 9 fghbkb<br />
sdfkb hjv uflfdfdkjs cfmfhsdtkjc ef[ktc bcnjhbfc lf vjdktyfsf bv ]fzdc ufd.dts^<br />
hjvtkvfw lqtdfyltkj,fvlt vjudb.dfyf^ 1989 okbc 9 fghbkc vbdflut,bs& vjdktyfsf<br />
itvlujvb vcdktkj,bcfsdbc yfrkt,b vybidytkj,f fmdc^ se hjujh fqvjxylyty hecsfdtkbc<br />
ufvpbhpt^ vsfdhj,bc cfcf[ktcsfy itrht,bkb vidblj,bfyb vjvbnbyutyb cf,zjsf fhvbbc<br />
lfvc]tkb hfpvt,bc obyfit& cojhtl vjvbnbyutt,bc evjo.fkj lfh,tdfv vybidytkjdfyobkfl<br />
ufyfgbhj,f vjdktyfsf itvlujvb vcdktkj,f&<br />
lqtvlt gfce[ufewtvtkbf rbs[df^ se dby ufcwf rjyrhtnekfl ,h>fyt,f vidblj,bfyb<br />
vjvbnbyutt,bc lfh,tdbc itcf[t,* vjvbnbyutt,bcf^ hjvkt,bw cfmfhsdtkjc lfvjerblt,kj,bc<br />
fqlutyfc bs[jdlyty& cf,zjsf rfdibhbc bvlhjbyltkb kblthb vb[tbk ujh,fxjdb fw[flt,lf^<br />
hjv @cfmvbc rehcib fh b.j#^ bubdtc fv,j,lf bvlhjbyltkb cf,zjsf rfdibhbc cfufhtj cfmvtsf<br />
vbybcnhb^ itvlujvib rb cfmfhsdtkjc ghtpbltynb tlefhl itdfhlyf>t& 9 fghbkbc nhfutlbbc<br />
stvf lbl[fyc nhbfkt,lf itdfhlyf>Bc obyfit& thsb gthbjlb ]ev,th gfnbfidbkbcufyfw<br />
vjtkjlyty^ hjv bn.jlf chek cbvfhsktc 9 fghbkbc itcf[t, lf itdfhlyf>Tc lfflt,lf [tkc&<br />
cf,jkjj ]fvib^ vjv[lfhpt gfce[bcvut,kj,f cfmfhsdtkjc rjvgfhnbbc bvlhjbyltk gbhdtk<br />
vlbdfyc ]ev,th gfnbfidbkcf lf fvbthrfdrfcbbc cfv[tlhj jkmbc cfhlfkc bujh hjlbjyjdc<br />
lftrbchfs&<br />
hfw itt[t,f^ gfce[bcvut,kj,fc pjuflfl^ 9 fghbkbc nhfutlbfib lfvyfifdt mfhsdtkt,bcfsdbc<br />
hectsbc bvgthbf b.j^ hjvtkbw bv lhjbcfsdbc cf,zjsf rfdibhbc cf[bs b.j ofhvjlutybkb&<br />
@dbyw 1989 okbc bv ;fvbfy qfvtc^ hectsbc bvgthbbc rfwbzfvbf cgtwhfpvtkt,sfy<br />
itnfrt,bcfc lfbqegf^ xdtyvf thvf uvbht,fl ithfw[f#^ _ othlf 9 fghbkbc vt-17 okbcsfdbc oby<br />
ths-thsb mfhsekb ufptsb& 3 sevwf^ bvfdt lqtc ufvjcekb vtjht ufptsb fqybiyfdlf^ hjv<br />
vfhsfkbf ybx,t,bs itbfhfqt,ekb vtltcfyntt,b hect,b b.dyty^ vfuhfv fhvbf @fhfhecekb _<br />
cf,zjsf b.j# lf vfc @hectssfy^ hec [fk[sfy cfthsj fhfathb mjylf#& 4<br />
@cf,zjsf rfdibhbcufy xfuhekb hectsbc# stpbcb cfmfhsdtkjib lblfl lfvf]tht,kfl fh<br />
ufvjb.eht,f^ vbs evtntc^ hjv gjcncf,zjsf hectsb cfmfhsdtkjcsfy vbvfhst,fib cf,zjsf<br />
se ghtcf,zjsf hectsbcfufy lblfl fh ufyc[dfdlt,f& hectsbc fuhtcbekb gjkbnbrbc itxtht,f<br />
cfmfhsdtkjcsdbc lqtcfw evsfdhtc fvjwfyfl hxt,f&<br />
>YTkb cfsmvtkbf hbc vbqotdfc wlbkj,lf rhtvkb^ hjltcfw s,bkbcib vidblj,bfyb<br />
vjvbnbyutt,bc lfh,tdbc uflfo.dtnbkt,f vbbqj& fk,fs^ fvfc eylf vj/.jkjlf mfhsdtkt,bc<br />
lfibyt,f lf @mfhsdtkt,bc cfvfufkbsj lfc]bs# c[dt,bc itibyt,fw& itltub cfgbhbcgbhj b.j lf<br />
vjv[lfhvf rbltd eahj lffxmfhf bc ghjwtct,b^ hbc itxtht,fcfw^ cfdfhfeljl^ rhtvkb<br />
wlbkj,lf& 9 fghbkc lfqegekt,b thjdyek uvbht,fl bmyty ithfw[ekb& sevwf^ flfvbfyt,b 9<br />
fghbkc vjofvdkbc itltufl itvltufw bqegt,jlyty& @9 fghbkbc# ajylbc ofhvjvflutytksf<br />
byajhvfwbbs^ fghbkbc vjdktyt,bc lhjc vjofvdkbc itltufl 57 flfvbfyb ufhlfbwdfkf& 5<br />
9 fghbkbc cbc[kbfyvf fyufhbicojht,fv vybidytkjdyfl lffxmfhf lf ufyfgbhj,f vjdktyfsf<br />
ufydbsfht,f cfmfhsdtkjib& vjv[lfhvf nhfutlbfv vskbfyfl uffrjnhf rjveybcnehb ht;bvb^<br />
hjvtkcfw fhct,j,bc ufuh>tkt,f fqfh itt>Kj& rjveybcnehb gfhnbbc hbut,blfy ltvjycnhfwbekfl<br />
lf vfcbehfl ufvjlbjlyty hbubsb flfvbfyt,b& vrdtshfl ufbpfhlf thjdyekufvfsfdbceakt,tkb<br />
vj>hfj,bc lf gbhdtk hbuib vbcb hflbrfkehb ahsbc fdnjhbntnb& 9<br />
3 @cfmfhsdtkjc htcge,kbrf#^ 8&:|&2006<br />
4 @cdj,jlyfbf uhepbf#^ 8&:|&2006<br />
5 @fkbf#^ 8-10&:|&2006<br />
11
fghbkbc itvltu @pjvbthb gjkbnbrf# cfmfhsdtkjib ite>kt,tkb uf[lf&<br />
cfmfhsdtkj fqvjxylf gbhdtkb cf,zjsf htcge,kbrf^ cflfw 1990 okbc 28 jmnjv,thc<br />
xfnfhlf vhfdfkgfhnbekb^ sfdbceafkb cfgfhkfvtynj fhxtdyt,b^ hjvtkibw ufbvfh]df<br />
,kjrvf @vhudfkb vfublf_sfdbceafkvf cfmfhsdtkjv# pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbfc [tkv>qdfytkj,bs&<br />
itltufl^ 9 fghbkbc nhfutlbbc vtjht okbcsfdpt ufvjw[fllf cfmfhsdtkjc lfvjerblt,kj-<br />
,bc fqlutyf& bvfdt otkc^ 1991 okbc vfbcib^ pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbfv ufbvfh]df gbhdtk sfdbceafk<br />
cfghtpbltynj fhxtdyt,ib& cfmfhsdtkj [lt,jlf bv mdt.ybc ybveib^ hjvtkbw rjveybcneh<br />
ht;bvc lf bvgthbek ,fnjyj,fc sfdc fqotdlf sfdbceafkb^ ltvjrhfnbekb fhxtdyt,bc upbs&<br />
sevwf^ hjujhw xfyc^ fvfdt gthbjlib vpfllt,jlf cfmfhsdtkjc @lfc]bc# cwtyfhbw^ hfw ufy-<br />
[jhwbtklf ctgfhfnbcnekb vj>hfj,t,bc of[fkbct,bc^ sfdfl mfhsek gjkbnbreh cgtmnhib<br />
lfgbhbcgbht,bc ufqdbdt,bs lf pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbfc itbfhfqt,ekb lfv[j,bc upbs&<br />
1989 okbc 9 fghbkc vjcrjdvf efhb smdf lbfkjupt ofcekb.j mfhsek cfpjufljt,fcsfy^<br />
hjvtkbw lfvjerblt,kj,bc fqlutyfc vjbs[jdlf& vjcrjdvf efhb smdf cfmfhsdtkjc<br />
thjdyek-cf[tkvobajt,hbdb bynthtct,bc ufsdfkbcobyt,fpt lf fv gjkbnbrfc fuh>tkt,c<br />
lqtvlt& hecek-mfhsek ehsbthsj,t,ib fhxtekb @rjyahjynfwbekb vjltkb# lqtvlt<br />
>fkfibf& fv gjkbnbrfv v>Bvt pbfyb vbf.tyf cfmfhsdtkjc^ vfuhfv vfc itltufl fh vj/.jkbf<br />
hectsbc ufdktybc fqlutyf cfmfhsdtkjpt& gbhbmbs^ cfmfhsdtkj cek eahj vtnfl wlbkj,c<br />
hectsbcufy lbcnfywbht,fc&<br />
stvf ::& lfvjerblt,kj,bc 15 otkb% vbqotdt,b lf itwljvt,b<br />
15 otkb ufdblf vfc itvltu^ hfw 1991 okbc 9 fghbkc vbbqtc cfmfhsdtkjc lfvjerblt,kj,bc<br />
fqlutybc ltrkfhfwbf& ufydkbkb lhj cfdct,bs cfrvfhbcbf ufhrdtekb lfcrdyt,bc<br />
ufcfrtst,kfl^ vbqotdt,bc itcf]fvt,kfl lf cfvjvfdkj gthcgtmnbdt,bc ufycfcfpqdhTKfl^<br />
bctdt hjujhw lfidt,ekb itwljvt,bc ufvjcfdktyfl& cfmfhsdtkj lblb [ybc<br />
vfy>bkpt b.j ytufnbehb vfufkbsb bvbcf^ se hf fh eylf uffrtsjc mdt.fyfv^ hjvtkcfw<br />
lfvjerblt,kj,f lf ltvjrhfnbf eylf& vbqotdt,bcf lf fhct,ekb ghj,ktvt,bc uffpht,bcfc^<br />
w[flbf^ ufcfsdfkbcobyt,tkbf bc @cfcnfhnj gjpbwbt,b# lf j,btmnehb gbhj,t,b^ hfibw<br />
vje[lf mdt.fyfc fv [ybc vfy>bkpt w[jdht,f& hfw vj[lf^ w[flbf^ bvfib dtqfhfathc itdwdkbs^<br />
vfuhfv ofhcekbc itwljvt,bcf lf [tkblfy ufidt,ekb ifyct,bc ufsdfkbcobyt,fc^ ite>Kbf<br />
lqtdfyltkb lf cfvjvfdkj upbc ufdkbc uffldbkt,f&<br />
o kbndfv uffrtsf bc^ hbcb ufrtst,fw cfmfhsdtkjcfw eyljlf<br />
cfyfv ufydkbkb 15-okbfyb upbc itafct,fc lfdbo.t,lts^ wjnf [ybs f[kj ofhcekib<br />
lfd,heylts lf bvfdt stvfc @itlfht,bsb gjkbnbrbc# res[bs itd[tljs& dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc<br />
oby^ 2003 okbc ctmntv,thib cfmfhsdtkjib dbpbnbs bv.jat,jlf kbndbc ghtpbltynb<br />
hjkfylfc gfrcfcb& vfy cbfvf.bs fqybiyf^ hjv lfvjerblt,kj,bc fqlutybc 12 okbc<br />
ufyvfdkj,fib kbndfv it>kj evsfdhtcb cfufhtjgjkbnbrehb vbpyt,bc vbqotdf _ uf[lf<br />
tdhjrfdibhbcf lf yfnjc otdhb^ f[kf rb ite>kbf fv jhufybpfwbt,ib qbhctekb flubkbc<br />
lfvrdblht,fpt bpheyjc& kbndbc ghtpbltynbc ufyw[flt,bs @cfmfhsdtkjc ite>kbf xdty vbth<br />
ufydkbkb upf itfvjrkjc^ xdtyb itwljvt,b ufbsdfkbcobyjc lf eahj bjkfl ufotdhbfyltc fv<br />
jhufybpfwbt,ib#& 6<br />
6 @lbkbc ufptsb#^ 12&:\&2003<br />
12
gfcrfcbc vbth uekohatkfl yfsmdfvb cbn.dt,b^ wjnf fh b.jc^ bhjybekfl ;qthlf& @upbc<br />
itvjrkt,f# lf @c[dbcb itwljvt,bc ufsdfkbcobyt,f# bctsb hfvff^ hfw cfmfhsdtkjc<br />
[tkbceafks^ hjujhw otcb^ yfrkt,fl t[th[t,fs& tc mdt.ybc bvlhjbyltk vlujvfhtj,fcfw<br />
rfhufl tn.j,jlf& ofhvfnt,ekb gjcncf,zjsf mdt.ybc kblthbc fv cbn.dt,c bcvtylf<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc bvlhjbyltkb ghtpbltynb tlefhl itdfhlyf>t^ hjvkbc vvfhsdtkj,bc ,jkj<br />
gthbjlibw cfmfhsdtkjc vbcb fhfrtsbkvjcehytt,b cek eahj [ibhfl @fhitvlufh<br />
cf[tkvobajc# eojlt,lyty&<br />
,fknbtkb cnevhbc fqybiyekvf cbn.dt,vf rbltd ths[tk e,b>uf flubkj,hbd vtlbfc<br />
ittafct,byf lfvjerblt,kj,bc vjgjdt,bc itvltu ufydkbkb upf lf bc kbndbc fyfkjubehb<br />
gthbjlbc itltut,bcsdbc ittlfht,byf&<br />
kbndf lf cfmfhsdtkj nthbnjhbekb cblblbsf lf vjcf[ktj,bs lff[kjt,bs thsyfbhb<br />
mdt.yt,bf& jhbdt mdt.fyf cf,zjsf rfdibhbc erfyfcrytk okt,ib thjdyek-ufvfsfdbceakt,tkb<br />
vj>hfj,bc fdfyufhlib b.j& vfs gbhdtkt,vf ufvjfw[fltc cf[tkvobajt,hbdb lfvjerblt,kj,bc<br />
fqlutyf& gfrcfcbc fqybiyekb dbpbnbc lhjc^ lfvjerblt,kj,bc fqlutyblfy lff[kjt,bs 12<br />
otkb b.j ufcekb& kbndfc^ hjujhw dyf[ts^ vbqotekb /mjylf bc^ hfcfw lfvjerblt,kj,bc<br />
fqlutybc lhjc vbpyfl bcf[fdlf^ cfmfhsdtkjc rb uflfezhtkb ghj,ktvt,bc ufvj^<br />
fhfrtsbkvjcehytt,b @fhitvlufh cf[tkvobajl# cf[fdlyty& ufyc[dfdt,f jhb mdt.ybc vbth<br />
ufydkbk upfib sdfkibcfwtvb b.j& hf fhbc fvbc vbptpb(<br />
vfiby mfhsek vtlbfib ghjcf[tkbceakj lf jgjpbwbeh >fkt,c ijhbc w[fht lbcrecbf<br />
ufbifkf bvbc sfj,fpt^ b.j se fhf kbndbcf lf cfmfhsdtkjc cfcnfhnj gjpbwbt,b thsyfbhb<br />
lf hfv ufyfgbhj,f jhb mdt.ybc ufyc[dfdt,ekb ufydbsfht,f _ iblf se ufht afmnjht,vf&<br />
[tkbceakt,bc v[fhlfvzthb fyfkbnbrjct,b fvnrbwt,lyty^ hjv cfmfhsdtkjc ufwbkt,bs<br />
eahj hsek cfibyfj lf cfufhtj gbhj,t,ib e[lt,jlf cf[tkvobajt,hbdb fqvityt,kj,f&<br />
kbndfcf lf ,fknbbc c[df cf[tkvobajt,c lfvjerblt,kj,bc fqlutybc itvltu lfcfdktsvf<br />
vfibydt @rfksf uflffafhf# lf hectsc vfs obyffqvltu vjmvtlt,t,bc itcf>kt,kj,t,b<br />
itepqelf& cfv[hts rfdrfcbfib rb \\ cfereybc 90-bfyb okt,bc gbhdtk yf[tdfhib hectsc .dtkfahbc<br />
ufrtst,f itt>kj& itltufl vbdbqts tsybrehb rjyakbmnt,b^ ctgfhfnbcnekb ht;bvt,b<br />
lf cf[tkvobaj uflfnhbfkt,t,b cfmfhsdtkjcf lf fpth,fb]fyib& ghbywbgib^ ghtpbltynb<br />
vfibydt itbwdfkf cjv[tsibw^ hjltcfw nth-gtnhjcbfyb vjcrjdbcfsdbc vbeqt,tkb uf[lf&<br />
w[flbf^ .dtkfathc vfhnj ufhtit afmnjhc dth lfdf,hfkt,s& hectsvf rfhufl ufvjb.tyf<br />
bc itwljvt,b^ hfw cfmfhsdtkjib flubkj,hbdvf gjkbnbrjct,vf lfeidtc& ew[jehb futynt,bs<br />
uf>t>ubk gjkbnbreh cgtmnhc vskbfyj,fib >fkptl lf,fkb gfce[bcvut,kj,bc uh>yj,f<br />
/mjylf lf fldbkfl ofdblf dbsfht,bc cfvjmfkfmj jvfvlt ufvodfdt,bc vbvfhsekt,bs&<br />
sfdbc hjkc fchekt,lf jhb mdt.ybc _ kbndbcf lf cfmfhsdtkjc _ vjcf[ktj,bc<br />
ufyc[dfdt,ekb gjkbnbrehb reknehfw& hjujhw gfcrfcvf fqybiyf @cfresfhb cf[tkvobajc<br />
hovtyf# kbndfib >KBTHB B.J& @itcf>kjf^ xdtysdbc tc eahj bjkb b.j bvbc ufvj^ hjv eahjcb<br />
sfj,bc flfvbfysf evtntcj,fc ]th rbltd f[cjdc kbndbc lfvjerblt,kj,f 1918-1940 okt,ib#^<br />
_ ufyfw[flf kbndbc ghtpbltynvf& cfmfhsdtkjc lfvjerblt,kj,f cek jhyf[tdfhb otkb<br />
/mjylf^ 1918-1921 okt,ib& vfc itvltu cf,zjsf htghtcbt,vf hfvltybvt sfj,bc vfy>bkpt thbc<br />
cfertstcj idbkt,b itbobhf&<br />
itltufl^ \\ cfereybc 90-bfyb okt,bc lfvltuc^ hjltcfw cfmfhsdtkjv lfvjerblt,kj,f<br />
fqblubyf^ @thjdyekb [tkbceakt,f#^ hjujhw sfdc eojlt,lf pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbfc vsfdhj,f^<br />
fldbkfl Ofktrf rjveybcnehvf yjvtyrkfnehfv& cojhtl fv atyfc /mjylf vnrbwt rfdibht,b^<br />
mjyt,f lf cf[tkbceakj ufvjwlbkt,f& vfc fqvjfxylf cfthsfijhbcj fdnjhbntnbc vmjyt kblthbw<br />
_ tlefhl itdfhlyf>bc cf[bs& vfuhfv .jabk rjveybcneh yjvtyrkfnehfc v[jkjl<br />
rjheawbfpt lfv.fht,ekb rkfyehb cf[tkvobajc itmvyf itt>kj& cf,jkjj ]fvib^ ltvjrhfnbf<br />
lf htajhvt,b vbcsdbc v[jkjl ltrjhfwbf b.j& cojhtl tcff cfmfhsdtkjc ghj,ktvt,bc sfdb<br />
lf sfdb&<br />
lfcfyfybf^ hjv gjcncf,zjsf bcnjhbbc gbhdtk fsoktlib cfmfhsdtkjv [tkblfy ufeidf<br />
ifycb ufwbkt,bs ertstc mdt.yfl xfvj.fkb,t,ekb.j& itb>kt,f dbyvtv smdfc _ ofhevfnt,-<br />
kj,bc cfsfdt sfdfl [fk[bf lf fhf [tkbceakt,f^ tc [tkbceakt,f [jv [fk[bc fhxtekbfj&<br />
vfuhfv sfdfl [tkbceakt,bc fqbfht,bc sfyf[vfl^ cfmfhsdtkjib fhxtdyt,b .jdtksdbc<br />
13
eqdsjl .fk,lt,jlf [jkvt& ghbywbgib^ fvfpt lfcfdktstkb vtuj,ht,bw sdfkc [ezfdlyty^<br />
@ertstcb vjvfdkbc# bvtlbs& vfuhfv cfmvt fvbs ertstcj,bcrty yfvldbkfl fh itwdkbkf& 2<br />
yjtv,hbc fhxtdyt,bc uf.fk,t,fc rb dfhlt,bc htdjkewbf vj/.df^ hfvfw f[fkb itcf>Kt,kj,t,b<br />
lf gthcgtmnbdt,b uf[cyf mdt.ybc obyfit& dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc itvltu erdt jh otkboflpt<br />
vtnbf ufcekb lf f[kf^ lfvjerblt,kj,bc 15 okbc uflfcf[tlblfy^ erdt dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc<br />
lf vbc itvltu ufydkbkb upbc itafct,fw [lt,f&<br />
o itwljvt,b lfvjerblt,kj,bc upfpt<br />
ufydkbkb 15-okbfyb upbc itafct,bc sfj,fpt w[fht gjkbnbrehb lt,fnt,b erdt ufb[cyf&<br />
fcjwbfwbfv @rfyjyb [fk[bcfsdbc#^ hjvkbc sfdv]ljvfhtf pfmfhbf mewyfidbkb^ tmcgthnsf<br />
ufvjrbs[dbc upbs cwflf ufytcfpqdhf^ se hf itwljvt,b bmyf lfidt,ekb lfvjerblt,kj,bc<br />
fqlutybc itvltu& sfdlfgbhdtkfl itwljvfsf cbf 26-geymnbfyb b.j& cf,jkjjl^ tc hbw[db 13-<br />
vlt itfvwbhtc& tc bc itwljvt,bf^ hjvkt,ptlfw jhufybpfwbbc vbth ithxtekb tmcgthnsf<br />
fphb fh uf.jabkf lf .dtkfv vbbxybf >bhbsfl itwljvt,fl&<br />
itb>Kt,f pjuvf babmhjc^ hjv lfvjerblt,kj,bc 15-okbfyb upbc itvltu c]j,c<br />
ofhvfnt,t,pt b.jc cfe,fhb& itwljvt,pt .ehflqt,bc ufvf[dbkt,f thsb v[hbd bvbs fb[cyt,f^<br />
hjv ufydkbkb gthbjlb vtnfl hsekb fqvjxylf cfmfhsdtkjcsdbc& vtjht v[hbd^ jgjpbwbf<br />
fewbkt,kfl ittwlt,f^ gbhdtk hbuib^ itwljvt,pt bcfe,hjc^ dblht vbqotdt,pt&<br />
gfnfhf mdt.ybcsdbc itwljvf gjkbnbrfib lfeidt,tkb @aeaeyt,ff#^ hfw itb>Kt,f >fkbfy<br />
>dbhb lfe]ltc& fct b.j 1918-1921 okt,bc cfmfhsdtkjc ltvjrhfnbekb htcge,kbrbc lhjc&<br />
@vfiby cfmfhsdtkjv lfvjerblt,kj,f bvlhjbyltkb gjkbnbrehb tkbnbc vbth lfidt,ekb<br />
itwljvt,bc ufvj lfrfhuf#^ _ fctsbf lqtc cfpjufljt,fib lfvrdblht,ekb fphb& fvbnjv<br />
cfpjufljt,fib fhct,j,c ibib gjkbnbrfib lfidt,ekb itwljvt,bc obyfit& @xdty fh udbylf^<br />
vjvfdfkibw dbfhjs itwljvt,bc upbs lf cfmfhsdtkjc lfvjerblt,kj,f rdkfdfw [fyvjrkt<br />
fqvjxyltc#^ _ fv,j,c pfmfhbf mewyfidbkb& 7<br />
fqcfybiyfdbf^ hjv itwljvt,bc yec[f cfpjufljt,fc 2006 okbc 21 st,thdfkc^ cfmfhsdtkjc<br />
ltvjrhfnbekb htcge,kbrbc rjycnbnewbbc vbqt,bc lqtc ofhelubytc& @lfvjerblt,kj,f<br />
lf vbcb sfyvltdb rjycnbnewbf fqfhfcjltc eylf uf[ltc fqcflutyb lf [tkf[kf<br />
fcfvjmvtlt,tkb& cfmfhsdtkjc vityt,kj,bc ghjwtcb cf[tkvobajt,hbj,bc lf ltvjrhfnbbc<br />
bvltyfl v.fh cfae>dtkc eylf t.hlyj,jltc^ hjv [fk[bc sfdbceakt,f lf rtsbklqtj,f<br />
ufhfynbht,ekfl lfwekb uf[ltc#^ _ fqybiytc cfjhufybpfwbj rjvbntnbc otdht,vf& 8<br />
evsfdhtcb e,tleht,f^ hbsfw bo.t,f lfvjerblt,kj,bc gthbjlib lfidt,ekb itwljvt,bc<br />
yec[f^ tmcgthnsf fphbs^ 1991-1992 okt,ib vjv[lfhb cf[tkvobaj uflfnhbfkt,f lf 1992-93<br />
okt,bc cfvjmfkfmj jvbf& mfhsdtk tmcgthnsf fphbs^ lfvjerblt,kj,bc gbhdtk okt,ib<br />
uflfnfybkvf fv nhfubrekvf aehwkt,vf itmvytc vjdktyfsf ]fzdb^ hjvtksf efh.jabsb<br />
itltut,bc lf>ktdfw mdt.fyfc lqtvlt dth vje[th[t,bf& 9<br />
hflufyfw cfmvt bcnjhbek upfc t[t,f^ vjcfkjlytkb b.j^ hjv lfcf[tklt,jlf ufhrdtekb<br />
sfhbqt,b lf fvf se bv lhjc uflfluvekb fhfcojhb yf,b]t,b& rjvbcbbc otdht,bc vbth fctsb<br />
itwljvt,b lfcf[tkt,ekb b.j& vfufkbsfl^ lfujvbcbc [tkitrhekt,f^ hjvkbc cfae>dtkpt<br />
7 @cfmfhsdtkjc htcge,kbrf#^ 22&::&2006<br />
8 @f[fkb sfj,f#^ 22&::&2006<br />
9 fvthbrbc mtsfmbc infnbc kebcdbkbc eybdthcbntnbc vbnx vtrjytkbc wtynhbc cgtwbfkbcnt,vf fvthbrtk<br />
bcnjhbrjct,c ijhbc ufvjrbs[df xffnfhtc& ufvjrbs[df vbpyfl bcf[fdlf fii-bc ghtpbltynt,bc<br />
vbth c[dflfc[df lhjc lfidt,ekb e[tib itwljvt,bc ufvjhrdtdfc& ufvjrbs[dbc itltut,b fsb .dtkfpt<br />
nhfubrekb itwljvbc htbnbyubc cf[bs ufvjmdt.ylf& tc qjybc>bt,f fii-bc gbhdtkb ghtpbltynbc ]jh]<br />
dfibyunjybc lf,flt,bc lqtc vbt>qdyf& wtynhbc cgtwbfkbcnt,bc fphbs^ ghtpbltynt,bc itwljvt,bc<br />
itcofdkbs isfvjvfdkt,b^ fk,fs^ eahj vtnc bcofdkbfy^ dblht v[jkjl vfsb cfcbmflekj cfmvtt,bs<br />
nr,j,bs& ufvjrbs[dbc itltufl .dtkf lhjbc .dtkfpt nhfubrek itwljvfl bcnjhbrjct,vf<br />
ghtpbltyn ]tbvc ,bertytybc vbth cfvjmfkfmj jvbc sfdblfy fwbkt,bc eeyfhj,f fqbfhtc&<br />
bcnjhbrjct,bc smvbs^ ,bertytyb fhfcfrvfhbcfl vnrbwtl fqeluf oby cfvjmfkfmj jvbc lfo.t,bc oby<br />
cfv[hts infnt,bc rfdibhblfy ufcdkbc vwltkj,fc ~@f[fkb sfj,f#^ 22&::&2006`&<br />
14
cfvfxf,kjib hecb cfvidblj,jt,b itvjdblyty lf hfcfw vj/.df cjzbc [tkitrhekt,f lf hecb<br />
cfvidblj,jt,bc tyuehpt xf.tyt,f^ 1994 okbc 1 vfhnc cfmfhsdtkjc lcs-ib ufotdhbfyt,f lf<br />
f&i& 10 sevwf^ cf,jkjj ]fvib^ lfcf[tkt,ekb itwljvfsf yec[f @fhfbcnjhbek# [fcbfsc fnfht,c<br />
lf eahj ghj,ktvfsf xfvjyfsdfkbf^ hjvtksf uflfezhtkj,fw lqtdfyltk gbhj,t,ib mdt.ybc<br />
ufydbsfht,fc fath[t,c& tc xfvjyfsdfkb^ ptvjs lfcf[tkt,eksfy thsfl^ @evsfdhtcb itwljvt,bc#<br />
cf[tkojlt,bs^ itvltuyfbhfl bmyf ofhvjlutybkb%<br />
• 1991-1992 okt,ib vjv[lfhb cf[tkvobaj uflfnhbfkt,f lf 1992-93 okt,bc<br />
cfvjmfkfmj jvb*<br />
• rjyakbmnt,b cfvfxf,kjcf lf fa[fptsib*<br />
• [tkbceakt,bc wdkbc fhfcffhxtdyj ghfmnbrf*<br />
• hectsbc cfvidblj,j ]fht,bc itvj.dfyf fa[fptscf lf cfvfxf,kjib*<br />
• ltvjrhfnbbc lf sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc ufyedbsfht,kj,f*<br />
• cf[tkvobajc vbcbbc lf mdt.ybc thjdyekb bynthtct,bc ufyecfpqdhtkj,f*<br />
• cfvjmfkfmj sfy[vj,bc vbeqotdkj,f*<br />
• flfvbfyehb htcehct,bc fhfcojhb ufvj.tyt,f*<br />
• cjwbfkehb lf ]fylfwdbc cfbvtlj lf ecfahs[j ,fltt,bc itemvytkj,f*<br />
• ltvjuhfabekb gjkbnbrbc fhfhct,j,f*<br />
• rfyjybc eptyftcj,bc^ cfvfhskbfyj,bc lf sfyfcojheakt,bfyj,bc ghbywbgt,bc<br />
euekt,tk.jaf*<br />
• [tkbceakt,bc injt,c ijhbc ufojyfcojht,bcf lf rjynhjkbc vtmfybpvt,bc vjikf<br />
~2004 okbc rjycnbnewbehb wdkbkt,t,b`*<br />
• cnhfntubekb j,btmnt,bc ufc[dbct,f& 11<br />
ptvjs lfcf[tkt,ekb itwljvt,bc se uflfcfo.dtnb fvjwfyt,bc elbltcb yfobkb dfhlt,bc<br />
htdjkewbfvlt bqt,c cfsfdtc lf f[fkb [tkbceakt,f vjojlt,ekbf ufhrdtekb qjybc>Bt,t,b<br />
uffnfhjc lfcf[tkt,ekb vbvfhsekt,t,bs& sevwf^ lqtdfyltkb [tkbceakt,f @evsfdhtcb<br />
itwljvt,bc# ofhvjlutybk yec[fc fh lftsfy[vt,f lf hbu itwljvt,c^ vfufkbsfl @cnhfntubekb<br />
j,btmnt,bc ufc[dbct,fc# bv yf,b]fl vbbxytdc^ hfw mdt.ybc trjyjvbrbc fqvfdkj,bc<br />
epheydtk.jac&<br />
o lfvjerblt,kj,bc 15 otkb% hfc vbdfqobts<br />
fcjwbfwbf @rfyjyb [fk[bcfsdbc# ithxtekvf tmcgthnt,vf itwljvt,sfy thsfl^ vbqotdt,bc<br />
cbfw itflubyf& ufydkbkb gthbjlbc vsfdfh vbqotdt,fl lfcf[tklf%<br />
• cbrdlbkbs lfc]bc ufemvt,f*<br />
• nhfycrfdrfcbehb ghjtmnt,b _ fqvjcfdktsbcf lf lfcfdktsbc lfvfrfdibht,tkb<br />
bcnjhbekb aeymwbbc cfmfhsdtkjcsdbc lf,heyt,f*<br />
• cfmfhsdtkjcf lf lfcfdktsbc mdt.yt,c ijhbc gfhnybjhekb ehsbthsj,bc xfvj.fkb,t,f*<br />
• sfdbceafkb vtlbbc itmvyf*<br />
• ltvjrhfnbekb qbht,ekt,t,bc lfvrdblht,bcfsdbc uflfluvekb yf,b]t,b*<br />
• cf,fphj trjyjvbrbc ajhvbht,bcfsdbc uflfluvekb yf,b]t,b*<br />
• hectsbc cfv[tlhj ,fpt,bc uf.dfybc itcf[t, itsfy[vt,bc vbqotdf*<br />
• yfnjib ufcfotdhbfyt,kfl uflfluvekb yf,b]t,b*<br />
• fzfhbc fdnjyjvbeh htcge,kbrfib fdnjhbnfhekb ht;bvbc itwdkf& 12<br />
10 @htpjyfycb#^ 22&::&2006<br />
11 @htpjyfycb#^ 15&:::&2006<br />
15
fcjwbfwbbc vbth itrht,bkb tmcgthnt,bc fphb dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc itcf[t, jhfl ufb.j&<br />
pjub vfc vbqotdfl sdkblf^ pjubw gbhbmbs _ itwljvfl& b.j vjcfpht,fw^ hjv dfhlt,bc<br />
htdjkewbbc itafct,bc cfrbs[b cfvjvfdkjl uflfbljc& vfufkbsfl^ @rjyakbmnt,bcf lf<br />
vjkfgfhfrt,t,bc cfthsfijhbcj wtynhbc# [tkv>qdfytkbc ubjhub [ewbidbkbc fphbs^ dfhlt,bc<br />
htdjkewbbc itcfafct,kfl ufhrdtekb lhjbc ufcdkff cfzbhj& fvfc fh tsfy[vt,f<br />
ubjhub ufxtxbkf>t& vbcb smvbs^ @dfhlt,bc htdjkewbf fh vjtojyfs v[jkjl ctgfhfnbcnek<br />
ht;bvt,c^ lfyfhxtyb vcjakbj rb fqnfwt,fc ufvj[fnfdc& fv lhjc cfmfhsdtkjib ufvjxylf<br />
byntktmnefkehb >fkf^ hjvtkcfw fv vjdktybc vbqotdfl xfsdkf fh cehc lf itcfafct,kfl<br />
lhjc bs[jdc& tc bc [fk[bf^ hjvtkbw itdfhlyf>bc ht;bvbc lfv[j,bs ervf.jabkjf#& 13<br />
dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc vbqotdfl itafct,bc vjobyffqvltutyb vbesbst,ty^ hjv [tkbceakt,bc<br />
wdkbc fhfcffhxtdyj ghfmnbrf cfmfhsdtkjc ths-thsb evsfdhtcb itwljvfl bmyf<br />
vbxytekb^ fvbnjv tmcgthnsf bubdt ]ueavf dfhlt,bc htdjkewbf vbqotdfl fh eylf xfsdfkjc&<br />
pfmfhbf mewyfidbkbc smvbs^ fh itb>kt,f [tkbceakt,fib dbyvtc vjcdkf cfmfhsdtkjc vsfdfh<br />
vbqotdfl xfbsdfkjc lf hfw vsfdfhbf^ [tkbceakt,bc htdjkewbehb upbs itwdkbc afmnbc<br />
mdt.ybc vbqotdfl vbxytdf bmyt,f ofmtpt,f c[df gjkbnbrehb >fkt,bcf^ hjvkt,vfw itcf>kjf^ fct<br />
vjbyljvjy vsfdhj,bc itwdkf lf gfhkfvtynib vjcdkf& 14<br />
o htdjkewbbc 16 ufvfh]dt,f<br />
dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc vtjht okbcsfdbc obyf lqtt,ib s,bkbcbc vjmfkfmtt,c eafcel<br />
ehbult,jlfs gfnfhf ,erktnb cfsfehbs @cfmfhsdtkjc 16 ufvfh]dt,f^ hjvtkbw dfhlt,bc<br />
htdjkewbfv vjudbnfyf#& ofhvfnt,t,bc xfvjyfsdfkb jgjpbwbfv vfibydt cflfdjl uf[flf lf<br />
@cf[tkbceakj gbfhc# vofht rhbnbrbs egfce[f&<br />
,erktnb @fyjybvehb# b.j^ hflufyfw vfcpt fh b.j vbsbst,ekb lfvrdtsbcf lf itvchekt,kbc<br />
dbyfj,f& fhflf^ rfyjybs cfhtrkfvj cffubnfwbj vfcfkfpt tc .dtkfathb vbsbst,ekb<br />
eylf b.jc& @yfwbjyfkehb vj>hfj,bc# jabcib efh.dtc fv ,erktnsfy hfbvt rfdibhb^ sevwf^<br />
itvltu ghtpbltynbc flvbybcnhfwbfib lfflfcnehtc^ hjv tc ,erktnb @[tkbceakt,bc [tkblfy#<br />
b.j ufvjcekb& 15<br />
lqtdfyltk [tkbceakt,fc cbv,jkjt,b e.dfhc lf pjubthsb bvfptw lfabmhlf^ se<br />
hfnjvff xfvjsdkbkb vfbywlfvfbyw 16 ufvfh]dt,f lf fhf thsbs vtnb fy thsbs yfrkt,b&<br />
dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc itvltu vjgjdt,ekb @cfmfhsdtkjc ufvfh]dt,t,bc# yec[f rb itvltuyfbhfl<br />
ufvjb.eht,f% 1& fzfhbc lf,heyt,f* 2& ufphlbkb ,be]tnb^ gtycbt,b^ [tkafct,b* 3&<br />
eafcj cfcohfaj cfvtlbwbyj lf[vfht,f* 4& upt,b lf byahfcnhemnehf* 5& ertstcb gbhj,t,b<br />
ukt[t,bcfsdbc* 6& cfthsfijhbcj fdnjhbntnb* 7& ufev]j,tct,ekb ,bpytcufhtvj* 8& gjkbwbbc<br />
htajhvf* 9& ufyfskt,bc lblb htajhvf* 10& fqvityt,kj,f* 11& eahj ,tlybthb ,fdidt,b* 12&<br />
,jh]jvb^ cfxemfhb ,fdidt,c* 13& gfnhbjnsf ,fyfrt,b* 14& >Kbthb ]fhb* 15& f[fkb crjkt,b* 16&<br />
bfab cfpjufljt,hbdb nhfycgjhnb&<br />
ufvfh]dt,t,bc fqybiyekvf xfvjyfsdfkvf rbltd eahj uffvodfdf lfdf dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc<br />
itltut,bc itcf[t,& htdjkewbbs fq>hekvf tbajhbfv erdt ufbfhf lf flfvbfyt,b rjyrhtnek<br />
itltut,c tkbfy& fcts ajypt vbqotdt,bc sfj,fpt cfe,fhb ,tdhbcsdbc ufvfqbpbfyt,tkbf<br />
cojhtl fvbc ufvj.tyt,fc ittwflf jgjpbwbf& xfvjsdkbk vbqotdt,ib rb vfhskfw ,tdhb hfv<br />
cfrfvfsjf& vfufkbsfl^ @ufev]j,tct,ekb ,bpytcufhtvj#& fv vbvfhsekt,bs hjv ,tdhb hfvff<br />
ufcfrtst,tkb^ fvfc sfdfl [tkbceakt,fw fqbfht,c* fhw ukt[j,f uh>yj,c sfdc ertstcfl lf<br />
fhw ufphlbkb ,be]tnbc cbrtst lfcn.j,bf lblfl [tkafct,cf lf gtycbt,c& mdt.fyfib v>bvt<br />
cjwbfkehb dbsfht,ff lf v[jkjl vbcb ertstcj,bcfrty itwdkf bmyt,f .dtkfpt isfv,tzlfdb<br />
fhuevtynb dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc cfcfhut,kjl&<br />
12 @cfmfhsdtkjc htcge,kbrf#^ 15&:::&2006<br />
13 @cfmfhsdtkjc htcge,kbrf#^ 15&:::&2006<br />
14 @cfmfhsdtkjc htcge,kbrf#^ 15&:::&2006<br />
15 @fkbf#^ 19-21&\:&2005<br />
16
[tkbceakt,bc 16 ufvfh]dt,bc lfodhbkt,bs rhbnbrfcsfy thsfl^ jgjpbwbehvf ufptsvf<br />
@fhuevtynvf# ufvjfmdt.yf dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc vbth vjnfybkb 16 lfvfhw[t,bc cbf% 1& eahj<br />
ufzbhdt,ekb vjcf[ktj,f* 2& cfvfxf,kjcf lf fa[fptsbc lf,heyt,bc gthcgtmnbdt,bc ufefhtct,f* 3&<br />
ghtcbc sfdbceakt,bc itpqeldf* 4& cfmfhsdtkjc vtwybthekb gjntywbfkbc vjcgj,f* 5& vfhskvflblt,kj,fcsfy<br />
,h>Jkf* 6& cf[tkvobaj htrtnb* 7& ehsbthsj,t,bc ufefhtct,f fpth,fb]fysfy^<br />
hectssfy lf cjv[tssfy* 8& rhbvbyfkehb vlujvfhtj,bc ufefhtct,f* 9& f[fkb rkfyt,bc xfvj.fkb,t,f*<br />
10& cfcfvfhskj [tkbceakt,bc vbrth>jt,ekj,f* 11& ,bpytcufhtvjc ufefhtct,f* 12&<br />
thjdyekb bltynehj,bc lbcrhtlbnfwbf* 13& afct,bc ufphlf* 14& cfmfhsdtkjc fvthbrfybpfwbf* 15&<br />
byntktmnefkehb rfgbnfkbc uflbyt,bc phlf* 16&f[fkb tsyjrjyakbmnt,bc gthcgtmnbdbc phlf& 16<br />
hfw itt[t,f cf[tkbceakj-cfhtrkfvj ,hjiehbc [fhbc[c^ vfc cfrvfjl lf,fkb itafct,f<br />
vbtwf tmcgthnsf v[hblfy& @dabmhj,^ yfwvj>hfj,fc vtnb htcehcb fmdc lf itt>kj eahj [fhbc[bfyb<br />
gbfhbc ufrtst,f#^ _ fqybiyf gbfhrjvgfybf @ybrjkj-tv#-bc lbhtmnjhvf ubjhub lfkfmbidbkvf&<br />
17 vbcbdt itafct,bs^ sfdfl ,hjiehf vfcfptf ufsdkbkb lf fhbc nbgbehb @bvtlbc<br />
gbfhntmyjkjubf# _ @fhct,j,c tktmnjhfnbc yfobkb^ hjvtkbw^ vbe[tlfdfl bvbcf^ hjv<br />
ervf.jabkjf [tkbceakt,bc^ bvtlb vfbyw ithxf&&& hjwf flfvbfyc ufvelvt,bs te,yt,b^ hjv vbc<br />
ufhitvj ,tdhb rfhub hfv rtslt,f^ bc bo.t,c abmhc% vfhsfkbf^ ]th tc rfhub vt fh vt[t,f^<br />
vfuhfv vjvfdfkib vtw .dtkfathb rfhufl vtmyt,fj#& 18 sevwf^ bcbw w[flbf^ hjv serb lhjsf<br />
ufyvfdkj,fib tc bvtlt,b fh ufvfhsklf^ vcufdcb htrkfvf v[jkjl efh.jabs itltuc vjbnfyc&<br />
o [tkbceakt,bc vbqotdt,b lf xfdfhlyt,b<br />
hjujhw dyf[ts^ dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc jhb okbc itvltu [tkbceakt,bc vbqotdt,bcf lf<br />
ofhevfnt,kj,t,bc stvf fmnefkehb sfdfl [tkbceakt,fv uf[flf& @yfwbjyfkehb vj>hfj,bc#<br />
vbth ufdhwtkt,ek ,erktnc [tkbceakt,bc 16 ufvfh]dt,bc itcf[t, jgjpbwbehb gfhnbt,bc<br />
v[hblfy vj/.df fv ufvfh]dt,fsf ufmfho.kt,bc vwltkj,t,b lf [tkbceakt,bc ofhevfnt,-<br />
kj,fsf uh>tkb yec[t,bc itlutyf& cfmfhsdtkjc cfpjufljt,hbdb fphbcf lf vfhrtnbyuekb<br />
rdktdbc fcjwbfwbf @ujh,bv# uflfo.dbnf sfdfl vjmfkfmtt,bc fphb ufvjtrdkbf fv cfrbs[pt&<br />
fsfc htcgjltync vstkb cfmfhsdtkjc vfcinf,bs ~rjyakbmnehb htubjyt,bc ufhlf` cs[jdtc<br />
lftcf[tkt,byfs ,jkj jhb okbc ufyvfdkj,fib [tkbceakt,bc 3 .dtkfpt ofhvfnt,ekb lf<br />
ofhevfnt,tkb yf,b]b& 19<br />
ufvjrbs[dbc itltut,bc sfyf[vfl^ vjmfkfmtt,b vsfdhj,bc vbth uflfluvek 15 .dtkfpt<br />
ofhvfnt,ek yf,b]fl vbbxytdty itvltuc% 1& upt,bc lfut,f* 2& gfnhekb lf gjkbwbbc htajhvf*<br />
3& gtycbt,bc phlf lf lhjekfl ufwtvf* 4& eafcj cfcohfaj lf[vfht,f* 5& tktmnhjtythubbc<br />
vbojlt,bc ufev]j,tct,f* 6& ufyfskt,bc htajhvf* 7& fzfhbc ityfhxeyt,f-lf,heyt,f* 8& ]fhbc<br />
uf>kbtht,f lf htajhvt,b* 9& mfkfmbc rtsbkvjo.j,f^ afcflt,bc ufkfvfpt,f* 10& rjheawbbc<br />
obyffqvltu ,h>jkf* 11& cfufhtj gjkbnbrf* 12& eafcj cfcflbkjt,bc uf[cyf* 13& [tkafct,bc<br />
ufphlf* 14& hectsbc ]fhbc uf.dfyf* 15& nthbnjhbekb vskbfyj,bcfsdbc ,h>jkf&<br />
fqcfybiyfdbf^ hjv @yfwbjyfkehb vj>hfj,bc ,erktnib vsfdhj,bc vbth ufnfht,ek<br />
ofhvfnt,ek yf,b]t,c ijhbc fh b.j lfcf[tkt,ekb eafcj cfcflbkjt,b^ hectsbc ]fht,bc<br />
uf.dfyf^ nthbnjhbekb vskbfyj,bcfsdbc ,h>jkf^ mfkfmt,bc rtsbkvjo.j,f lf afcflt,bc<br />
ufkfvfpt,f&<br />
hfw itt[t,f vsfdhj,bc ofhevfnt,tk yf,b]t,c^ ufvjrbs[eksf fphbc ufsdfkbcobyt,bs^ tc<br />
cbf itvltuyfbhfl ufvjb.eht,f% 1& cfveifj flubkt,bc vodfdt cbvwbht* 2& nthbnjhbekb<br />
vskbfyj,bc vjeudfht,kj,f* 3& afct,bc phlf* 4& cfvcf[eht,blfy [fk[bc itvwbht,f* 5& vwbht<br />
[tkafct,b lf gtycbt,b* 6& ufyfskt,bc htajhvf* 7& cjwbfkehb gjkbnbrf* 8& cfofhvjt,bc<br />
ghbdfnbpfwbf* 9& vfhsdbc ctmnjhib fhfrdfkbabwbht,ekb rflht,bc fhct,j,f* 10& cjakbc<br />
16 @fhuevtynb#^ 17-23&\:&2005<br />
17 @fkbf#^ 19-21&\:&2005<br />
18 @fkbf#^ 19-21&\:&2005<br />
19 @htpjyfycb#^ 21&\::&2005<br />
17
vtehytj,bcflvb e.ehflqt,j,f* 11& hfbjyt,bcflvb e.ehflqt,j,f* 12& rjheawbfcsfy<br />
ofhevfnt,tkb ,h>jkf* 14& lfgbht,t,bc itechekt,kj,f* 15& hectssfy ehsbthsj,bc<br />
lf>f,df&<br />
hjujhw d[tlfds^ vsfdhj,bcflvb ghtntypbt,bc yec[fw cthbjpekbf& fqcfybiyfdbf bcbw^<br />
hjv pjubthsb yf,b]b^ hjujhbwff ufyfskt,bc htajhvf fy rjheawbfcsfy ,h>Jkf itlbc<br />
hjujhw ofhvfnt,ek^ bct ofhevfnt,tk yf,b]sf cbfib& 20<br />
o vfhn kffhb% cfmfhsdtkjc ,tlb ef[kjtcb thsyf[tdfhb okbc<br />
ufyvfdkj,fib uflfo.lt,f<br />
tcnjytsbc .jabkb ghtvbth-vbybcnhb vfhn kffhb^ hjvkbc lfvcf[eht,flfw bsdkt,f<br />
mdt.ybc trjyjvbrbc fqlutyf cf,zjsf rfdibhbc lfikbc itvltu 2006 okbc vfbcib thsb okbs<br />
lfbybiyf ghtpbltyn cffrfidbkbc cgtwbfkeh vhxtdkfl lfbybiyf& vfc tdfkt,f trjyjvbrehb<br />
htajhvt,bc rjjhlbyfwbf lf rjyceknbht,f ufhlfvfdfk gthbjlib& hflbj @sfdbceakt,bcfsdbc#<br />
9 bdybcc vbwtvek bynthdbeib kffhvf ufyfw[flf^ hjv cfmfhsdtkjcsdbc uflfvo.dtnb<br />
vjvtynb lut,f% fy f[kfyltkb ptojkf hectsbc v[hblfy mdt.fyfc vbb.dfyc chek trjyjvbreh<br />
rjkfacfvlt^ fy mdt.fyf uf[lt,f gjcncf,zjehb ofhvfnt,ekb ufydbsfht,bc rbltd thsb<br />
vfufkbsb& 21<br />
kffhbc smvbs^ hfw eahj vtnfl twyj,f cfmfhsdtkjib fhct,ek dbsfht,fc^ vbs eahj<br />
e>kbthlt,f uh>yj,f^ hjv fm fhct,ekb dbsfht,f >fkptl ufdc tcnjytsib 1993-1994 okt,ib<br />
fhct,ek dbsfht,fc& trjyjvbrf _ rhf[bc pqdfhptf^ ofhvjt,bc fhct,ekb cnhfntubf^ hjvtkbw<br />
bsdfkbcobyt,c fqvjcfdktsbc ,fpht,bcfsdbc lf,fk[fhbc[jdfyb tythujntdflb cfmjykbc<br />
ofhvjt,fc^ evjrktc dflfib eylf itbwdfkjc f[fkb vblujvbs^ hjvtkbw jhbtynbht,ekb<br />
bmyt,f lfcfdkehb ,fpht,bcfsdbc itlfht,bs vfqfk[fhbc[jdfyb cfmjykbc ofhvjt,bs&<br />
tcnjytsbc vcufdcfl^ fctdt fhbc >Kbthb ptojkf hectsbc v[hblfy^ hjvtkbw wlbkj,c<br />
xfifkjc cfmfhsdtkjc lfcfdktsbcrty itvj,heyt,f&<br />
rjhtcgjyltynbc itrbs[dfpt^ ite>kbf se fhf cfmfhsdtkjc tcnjytsbc itlfht,bsb<br />
ofhvfnt,bc ufvtjht,f^ kffhb fqybiyfdc^ ufhrdtekb fphbs cfmfhsdtkjc ifyct,b lblbf& fvbc<br />
bvtlc f>Ktdc cfmfhsdtkjc cf[tkvobaj cfvcf[ehib vjcekb f[fkufphlj,f^ hjvkt,bw^ bctdt<br />
hjujhw tc tcnjytsib b.j^ vpfl fhbfy bvjmvtljy vbqt,ekb rehcbc itcf,fvbcfl&<br />
vfuhfv cfmfhsdtkj rbltd eahj v>bvt vlujvfhtj,fibf^ dblht tcnjytsb b.j 1993-1994<br />
okt,ib& c[df cbn.dt,bs hjv dsmdfs^ lfrfhuekbf 15 otkb^ hfcfw vj/.df ufhtvjt,fsf<br />
efqhtcfl hsekb lfvs[dtdf^ hfw tcnjytsib fctsb erblehtcb ajhvbs fh .jabkf&<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc trjyjvbrehb byahfcnhemnehbc yuhtdbc [fhbc[b ufwbkt,bs eahj v>bvtf^<br />
dblht tc sfdbc lhjpt tcnjytsib b.j&<br />
ufhlf fvbcf^ vfhn kffhbc fphbs^ cfmfhsdtkjc vlujvfhtj,fc tcnjytssfy itlfht,bs<br />
bcbw fhsekt,c^ hjv hectsb ufwbkt,bs eahj >kbthb uf[lf& hectsbc itcf>kt,kj,t,b<br />
ufyf[jhwbtkjc sfdbcb utuvt,b lqtc itelfht,kfl eahj lblbf^ dblht tc b.j tcnjytsbc<br />
vbvfhs 1993-1995 okt,ib& tc jhb afmnjhb thsvfytssfy it[fvt,ekb^ efqhtcfl hsek<br />
cbnefwbfc mvybc&<br />
cfthsfijhbcj tmcgthnt,bc ghjuyjpt,b erfyfcrytkb okt,bc vfy>bkpt cfmfhsdtkjcsfy<br />
lfrfdibht,bs hflbrfkehfl ufyc[dfdt,ekbf& thsyb fvnrbwt,ty^ hjv cfmfhsdtkjib<br />
.dtkfathb rfhufl bmyt,f^ c[dt,b rb^ gbhbmbs^ fv,j,ty^ hjv .dtkfathb welfl bmyt,f& hjujhw<br />
20<br />
vt-60 ofhevfnt,tksf ijhbc% ofhevfnt,tk-fhfcnf,bkehb mdt.yt,bc yec[f ;ehyfkt,vf @ajhtby<br />
gjkbcbv# lf @ajh gbcvf# itflubytc& ufvjrdktdfib 148 mdt.fyf itfafctc& fv yec[fib cfmfhsdtkjc vt-<br />
60 flubkb ezbhfdc& vcjakbjib .dtkfpt fhfcnf,bkeh mdt.yfl celfyb lfcf[tklf& vtjht lf vtcfvt<br />
flubkt,b rjyujc ltvjrhfnbekvf htcge,kbrfv lf rjn-lbedfhvf ufbyfobktc& vt-4 flubkpt thf.bf^<br />
yec[bc fstekc rb fdqfytsb fchekt,c& hectsb htbnbyubs 43-t flubkptf^ ,tkjhecb rb 50-tpt&<br />
.jabkb cf,zjsf rfdibhbc mdt.yt,blfy .dtkfpt @ofhevfnt,tkb# 22-t flubkpt ufcekb ep,trtsb<br />
fqvjxylf& vjkljdf rb fv yec[fib 57-t flubkptf ~@htpjyfycb#^ 3&|&2006`<br />
21 http://www.svobodanews.ru/Article/2006/06/09/20060609150016830.html<br />
18
kffhb fqybiyfdc^ fv erblehtc sdfkcfphbct,c ijhbc @hfqfw iefktlbc# >bt,f fhfcojhb<br />
bmyt,jlf& vfhsfkb ths-thsb v[fhtf^ vfuhfv hjvtkb^ fv v[hbd ,tdhb hfv sfdfl<br />
cfmfhsdtkjptf lfvjrblt,ekb& ufhrdtekb fphbs rb .dtkfathb itb>kt,f lfvjrblt,ekb<br />
fqvjxyltc ufvfhskt,fptw&<br />
kffhbc itafct,bs^ @cfmfhsdtkjc trjyjvbrf bo.t,c lflt,bsb cbuyfkt,bc ufvjwtvfc lf<br />
vbvlbyfht htajhvt,c yf.jab ufvjfmds^ vfuhfv hfbvtc pecnfl smvf ite>kt,tkbf lff[kjt,bs<br />
vjvfdfkb thsyf[tdfhb okbc vfy>bkpt&#<br />
ufhlf fvbcf^ kffhbc smvbs^ bvbcfsdbc^ hjv wdkbkt,t,bc cnf,bkbpt,f vj[ltc^ cfmfhsdtkjv<br />
eylf uffnfhjc >fkptl vrfabj lf >fkptl vnrbwt htajhvt,b cfbydtcnbwbj rkbvfnbc<br />
ufcfev]j,tct,kfl& @mdt.fyfc tcfzbhjt,f ew[jehb rfgbnfklf,fylt,t,b lf sfyfw lblb<br />
vjwekj,bs& fv ufhtvjt,t,bc ufesdfkbcobyt,kfl .dtkfathb itb>kt,f welfl lfchekltc#& 22<br />
ew[jehb bydtcnbwbt,bc cfzbhjt,bc sfj,fpt kffhbc cbn.dt,bc rjvtynbht,bcfc^ ths-thsb<br />
flubkj,hbdb ufptsb bhjybekfl itybiyfdc% @tn.j,f^ ghtpbltynbc vhxtdtkc lfevfktc^<br />
ew[jtkb bydtcnjhb ,tdhb hjv vjudfo.lf lf .dtkf erfyvje[tlfdfl hjv ufdfmwbts& hfnjv(<br />
_ tu vbptpb [tkbceakt,fib eahj rfhufl bwbfy lf ]th bvfs /rbs[jc#& 23<br />
kffhb rb [fpufcvbs fqybiyfdc^ hjv @ef[kjtcb jhb okbc ufyvfdkj,fib cfmfhsdtkjc<br />
lfczbhlt,f tdhjgbcf lf vstkb lfcfdktsbc cfv.fhjc fhfjhfphjdfyb v[fhlfzthf lf fhf<br />
vfhnj cbn.dbthfl^ fhfvtl >fkptl sdfkcfxbyjl^ cfmvbs#& kffhb bvfcfw itybiyfdc^ hjv tc<br />
v[fhlfzthf fh uekbc[vj,c cfmfhsdtkjc tdhjrfdibhib ufotdhbfyt,fc& @tc bmyt,jlf<br />
enjgbehb vbpfyb# lf kffhbc fphbs^ @vjwtvek tnfgpt fhwse cfcfhut,kj<br />
cfmfhsdtkjcsdbc#& kffhb fqybiyfdc^ hjv fv cfrbs[ib cfmfhsdtkjc [tkbceakt,f lfluf<br />
eahj htfkbcneh gjpbwbfpt lf cfdct,bs tcvbc^ hjv @cfmfhsdtkjc tdhjrfdibhib otdhj,f fh<br />
itb>kt,f b.jc vbcb ef[kjtcb vbpfyb#& sevwf tc fh ybiyfdc^ hjv cfmfhsdtkj fxtht,c<br />
tdhjgfcsfy byntuhfwbfc^ thsj,kbdb ghjuhfvt,bc htfkbpt,fc fy tdhjrfdibhbc rfyjyt,bc<br />
vbqt,fc tc eahj pjuflb vbpfyb fhfdbsfh itvs[dtdfib fh emvlt,f^ vfuhfv @fvfcsfy<br />
cfmfhsdtkj >fkbfy rfhufl fwyj,btht,c^ hjv tdhjrfdibhbc otdhj,bcrty knjkdf fv<br />
cbnefwbfib cfresfhb sfdbc vjn.et,f bmyt,jlf#& 24<br />
fhct,ekb rhbnbrekb dbsfht,bc itmvyfib cfmfhsdtkjc lqtdfyltkb [tkbceakt,f<br />
lfvyfifdt fh fhbc^ vfuhfv gfce[bcvut,tkbf fv dbsfht,blfy ufvjcfdkbc gjdyfpt lf cojhtl<br />
fvfpt vbesbst,c vbcb tcnjytkb vhxtdtkb&<br />
sfdb :::& thjdyekb ecfahs[jt,f<br />
o gfhkfvtynvf thjdyekb ecfahs[jt,bc rjywtawbbc itveifdt,f vjbs[jdf<br />
2004 okbc ctmntv,thib gfhkfvtynbc sfdlfwdbcf lf eibihjt,bc rjvbntnvf thjdyekb<br />
ecfahs[jt,bc rjywtawbbc itveifdt,f lf cfrfyjyvlt,kj jhufyjib lfcfvnrbwt,kfl<br />
ofhlutyf vjbs[jdf& gfhkfvtynfht,vf cgtwbfkehb ufyw[flt,bs vbvfhstc ghtpbltynsfy fhct-<br />
,ek eibihjt,bc cf,zjc& rfyjyvlt,tksf fphbs^ fv ljrevtynbc fhmjyf itmvybk dbsfht,fib<br />
erdt .jdkfl vbeqt,tkb b.j lf fath[t,lf cf[tkvobajt,hbdb fqvityt,kj,bc cfmvtc&<br />
thjdyekb ecfahs[jt,bc rjywtawbbc itveifdt,bc sfj,fpt cfmfhsdtkjib kfgfhfrb 1994<br />
okblfy vbvlbyfhtj,c& fv cfmvtib mdt.fyfc ew[jtkb cgtwbfkbcnt,bw t[vfht,jlyty lf<br />
hfvltybvt rjyathtywbfw xfnfhlf& itveifdlf hfvltybvt ghjtmnbw& sevwf cfmvt fvbc bmbs fh<br />
ofcekf& itveifdt,ek ljrevtynsfufy hjvtkbvtc jabwbfkehb ghjtmnbc cf[t fh vbcwtvbf lf<br />
22 @fkbf#^ 13-14&|:&2006<br />
23 @fkbf#^ 13-14&|:&2006<br />
24 @htpjyfycb#^ 13&|:&2006* http://www.svobodanews.ru/Article/2006/06/09/20060609150016830.html<br />
19
ufycf[bkdtkfl fh ufvjmdt.yt,ekf&<br />
ghbywbgib^ tc ufcfut,bwff& itdfhlyf>Bc vvfhsdtkj,bc gthbjlib mdt.fyf cf,jkjjl xfvj-<br />
.fkb,t,ekb sfdbc cfufhtj ghbjhbntnt,ib fh .jabkf& itdfhlyf>bcfsdbc lfvf[fcbfst,tkb<br />
lfcfdktscf lf hectsc ijhbc @lf,fkfyct,bc gjkbnbrf# afmnj,hbdfl ufvjhbw[fdlf mdt.ybc<br />
vbth lfcfdkehb jhbtynfwbbc vrfabjl lf wfkcf[fl lfabmcbht,fc&<br />
dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc itvltu^ 2004 okbc st,thdfkib thjdyekb ecfahs[jt,bc<br />
rjywtawbbc itveifdt,bc cfrbs[b lff.tyf vfibyltkvf sfdlfwdbc vbybcnhvf utkf ,t;efidbkvf&<br />
utyinf,b vfiby cfv[tlhj ljmnhbybc itveifdt,fc wlbkj,lf lf fvfc thjdyekb<br />
ecfahs[jt,bc pjuflb rjywtawbbc fhfhct,j,bc ufvj dth bo.t,lf& thjdyekb ecfahs[jt,bc<br />
rjywtawbf cf,fpbcj ljrevtync ofhvjflutyc^ hbc cfae>dtkptw cfv[tlhj ljmnhbyf^ t&o&<br />
@stshb obuyb# lf @cnhfntubekb htajhvbc uflf[tldf# eylf vjvpflltc& 25<br />
bvfdt okbc itvjlujvfpt rb gfhkfvtynfht,vf cojhtl utkf ,t;efidbkbcufy vjbs[jdtc<br />
ecfahs[jt,bc rjywtawbbc itveifdt,f^ hjvtkvfw sfdlfwdbc vbybcnhbc gjcnblfy eibihjt,bc<br />
cf,zjc vlbdybc sfyfvlt,j,fpt uflfbyfwdkf& gfhkfvtynib vbqt,ek lflutybkt,fib<br />
fqybiyekb b.j^ hjv cfthsfijhbcj ecfahs[jt,bc cathjib vjv[lfhvf wdkbkt,t,vf^ f[fkb<br />
nbgbc cfahs[tt,bc ofhvjij,fv^ fuhtsdt cfmfhsdtkjc tdhjfnkfynbreh cnhemneht,ib<br />
byntuhbht,bc vnrbwt uflfo.dtnbkt,fv^ mdt.fyf cfresfhb [fk[bc ecfahs[jt,bcf lf<br />
ltvjrhfnbekb afctekj,t,bc tatmnehb lfwdbc vtmfybpvbc itveifdt,bc fewbkt,kj,bc<br />
obyfit lff.tyf& 26<br />
ufhlf fvbcf^ vtpj,tk mdt.yt,ib^ gbhdtk hbuib rb^ hectsib vbvlbyfht gjkbnbrehvf ghjwtct,vf^<br />
fuhtsdt cfmfhsdtkjc nthbnjhbekb vskbfyj,bc fqlutybc cfrbs[sfy lfrfdibht-<br />
,ekvf ghj,ktvt,vf yfstkb uf[flf^ hjv cfmfhsdtkjc fewbkt,kfl czbhlt,f thjdyekb ecfahs[jt,bc<br />
rjywtawbf& cfmfhsdtkjc gfhkfvtynb fqybiyfdlf^ hjv thjdyekb ecfahs[jt,bc<br />
rjywtawbbc xfvj.fkb,t,f fvfcsfyfdt cfmfhsdtkjcf lf yfnjc ijhbc fhct,ekb bylbdblefkehb<br />
sfyfvihjvkj,bc cfvjmvtlj utuvbs ufsdfkbcobyt,ek uflfelt,tkb dfklt,ekt,fw b.j&<br />
@xdty fctdt dsdkbs^ hjv thjdyekb ecfahs[jt,bc rjywtawbbc fhct,j,f cfcbwjw[kj<br />
fewbkt,kj,fc ofhvjflutyc ghtpbltynbcf lf gfhkfvtynbc vbth ufnfht,ekb gjkbnbrehb<br />
rehcbc itemwtdflj,bc epheydtkcf.jafl#^ _ yfsmdfvbf gfhkfvtynbc vbth eibihjt,bc<br />
cf,zjcfsdbc vbvfhsdbc ntmcnib&<br />
cgtwbfkbcnsf fphbs^ cfmfhsdtkjcsdbc cfvfufkbsj itb>kt,f .jabkb.j ,fknbbc<br />
htcge,kbrt,bc ufvjwlbkt,f& vfs vbth itveifdt,ekb thjdyekb ecfahs[jt,bc rjywtawbt,b<br />
.dtkfyfbh cfibihjt,fc bsdfkbcobyt,ty& vfufkbsfl^ mdt.ybc fytmcbbcf lf jregfwbbc<br />
itvs[dtdfib cfzbhj cfvjmvtlj utuvfw rb fhbc ufycfpqdhekb& @mfhsekb v[fht cojhtl fv<br />
ghbywbgbs vjmvtlt,fc fgbht,c lf xdtyb rjywtawbfw fct lfodhbkt,bs bmyt,f ufothbkb&<br />
c[dfudfhfl vjmvtlt,bcf lf yf[tdhflufvjvw[dfhb ljrevtynbc itveifdt,bc eakt,f fhw udfmdc#^<br />
_ fqybiyfdlf gfhkfvtynbc sfdlfwdbcf lf eibihjt,bc rjvbntnbc sfdv]ljvfhbc vjflubkt<br />
ybrf hehef& 27<br />
gfhkfvtynib^ thjdyekb ecfahs[jt,bc rjywtawbbc itveifdt,bc vjs[jdyfcsfy thsfl^<br />
bcbw tcvjlfs^ hjv cbxmfht fv cfmvtib itb>kt,f cthbjpekb itwljvt,bc vbptpb fqvjxyltc^<br />
fvbnjv [fpc ecdfvty^ hjv ecfahs[jt,bc rjywtawbbc itveifdt,f @ujybdhek dflt,ib# eylf<br />
vj[ltc& fvltyfl^ bvbc smvbcfufy^ se rjyrhtnekfl hf dflt,ib vj[lt,jlf mdt.ybc<br />
ecfahs[jt,bc rjywtawbbc ghjtmnbc itveifdt,f^ .dtkf sfdc brfdt,lf& itveifdt,bc itvltu<br />
thjdyekb ecfahs[jt,bc rjywtawbf ufycf[bkdtkfl ofhtlubyt,f mdt.ybc ghtpbltync lf<br />
gfhkfvtync&<br />
25 @[dfkbyltkb lqt#^ 1&\&2004<br />
26 @f[fkb sfj,f#^ 3&\&2004<br />
27 @[dfkbyltkb lqt#^ 1&\&2004<br />
20
o thjdyekb ecfahs[jt,f lblb cfahs[bc obyfit<br />
2005 okbc 13 vfbcc cfgfhkfvtynj rjvbntnt,ib lfbo.j thjdyekb ecfahs[jt,bc rjywtawbbc<br />
ufy[bkdf& fqybiyekb ljrevtynb thjdyekb eibihjt,bc cf,zjc vbthff itveifdt,ekb&<br />
tmcgthnt,bcf lf ltgenfnt,bc yfobkbc obyfcofhb itafct,bs^ ljrevtynb^ hjvkbc<br />
itveifdt,fcfw ew[jtkb htrjvtylfnjht,b ]th rbltd fsb okbc oby bs[jdlyty^ lfe[dtofdbf lf<br />
ofhvjlutybkb cf[bs vbcb vbqt,f ufevfhskt,tkb bmyt,jlf& 28<br />
ljrevtynb 7 sfdbcfufy itlut,f& thjdyekb ecfahs[jt,bc rjywtawbfib xfvj.fkb,t,ekbf<br />
mdt.ybc ecfahs[jt,bc ufydbsfht,bc [tldf^ ufycfpqdhekbf aeylfvtynehb thjdyekb<br />
qbht,ekt,t,b lf bynthtct,b^ fqothbkbf bc cfahs[tt,b lf ufvjodtdt,b^ hjvkt,bw tvemht,f<br />
fy itb>kt,f^ vjvfdfkib lftvemhjc mdt.fyfc&<br />
rjywtawbf mdt.ybc >bhbsfl thjdyek qbht,ekt,t,fl fw[flt,c cedthtybntnc^ ecfahs[jt,fc^<br />
vidblj,fc^ ltvjrhfnbfcf lf rfyjybc eptyftcj,fc^ flfvbfybc eakt,t,bcf lf sfdbceakt,t,bc<br />
gfnbdbcwtvfc^ vjcf[ktj,bc vfnthbfkeh rtsbklqtj,fc& fqybiyek qbht,ekt,t,c<br />
tae>Yt,f mdt.ybc thjdyekb bynthtct,b^ hjvtkbw sfdbc v[hbd uekbc[vj,c% nthbnjhbek lf<br />
thjdyekb vskbfyj,fc* htubjyek cnf,bkehj,fc* sfdbceakt,bcf lf ltvjrhfnbbc<br />
ufyvnrbwt,fc vtpj,tk mdt.yt,cf lf htubjyt,ib* mdt.ybc cfnhfypbnj aeymwbbc ufyvnrbwt,fcf<br />
lf tythubbc vjojlt,bc fknthyfnbekb o.fhjt,bc epheydtk.jafc* mdt.ybc lf htubjybc trjkjubeh<br />
ecfahs[jt,fc* thjdyekb lf reknehekb sdbsv.jaflj,bc epheydtk.jafc&<br />
rjywtawbbc ghjtmnbc vb[tldbs^ cfmfhsdtkjc cfahs[tt,c ofhvjflutyc lfhqdtekb<br />
nthbnjhbekb vskbfyj,f^ vtpj,tk mdt.yt,ib fhct,ekb rjyakbmnt,b^ cfv[tlhj bynthdtywbf^<br />
hectsbc atlthfwbbc cfv[tlhj ,fpt,b^ rjynhf,fylf lf nthjhbpvb& rjywtawbbc<br />
fdnjht,c vbfxybfs^ hjv cfmfhsdtkjc obyffqvltu qbf cfv[tlhj fuhtcbbc itcf>Kt,kj,f<br />
vwbhtf^ sevwf^ bmdt itybiyfdty^ hjv mdt.fyf fhfths[tk lfvlufhf cedthtybntnbcf lf<br />
nthbnjhbekb vskbfyj,bc [tk.jabc obyfit^ hfw cf/fthj^ cf[vtktsj lf cfpqdfj cbdhwbc<br />
cbcntvfneh lfhqdtdfib ufvjb[fnf& 29<br />
thjdyekb ecfahs[jt,bc gjkbnbrbc >BHbsfl vbvfhsekt,fc cf[tkvobaj vfhsdbc<br />
uf>Kbtht,f^ ltvjrhfnbekb bycnbnent,bc ufyvnrbwt,f^ sfdlfwdbceyfhbfyj,bc uf>Kbtht,f lf<br />
mdt.ybc vstk nthbnjhbfpt otchbubc fqlutycf ofhvjflutyc& 30 mdt.ybc thjdyekb ecfahs[jt,bcfsdbc<br />
vsfdfh cfibihjt,fl vbxytekbf lfhqdtekb nthbnjhbekb vskbfyj,f^ hjvtkbw<br />
>bhc es[hbc mfhsekb cf[tkvobajc gjkbnbreh^ trjyjvbreh lf cjwbfkeh cnf,bkehj,fc&<br />
@lfhqdtekvf nthbnjhbekvf vskbfyj,fv^ se fh vj[th[lf vbcb lhjekb lf tatmnehb<br />
vjudfht,f^ itcf>Kjf^ cfahs[t itemvyfc cfmfhsdtkjc^ hjujhw cbwjw[kbceyfhbfyb<br />
cf[tkvobajc fhct,j,fc#^ _ fqybiyekbf thjdyekb ecfahs[jt,bc rjywtawbfib& 31<br />
hjujh dfhfelj,c rjywtawbf rjyakbmnt,bc vjotchbut,fc( eibihjt,bc cf,zjc vbth<br />
itveifdt,ekb ljrevtynb w[bydfkbc htubjybc rjyakbmnbc vjotchbut,bc cfiefkt,fl<br />
vbbxytdc ghtpbltyn cffrfidbkbc bybwbfnbdfc^ hjvtkbw cfv[hts jctsc csfdfpj,c fdnjyjvbbc<br />
cnfnecc^ ufvjhbw[fdc >fkbc ufvj.tyt,fc lf tv.fht,f evwbhtcj,fsf eakt,t,bc lfwdfc&<br />
fa[fptsbc rjyakbmnbc uflfzhbc upfl vbxytekbf lbnth ,jltybc [tkv>qdfytkj,bs<br />
ufthjc utythfkehb vlbdybc vtuj,fhsf ]ueabc vbth itveifdt,ekb ljrevtynb @s,bkbccf lf<br />
cj[evc ijhbc eakt,fvjcbkt,fsf ufvb]dybc >bhbsflb ghbywbgt,bc itcf[t,#& vtvfh]dtyt<br />
jgjpbwbbcfsdbc ,jltybc ljrevtynb vbeqt,tkbf^ hfw itt[t,f w[bydfkbc htubjyc^ lfdbs<br />
ufv.htkb>Bc smvbs^ @ghtpbltynbc vbth tdhjrfdibhib uf;qtht,ekb bybwbfnbdf ljrevtynbc<br />
cf[bs fhfdbc eyf[fdc#& 32<br />
hjujhw erdt bsmdf^ mdt.ybc obyfit fhct,ek cfahs[tt,c ijhbc vjb[ctybt,f hectsbc<br />
cfv[tlhj ,fpt,bw& ljrevtynib xfvjsdkbkbf bc ghj,ktvt,b^ hfw hecekb cfv[tlhj ,fpt,bc<br />
28 @[dfkbyltkb lqt#^ 14&|&2005<br />
29 @24 cffsb#^ 16&|&2005<br />
30 @[dfkbyltkb lqt#^ 14&|&2005<br />
31 @24 cffsb#^ 16&|&2005<br />
32 @[dfkbyltkb lqt#^ 16&|&2005<br />
21
cfmfhsdtkjc nthbnjhbfpt .jayf mvybc% @,fpt,bc erfyjyj fhct,j,f kf[fdc mdt.ybc<br />
cedthtybntnc^ thjdyek ecfahs[jt,fc lf [tkc eikbc thjdyekb thsbfyj,bc vbqotdfc&<br />
cfv[tlhj ,fpt,bc fhct,j,f >Bhc es[hbc trjyjvbreh lf cjwbfkeh cnf,bkehj,fc lf<br />
efh.jabsfl vjmvtlt,c ufhtvjpt#&<br />
rjywtawbf [fpc ecdfvc^ hjv cfmfhsdtkjc yfnjib itcdkbc itvs[dtdfib mdt.ybc<br />
ecfahs[jt,bc [fhbc[b vybidytkjdyfl ufbphlt,f* tdhjrfdibhib ufotdhbfyt,f rb trjyjvbrehb<br />
lf gjkbnbrehb ufydbsfht,bc vybidytkjdfy ufhfynfl bmwtdf&<br />
mfhsek vtlbfib fqbybiyt,jlf^ hjv cfcehdtkbf rjywtawbbc ufy[bkdfib fhf vfhnj<br />
gfhkfvtynfht,vf lf gfhnbt,vf^ fhfvtl frfltvbehvf ohtt,bc lf afhsj cfpjufljt,hbj,bc<br />
ofhvjvflutykt,vf vbbqjy vjyfobktj,f& fctsb vybidytkjdfyb ljrevtynb vfhnj cfgfhkfvtynj<br />
evhfdktcj,bc rb fhf^ vskbfyfl cfpjufljt,bc sdfkcfphbcc eylf ufvj[fnfdltc lf<br />
vfcib xfvj.fkb,t,ekb lt,ekt,t,bc sfj,fpt afhsj cfpjufljt,hbdb rjyctycecb eylf<br />
fhct,j,ltc&<br />
o cnhfntubekb gfhnybjhj,blfy ghfuvfnek sfyfvihjvkj,fvlt<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc thjdyekb ecfahs[jt,bc rjywtawbbc ghjtmnvf^ ]th rbltd gfhkfvtynib<br />
ufy[bkdbc lhjc vbbmwbf cfthsfijhbcj cfpjufljt,hbj,bc .ehflqt,f& rjywtawbbc<br />
ghjtmnib^ c[df cfrbs[t,sfy thsfl^ xfvj.fkb,t,ekbf cfmfhsdtkjc cfufhtj ghbjhbntnt,b<br />
lf lf[fcbfst,ekbf cfmfhsdtkjc sfyfvihjvkj,bc [fcbfsb hbu mdt.yt,sfy& cjv[eh ghtcfib<br />
ervf.jabkt,f ufvjbsmdf bvbc ufvj^ hjv erhfbyf lf sehmtsb cfmfhsdtkjc @cnhfntubek<br />
gfhnybjht,fl# vjb[ctybt,bfy^ [jkj cjv[tssfy ehsbthsj,fc @ghfuvfnekb sfyfvihjvkj,bc#<br />
itafct,f t>ktdf&<br />
thjdyekb ecfahs[jt,bc rjywtawbbc ghjtmnib cfmfhsdtkjc cnhfntubek gfhnybjht,fl<br />
vbxytekb b.j v[jkjl cfvb mdt.fyf% fii^ erhfbyf lf sehmtsb& vjrktl b.j lf[fcbfst,ekb<br />
sbsjtek fv mdt.fyfcsfy sfyfvihjvkj,bc vybidytkj,f cfmfhsdtkjcsdbc& itvltu<br />
ufy[bkekb b.j @gfhnybjhj,f hectsbc atlthfwbfcsfy# lf @gfhnybjhj,f fpth,fb]fysfy lf<br />
cjv[tssfy#& sevwf^ fpth,fb]fysfy ehsbthsj,fpt cfe,hbcfc vbsbst,ekb b.j^ hjv<br />
@cfmfhsdtkjc ehsbthsj,f fpth,fb]fysfy cnhfntubek gfhnybjhj,fl xfvj.fkb,lf#& cjv[tsbc<br />
sfj,fpt rb fqybiyekbf^ hjv @cfmfhsdtkjc ghfuvfnekb sfyfvihjvkj,f frfdibht,c<br />
cjv[tssfy jhv[hbdb bynthtct,bc .dtkf cathjib#&<br />
thjdyekb ecfahs[jt,bc rjywtawbbc ghjtmnbc fv lt,ekt,fc ufyfo.tyt,ekb ufvjt[vfehf<br />
cjv[ehb bynthytnufvjwtvf @gfyfhvtybfy ytndjhrb#^ hjvtkbw fqybiyfdlf% @hf smvf eylf^<br />
sfyfvihjvkj,fib lf ghfuvfnbpvib welb fhfathbf& c[df cfrbs[bf^ hjv xdtysdbc vjresdyt,ekb<br />
hfyub fhfyfbhfl fh erfdibhlt,f cfmfhsdtkjc [tkbceakt,bc vbth cjv[tsbcfsdbc<br />
ufvjw[flt,ekb cfereyj >vj,fcf lf cb.dfhekc#& 33<br />
sfdlfwdbcf lf eibihjt,bc cfgfhkfvtynj rjvbntnbc sfdv]ljvfhbc vjflubkt ybrf hehef<br />
cfgfce[jl fqybiyfdlf^ hjv fv ufycfpqdht,fib cfo.tyb lf fhfrjhtmnekb fhfathbf& @fh<br />
vtcvbc^ hfnjv eylf co.tyjlfs tc ahfpf& ghfuvfnek sfyfvihjvkj,fib cfo.tyb fhfathbf&<br />
fctsb sfyfvihjvkj,f qbf^ jhbdt v[fhbc bynthtct,pt jhbtynbht,ek ehsbthsj,fc<br />
uekbc[vj,c#^ _ fqybiyf hehefv& 34<br />
ecfahs[jt,bc rjywtawbbc ghjtmnib cjv[tssfy lf fpth,fb]fysfy ehsbthsj,f vfhskfw<br />
ufyc[dfdt,ekfl b.j lf[fcbfst,ekb^ vfuhfv tc b.j fcf[df fhct,ekb vlujvfhtj,bcf& rjywtawbfib<br />
[fpufcvekbf^ hjv cfmfhsdtkjc fpth,fb]fysfy frfdibht,c thsj,kbdb tythutnbrekb^<br />
cfnhfycgjhnj lf cfrjveybrfwbj ghjtmnt,b& ,fmj-s,bkbcb-]tb/fybc yfdsj,cfltyc<br />
lf ,fmj-s,bkbcb-thphevbc ufpcfltyc fhf v[jkjl trjyjvbrehb vybidytkj,f fmds^ fhfvtl<br />
htubjyib cnf,bkehj,bc ufyvnrbwt,fcfw tvcf[eht,bfy& fv ghjtmnt,bc fvjmvtlt,bc itvltu<br />
vj[lt,f fknthyfnbekb tythujhtcehct,bc vbojlt,f tdhjgek ,fpfhpt& ufhlf trjyjvbrehb<br />
33 @htpjyfycb#^ 21&|&2005<br />
34 @htpjyfycb#^ 21&|&2005<br />
22
ghjtmnt,bcf^ cfmfhsdtkj vzblhjl sfyfvihjvkj,c fpth,fb]fysfy gjkbnbrbc lf ecfahs-<br />
[jt,bc cathjt,ib^ fctdt tdhj-fnkfynbrehb byntuhfwbbc ghjwtcib lf cefvbc afhukt,ib&<br />
cjv[tsbc ufyc[dfdt,ekb cfufhtjgjkbnbrehb ghbjhbntnt,bcf lf .fhf,fqbc rjyakbmnbc<br />
ufvj^ s,bkbccf lf thtdfyc ijhbc sfyfvihjvkj,f ptvjs xfvjsdkbk cathjt,ib lqtc<br />
afmnj,hbdfl ufvjhbw[ekbf& fvfdt lhjc^ cfmfhsdtkjcsdbc fhfyfrkt, vybidytkjdfybf cjv-<br />
[tssfy rtsbkvtpj,kehb ehsbthsj,t,b& rjywtawbbc ghjtmnib [fpufcvekbf^ hjv @cjv-<br />
[tssfy rtsbkvtpj,kehb ehsbthsj,t,bc lf jhv[hbdfl cfcfhut,kj sfyfvihjvkj,bc<br />
ufqhvfdt,f jhbdt cf[tkvobajc thjdyek bynthtct,ib itlbc lf [tkc eo.j,c jhb mdt.ybc<br />
trjyjvbreh rtsbklqtj,fc lf gjkbnbreh cnf,bkehj,fc#&<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc thjdyekb ecfahs[jt,bc rjywtawbbc ghjtmnib fctdt ufsdfkbcobyt,ekbf<br />
cjv[tsbc cfnhfypbnj bynthtct,bw& @jhbdt mdt.fyfv eylf ufvjb.tyjc thsj,kbdb<br />
trjyjvbrehb^ tythutnbrekb lf cfnhfycgjhnj ghjtmnt,bc cbrtst& cfmfhsdtkjc vbfxybf^ hjv<br />
cjv[tsvf cfhut,tkb eylf yf[jc cfmfhsdtkjc nhfypbnekb vlt,fhtj,bcufy cjv[ehb<br />
ghjlemwbbc cfmfhsdtkjc nthbnjhbfpt nhfycgjhnbht,bs#& sevwf^ fa[fptsib fhct,ekb<br />
rjyakbmnbc ufvj cfmfhsdtkj dth f[th[t,c cjv[tsbc @evsfdhtcb cfnhfypbnj bynthtcbc#<br />
lfrvf.jabkt,fc lf fa[fptspt ufvfdfkb hrbybupbc fqlutyfc& fvfc [tkc eikbc fhf cfmfhsdtkjc<br />
gjpbwbf^ fhfvtl cjv[tsbc cnhfntubekb gfhnybjhbc _ hectsbc vjmvtlt,f^<br />
hjvtkbw fuh>tkt,c cj[evbc ctgfhfnbcnekb ht;bvbc fmnbeh v[fhlfzthfc&<br />
cfmfhsdtkjlfy hectsbc cfv[tlhj ,fpt,bc uf.dfybc vjs[jdyblfy ufvjvlbyfht^ ufhrdtekb<br />
lf>F,ekj,f cjv[ts-cfmfhsdtkjc ehsbthsj,t,ibw xylt,f& hecekb ,fpt,bc cfmfhsdtkjlfy<br />
ofcdkf fqbmvt,f hjujhw hectsbc gjpbwbt,bc itcecnt,f cfv[hts rfdrfcbfib& hectsb rb cjv[tsbc<br />
cnhfntubekb vjrfdibhtf fpth,fb]fysfy lf sehmtssfy lf>f,ekb ehsbthsj,bc gbhj,t,ib&<br />
w[flbf^ dbsfht,f cfv[hts rfdrfcbfib vybidytkjdyfl itbwdkt,f^ serb vj[th[lt,f obycdkf<br />
.fhf,fqbc rjyakbmnbc vjotchbut,fib& fvbc sfj,fpt wfkrtf fqybiyekb ecfahs[jt,bc<br />
rjywtawbbc ghjtmnib& @vsbfyb .fhf,fqbc rjyakbmnbc fhct,j,f cfahs[tc emvybc htubjybc<br />
mdt.yt,bc cnf,bkehj,fc& cfmfhsdtkj vbtcfkvt,f fv rjyakbmnbc vidblj,bfy vjudfht,fc lf<br />
cfthsfijhbcj sfyfvtuj,hj,bc eahj fmnbeh xfhsdfc cfvidblj,j ghjwtcib^ hfw [tkc<br />
iteo.j,c htubjyib ecfahs[jt,bc ufyvnrbwt,fcf lf sfyfvihjvkj,bc ufqhvfdt,fc#^ _<br />
yfsmdfvbf ljrevtynib&<br />
o cfahs[tt,b ufycfpqdhekbf _ bcbyb xhlbkjtsblfy udtvemht,f<br />
2005 okbc 4 jmnjv,thc gfhkfvtynib cfmfhsdtkjc thjdyekb ecfahs[jt,bc<br />
rjywtawbbc ghtptynfwbf ufbvfhsf& fqybiyekb ljrevtynb gfhkfvtynvf ]th rbltd cfvb sdbc<br />
oby _ 8 bdkbcc lffvnrbwf& rjywtawbbc ntmcnb cfcohfajl vjvpfllf lf bctsbdt cbcohfabs<br />
lfvnrbwlf& fqybiyekb ljrevtynbc itcf[t, vjcfpht,t,bc ufvjsmvf v[jkjl fhfcfvsfdhj,j<br />
ctmnjhbc ofhvjvflutykt,vf vjfcohtc^ afhsj cfpjufljt,bc cfvc]fdhjpt rb erdt<br />
lfvnrbwt,ekb ljrevtynb ufvjlbc& ghtptynfwbf vbpyfl bcf[fdlf pfa[ekib cfcohfajl<br />
vbqt,ekb fqybiyekb ljrevtynbc vybidytkj,bc [fpufcvfc lf cfpjufljt,bcfsdbc vbc<br />
ufwyj,fc& itcf>KJf^ gfhkfvtynib cfzbhjl vbbxybtc thjdyekb ecfahs[jt,bc rjywtawbfib<br />
lfabmcbht,ekb ghbjhbntnt,bc rbltd ths[tk ofhvjxtyf mdt.ybcsdbc cfrvfjl hsek<br />
gthbjlib^ hjltcfw efqhtcfl lfb>f,f ehsbthsj,f hectssfy&<br />
itdfhlyf>bc [tkbceakt,fc ezbhlf gjpbwbt,bc vrfabjl lfabmcbht,f^ ufycfresht,bs<br />
lfcfdktsbcrty cohfadbcf^ bv vjnbdbs hjv hectsb >fkptl ufqbpbfylt,jlf& f[kf thjdyekb<br />
ecfahs[jt,bc rjywtawbf vbqt,ekbf lf vrfabjlff ufycfpqdhekb^ hjv cfmfhsdtkj<br />
tcohfadbc yfnjcf lf tdhjrfdibhib ufotdhbfyt,fc^ hjv fii-cf lf erhfbybc cf[bs /.fdc<br />
cnhfntubekb gfhnybjht,b^ [jkj hectsb fv cnfnecbc vfnfht,kfl vbxytekb fh fhbc&<br />
rjywtawbbc sfyf[vfl^ hectsssfy cfzbhjf ehsbthsj,bc yjhvfkbpt,f^ vfuhfv fvbcfsdbc<br />
ufhrdtekb yf,b]t,b^ gbhdtk hbuib^ hectsvf eylf uflflufc& 35<br />
35 @f[fkb sfj,f#^ 5&\&2005<br />
23
4 jmnjv,thc ufvfhsek ghtptynfwbfpt gfhkfvtynbc sfdv]ljvfhtv ybyj ,eh]fyf>tv<br />
thjdyekb ecfahs[jt,bc rjywtawbfc @aeylfvtynehb ljrevtynb# eojlf^ @hjvtkbw mdt.ybc<br />
.dtkf ghbjhbntnek vbvfhsekt,fc t[t,f lf yfnjcsfy cfmfhsdtkjc lff[kjt,fc<br />
bsdfkbcobyt,c#& 36<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc eibihjt,bc cf,zjc vlbdfyb utkf ,t;efidbkb fqybiyek ljrevtync @mdt.ybc<br />
ecfahs[jt,bc ufydbsfht,bc cfupfj herfc# flfht,c^ hjvtkbw vcjakbj sfyfvtuj,hj,fc<br />
itf[ctyt,c^ @cfl bv.jat,f fv;fvfl lf cfbs vbtvfhst,f cfmfhsdtkj#& 37<br />
thjdyekb ecfahs[jt,bc rjywtawbbc >bhbsflb stpbct,b ghfmnbrekfl cfmfhsdtkjc<br />
cfvjmvtlj utuvff lf cf[tkvobaj gjkbnbrf& fv ljrevtynbc itcf,fvbcfl vjmvtlt,f tdfkt,fs<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc cf[tkvobaj eo.t,t,c& cfvbybcnhjt,vf eylf itbveifjy lf ofhvjflubyjy lfhuj,hbdb<br />
ecfahs[jt,bc rjywtawbt,b^ hjvtkibw eahj rjyrhtnekfl eylf b.jc ufycfpqdhekb<br />
mdt.ybc ufydbsfht,bc vbvfhsekt,f& otcbs^ 2005 okbc ,jkjvlt eylf vjvpflltc ljrevtynt,b<br />
sfdlfwdbc^ tythutnbrekb^ trjyjvbrehb^ reknehekb se cfufhtj ecfahs[jt,bc<br />
itcf[t,& 38<br />
mdt.ybcsdbc vsfdfh cfahs[tl vbxytekbf lfhqdtekb nthbnjhbekb vskbfyj,f^<br />
hjvtkbw >bhc es[hbc mfhsekb cf[tkvobajc gjkbnbreh^ trjyjvbreh lf cjwbfkeh<br />
cnf,bkehj,fc& tc cfahs[t rb vybidytkjdfyobkfl hectsbc gjkbnbrblfy vjvlbyfhtj,c&<br />
eylf bsmdfc^ hjv rjywtawbbc vbqt,bc itvltu ufcek vwbht lhjib vybidytkjdfyb cbf[ktf<br />
mdt.ybcsdbc evsfdhtcb cfahs[bc vfcinf,t,bc lfabmcbht,fpt& jabwbfkehb s,bkbcb erdt<br />
kfgfhfrj,c hectsbc vbth cfmfhsdtkjc nthbnjhbt,bc yfobkbc fytmcbbc vwltkj,fpt&<br />
rjywtawbf hectssfy ehsbthsj,bc vjotchbut,fc lbl vybidytkj,fc fybzt,c^ vfuhfv bcbw<br />
w[flbf^ hjv fvbc cehdbkb vjcrjdc ef[kjtc vjvfdfkib fh tmyt,f& hbub tmcgthnt,bc fphbs^<br />
eahj vjcfkjlytkbf ehsbthsj,t,bc ufvodfdt,f lf ghjdjrfwbt,b^ hflufyfw vjcrjdc<br />
fqbpbfyt,c fhf vfhnj cfmfhsdtkjc cohfadf yfnjcf lf tdhjrfdibhbcfrty^ fhfvtl sfdbcb<br />
cfv[tlhj ,fpt,bc uf.dfybc ufhledfkj,f lf cfmfhsdtkjc vbth rjyakbmnbc pjyt,blfy hecb<br />
cfvidblj,jt,bc uf.dfybc vjs[jdyfw&<br />
o cfv[tlhj cnhfntubf cfahs[tt,bc obyffqvltu<br />
thjdyekb ecfahs[jt,bc rjywtawbbc itveifdt,bcf lf vbqt,bc itvltu cfcohfajl<br />
itveifdlf vbcufy ufvjvlbyfht thjdyekb cfv[tlhj cnhfntubbc rjywtawbf^ hjvtkcfw<br />
ghtpbltynvf 2005 okbc yjtv,thib vjfothf [tkb& tcff cfmfhsdtkjib vbqt,ekb fv cf[bc<br />
gbhdtkb jabwbfkehb ljrevtynb& cnhfntubf ecfahs[jt,bc rjywtawbfc tae>yt,f lf 2010<br />
okfvlt ufycfpqdhfdc cfmfhsdtkjc itbfhfqt,ekb >fkt,bc utuvt,c lf cfmvbfyj,fc&<br />
ljrevtynib [fpufcvekbf^ hjv xdtyb sfdlfwdbc gjkbnbrf >bhbsflfl vbvfhsekbf mdt.ybc<br />
fuhtcbbcfufy lfwdfpt lf yfnjib ufotdhbfyt,fpt& thjdyekb cfv[tlhj cnhfntubbc ufycfpqdhf<br />
yfnjib ufotdhbfyt,bcfsdbc vjvpflt,bc fewbkt,tkb gbhj,ff&<br />
vbqt,ekb ljrevtynbc sfyf[vfl^ htajhvt,bc itvltu cfmfhsdtkjc bctsb itbfhfqt,ekb<br />
>fkt,b eylf /.fdltc^ hjvtkbw sfdbceakfl it>Kt,c vjyfobktj,f vbbqjc yfnjc yt,bcvbth<br />
jgthfwbfib& cfmfhsdtkjc itbfhfqt,ekb >fkt,b vfmcbvfkehfl gfnfhf^ vfuhfv vj,bkehb^<br />
vjmybkb lf tatmnehb eylf b.jc& fvbcfsdbc rb >fkptl ,tdhb hfvff ufcfrtst,tkb& cnhfntubbc<br />
vb[tldbs^ ghjatcbjyfkehb ]fhbc xfvj.fkb,t,f 2010 otkc eylf lfchekltc&<br />
@tc cfdct,bs fltrdfnehb ljrevtynbf bv cfahs[tt,bc vbvfhs^ hjvtkbw xdtyb mdt.ybc<br />
obyfit lufc#^ _ fqybiyfdc tdhjgbcf lf tdhjfnkfynbreh cnhemneht,ib byntuhfwbbc<br />
cfrbs[t,ib cf[tkvobaj vbybcnhb ubjhub ,fhfvb>t& 39<br />
cfv[tlhj cnhfntubfib sfdlfwdbc gjkbnbrbc [esb >bhbsflb ghbywbgbf xfvj.fkb-<br />
36 @24 cffsb#^ 5&\&2005<br />
37 @24 cffsb#^ 5&\&2005<br />
38 @[dfkbyltkb lqt#^ 5&\&2005<br />
39 @[dfkbyltkb lqt#^ 26&\:&2005<br />
24
,t,ekb% 40<br />
_ gbhlfgbhb fuhtcbbc sfdblfy fwbkt,f*<br />
_ yfnjcsfy byntuhfwbf lf cfthsfijhbcj sfyfvihjvkj,f _ cfahs[tt,bc cbvhfdkt<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc e,b>Ut,c fmnbehfl bsfyfvihjvkjc cfthsfijhbcj ufthsbfyt,t,sfy lf<br />
yfnjcsfy& yfnjib ufotdhbfyt,f @vjrkt dflfib# butuvt,f*<br />
_ cnhfntubekb dbsfht,bc pecnfl itafct,bc eyfhb _ tc fewbkt,tkbf cojhb<br />
vjmvtlt,bcfsdbc& cfzbhj byajhvfwbbc vbcfqt,fl rb cfzbhjf cflfpdthdj itcf>kt,kj,t,bc<br />
ufev]j,tct,f*<br />
_ rfdrfcbbc htubjyib cnf,bkehj,bc ityfhxeyt,f _ cfmfhsdtkj fqbfht,c c[df mdt.yt,bc<br />
cfvfhskbfy bynthtct,c lf cehc vfssfy sfyfvihjvkj,f*<br />
_ cfthsfijhbcj ecfahs[jt,bc [tkito.j,f _ cfmfhsdtkjc vjvfdfkb cfthsfijhbcj<br />
otchbuptf lfvjrblt,ekb lf cfmfhsdtkj dfklt,ekt,fc bqt,c^ hjv vjyfobktj,fc vbbqt,c<br />
vbc epheydtk.jafib& cnhfntubbc vb[tldbs^ vjvfdfkb 5 otkb cf,h>jkj jgthfwbt,ib thf.ib^<br />
fdqfytscf se rjcjdjib bctd bmyt,bfy xfhsekb mfhsdtkb cfv[tlhjt,b&<br />
thjdyek cfv[tlhj cnhfntubfib rjyrhtnekflff xfvjsdkbkb bc cfahs[tt,bw^ hfw<br />
mdt.fyfc lqtbcfsdbc tvemht,f& 41 vskbfyj,fib rb cfmfhsdtkjc ufhitvj fhwse cfcbfvjdyj<br />
dbsfht,ff itmvybkb% cfmfhsdtkj ufhitvjhn.vekbf >kbthb lf vtnb itcf>Kt,kj,t,bc<br />
vtpj,kt,bs^ uffxybf vhfdfkb gjntywbehb vjobyffqvltut^ hjvtksfw ,tdhb fhfcnfylfhnekb<br />
jgthfwbbc xfnfht,f ite>Kbfs& cfmfhsdtkjc rb fh ite>kbf .dtkfathpt cfsfyflj htfubht,f&<br />
yjvth gbhdtk cfahs[tl xhlbkj rfdrfcbff lfcf[tkt,ekb^ hjvtkbw cfibib lf fhfcnf,bkehbf^<br />
uf.byekb rjyakbmnt,b lf f[fkb rhbpbcekb rtht,bc ofhvjij,bc cfibihjt,fw<br />
fhct,j,c& mdt.ybc .dtkfpt htfkeh cfahs[tl nthbnjhbekb vskbfyj,bc ghj,ktvf lf<br />
uf.byekb rjyakbmnt,b cf[tklt,f& ljrevtynbc vb[tldbs^ vybidytkjdfy cfahs[tl ufyb[bkt,f<br />
cfmfhsdtkjib fhct,ek rjyakbmneh rtht,ib vjmvtlb ctgfhfnbcnekb [tkbceakt,t,b lf<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc nthbnjhbfpt fhct,ekb hecekb cfv[tlhj ,fpt,b^ bctdt hjujhw hectsbc<br />
cfvidblj,j >fkt,b& cnhfntubfib fqybiyekbf^ hjv vfs uf.dfyfvlt vrfwhb .ehflqt,ff<br />
cfzbhj^ hfsf lf[vfht,f fh fqvjexbyjy ctgfhfnbcnt,c&<br />
cfahs[tt,b fctdt bphlt,f cfvhtodtkj lf cnhfntubekb byahfcnhemnehbc vbvfhs^ hfw<br />
itcf>kjf lbdthcbekb lf nthjhbcnekb fmnt,bc vjo.j,fib ufvjb[fnjc& fctsb cfahs[t<br />
itcf>kjf eahj htfkehb vfc itvltu uf[ltc^ hfw cfmfhsdtkj vybidytkjdfy cfthsfijhbcjtrjyjvbreh<br />
ghjtmnt,ib xfthsdt,f&<br />
wfkrt cfahs[tl ufvj.jabkbf bc ufhtvjt,f^ hjv cfmfhsdtkj itb>kt,f cfthsfijhbcj<br />
nthjhbpvbc cfvbpyt fqvjxyltc _ cfmfhsdtkj f[kj fqvjcfdktsc tcfpqdht,f lf sfy<br />
fynbnthjhbcnekb rjfkbwbbc otdhbwff&<br />
hecekb ,fpt,bcf lf hecb cfvidblj,jt,bc cfahs[tl ufvjw[flt,f hectsib ufqbpbfyt,fc<br />
ufvjbodtdc& fvbnjvfw sfdlfwdbc vbybcnhb bhfrkb jmhefidbkb cfufyut,jl ufyvfhnfdlf^ hjv<br />
thjdyekb cfv[tlhj cnhfntubbc ljrevtynib hectsb fh ufyb[bkt,f hjujhw gbhlfgbhb<br />
cfahs[t cfmfhsdtkjcsdbc& cfahs[tf fhf hectsb^ fhfvtl hectsib fhct,ekb ntyltywbt,b^<br />
vfufkbsfl^ xhlbkjts rfdrfcbfib xtxytsbc rjyakbmnb^ hjvkbc ufvjw cfmfhsdtkjc<br />
ghj,ktvt,b gfyrbcbc [tj,fib ittmvyf& vbybcnhbc smvbs^ fctsbdt cwtyfhb itcf>kjf<br />
lfqtcnfyib rjyakbmnbc ufvodfdt,bc itvs[dtdfibw ufydbsfhltc& jmhefidbkb flfcneht,c^<br />
hjv cfmfhsdtkj vpfl fhbc fqybiyekb cfahs[tt,bc sfdblfy fcfwbkt,kfl hectsbc<br />
v[fhtcsfy fmnbehfl bsfyfvihjvkjc& 42<br />
fvudfhvf ufyw[flt,t,vf cftzdjf hjv hectsbc gjkbnbrehb ohtt,b lffvidbljc^ vfuhfv<br />
cfahs[tt,bc pecnfl ufycfpqdhf lf vfs itcf[t, [vfvfqkf ufyw[flt,f fewbkt,tkbf fv<br />
vemfht,bc ufcfytbnhfkt,kfl&<br />
40 @fkbf#^ 26-28&\:&2005<br />
41<br />
cfahs[tt,bc xfvjyfsdfkb vtlbbcfsdbc isfv,tzlfdb fqvjxylf& @thjdyek cnhfntubfib cfahs[tt,bc<br />
ufycfpqdhbc lhjc^ cf,tlybthjl^ fdnjht,b fhfdbc lf fhfathc vjhblt,bfy#^ _ fqybiyfdlf ufptsb<br />
@fkbf# ~26-28&\:&2005`&<br />
42 @[dfkbyltkb lqt#^ 26&\:&2005<br />
25
sfdb :|& dfhlt,bc htdjkewbf lf cfv[hts rfdrfcbbc mdt.yt,b<br />
dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc cf[tkbs wyj,bkvf 2003 okbc yjtv,hbc vjdktyt,vf ,tdhb hfv<br />
itwdfkf fhf vfhnj cfmfhsdtkjcsdbc& bc hfw ]th cfmfhsdtkjib lf itvltu erhfbyfib vj[lf^<br />
vbbxytdf vybidytkjdfyb ghjwtcbc lfo.t,fl^ hjvtkbw cf[tc ewdkbc vstk gjcncf,zjeh<br />
cbdhwtc& vfuhfv xdtyb cnfnbbc stvf eahj dbohjf% hf ufdktyf vjf[lbyf dfhlt,bc htdjkewbfv<br />
cfv[hts rfdrfcbfib fhct,ek dbsfht,fpt& sfyfw^ hflufyfw cnfnbf s,bkbcibf lfothbkb^ tc<br />
bmyt,f @[tlb cfmfhsdtkjlfy#&<br />
o 2003 _ cfv[hts rfdrfcbbc cffhxtdyj otkb<br />
2003 otkb cfv[hts rfdrfcbfib fhxtdyt,bs lf[ey>kekb fqvjxylf& fvfcsfyfdt sfdblfydt<br />
w[flb b.j^ hjv vfs itltut,pt ,tdhfl bmyt,jlf lfvjrblt,ekb fv mdt.yt,bc itvlujvb<br />
ufydbsfht,f& cfv[htsrfdrfcbehb cffhxtdyj rfktylfhb rb itvltuyfbhfl ufvjb.eht,jlf%<br />
cjv[tsib 5 vfhnc cfghtpbltynj^ [jkj 25 vfbcc cfgfhkfvtynj fhxtdyt,b xfnfhlf^ 15<br />
jmnjv,thc erdt fpth,fb]fyib itluf cfghtpbltynj fhxtdyt,b^ cfv[htsrfdrfcbehb cffhxtdyj<br />
wbrkb rb 2 yjtv,thc cfmfhsdtkjc cfgfhkfvtynj fhxtdyt,vf lffchekf^ hjvtkcfw dfhlt,bc<br />
htdjkewbf vj/.df&<br />
cfyfv cfmfhsdtkjib vjv[lfhb dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc vtpj,tk mdt.yt,pt ptufdktybc<br />
itcf[t, dbcfe,ht,lts^ vfhst,ekb bmyt,f jhbjlt cbn.dbs bvbc lf[fcbfst,f^ se hf ajyb<br />
itemvytc cfmfhsdtkjib ufydbsfht,ek ghjwtct,c vtpj,tk mdt.yt,ib xfnfht,ekvf fhxtdyt,vf<br />
lf^ itcf>Kjf^ ufhrdtekobkfl ufycfpqdhtc cfmfhsdtkjc bvlhjbyltkb [tkbceakt,bc<br />
gjpbwbfw^ hfw^ cf,jkjj ]fvib^ vbcsdbc cf,tlbcothj fqvjxylf&<br />
hjujhw bsmdf^ @cffhxtdyj cfmvtt,c# cfv[hts rfdrfcbbc mdt.yt,blfy gbhdtkb cjv[tsb<br />
vjhxf& fv mdt.fyfib 5 vfhnc ufvfhsekvf cfghtpbltynj fhxtdyt,vf fhfthsudfhjdfyb itafct,f<br />
lfbvcf[ehf lfcfdktstkb lf lcs-c mdt.yt,bc lfvrdbhdt,tksf v[hblfy& @cjv[tsbc [tkbceakt,fv<br />
cfylj fhxtdyt,pt efhbc smvbs itvlujvb ltvjrhfnbpfwbbc vybidytkjdfyb<br />
itcf>kt,kj,f ufeidf [tkblfy#^ _ yfsmdfvbf fii-bc cf[tkvobaj ltgfhnfvtynbc ofhvjvflutykbc<br />
hbxfhl ,fexthbc ufyw[flt,fib&<br />
lfcfdktstkb rjktut,bcufy ufyc[dfdt,bs^ lcs-c mdt.yt,blfy xfcekvf lfvrdbhdt,kt,vf<br />
cjv[tsbc cfghtpbltynj fhxtdyt,c vfqfkb itafct,f vbcwtc lf vfc ltvjrhfnbekb lf<br />
ktubnbvehb eojltc& lfvrdbhdt,tksf vbth thscf lf bvfdt fhxtdyt,bc fv ufyc[dfdt,ek<br />
itafct,t,c sfdbct,ehb f[cyf vje>t,yf ghtpbltyn mjxfhbfybc cffhxtdyj inf,bc [tkv>qdfytkvf<br />
fv mdt.ybc sfdlfwdbc vbybcnhvf cth; cfhmbcbfyvf& vbcb smvbs^ @lcs-c<br />
lfvrdbhdt,kt,b rfhufl bwyj,ty fmfehj,fc lf fmfeh vtynfkbntnc& flfvbfyt,b^ hjvkt,cfw fm<br />
fh ew[jdhbfs^ dth f[cybfy fm vbvlbyfht vjdktyt,c#& lfcfdktstkb lfvrdbhdt,kt,b rb bm<br />
w[jdhj,ty^ @cflfw ltvjrhfnbfpt sfdbct,ehb ofhvjlutyf fmds#&<br />
tesjcf lf tdhjcf,zjc vtsdfk.ehtt,bc itafct,bs^ cjv[tsbc cfgfhkfvtynj fhxtdyt,b<br />
cfghtpbltynjcsfy itlfht,bs erts xfnfhlf^ vfuhfv @cfthsfijhbcj cnfylfhnt,c cfrdfy>j<br />
fcgtmnt,bs vfbyw fh ittcf,fvt,jlf#& cfvfubthjl^ cfghtpbltynj fhxtdyt,bc vcufdcfl^ cfgfhkfvtynj<br />
fhxtdyt,c rdkfd vfqfkb itafct,f vbcwtc lcs-c lfvrdbhdt,kt,vf& vbcbbc [tkv>qdfytkbc<br />
behb bfhjdbc smvbs^ fhxtdyt,b @sfdbceafkb lf ltvjrhfnbekb b.j#^ lfabmcbhlf<br />
v[jkjl evybidytkj lfhqdtdt,b^ hfcfw @fhct,bsb ufdktyf fh vje[ltybf vjmfkfmtsf yt,bc<br />
sfdbceafk ufvj[fndfpt#&<br />
cjv[tsbc @ef[ktcb# cffhxtdyj ufvjwlbkt,blfy cfmfhsdtkjc bvlhjbyltk [tkbceakt,fc^<br />
hjvtkbw sfdfl tvpflt,jlf fhxtdyt,bcfsdbc hfvltybvt lfcrdybc ufvjnfyf itt>Kj%<br />
[tkbceakt,f >dtkt,ehfl fnfht,c fhxtdyt,c lf bvfh]dt,c* lcs-c lfvrdbhdt,kt,b egbhj,jl<br />
qt,ekj,ty fhxtdyt,bc itltut,c* lfcfdktstkb lfvrdbhdt,kt,b vfhsfkbf rhbnbrekfl<br />
fafct,ty gjcncf,zjeh fhxtdyt,c^ vfuhfv cf,jkjj ]fvib vfbyw ehbult,bfy fv fhxtdyt,bc<br />
itvltu ufvfh]dt,ek [tkbceakt,fc& mfhsekb [tkbceakt,bc @cjv[ehb lfcrdyt,b# rbltd<br />
26
eahj ufyfvnrbwf fpth,fb]fyib ufydbsfht,ekvf vjdktyt,vf&<br />
cfmfhsdtkjib 2 yjtv,hbc cfgfhkfvtynj fhxtdyt,c eiefkjl oby ecoht,lf 15<br />
jmnjv,thc cfghtpbltynj fhxtdyt,b fpth,fb]fyib& fv lhjbcfsdbc cfmfhsdtkjib obyfcffhxtdyj<br />
>fksf ufykfut,f erdt ufvjrdtsbkb b.j^ jhbdt ,fyfrb _ cf[tkbceakjw lf jgjpbwbfw<br />
sdfkc fltdyt,lf^ se hjujh xfbdkblf fhxtdyt,b fpth,fb]fyib& rfwvf hjv smdfc^ fpth,fb]fyib<br />
xfnfht,ekb fhxtdyt,b mfhsek gjkbnbreh cgtmnhc vjf[kjt,ekb 2 yjtv,hbc cfgfhkfvtynj<br />
fhxtdyt,bc sdfkcfphbcbs fbynthtct,lf^ sjhtv fv fhxtdyt,c hjv hfbvt fhct,bsb wdkbkt,f<br />
fh vj/.dt,jlf jhb mdt.ybc gfhnybjhek ehsbthsj,t,ib^ tc fhfdbcsdbc cftzdj fh .jabkf&<br />
fpth,fb]fyib cfghtpbltynj fhxtdyt,bc itvltu ufydbsfht,ek vjdktyt,sfy lfrfdibht,bs<br />
cfmfhsdtkjib ths[vfl bvtjht,lyty^ hjv vcufdcb hfv 2 yjtv,hbc cfgfhkfvtynj fhxtdyt,ib<br />
fh eylf ufvtjht,ekb.j& sevwf^ se @hf fh eylf ufvtjht,ekb.j# fvbc sfj,fpt<br />
bvlhjbyltkb [tkbceakt,fcf lf jgjpbwbfc ufyc[dfdt,ekb vjcfpht,t,b mjylfs&<br />
ghtpbltynvf itdfhlyf>tv fhfse vskbfyfl vjbojyf bk/fv fkbtdbc vjmvtlt,f fhxtdyt,bc<br />
itvltu^ fhfvtl fqybiyf^ hjv fhxtdyt,bc yjhvfkehfl xfcfnfht,kfl vpflff bubdt<br />
vjbvjmvtljc hfw vj[lf ,fmjib& @fhfdbc dfibyt,^ vfuhfv erfy fh lfdb[td^ hjv fhxtdyt,b<br />
yjhvfkehfl xfnfhltc#^ _ ufyfw[flf jhif,fsbc nhflbwbek ,hbabyupt ghtpbltynvf& fv<br />
ufyw[flt,fc lblb [vfehb vj/.df jgjpbwbeh ohtt,ib& jgjpbwbbc ufyw[flt,bs lfeidt,tkb<br />
b.j cojhtl fhxtdyt,bc uf.fk,t,f lf >fkbc ufvj.tyt,f gjkbnbrehb jgjytynt,bc obyffqvltu&<br />
jgjpbwbf ibij,lf^ hjv [tkbceakt,f fhxtdyt,c uff.fk,t,lf& [tkbceakt,f rb<br />
jgjpbwbbc yfobkc obyfcofhdt flfyfifekt,lf ltcnf,bkbpfwbbc ufvjodtdbc vwltkj,fib^<br />
hjvtkcfw tc erfyfcrytkb cojhtl fhxtdyt,bc uf.fk,t,bc kjpeyubs utuvfdlf& @bcf ufv,fhb<br />
sfdbcb vecfdfnt,bs >fkbfy xfvj/ufdc xdtyc vb[tbk cffrfidbkc sfdbcb yfwbjyfkt,bs& tc xdtyb<br />
yfwbjyfkt,b rb fhxtdyt,fvltw b.dyty wtvf-n.tgbc bybwbfnjht,b lf fhxtdyt,bc itvltufw<br />
bmflyt,bfy fhtekj,bc vjo.j,fc#^ _ fqybiyekb b.j fpth,fb]fyib xfnfht,ekb cfghtpbltynj<br />
fhxtdyt,bc itvltu cfvsfdhj,j gjpbwbbc lfvwdtk ths-thsb cnfnbfib& 43<br />
jgjpbwbbc yfobkb lf gbhdtk hbuib @yfwbjyfkehb vj>hfj,f# vfhskfw fw[flt,lf^ hjv<br />
fhxtdyt,bc uf.fk,t,bc itvs[dtdfib vfcj,hbd cfghjntcnj fmwbt,c vbvfhsfdlyty&<br />
[tkbceakt,fc erdt vjvpflt,ekb /mjylf vfssdbc @ew[j mdt.ybc futynt,bc# bfhkb.b^<br />
hjvkt,bw @,fmj-]tb/fybc ghjtmnbc xfikfc fgbht,ty#& futynt,b^ w[flbf^ eylf lftzbhfs^<br />
yfdsj,cfltybc [ctyt,fc rb lfcfdktsb eylf uftxevt,byf^ hjvtkcfw fv lhjc ufdhwtkt,ekb<br />
sdfkcfphbcbc sfyf[vfl^ @cnf,bkehj,f# ehxtdybf @ltvjrhfnbfc#&<br />
sfdbc v[hbd^ jgjpbwbf [tkbceakt,fc fahs[bkt,lf^ hjv @,fmjc cwtyfhb# s,bkbcib fh<br />
ufvjlut,jlf^ hflufyfw [tkbceakt,fc >fkf fh t.jajlf htghtcbt,bcsdbc& itcf>kjf^<br />
@fpth,fb]fyekb cwtyfhb# vfhskfw welb vfufkbsb fqvjxylf cfmfhsdtkjc cfvsfdhj,j<br />
,kjrbcfsdbc^ hjvtkbw itdfhlyf>bc [tkv>qdfytkj,bs 2 yjtv,hbc cfgfhkfvtynj<br />
fhxtdyt,bcsdbc tvpflt,jlf&<br />
o gjcncf,zjehb fhxtdyt,bc atyjvtyb<br />
cfmfhsdtkjcf lf erhfbybc [fdthljdfy htdjkewbt,fvlt ltvjrhfnbekb fhxtdyt,b^<br />
hjujhw [tkbceakt,bc vidblj,bfyfl itwdkbc upf^ lcs-c cbdhwtib ufyobhekb xfylf&<br />
vvfhsdtkb ohtt,b fhw ths gjcncf,zjsf mdt.fyfib fh fgbht,lyty [tkbceakt,bc fhxtdyt,bc<br />
upbs lfsvj,fc lf vpfl b.dyty .dtkfathb tqjyfs fhxtdyt,bc @cfcehdtkb itltut,bc# vbcfqt-<br />
,fl& uf.fk,t,ekb fhxtdyt,bc lhjc lut,f jhb ghj,ktvf% thsb mdt.ybc ibuybs^ se hfvltyfl<br />
itehbult,f jgjpbwbf [tkbceakt,bc vcufdcb vtsjlt,bs vjgjdt,ek vjhbu ufvfh]dt,fc lf<br />
vtjht mdt.ybc ufhts^ se hfvltyfl vodfdt lf vjwtvekb ht;bvbcfsdbc cfibib fqvjxylt,f<br />
cfthsfijhbcj cfpjufljt,hbj,bc htfmwbf fhxtdyt,bc lhjc vjv[lfh lfhqdtdt,pt&<br />
[tkbceakt,fc .dtkf gjcncf,zjeh mdt.fyfib rfhufl /mjylf fsdbct,ekb @ltrjhfwbekb<br />
fhxtdyt,bc# xfnfht,bc ghfmnbrf& sevwf^ ltvjrhfnbekb cfafhdtkbs itvjcbk fdnjhbnfhek<br />
43 @cfmfhsdtkjc htcge,kbrf#^ 18&\&2003<br />
27
ht;bvt,c cthbjpekb ghj,ktvt,b tmvyt,fs fhxtdyt,bc uf.fk,t,bc lhjc^ hbsfw ghbywbgib<br />
bo.t,f @ltrjhfwbekb ltvjrhfnbf#& fvudfhb ltvjrhfnbbc bvbnfwbbc lhjc ltvjrhfnbekb<br />
bycnbnent,b lf ghbywbgt,b htfkeh ibyffhcc vjrkt,ekbf^ vfuhfv sfdbfysb ajhvfkehb<br />
[fcbfsbc vbe[tlfdfl^ ltrkfhbht,ekb ltvjrhfnbf ufhledfkfl fvhfdkt,c flfvbfyt,c^<br />
hjvtksfw ghjntcnbc uh>yj,f exylt,fs cbn.dbs fqbfht,ek ghbywbgt,cf lf htfkj,fc<br />
ijhbc fhct,ekb c[dfj,bc ufvj& fv v[hbd ghj,ktvt,b .dtkfpt vtnfl bxtyc sfdc cojhtl<br />
fhxtdyt,bc lhjc^ hjltcfw vbkbjyj,bs flfvbfybc yt,f ecbylbcjl lf .dtkfc sdfkoby eylf<br />
uf.fk,ltc^ hfsf @ltvjrhfnbekb ktubnbvehj,f# rbltd ths[tk itb>byjy mdt.ybc cfsfdtib<br />
vlujvvf gbht,vf& fhxtdyt,bc ufv.fk,t,tkb [tkbceakt,bcflvb uf,jhjnt,fc rb bcbw<br />
f>Kbtht,c^ hjv vjcf[ktj,bc cjwbfkeh-trjyjvbrehb vlujvfhtj,f v>bvtf lf [tkbceakt,f<br />
okt,bc vfy>bkpt v[jkjl @ertstcb vjvfdkbc# lfgbht,t,c b>Ktdf&<br />
cfmfhsdtkjib^ gbhdtk hbuib^ fbynthtcT,lfs lfcfdktsbc htfmwbf vtpj,tk mdt.yt,ib<br />
ufvfhsek fhxtdyt,pt& ltrjhfwbekb ltvjrhfnbbc gbhj,t,ib lbl bvtlc fv.fht,ty @yfvldbkb#<br />
ltvjrhfnbekb mdt.yt,blfy xfvjcek lfvrdbhdt,kt,pt^ hjvkt,vfw flubkj,hbdb ltvjrhfnbbc<br />
tysepbfcnt,bc fphbs^ sfdbfysb j,btmnehb cbn.df eylf smdfy fhxtdyt,bc uf.fk,t,bc<br />
itvs[dtdfib& 2003 okbc 15 jmnjv,thc fpth,fb]fyib ufvfhsek cfghtpbltynj fhxtdyt,pt<br />
lfvrdbhdt,tksf lblb yfobkbc vjmvtlt,fv rb wjnf fh b.jc^ wbdb o.fkb uflffc[f fvudfh<br />
vjkjlbyc& fpth,fb]fyib xfnfht,ek fhxtdyt,ib v[jkjl @wfkrtekb lfhqdtdt,bc# lfyf[dfv<br />
,tdhb rbs[df ofhvjidf sfdfl ew[jtk lfvrdbhdt,tksf bycnbnenbc vbcfvfhsbs& @cfvfhw[dbyj<br />
fhxtdyt,bc cfvfhw[dbyj itafct,t,b# _ fctsb cfsfehb /mjylf ths-ths mfhsek ufptsib<br />
fvfcsfy lfrfdibht,bs ufvjmdt.yt,ek cnfnbfc& sevwf^ tc^ w[flbf^ .dtkf lfvrdbhdt,tkpt fh<br />
bsmvbc& 44<br />
fpth,fb]fyib fhxtdyt,bcflvb lfcfdktsbc lfvjrblt,ekt,f cfmfhsdtkjib ufycfresht,ekb<br />
ufy[bkdbc cfufyb uf[lf& vtlbfib wlbkj,lyty ufthrdbfs^ @hfw itb>kt,jlf<br />
fkbtdbcsdbc^ hfnjv fh itb>kt,jlf itdfhlyf>bcsdbc# lf hfnjvff lfcfdktsb cfmfhsdtkjc<br />
vbvfhs @eahj vjvs[jdyb#& fv itvs[dtdfib^ jhb mdt.ybc itlfht,bcfc^ fqbybiyt,jlf<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc eahj vtnb vpfj,f ltvjrhfnbekb fhxtdyt,bcsdbc&<br />
o dfhlt,bc htdjkewbf cfmfhsdtkjib<br />
2003 otkb cfmfhsdtkjib gjkbnbrehfl efqhtcfl lf>f,ekb b.j& itdfhlyf>bc 12 okbfyb<br />
vvfhsdtkj,bc itltufl xfvj.fkb,t,ekb rjhevgbht,ek-rkfyehb cbcntvf qhvf cjwbfkehtrjyjvbreh<br />
lf gjkbnbreh rhbpbcib fqvjxylf& sfdfl itdfhlyf>Tc fhfths[tk fqeybiyfdc^<br />
hjv @rjheawbbc lfvfhw[t,bc# ufhtit cfmfhsdtkjib fhfse ltvjrhfnbf dth lfvrdblhlt,jlf^<br />
fhfvtl rbs[dbc ybiybc mdti lflut,jlf sfdfl cf[tkvobajt,hbdb fhct,j,fw& lfcfdktsbc<br />
lf[vfht,bsf lf fhfcfvsfdhj,j ctmnjhbc vjyfobktj,bs bmvyt,jlf fynbrjheawbekb<br />
rjvbcbt,b lf ghjuhfvt,b& vbe[tlfdfl fvbcf^ rjheawbbc obyffqvltu htfkehb ,h>Jkf fh<br />
lfo.t,ekf& fh fhct,j,lf itcf,fvbcb gjkbnbrehb yt,f& cbcntvf fh fgbht,lf bv njnbc<br />
vjzhfc^ hfptw b]lf&<br />
itdfhlyf>tc lfcfdktstkb vtuj,ht,b^ gbhdtk hbuib fii-lfy^ lf;byt,bs csfdfpj,lyty^<br />
hjv mdt.fyfib ltvjrhfnbekb fhxtdyt,b xftnfht,byf lf upf lftsvj f[fkb sfj,bc<br />
gjkbnbrjct,bcfsdbc& tc b.j mdt.ybc rhbpbcblfy ufvj.dfybc^ ufyf[kt,bc ifycb& vfuhfv fv<br />
vjojlt,t,c itdfhlyf>tv buyjhbht,f ufertsf& fvfjl lfidhf fii .jabkb cf[tkvobaj vlbdfyb<br />
]tbvc ,tbrthb^ hjvtkbw sfdbc vtuj,fhc t&itdfhlyf>tc todbf bvbcfsdbc^ hjv ittveifdt,byfs<br />
wtynhfkehb cffhxtdyj rjvbcbbc lfrjvgktmnt,bc bctsb otcb^ hjvtkbw jgjpbwbfc<br />
lffrvf.jabkt,lf lf fhxtdyt,bc cfvfhskbfyfl xfnfht,bc ufhfynbt,c itmvyblf&<br />
sfylfsfyj,bs w[flb uf[lf^ hjv itdfhlyf>tc lf vbc ufhtvjwdfc cek c[df fhxtdfyb /mjylfs<br />
ufrtst,ekb&<br />
itdfhlyf>bc ufhitvj cfcohfajl itbmvyf t&o& cfvsfdhj,j ,kjrb^ hjvtkibw sfdb<br />
44 @24 cffsb#^ 18&\&2003<br />
28
vjb.fhtc fhct,ekb cbcntvbc ityfhxeyt,bs lfbynthtct,ekvf >fkt,vf& wtcr-jc lfrjvgktmnt,bc<br />
,tbrthbc wyj,bkb utuvbc euekt,tk.jafv cthbjpekb tzdt,b uffxbyf^ hjv<br />
[tkbceakt,f rdkfd fh fgbht,lf ltvjrhfnbekb fhxtdyt,bc xfnfht,fc& tc lfcfdktsbcufy<br />
v[fhlfzthbc lfrfhudfc ybiyfdlf^ vfuhfv [tkbceakt,fib v.jab rkfyt,b vpfl b.dyty<br />
lfcfdktsbcufy lbcnfywbht,bcsdbcfw&<br />
mdt.ybc iblf lf cfufhtj gjkbnbrf ewyfehfl uflft[kfhsf thsvfytsc& fhct,ekb<br />
cbcntvbc ityfhxeyt,f fhxtdyt,bc uf.fk,t,fcf lf hectspt jhbtynfwbfc ybiyfdlf^ hjvtkcfw<br />
sfdfl /mjylf cthbjpekb ghj,ktvt,b ltvjrhfnbekb ufydbsfht,bc sdfkcfphbcbs&<br />
ltvjrhfnbekb fhxtdyt,bc xfnfht,f^ ltvjrhfnbekb afctekj,t,bcf lf ghbywbgt,bc htfkehb<br />
lfvrdblht,f rb uekbc[vj,lf fhct,ekb rjhevgbht,ek-rkfyehb cbcntvbc ltvjynf;c^<br />
lfcfdktspt jhbtynfwbfc&<br />
vjdktyfsf ufydbsfht,f fhxtdyt,bc obyf sdtt,ib bcts isf,tzlbkt,fc njdt,lf^ hjv<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc ufyf[kt,bcf lf ltvjrhfnbekb fhxtdyt,bc ifycb fqfh mjylf& jgjpbwbf<br />
itsfy[vt,fcf lf ufthsbfyt,fc dth f[th[t,lf& cfvsfdhj,j ,kjrb mdt.fyfc cohfafl vbfmfyt,lf<br />
xb[bcfrty^ hjvtkcfw @fhitvlufhb cf[tkvobaj# /mdbf&<br />
2 yjtv,hbc fhxtdyt,bc uf.fk,t,fv cf,jkjjl uffmhj cfpjufljt,bc vjkjlbyb^ hjv<br />
mdt.fyf ufyf[kt,bc upfc lfflut,jlf& itdfhlyf>Bc [tkbceakt,f [fk[c ehw[dfl te,yt,jlf^<br />
hjv fhfathb itbwdkt,jlf^ hjv gfhkfvtynib bctd bc flfvbfyt,b b]lt,jlyty^ hjvkt,vfw<br />
[tkb vjbs,tc mdt.ybc cfdfkfkj vlujvfhtj,bs^ hjv erdt uflfo.dtnbkb b.j 2005 okbc<br />
cfghtpbltynj fhxtdyt,bc ,tlbw lf vtvrdblhtc itdfhlyf>T itfhxtdlf^ se vfc hfqfw ajhvbs<br />
fh ufeuh>tkt,lyty eakt,fvjcbkt,fc&<br />
>ytkb cfsmvtkbf^ hf lf[vfht,fc itgbhlf hectsbc [tkbceakt,f itdfhlyf>Tc fhxtdyt,bc<br />
oby lf 2 yjtv,hbc fhxtdyt,bc e[tbhjl xfnfht,bc ufvj fujht,ekb cfghjntcnj ufvjcdkt,bc<br />
itvltu* hf vbpfyc bcf[fdlf htfkehfl itdfhlyf>bc ,fsevib xfcdkf lf fckfy f,fib>bc<br />
vjupfehj,f thtdfyb-,fmj-vjcrjdbc vfhihenbs& afmnbf^ itdfhlyf>t fvfy dth uflffhxbyf& vfc<br />
sfyfvlt,j,bc lfnjdt,f vje[lf lf fvfib sfdbcb odkbkb itbnfyf vjcrjdblfy cfcohfajl<br />
xfvjcekvf bujh bdfyjdvfw& afmnj,hbdb vfcfkf^ se hf lf hjujh vj[lf^ rfhuflff wyj,bkb<br />
lf lfbynthtct,ek vrbs[dtkc fv .dtkfahbc vjyf[df fldbkfl ite>Kbf& fvltyfl^ xdty 2003<br />
okbc yjtv,thib cfmfhsdtkjib ufydbsfht,ekb vjdktyt,bc fqothfc fh itdelut,bs& itdxthlt,bs<br />
v[jkjl dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc itcf[t, fhct,ekb ufyc[dfdt,ekb sdfkcfphbct,bc<br />
itcf[t,&<br />
o dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc cfvb ufyc[dfdt,ekb [tldf<br />
mfhsek cfpjufljt,fib lqtcfw vbvlbyfhtj,c w[fht rfvfsb bvbc sfj,fpt se hf b.j 2003<br />
okbc yjtv,thib ufydbsfht,ekb vjdktyt,b& gfce[b rbs[dfpt @hf vj[lf# rdkfd gjkbnbrbc<br />
cb,hn.tib hxt,f& fhct,ekb [tkbceakt,bcfsdbc bub htdjkewbff^ hjvtkvfw upf ufe[cyf<br />
mdt.ybc cdkfc ertstcb vjvfdkbcfrty& dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc jabwbfkehb dthcbf udte,yt,f^<br />
hjv vjdktyt,bc htdjkewbehb ufydbsfht,f itdfhlyf>Bc [tkbceakt,bc vbth 2 yjtv,hbc<br />
cfgfhkfvtynj fhxtdyt,bc uf.fk,t,fv ufvjbodbf& fhxtdyt,bc uf.fk,t,fv [fk[c vjsvbyt,bc<br />
abfkf fedcj& bcbyb mexfib ufvjdblyty lf cfvfhskbfyj,bcsdbc vt,h>jkb jgjpbwbbc<br />
[tkv>qdfytkj,bs fb>ektc itdfhlyf>T uflfvlufhb.j& @vb[tbk cffrfidbkb fhxtdyt,bc<br />
lfchekt,bcsfyfdt htdjkewbbc vjo.j,fc lf [tkbceakt,bc uflf.tyt,fc fh fgbht,lf&<br />
gbhbmbs^ abmhj,lf^ hjv [tkbceakt,fpt gfhkfvtynblfy ufyf[jhwbtkt,lf ptojkfc#^ _<br />
fqybiyfdc, vfufkbsfl^ lfdbs pehf,bidbkb& 45<br />
lqtdfyltkb [tkbceakt,bc jgjpbwbfib v.jab >Fkt,bc lblb yfobkb rb dfhlt,bc<br />
htdjkewbfc fafct,c hjujhw itdfhlyf>Bc obyffqvltu vjo.j,bk itsmvekt,fc ufhtit<br />
>fkt,bc fmnbehb vjyfobktj,bs^ fye mdt.fyfib htdjkewbf rb fhf^ uflfnhbfkt,f vj[lf&<br />
c[dt,b itsmvekt,bc vfcinf,t,c rbltd eahj phlbfy lf vbc vjyfobktl sfdfl itdfhlyf>tcfw<br />
45 @rdbhf#^ 30&\ _6&\:&2004<br />
29
cf[fdty& fye ufy[jhwbtklf [tkbceakt,bc uflfwtvf cffrfidbkb-;dfybf-,eh]fyf>bc ueylbcsdbc<br />
sfdfl itdfhlyf>bc vjyfobktj,bsf lf v[fhlfzthbs& itdfhlyf>Bc erfyfcrytkb cf[tkbceakj<br />
,kjrbc ths-thsb kblthbc bhbyf cfhbidbkbc smvbs^ itdfhlyf>tv lf cffrfidbkvf .dtkfathb<br />
uffrtstc ew[jtsib lfothbkb cwtyfhbs lf cjhjcbc lfabyfyct,bs& itdfhlyf>tv sfdbc<br />
ufvjphlbkc [tkbceakt,f bct jcnfnehfl uflff,fhf^ hjv fvbc itcf[t, tmcghtpbltynbc<br />
sfyfueyltkt,bw dth vb[dlyty& 46 @tc cwtyfhb lfothbkb b.j fhf vfhnj fii-ib^ fhfvtl<br />
hfvltybvt ptcf[tkvobajc^ vfs ijhbc hectsbc vbth#^ _ fqybiyfdc cfhbidbkb& hfnjv b.dyty<br />
bcbyb lfbynthtct,ekyb cfmfhsdtkjib fctsb afhsjvfcinf,bfyb itsmvekt,bc<br />
ufy[jhwbtkt,bs( @vfs bynthtct,ib fh itlbc cfmfhsdtkjib thjdyekb [tkbceakt,bcf lf<br />
thjdyekb afctekj,t,bc fhct,j,f#^ _ fctsbf fv dthcbbc vb[tldbs gfce[b itsmvekt,bc<br />
vbptpt,pt& sevwf^ hfvltyfl itb>Kt,f tojljc itdfhlyf>Bc [tkbceakt,fc @thjdyekb<br />
afctekj,t,bc ufycf[btht,f# tc c[df cfrbs[bf&<br />
dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc cfvbdt [tldf ufhrdtekb afmnt,bc bynthghtnfwbff lf vhfdfk<br />
rbs[dfpt dth cwtvc gfce[c& cbyfvldbkt ufwbkt,bs eahj hsekbf lf ptvjsf qybiyekb<br />
cwtyfht,blfy hjvtkbvtc afhukt,ib dth ]lt,f& dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc jabwbfkehb dthcbf<br />
levbkc fhxtdc rekefhek vjkfgfhfrt,t,pt lf ufhbut,t,pt^ hfw yjtv,hbc lqtt,ib [lt,jlf^<br />
vfs ijhbc bvlhjbyltkb cf[tkbceakj ,kjrbc ofhvjvflutykt,sfy^ fctdt cjhjcbcfufy vbqt-<br />
,ekb sfy[t,bc itcf[t,^ bubdt @rvfhfc# fmwbt,bc lfcfabyfyct,kfl& cfvfubthjl fvbc sfj,fpt<br />
fmnbehfl cfe,hj,ty itsmvekt,bc stjhbbc fdnjht,b& vtjht v[hbd^ @itsmvekt,bc stjhbf#<br />
dth [cybc mexfib ufvjcek fstek fsfcj,bs uf,jhjnt,ek flfvbfyc^ hjvtksfw .tkib<br />
/mjylfs fvjcekb itdfhlyf>Bc vvfhsdtkj,f& rbltd eahj ufeut,fhbf itsmvekt,bc dthcbf<br />
itdfhlyf>Bc vjyfobktj,bs& serb vfc eyljlf [tkbceakt,bc uflfwtvf vjvfdfkb htdjkewbehb<br />
cfvtekbcfsdbc^ ufyf fvbc ufrtst,f eahj fldbkfl fh itt>Kj lf hfib<br />
lfczbhlt,jlfs afhsjvfcinf,bfyb fmwbt,bcf lf ufvjcdkt,bc jhufybpt,f(<br />
o [fdthljdfyb htdjkewbt,b lf utjgjkbnbrf<br />
lbcrecbf dfhlt,bc htdjkewbfcf lf cfthsjl^ [fdthljdfy htdjkewbt,ib iblf lf ufht<br />
afmnjht,bc sfyfafhlj,bc itcf[t, vfhnj cfmfhsdtkjib fhff fmnefkehb& hbub<br />
vrdktdfht,bc fphbs^ sfyfvtlhjdt gbhj,t,ib cfdct,bs htfkehbf fhxtdyt,bc bycnbnenbcf lf<br />
cffhxtdyj ntmyjkjubt,bc vbpfyvbvfhsekb ufvj.tyt,f ufhtit >fkt,bc vbth^ bvbcfsdbc hjv<br />
hjvtkbvt mdt.fyfib [tkbceakt,fc xfvjfwbkjy fhfcfcehdtkb gjkbnbrehb >fkt,b lf [tkb<br />
iteo.jy sfdbfysb vbpyt,bcfsdbc [tkcf.htkb >fkt,bc vjcdkfc [tkbceakt,bc cfsfdtib& fv<br />
itvs[dtdfib^ fhxtdyt,b lf cffhxtdyj ntmyjkjubt,b ofhvjlut,f utjgjkbnbrehb vbpyt,bc<br />
vbqotdbc cfiefkt,fl& 47<br />
gjcncf,zjsf mdt.yt,ib xfnfht,ek fhxtdyt,pt ufhtit >fkt,b fmnbehfl wlbkj,ty<br />
ptufdktybc vj[ltyfc^ hflufyfw fvfpt lfvjrblt,ekbf vybidytkjdfyb utjgjkbnbrehb wdkbkt,t,b&<br />
fv v[hbd^ >Bhbsflb @ufht vjsfvfitt,b# hectsb lf fii-bf& pjubthst,b [fdthljdfy<br />
htdjkewbt,ib [tlfdty lfcfdktsbc lf gbhdtk hbuib fii-bc v[hblfy vjvlbyfht [hbrt,c^<br />
hjvtksf vbpfybw gjcncf,zjsf cbdhwbc mdt.yt,ib lfcfdktspt jhbtynbht,ekb >fkt,bc<br />
[tkbceakt,bc cfsfdtib vj.dfyff& vfuhfv .dtkfc rfhufl f[cjdc^ se hjujh wlbkj,lf hectsb<br />
fh lftidf beityrjc ufvfh]dt,f erhfbyfib lf fmnbehfl thtjlf fv mdt.fyfib vbvlbyfht<br />
cffhxtdyj ghjwtct,ib& @erhfbyekvf yfhby]bcathvf htdjkewbfv^ fk,fs^ hectsbc ghtpbltynbc<br />
dkflbvbh genbybc fv,bwbehb utuvt,b xfifkf f[fkb bvgthbbc itmvybc itcf[t,^ bctsb<br />
bfhfqbc ufvj.tyt,bs^ hjujhbwff uf.fk,t,ekb fhxtdyt,b^ rjynhjkbht,flb ghtcf lf<br />
cfxdtyt,tkb lfibyt,f#^ _ fqybiyfdlf @dfibyunjy sfbvcb#& 48<br />
46 @f[fkb sfj,f#^ 20&\&2004<br />
47 b[% С.П. Расторгуев. Выборы во власть как форма информационной экспансии. М., 1999, стр. 17-24;<br />
Г.Почепцов. Информация и дезинформация. Киев, 2001, стр, 208-216.<br />
48 @24 cffsb#^ 6&:&2004<br />
30
tcgfyehb @dtyufhlbf# rb othlf hectsbc sdfkcfphbcbc itcf[t,^ hjv tc c[dflfc[dfathb<br />
htdjkewbt,b lfcfdktsbc vjujybkbf& ufptsbc smvbs^ @yf[tdhfl fmnbdbcnehb lf<br />
yf[tdhflcfvfhrtnbyuj vj>hfj,f fii-bc abyfycehb lf bltjkjubehb v[fhlfzthbs js[<br />
mdt.fyfib b.j ufvj.tyt,ekb#& 49 gbhdtkb htdjkewbf cth,tsib ofhvfnt,ekb fqvjxylf^ itvltu<br />
b.j vfhw[b ,tkjhecbfib^ hfcfw vj/.df ofhvfnt,ekb [fdthljdfyb htdjkewbt,b<br />
cfmfhsdtkjcf lf erhfbyfib&<br />
hf smvf eylf^ ufhtit >fkt,bc ptufdktyf fvf se bv mdt.fyfib vbvlbyfht fhxtdyt,pt lqtc<br />
>fkptl lblbf lf^ fv v[hbd^ bubdt erhfbyfcsfy vbvfhst,fib hectsbw lf lfcfdktsbw<br />
fmnbehj,lyty^ vfuhfv ufhtit >fkt,b dth epheydtk.jaty [fdthljdfyb htdjkewbbc<br />
ufvfh]dt,fc^ serb fvbcfsdbc gbhj,t,b mdt.ybc ibuybs fh fhct,j,c&<br />
[fdthljdfy htdjkewbt,ib ufhtit xfhtdbc uflfvo.dtnb hjkb efh.jabkbf 2005 okbc 5<br />
bfydfhc d&beixtyrjcf lf v&cffrfidbkbc vbth [tkvjothbk @rfhgfnt,bc ltrkfhfwbfib#&<br />
vidblj,bfyb ltvjrhfnbekb htdjkewbf fh itb>Kt,f [tkjdyehb upbs hfqfw ntmyjkjubt,bs<br />
fy ufhtlfy xfhtdbc itltufl ufvjbodbj& @gbhbmbs^ erhfbyfibw lf cfmfhsdtkjibw<br />
htdjkewbt,b gjkbnbrehb ntmyjkjubt,bc lf ufhtlfy xfhtdbc ufhtit vj[lf#^ _ yfsmdfvbf<br />
ltrkfhfwbfib& 50 jhb htdjkewbehb mdt.ybc ghtpbltynb fqybiyfdc^ hjv dfhlt,bcf lf<br />
yfhby]bcathb htdjkewbt,b bcnjhbekb rfyjypjvbtht,ff lf @tdhjgbc ufsfdbceakt,bc f[fk<br />
nfkqfc ofhvjflutyc^ hjvtkbw tdhjgbc rjynbytynpt sfdbceakt,bc lf ltvjrhfnbbc<br />
cf,jkjj ufvfh]dt,fvlt vbudb.dfyc#& tcff ufuh>Tkt,f bv ghjwtcbcf^ hfw wtynhfkehb lf<br />
fqvjcfdkts tdhjgbc mdt.yt,ib 1989 otkc lfbo.j& itb>kt,f bsmdfc^ hjv [fdthljdfyb<br />
htdjkewbt,b fqvjcfdkts tdhjgfib fhfltvjrhfnbekb ht;bvt,bc kb,thfkeh afctekj,t,pt<br />
jhbtynbht,ekb >fkt,bs xfyfwdkt,bc vtsjlbf&<br />
o hfnjv uf[lf dfhlt,bc htdjkewbf itcf>kt,tkb cfmfhsdtkjib<br />
vfs^ dbyw [fdthljdfy htdjkewbt,ib ufhtit afmnjht,pt frtst,c fmwtync^ gfce[b eylf<br />
ufcwty rbs[dfc% hfnjv bveifdf^ vfufkbsfl^ fv afmnjht,vf cfmfhsdtkjib lf dth bveifdf vbc<br />
vtpj,kfl _ fpth,fb]fyib fy cjv[tsib& fye [fdthljdfyb htdjkewbt,bc ufcfut,fl<br />
vybidytkjdfybf mdt.ybc ibuybs fhct,ekb dbsfht,bc fyfkbpb&<br />
itdfhlyf>BC vvfhsdtkj,bc lhjc cfmfhsdtkjib xfvj.fkb,t,ek gjkbnbreh cbcntvfc<br />
pjub @ltatmneh ltvjrhfnbfc# eojlt,c& vfhskfw bc ofhvjflutylf ltvjrhfnbbc tktvtynt,bcf<br />
lf gjcnrjveybcnehb rkfyehj,bc ewyfeh yfpfdc& cfmfhsdtkjib fhct,ekb dbsfht,bc<br />
sfdbct,eht,f bc b.j^ hjv hjujhw rkfyehb cbcntvf^ bct vfcsfy lfgbhbcgbht,ekb >fkt,b<br />
@htcehct,bc vodfdt yfrkt,j,fc# ufybwlblyty& cfvjmfkfmj cfpjufljt,bc^ ltvjrhfnbekb<br />
>fkt,bc cbcecntpt sfdbcsfdfl vtn.dtkt,lf bc ufhtvjt,f^ hjv rkfyehb cbcntvf htfkj,fc<br />
ofhvjflutylf& vfuhfv^ fvfdt lhjc^ cecnb b.j rkfyehb cbcntvbc gjpbwbt,bw%<br />
_ itdfhlyf>bc [tkbceakt,fc fh uffxylf hfbvt vybidytkjdfyb htcehcb ~vfufkbsfl^<br />
yfdsj,bc fy ufpbc cf,fljt,b`^ hjvkbc eghj,ktvj vbsdbct,fw ufuh>tklt,jlf rkfyt,bc vbth<br />
lf hjvkbc yfobkbw ghj,ktvfsf vj[cyf-ith,bkt,fc vj[vfhlt,jlf*<br />
_ itdfhlyf>bc vvfhsdtkj,fc [fk[b erdt fqfh erfdibht,lf ertstcb vjvfdkbc bvtlc& vbcb<br />
12-okbfyb vvfhsdtkj,bc itltufl vbbxytjlf mdt.ybc lfyuhtekb trjyjvbrf lf lfhqdtekb<br />
nthbnjhbekb vskbfyj,f^ vjcf[ktj,bc evhfdktcj,bc ufqfnfrt,f^ vobhb lf vfbyw velvbdfl<br />
itechekt,tkb ,be]tnb^ hjltcfw dth [th[lt,f cf[tkvobajc yjhvfkehb aeymwbjybht,bcfsdbc<br />
fewbkt,tkb tktvtynfhekb [fh]t,bc lfabyfyct,f&<br />
_ rjhevgbht,ek-rkfyeh cbcntvfc fh uffxylf bltjkjubf^ hbsfw bub vbvpbldtkb bmyt,f<br />
vfct,bcfsdbc&<br />
_ itdfhlyf>tv lfrfhuf lfcfdktsbc v[fhlfzthf& vbcb vvfhsdtkj,bc gthbjlib xfvj.fkb,t,ekb<br />
rjhevgbht,ek-rkfyehb cbcntvf vbeqt,tkb uf[lf lfcfdktsbcfsdbc lf sfyf-<br />
49 @f[fkb dthcbf#^ 7-9&:&2005<br />
50 @[dfkbyltkb lqt#^ 6&:&2005<br />
31
vihjvkj,bc itvlujvb ufuh>tkt,bc gbhj,fl fv cbcntvbc ltvjynf;b cf[tklt,jlf& lfcfdktsb<br />
itdfhlyf>bc [tkbceakt,bcfufy lf;byt,bs vjbs[jdlf rjheawbbc obyffqvltu htfkehb<br />
,h>jkbc lfo.t,fc&<br />
/tblfh fkbtdc lf tlefhl itdfhlyf>Tc lff[kjt,bs thsyfbhb /mjylfs sfdbfysb cfibyfj<br />
lf cfufhtj gjkbnbrf& hectsbc ptojkf vfs fb>ekt,lfs lfcfdktssfy lff[kjt,bc upt,b<br />
t>t,yfs^ fv rehcbc ofhvfnt,f rb rfcgbbc tythujghjtmnt,vf ufyfgbhj,f& sevwf^ lfcfdktsbcrty<br />
fqt,ekb rehcb fh ybiyfdlf cfibyfj gjkbnbrfibw lfcfdkehb ghbywbgt,bcf lf afctekj,t,bc<br />
itcf,fvbcfl vjmvtlt,fc& ltvjrhfnbekb ufyfw[flb vybidytkjdfyobkfl v[jkjl ajhvfkehb<br />
b.j& htfkehfl jhbdt rfdrfcbtkb kblthbc cf.hltyc .jabkb rjveybcnehb yjvtyrkfnehf<br />
ofhvjflutylf&<br />
cfmfhsdtkjibw lf fpth,fb]fyibw fitylf rjheawbfcf lf rkfyt,pt lfv.fht,ekb cf[tkvobajt,b&<br />
jqjyl^ cfmfhsdtkjcufy ufyc[dfdt,bs^ fqybiyek cbcntvfc fpth,fb]fyib eahj<br />
vnrbwt cfae>dtkb mjylf _ hjujhw vvfhsdtkb rkfcbc [tks fhct,ekb htcehct,bc^ bct<br />
mdt.ybc ibuybs fhct,ekb gjkbnbrehb reknehbc cf[bsfw& cfmfhsdtkjib rb ufwbkt,bs<br />
eahj ufydbsfht,ekb fqvjxylf cfvjmfkfmj cfpjufljt,f^ htfkehfl at[b vjbrblf [tkbceakt,bc<br />
vbth ajhvfkehfl fqbfht,ekvf ltvjrhfnbekvf afctekj,t,vf lf ghbywbgt,vf^<br />
xfvj.fkb,lf vtn-yfrkt,fl lfvjerblt,tkb vtlbf& cojhtl fv c[dfj,fv jh mdt.fyfc ijhbc<br />
ufyfgbhj,f itdfhlyf>bcf lf /tblfh fkbtdbc gjkbnbrehb vtvrdblhtj,bc ufyc[dfdt,ekb ,tlb&<br />
o [fdthljdfyb htdjkewbbc cjv[tsib fh itluf<br />
cfmfhsdtkjib vjv[lfhb [fdthljdfyb htdjkewbf vbvpbldtkb fqvjxylf c[df gjcncf,zjsf<br />
mdt.yt,bcfsdbc lf vfs ijhbc cjv[tsbcsdbcfw& 2003 okbc fhxtdyt,ib lfvfhw[t,ekb jgjpbwbf<br />
sfdc fhw bct cecnfl uh>yj,lf^ hjv @[fdthljdfyb htdfyibcfsdbc# fh tabmhf&<br />
[fdthljdfyb wdkbkt,t,bc vwltkj,f ifycb b.j cjv[tsbcfsdbc& fv mdt.fyfib gjkbnbrehb<br />
ghjwtct,bc ufydbsfht,fpt .jdtksdbc ljvbybht,c .fhf,fqbc afmnjhb& cjv[tsb @.fhf,fqbc<br />
ufvfh]dt,bc# v>tdkfl bmwf^ vfs ijhbc mdt.ybc iblf ufydbsfht,bc sdfkcfphbcbsfw& [tkbceakt,fc<br />
ite>kbf jgjpbwbbc ufvjcdkt,b lf,kjrjc bv vjnbdbs^ hjv lfgbhbcgbht,f cjv[eh<br />
cfpjufljt,fib rfnfcnhjabc njkafcb bmyt,f mdt.ybcfsdbc& fvbnjv jgjpbwbf eylf itehbultc<br />
fhxtdyt,bc uf.fk,t,fc^ rjheawbfc lf [tkbceakt,bc c[df wjldt,c& vfuhfv<br />
[fdthljdfyb htdjkewbf bc atyjvtybf^ hjvtkbw cfpjufljt,fc wdkbkt,t,c lblb ith.tdt,bc<br />
ufhtit /gbhlt,f&<br />
sevwf cjv[tsbc @vb[frt,bc htdjkewbf# fh itluf& cjv[tsbc [tkbceakt,bc ofhvjvflutykt,bw<br />
lf lfvjerblt,tkb fyfkbnbrjct,bw fqybiyfdlyty^ hjv cjv[tsb cfmfhsdtkjcufy<br />
vybidytkjdyfl ufyc[dfdlt,f& cjv[tsib [tkbceakt,f ufwbkt,bs >kbthbf^ dblht itdfhlyf>bc<br />
[tkbceakt,f b.j cfmfhsdtkjib& .dtkfathc hjv sfdb lfdfyt,js^ cfmfhsdtkjib gjkbwbfv<br />
lf fhvbfv ytbnhfkbntnb ufvjfw[fltc^ hbsfw uflfo.dbntc vjdktyfsf itvlujvb ufydbsfht,f&<br />
cjv[tsib rb fhvbfw lf gjkbwbfw wfkcf[fl lfluf rjxfhbfybc v[fhtpt&<br />
jabwbfkehb s,bkbcbc gjpbwbf cjv[tsib ufydbsfht,ekb vjdktyt,bcflvb ytbnhfkehb<br />
b.j& vtpj,kbc iblf cfmvtt,ib xfehtdkj,f lf bm ufydbsfht,ekb ghjwtcbc itltut,bc vbqt,f<br />
bc thsflthsb ujybdhekb upff^ hfcfw cfv[hts rfdrfcbbc cfvbdt mdt.ybc [tkv>qdfytkj,f<br />
f[jhwbtkt,c&<br />
jabwbfkehb s,bkbcbc vjvkjlbyt gjpbwbbc gbhj,t,ib^ mfhsek vtlbfib fmnbehfl<br />
ufyb[bkt,jlf cjv[tsbc viajsdfht vjdktyfsf itcf>kj ptufdktyf cfmfhsdtkjpt& tmcgthnsf<br />
cfthsj fphb b.j^ hjv cjv[tsib rhbpbcbc ufqhvfdt,f fh itlbc cfmfhsdtkjc bynthtct,ib lf<br />
vfc cnf,bkeh lf ghjuyjpbht,fl vtpj,tksfy ehsbthsj,f fo.j,c& kfgfhfrb b.j bvfptw^<br />
hjv cfmfhsdtkjc^ itcf>kjf cjv[tsblfy gjkbnbreh knjkdbksf yfrflb vjfo.ltc^<br />
hjvkt,bw sfdc ]fdf[tsib vw[jdht, cjv[t,c itfafht,lyty^ sevwf fv dthcbfw c[dt,b fh<br />
tsfy[vt,jlyty _ ]fdf[tkb cjv[t,b jhbtynbht,ekyb fhbfy pjuflfl [tkbceakt,fpt^<br />
hjujhw cfmfhsdtkjib^ bct cjv[tsib& itcf,fvbcfl^ bcbyb v[fc ezthty mjxfhbfyc lf fhf vbc<br />
jgjpbwbfc& jabwbfkehb thtdfyb rb .jdtksdbc fve[hezt,lf ]fdf[tsib ctgfhfnbpvbc<br />
32
ufqdbdt,fc& itcf>kjf tc itlbjlf pjubthsb hecb gjkbnbrjcbc utuvt,ib^ vfuhfv fhfyfbhfl<br />
fh ]lt,f cjv[tsbc bynthtct,ib^ hjvtkbw^ cfmfhsdtkjcsfy lfvfrfdibht,tk reknehek lf<br />
bcnjhbek afmnjht,c hjv sfdb lfdfyt,js^ vybidytkjdfyobkfl lfvjrblt,ekbf<br />
cfmfhsdtkjpt ufvfdfk rjveybrfwbt,pt&<br />
sevwf^ dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc itvltu lfcfdktsbcrty cohfadbc uf>kbtht,f cfmfhsdtkjib^<br />
ufhledfkfl ybiyfdc hectsbc gjpbwbt,bc itcecnt,fc vskbfyfl cfv[hts rfdrfcbfib lf eylf<br />
dbabmhjs^ hjv cjv[tsibw uf>kbthlt,f lfcfdkehb jhbtynfwbbc cehdbkb& lqtbcfsdbc<br />
cjv[ehb gjkbnbrehb cgtmnhbc sfdbct,eht,f bcff^ hjv [tkbceakt,fw lf vbcb jgjpbwbfw<br />
hectsptf jhbtynbht,ekb& vfuhfv fh eylf lfdbdbo.js^ hjv ghtpbltynvf ktdjy nthgtnhjcbfyvf<br />
]th rbltd \\ cfereybc 90-bfy okt,ib cwflf cjv[tsbc @bcnjhbekb<br />
itvj,heyt,bc# ufy[jhwbtkt,f& bc^ hfw vfhw[bs lfvsfdhlf ofhcekib^ itcf>kjf^ cfvjvfdkj<br />
ghjuhfvfl bmwtc cjv[tsbcfsdbc&<br />
o dfhlt,bc htdjkewbf lf cfmfhsdtkjc cefvtkb gfhnybjht,b<br />
itdfhlyf>bc vvfhsdtkj,bc okt,ib cfmfhsdtkjc^ mdt.ybc bynthtct,blfy ufvjvlbyfht^<br />
ufycfresht,ekb gfhnybjhekb ehsbthsj,t,b xfvje.fkb,lf erhfbyfcf lf fpth,fb]fysfy&<br />
cojhtl fv cfvvf mdt.fyfv itflubyf ths-thsb gjcncf,zjehb ufthsbfyt,bc _ ceefvbc ,bhsdb^<br />
hjvtkibw vjkljdfw lf ep,trtsbw itlbjlyty& vjcrjdib tzdbc sdfkbs e.eht,lyty fv<br />
ufthsbfyt,fc^ hflufyfw bc gjcncf,zjtsib cfresfhb ufdktybc itvfvwbht,tk afmnjhfl<br />
vbfxylfs&<br />
dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc itvltu bct vj[lf^ hjv cfmfhsdtkjc ehsbthsj,t,c erhfbyfcf lf<br />
fpth,fb]fysfy ufhrdtekb cfahs[t lftvemhf& bk[fv fkbtdc^ hjvtkbw jgjpbwbbc ufvjcdkt,c<br />
ufecojhlf lf [tkbceakt,f vfvbcufy vtvrdblhtj,bs vbbqj^ s,bkbcib vjv[lfhb dfhlt,bc<br />
htdjkewbf lf jgjpbwbbc ufvfh]dt,f [tkbceakt,fpt lblfl fh vjtojyt,jlf^ hjujhw<br />
itcf>kj ybveib fpth,fb]fyekb jgjpbwbbcfsdbc& bcbw fqbybiyt,jlf^ hjv bk[fv fkbtdb<br />
yjtv,hbc rhbpbcbc lqtt,ib vjhfkeh v[fhlfzthfc tlefhl itdfhlyf>tc eotdlf&<br />
vbe[tlfdfl fvbcf^ vb[tbk cffrfidbkvf lf bk/fv fkbtdvf vfktdt uffhrdbtc thsvfytsib<br />
ehsbthsj,t,b& jhb mdt.ybc f[fkb kbltht,bc lfvtuj,ht,f ,fmjib /tblfh fkbtdbc<br />
lfrh>fkdbc wthtvjybfkpt mfhsekb ltktufwbbc xfcdkbc lhjc vj[lf& vfc itvltu cffrfidbkb<br />
,fmjc erdt jabwbfkehb dbpbnbs todbf lf jhb mdt.ybc cfvjvfdkj sfyfvihjvkj,bc<br />
ufqhvfdt,bc itcf[t, bcfe,htc& vfiby cffrfidbkb [fpc ecdfvlf^ hjv bk[fvb thsflthsb<br />
ghtpbltynbf^ hjvtkcfw bub ityj,bs vbvfhsfdc&<br />
eahj hsekfl b.j cfmvt erhfbyfcsfy& erhfbybc vfibyltkvf ghtpbltynvf ktjybl rexvfv<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc gfhkfvtynbc ityj,fib itzhbk jgjpbwbjytht,c @,fylbnt,bc [hjdf# eojlf&<br />
gfhfktkehfl ufxylf wyj,t,b cffrfidbkbcf lf erhfbybc jgjpbwbbc ths-thsb kblthbc<br />
beixtyrjc vzblhj ehsbthsj,t,bc itcf[t,& erhfbybc jgjpbwbbc v[fhtpt cffrfidbkb<br />
cfmfhsdtkjib dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc ufvfh]dt,bcsfyfdt lfluf lf erhfbyfib dbpbnbw vjfo.j&<br />
vfiby cffrfidbkb ,tdhvf uffrhbnbrf _ cffrfidbkbc @xt utdfhfc cbylhjvb# lftvfhsf lf<br />
erhfbyfib htdjkewbbc tmcgjhnc wlbkj,cj& fv vwltkj,fc rb itb>Kt,f erhfbyfcsfy<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc ehsbthsj,t,b cfahs[bc mdti lft.tyt,byf _ rexvfc vvfhsdtkj,f v.fhb xfylf<br />
lf thsb it[tldbs ofhvjeltytkb b.j erhfbyfib vbcb vjobyffqvltut lf lfcfdktspt jhbtynbht,ekb<br />
jgjpbwbehb >fkt,bc ufvfh]dt,f&<br />
jh mdt.fyfc ijhbc f[fkb crfylfkb vj/.df cffrfidbkbc vbth cfmfhsdtkjc lfpdthdbc<br />
vjyfwtvt,bc uf[vbfyt,fc^ hjvkbc sfyf[vflfw fckfy f,fib>T ,jtdbrt,c erhfbybc nthbnjhbfptw<br />
fuhjdt,lf& fvbc efh.jaf erhfbybc cfufhtj cfmvtsf cfvbybcnhjv uffrtsf& cffrfidbkb rb<br />
b>Ekt,ekb uf[lf tvnrbwt,byf^ hjv erhfbyfib f,fib>bc tvbcht,bc vbth ,jtdbrt,bc<br />
ituhjdt,fib chekbflfw fh buekbc[vt,f fv ghjwtcib erhfbybc [tkbceakt,bc hfbvt ajhvbs<br />
vjyfobktj,f& crfylfkb xfw[hf^ vfuhfv jh mdt.fyfc ijhbc ehsbthsj,t,b^ w[flbf^<br />
>dtkt,ehfl s,bkb fh .jabkf&<br />
vlujvfhtj,f itwdfkf cffrfidbkbc erhfbyfib dbpbnvf& jhb mdt.ybc ghtpbltynt,vf >dtkb<br />
33
o.tyf lfbdbo.tc lf rdkfd cnhfntubek gfhnybjhj,fpt fkfgfhfrlyty& hjujhw fqybiyf<br />
ktjybl rexvfv^ dbyw fh eylf b.jc erhfbybc ghtpbltynb^ bc cfmfhsdtkjc erhfbybcsdbc<br />
evybidytkjdfytc gfhnybjhfl vbbxytdc& sevwf^ erhfbyfib jgjpbwbbc ufvjcdkt,bc phlfcsfy<br />
thsfl^ cfmfhsdtkjc [tkbceakt,fc fh lfevfkbf sfdbcb v[fhlfzthf yfhby]bcathb<br />
htdjkewbbcflvb& @vjdktyt,bc fctsb ufydbsfht,f lblb [ybc oby dbdfhfelt& fv mdt.fyfc rfhufl<br />
dbwyj,& erhfbyfcf lf cfmfhsdtkjc ijhbc gfhfktkbc ufdkt,f eflubkjfj^ vbvnrbwt,lyty^ vt<br />
rb fvfc fh dbpbfht,lb lf .dtkf jabwbfkeh it[dtlhfpt [fpufcvbs dfv,j,lb^ _ ltvjrhfnbbc<br />
itxtht,f ite>Kt,tkbf-vtsmb#^ _ fqybiyf cffrfidbkvf ths-ths bynthdbeib& 51<br />
cfmfhsdtkjcf lf erhfbybc htdjkewbt,vf f[fkb htfkj,f itmvytc gjcncf,zjsf cbdhwtib&<br />
erhfbybc yfhby]bcathvf htdjkewbfv lffxmfhf wdkbkt,t,b vjkljdfibw^ hbc itltuflfw fv<br />
mdt.ybc rjveybcnehvf [tkbceakt,fv ufyfw[flb uffrtsf lfcfdkehb jhbtynfwbbcf lf<br />
ltvjrhfnbekb wdkbkt,t,bc itcf[t,&<br />
sfdb |& sfdbceakt,bcfrty cohfadfc ukj,fkehb ltvjrhfnbekb<br />
htdjkewbbcfrty vbd.fdfhs<br />
2005 okbc 9-10 vfbcc fii ghtpbltynbc ]jh] ,eibc s,bkbcib dbpbnbc lhjc cfmfhsdtkjc<br />
ltlfmfkfmb 2003 okbc yjtv,hbc dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc itvltu rbltd ths[tk vjtmwf<br />
vcjakbj vtlbbc .ehflqt,bc wtynhib& se uflfd[tlfds dbpbnsfy lfrfdibht,bs vhfdfkhbw[jdfy<br />
rjvtynfht,c^ lfdbyf[fds^ hjv ,eibc cbn.dt,b s,bkbcib .dtkfv bct ufbuj lf bc<br />
ufbujyf^ hbcb vjcvtyfw cehlf& pjuvf^ vfufkbsfl^ lfbyf[f cfmfhsdtkjc v[fhlfzthf hectssfy<br />
hsek ehsbthsj,t,ib^ c[dt,vf^ gbhbmbs^ .ehflqt,f vbfmwbtc bvfc^ hjv ,eivf hectsbc<br />
cfv[tlhj ,fpt,bc cfmfhsdtkjlfy uf.dfyf @vrfwhfl# fh vjbs[jdf lf f&i& vfuhfv tc .dtkfathb<br />
vfbyw ltnfkt,bf lf yfsmdfvbc cfcehdtkb bynthghtnfwbt,b& vsfdfhb rb^ hbc cfsmvtkflfw<br />
ghtpbltynb ,eib s,bkbcib sfdbceakt,bc vjtlfypt itrht,bkb [fk[bc obyfit ufvjdblf^<br />
cfmfhsdtkjcf lf vstk htubjyib sfdbceakt,bcfrty cohfadbc v[fhlfzthf b.j^ hfcfw^ fii-bc<br />
ghtpbltynbc smvbs^ ukj,fkehb ltvjrhfnbekb htdjkewbbcfrty vbd.fdfhs&<br />
o ghtpbltyn ,eibc vfhihenbc kjubrf<br />
hbuf_vjcrjdb_s,bkbcb _ fctsb b.j ghtpbltyn ,eibc vjupfehj,bc vfhihenb<br />
gjcncf,zjsf cbdhwtib^ vtjht vcjakbj jvib afibpvpt ufvfh]dt,bc vt-60 okbcsfdpt& fii-bc<br />
ghtpbltynbc vbth fhxtekb upf fh b.j itvs[dtdbsb lf fcf[fdlf lqtdfyltk vcjakbjib<br />
itmvybk f[fk htfkj,t,c&<br />
fqvjcfdkts tdhjgbc cf[t vybidytkjdyfl itbwdfkf^ vfuhfv hectsbc gjkbnbrfib rdkfd<br />
xfyc bc tktvtynt,b^ hjvkt,bw ytjbvgthbfkbpvbc ufvjdkbyt,fl fqbmvt,f& @kfndbfib^ [jkj<br />
itvltu cfmfhsdtkjib ,eibc dbpbnb fxdtyt,c^ hjv bc tdhjrfdibhbcfufy ufyc[dfdt,bs vb[dlf^<br />
se hf vbvfhsekt,bs vblbc ufydbsfht,bc ghjwtcb hectsib% genbyc cf,zjsf [tkbceakt,bc<br />
lf,heyt,f cehc#^ _ ufyew[flf kfndbtkvf gjkbnjkjuvf fnbc ytbkifv uthvfyek<br />
@/fyltkc,kfnbc# rjhtcgjyltync& 52 fhflf^ hectsbc fynbltvjrhfnbekb lf ytjbvgthbekb<br />
ufydbsfht,f .dtkfpt vtnfl cojhtl tdhjgfc lffpfhfkt,c&<br />
9 vfbcbc obyf lqtt,ib ghtpbltynvf genbyvf atlthfkehb rht,bcflvb sfdbc .jdtkokbeh<br />
51 @rdbhbc gfkbnhf#^ 3-9&:&2005<br />
52 @htpjyfycb#^ 7&|&2005<br />
34
vbvfhsdfib cf,zjsf rfdibhbc lfikfc @cfereybc evc[dbktcb utjgjkbnbrehb rfnfcnhjaf#<br />
eojlf& fv cbn.dt,vf ytufnbehb htfmwbf ufvjbodbf lfcfdktsib lf hectsbc f[kj<br />
vtpj,kt,ibw& genbybc fv ufyw[flt,fv fii-bc rjyuhtcib hectsbc lqtdfyltkb [tkbceakt,bc<br />
rhbnbrf uff>Kbthf& @dfibyunjy sfbvcbc# wyj,bs^ htcge,kbrtkvf rjyuhtcvtyvf rhbcnjath<br />
rjrcvf genbyc othbkbw vbcothf^ cflfw csfdfpj,c^ hjv ufcekb cfereybc evc[dbktc<br />
rfnfcnhjafl @sdbsjy cf,zjsf rfdibhb# lffcf[tkjc& 53<br />
genbybc cbn.dt,b fqmvekb bmyf hjujhw bvgthbekb yjcnfkubf lf hectsib fhct,ekb<br />
cfufyufij fynbltvjrhfnbekb ntyltywbt,bc rbltd thsb ufvjdkbyt,f& fcts gbhj,t,ib @,eib<br />
hjv v[jkjl vjcrjdib xfcekb.j^ rfnfcnhjaf bmyt,jlf#^ _ fqybiyfdlf @dfibyunjy gjcnib#<br />
hectsbcf lf tdhfpbbc ajylbc ghjuhfvf @rfhytub cfthsfijhbcj vidblj,bcfsdbc# lbhtmnjhb<br />
fylthc fckeylb& tc bmyt,jlf^ afmnj,hbdfl^ fhf vfhnj ofhcekb ufvfh]dt,bcsdbc<br />
gfnbdbc vbut,f^ fhfvtl lqtdfyltkb hectsbc gjkbnbrbc fqybiyekb v[fhtt,bc v[fhlfzthfw&<br />
,eibc vfhihenb .jabk gjcncf,zjtsib rfhufl b.j lfutuvbkb& vjcrjdib dbpbnbc oby<br />
hbufib xfcdkbs^ cflfw ,fknbbc cfvb .jabkb cf,zjsf htcge,kbrbc kbltht,c it[dlf^ ,eivf<br />
fxdtyf^ hjv 9 vfbcbc ufvfh]dt,f afibpvpt fh .jabkf tdhjgbc cf.jdtksfj ufysfdbceakt,bcf<br />
lf ltvjrhfnbbc lfvrdblht,bc sfhbqb _ wtynhfkehb lf fqvjcfdkts tdhjgbc mdt.yt,b<br />
hrbybc afhlbc vbqvf fqvjxylyty lf rbltd yf[tdfhb cfereyt lfczbhlfs sfdbceakt,bcf lf<br />
ltvjrhfnbbc vbcfqotdfl& ,fknbbc cfvb mdt.fyf rb^ vbe[tlfdfl bvbcf^ hjv yfnjc lf<br />
tdhjrfdibhbc otdht,b fhbfy^ lqtcfw fvfjl tkbc hectsbcfufy bvbc fqbfht,fc^ hjv bcbyb<br />
>fkbs itb.dfytc cf,zjsf rfdibhbc itvflutykj,fib&<br />
vjcrjdib 9 vfbcbc fqybidybc itvltu ghtpbltyn ,eibc s,bkbcib dbpbnb rb v[fhlfzthf<br />
b.j bv [fdthljdfyb htdjkewbt,bcf^ hjvtkvfw fqvjcfdkts tdhjgbc hbub mdt.yt,b vjbwdf&<br />
cojhtl dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc itvltu vstkc htubjyib ltvjrhfnbek ufvjcdkt,c v>kfdhb<br />
bvgekcb vbtwf& @cfmfhsdtkj ,eibc vtjht cfghtpbltynj dflbc ltvjrhfnbbc ths-thsb<br />
mdt.fyf-cbv,jkj uf[lf#^ _ fqybiyfdlf @dfibyunjy gjcnb#&<br />
vfuhfv fii-bc ghtpbltynbc ptvjs fqybiyekb vfhihenb ufvfqbpbfyt,tkb fqvjxylf<br />
hectsbc ufhrdtekb >Fkt,bcfsdbc& vjcrjdbc rdktdbsb jhufybpfwbbc ghtpbltynvf dbfxtckfd<br />
ybrjyjdvf cffutynj @bynthafmcsfy# bynthdbeib ufyfw[flf^ hjv ,eibc dbpbnb kfndbfcf lf<br />
cfmfhsdtkjib sfdbct,ehb cbkbc ufodyff hectsbcfsdbc& 54<br />
2005 okbc 6 vfbcc ufptsb @ybe-bjhr nfbvcb# beo.t,jlf hectsbc cfufhtj cfmvtsf vbybcnhbc<br />
cthutb kfdhjdbc vbth fii-bc cf[tkvobaj vlbdybc rjyljkbpf hfbcbc cf[tkpt<br />
ufupfdybkb othbkbc itcf[t,& ufptsbc byajhvfwbbs^ hecb vbybcnhbc othbkib ufvjsmvekb<br />
b.j rfntujhbekb ghjntcnb kfndbfcf lf cfmfhsdtkjib ,eibc lfutuvbkb dbpbnbc ufvj&<br />
sevwf fvfy @hfbcb dthfyfbhfl dth itfibyf#& 55 hectsbc atlthfwbbc cfufhtj cfmvtsf<br />
cfvbybcnhjv efh.j fqybiyekb byajhvfwbf^ vfuhfv jabwbfkehb vjcrjdbc ervf.jabkt,f fv<br />
efh.jafibw ufvjxylf& rth>jl^ hectsbc cfufhtj cfmvtsf cfvbybcnhjc jabwbfkehb<br />
ofhvjvflutykbc fktmcfylht bfrjdtyrjc ufyw[flt,bs^ vbybcnhc cehlf v[jkjl vbtybiyt,byf^<br />
hjv fh vjcojys @bc rjyntmcnb^ hjvkbsfw [jhwbtklt,f fvthbrbc ghtpbltynbc tc vjupfehj,f#&<br />
56<br />
,eibc vfhihenb fh b.j vjcrjdbc obyffqvltu vbvfhsekb^ gbhbmbs^ bub vbpyfl bcf[fdlf<br />
hectsbcfsdbc lf[vfht,fc ltvjrhfnbekb ufydbsfht,bc upfpt vnrbwtl lflujvfib& @lfyfqvek<br />
dtkpt genbybc gbhbcgbh#^ _ fct fafct,lf ahfyuekb @abufhj# gjcncf,zjsf cbdhwtib<br />
ghtpbltyn ,eibc vjupfehj,fc lf itmvybk dbsfht,fc @hsekb lbgkjvfnbehb ,fktnb#<br />
eojlf& 57 dfibyunjyvf eylf itbyfhxeyjc hectssfy cnhfntubekb gfhnybjhj,f lf^<br />
bvfdlhjekfl^ lffhoveyjc vjcrjdb^ hjv efhb smdfc ytjbvgthbek fv,bwbt,pt sfdbc<br />
vtpj,kt,bc vbvfhs&<br />
53 @htpjyfycb#^ 6&|&2005<br />
54 @htpjyfycb#^ 7&|&2005<br />
55 @htpjyfycb#^ 7&|&2005<br />
56 @cfmfhsdtkjc htcge,kbrf#^ 8&|&2005<br />
57 @htpjyfycb#^ 7&|&2005<br />
35
o cfmfhsdtkjc ltvjrhfnbekb vbcbf<br />
ghtpbltynb ,eibc vbth s,bkbcib sfdbceakt,bc vjtlfypt ofhvjsmvek cbn.dfib<br />
.dtkfpt [ibhfl cbn.df @sfdbceakt,f# ;qthlf& tc cbn.df vtjhlt,jlf sbsmvbc .dtkf<br />
obyflflt,fib& fii-bc ghtpbltynb kfgfhfrj,lf mfhsdtkb [fk[bc ,h>jkfpt sfdbceakt,bcfsdbc<br />
lf fv ,h>jkbc vybidytkj,fpt ukj,fkeh ltvjrhfnbek htdjkewbfib& @bwjlts^ hjv<br />
mfhsek vbofib xfhuekb sfdbceakt,bc ythub vstk vcjakbjib ufb[fht,c#^ _ tc b.j ,eibc<br />
ufvjcdkbc ths-thsb >bhbsflb stpbcb&<br />
ybifylj,hbdbf bcbw^ hjv fii-bc ghtpbltynbc cbn.dfib cfthsjl fh .jabkf yf[ctyt,b<br />
yfdsj,b lf rfcgbbc tythujghjtmnt,b^ hbc ufvjw gjcncf,zjehvf cfv[htsvf sfdblfy vbbg.hj<br />
cfthsfijhbcj .ehflqt,f lf cojhtl cfnhfypbnj ghjtmnt,bsf lf tythujvfnfht,kt,bc<br />
tmcgjhnbs lfbo.j sfdbcb flubkbc >Bt,f sfyfvtlhjdt vcjakbjib& fv v[hbd^ ofhvfnt,t,b<br />
sdfkcfxbyjf& vo.j,hib lut,f ,fmj-s,bkbcb-]tb/fybc yfdsj,cfltyb&<br />
w[flbf^ ghtpbltyn ,eic rfhufl tcvbc yfdsj,cfltybc vybidytkj,f lf cfmfhsdtkjc<br />
cfnhfypbnj aeymwbfw& tc lblb [fybf fqbfht,ekbf lf fvfib f[fkb fhfathbf& ,eibc<br />
s,bkbcib ufvjcdkfib rb [fpb uftcdf cfmfhsdtkjc rbltd ths vybidytkjdfy cfthsfijhbcj<br />
aeymwbfc^ hjvtkbw vfy dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc itvltu itb>byf& rth>jl^ tcff ltvjrhfnbbc<br />
lfvrdblht,bcfsdbc [tkito.j,f _ gjkbnbrehb aeymwbf lfcfdktsblfy fqvjcfdktsbcrty<br />
ltvjrhfnbbc uflfnfybcf&<br />
ghtpbltyn ,eibc smvbs^ xdty dw[jdhj,s bcnjhbek tgjmfib^ @cflfw sfdbceakt,f oby<br />
vbbotdc ifdb pqdblfy rfcgbbc pqdbcfrty _ cgfhctsbc .ehtibw lf eahj ijhcfw#&<br />
sfdbceakt,bcfrty cohfadf ukj,fkehb ltvjrhfnbekb htdjkewbbc cf[tc bqt,c lf fv<br />
htdjkewbeh ghjwtcc vybidytkjdfyb ,b?ub vbcwf dfhlt,bc htdjkewbfv cfmfhsdtkjib&<br />
@vcjakbj ufjwt,ekbf bvtlbcvjvwtvb wdkbkt,t,bs^ hjvkt,bw vbvlbyfhtj,c ,fqlflblfy<br />
,tbhesfvlt^ ,tbhesblfy _ ,birtrfvlt& vfuhfv cfyfv thf.ib bfcfvybcathb htdjkewbf<br />
ufy[jhwbtklt,jlf^ fy yfhby]bcathb htdjkewbf erhfbyfib^ fy rtlfhbc htdjkewbf kb,fyib^<br />
vfyfvlt cfmfhsdtkjib @dfhlt,bc htdjkewbf# vj[lf#^ _ fqybiyf fii-bc ghtpbltynvf& fv<br />
cbn.dt,ib rfhufl xfyc^ hjv @gjcncf,zjehb cbdhwt# erdt ofikbkbf lf [fdthljdfyb<br />
htdjkewbt,b gjcncf,zjsf mdt.yt,ib tho.vbc ltvjrhfnbbcrty fyfkjubeh cdkfc f[kj<br />
fqvjcfdktsbc mdt.yt,ib&<br />
hjujhw mfhsek vtlbfib fqbybiyt,f^ ghtpbltyn ,eibcfsdbc cfmfhsdtkj vcjakbjib<br />
ltvjrhfnbbc ufdhwtkt,bc cfrdfy>j othnbkb uf[lf& itb>kt,f bsmdfc^ hjv tcff vbcb<br />
@cffdnjhj ghjtmnb# lf cfmfhsdtkjc^ hjujhw cf[tkvobajc^ ofhvfnt,f cojhtl vbcb<br />
@ghjtmnbc# lf gbhflfl vbcb ofhvfnt,f bmyt,f& lqtbcfsdbc cfmfhsdtkjc ofhvfnt,f >Fkptl<br />
,tdhc ybiyfdc sfdfl itthst,ekb infnt,bcfsdbc& fmtlfy ufvjvlbyfht^ cfmfhsdtkjc itb>Kt,f<br />
bvtlb /mjyltc fii-bc v[fhlfzthbcf^ jqjyl fvbcfsdbc eylf it>kjc bc^ hfptw ,eivf 10 vfbcc<br />
fhfths[tk fqybiyf _ cfmfhsdtkjv vfhskfw eylf ufyfdbsfhjc htfkehb ltvjrhfnbf^ hfw<br />
vfc cfvfufkbsjl fmwtdc c[df mdt.yt,bcfsdbc& 58<br />
o lblb wdkbkt,t,bc [fyf<br />
serb cfmfhsdtkjc 2003 okbc yjtv,hbc vjdktyt,b vfiby lcs-c cbdhwtib @ufvjyfrkbcfl#<br />
fqbmvt,jlf^ f[kf erdt w[flbf^ hjv tc ghjwtct,b vstk gjcncf,zjeh cbdhwtpt dhwtklt,f&<br />
.jabkb cf,zjsf htcge,kbrt,b thsb-vtjhbc vb.jkt,bs lbcnfywbhlt,bfy hectsbcfufy lf<br />
fw[flt,ty^ hjv bcbyb sfdbfys vjvfdfkc tdhjcnhemneht,ib [tlfdty& [fdthljdfyvf<br />
htdjkewbt,vf @vjcrjdbcufy vtjht tvfycbgfwbbc# cf[tkojlt,f vbbqj lf vbvlbyfht vjdktyt,c<br />
flfht,ty @gbhdtk tvfycbgfwbfc#^ hjltcfw 1991 okbc ,jkjc lfbifkf cf,zjsf rfdibhb&<br />
[fdthljdfyb htdjkewbt,b hecb gjkbnbrjct,bc lblb yfobkbc ufqbpbfyt,fc bodtdc lf<br />
fvfib lfcfdktsbc @>Bhufvjvs[htk# cfmvbfyj,fc [tlfdty& sevwf^ vfhst,ekb bmyt,jlf<br />
58 @24 cffsb#^ 12&|&2005<br />
36
tktvtynfhekb rbs[dbc lfcvf^ se hfnjv fhbc lfcfdktsb fct vbvpbldtkb lf hfnjv ufeh,bfy<br />
fct lf;byt,bs hectsc mdt.yt,b^ hjvkt,bw trjyjvbrehfl lf bcnjhbekfl vhfdfkb >fabs<br />
vzblhjl fhbfy lfrfdibht,ekyb hectssfy&<br />
cf,zjsf rfdibhb hjv lfbifkf^ ufcfut,bf& tc b.j [tkjdyehb^ >fkbs itmvybkb ufthsbfyt,f^<br />
hjvtkbw v[jkjl cbn.dbs b.j cedthtyek htcge,kbrfsf rfdibhb& vbcb cfae>dtkb<br />
rjvgfhnbbc ,fnjyj,f^ ibib lf htghtcbt,b b.j& hjujhw rb ujh,fxjdb ltvjrhfnbpfwbfcf lf<br />
gkehfkbpvpt fkfgfhfrlf^ @vjrfdibht htcge,kbrt,vf# lfvjerblt,kj,f vjbs[jdtc&<br />
cf,tlybthjl^ cf,zjsf rfdibhbc ityfhxeyt,bc cbc[kbfyb vwltkj,t,b ~s,bkbcb 1989 okbc 9<br />
fghbkb^ ,fmj 1990 okbc bfydfhb^ dbkybecb 1991 okbc bfydfhb^ cfv[tlhj uflfnhbfkt,bc<br />
vwltkj,f vjcrjdib 1991 okbc pfa[ekb` vfhw[bs lfvsfdhlf lf hectsb tkwbybc<br />
[tkv>qdfytkj,bs sfdfl fqvjxylf cf,zjsf rfdibhbc lfikbc vjv[ht&<br />
vfuhfv hfnjv dth vjf[th[f f[fkvf hectsvf .jabk cf,zjsf htcge,kbrt,sfy bctsb<br />
ehsbthsj,bc fut,f^ hjv vfs fh tabmhfs hectsbcfufy lbcnfywbht,fpt( fm vbptpsf vstkb<br />
rjvgktmcb vjmvtlt,lf& cf,zjsf rfdibhib >fkbs it.dfybk htcge,kbrt,ib rdkfd hxt,jlf ibib<br />
hectsbc itcf>kj fuhtcbbcf lf bcbyb cfcohfajl wlbkj,lyty hfw itb>kt,f ijhc lftzbhfs<br />
sfdb vbcufy lf vbtqjs ecfahs[jt,bc v.fhb ufhfynbt,b lfcfdktsbcfufy& cf,zjsf rfdibhbc<br />
lfikbc itvltu fvbc ufrtst,f ,fknbbc cfvvf cf[tkvobajv vjf[th[f& bcbyb lqtc tdhjrfdibhbcf<br />
lf yfnjc otdht,b fhbfy&<br />
hectsbc v[hblfy cf,zjsf rfdibhbc lfikfpt sfy[vj,f fh ybiyfdlf vbc vbth /tutvjyj,fpt<br />
efhbc smvfc& fvbc lfcnehb b.j cf,zjsf rfdibhbc lfikbcsfyfdt itmvybkb @lfvjerblt,tk<br />
cf[tkvobajsf sfyfvtuj,hj,f#& tc lqtc ufvjsmdfvc ervf.jabkt,fc ghtpbltynb genbyb lcs-c<br />
vbvfhs _ @wbdbkbpt,ekb ufymjhobyt,bc vtmfybpvb# b.jj^ vfuhfv sfdbc lhjpt lcs<br />
vjbfpht,jlf f[fk cfae>dtkpt gjcncf,zjehb cbdhwbc byntuhfwbbc lfcfo.bcfl& ufcekb<br />
cfereybc 90-bfyb okt,bc lfcfo.bcib cfmfhsdtkjib sfdufvjlt,bs wlbkj,lyty sfdb<br />
lftqobfs lcs-ib itcdkbcsdbc^ hflufyfw bub vbbxytjlf @vjlthybpt,ek hectsbc bvgthbfl#&<br />
hectsb^ hjvtkbw @byntuhfwbekb ghjwtct,bc# lfxmfht,fc wlbkj,lf^ fvfdt lhjc<br />
dthfahbs [lt,jlf vbvpbldtkb lfvjerblt,kj,bc upfpt lfvlufhb .jabkb cf,zjsf<br />
htcge,kbrt,bcfsdbc& tc ufycfresht,bs vrfabjl xfyc cfmfhsdtkjc vfufkbspt^ cflfw fhfdby<br />
lfdj,c^ hjv fa[fptsbcf lf w[bydfkbc htubjybc rjyakbmnt,bc ufqdbdt,f lf vfsb<br />
vjotchbut,bc ufzbfyeht,f hectsbc xfhtdbc itltubf^ bctdt hjujhw sbsmvbc .jdtklqt<br />
vfcvtlbbc cfiefkt,bs ite>kbfs vjbcvbyjy pjubthsb hecb gjkbnbrjcbc vbth ufrtst,ekb<br />
c[dflfc[df fuhtcbekb ufyw[flt,t,b cfmfhsdtkjc vbvfhs& ufcfut,bf^ hjv itmvybk dbsfht,fib<br />
cfmfhsdtkjcsdbc ecfahs[jt,bc ufhfynbt,bc >Bt,f lf cfresfhb cf[tkvobajt,hbdb<br />
vityt,kj,bc fvjwfyt,bc uflfo.dtnf itcf>kt,tkbf v[jkjl lfcfdktssfy vzblhj<br />
sfyfvihjvkj,bs&<br />
cf,zjsf rfdibhbc lfikbc itvltu itmvybkb f[fkb lfvjerblt,tkb cf[tkvobajt,b^ .jdtk<br />
itvs[dtdfib bltfib vfbyw^ wlbkj,ty htajhvt,bc ufy[jhwbtkt,fc^ ltvjrhfnbekb<br />
bycnbnent,bc lfvrdblht,fc& fv vbvfhsekt,bs rb sfdfl hectsc fmdc cthbjpekb ghj,ktvt,b<br />
lf chekbflfw fh ufvjlut,f ybveifl c[df mdt.yt,bcfsdbc& gbhbmbs^ .jabk cf,zjsf<br />
htcge,kbrt,ib vjcrjdb v[fhc ezthc fhfltvjrhfnbek ht;bvt,c lf sfdbcb v[fhlfzthbs rbltd<br />
eahj ufyfvnrbwt,c vfs&<br />
gjcncf,zjsf cbdhwtib ufikbkvf [fdthljdfyvf lf^ cfvoe[fhjl^ fhf[fdthljdfyvf<br />
ghjwtct,vf sdfkcfxbyj uf[flf^ hjv cf,zjsf rfdibhbc lfikbc itvltu ofhvjmvybkb<br />
cf[tkvobajt,b hfqfw vb]yfc vbfluyty sfdbfys ufydbsfht,fib& sbsmvbc .dtkf gjcncf,zjsf<br />
ht;bvb^ hjvkt,ibw welfl dbsfhlt,jlf ltvjrhfnbekb bycnbnent,b lf cf,fphj trjyjvbrf^<br />
efqhtcfl fhfcnf,bkehb fqvjxylf& vhfdfkb fyfkbnbrjcbc fphbs^ lqtc erdt tzdc fqfh<br />
bodtdc^ hjv .jabkb cf,zjsf mdt.yt,bc evhfdktcj,fib fvf se bv ajhvbs vvfhsdtkb<br />
tkbnt,bc wdkf ufhledfkbf&<br />
cf,zjsf rfdibhbc lfikbc gbhdtk [fyt,ib^ vjgjdt,ekb sfdbceakt,bs ufvjodtekb<br />
tbajhbbc gbhj,t,ib^ ,tdhc tujyf^ hjv rjveybcnehb njnfkbnfhbpvbc flubkc >fkptl<br />
fldbkfl lfbrfdt,lf lfcfdkehb .fblbc ltvjrhfnbf& sevwf^ cek vfkt w[flb uf[lf^ hjv<br />
,fknbbc mdt.yt,bc ufhlf ltvjrhfnbfpt cohfab uflfcdkbc bvtlb fhfhtfkehb b.j&<br />
37
[tkbceakt,fib >bhbsflfl hxt,jlf .jabkb rjveybcnehb yjvtyrkfnehf^ hjvtkbw<br />
actdljltvjrhfnbbs ybq,fdlf fdnjhbnfhek ht;bvt,c& ltvjrhfnbfpt uflfcdkbc jgnbvbpvb<br />
f[kf cfgbhbcgbhj gtcbvbpvvf itwdfkf _ ,tdhvf xfsdfkf^ hjv gjcnrjveybcnehb<br />
fdnjhbnfhekb ht;bvt,b v.fhfl lf eiajsdtkfl bfhct,t,lyty sdfkcfobth vjvfdfkib vfbyw&<br />
vfuhfv lqtc erdt w[flbf fvudfhb ghjuyjpt,bc vwlfhj,f&<br />
firfhf uf[lf^ hjv fhfltvjrhfnbek gjkbnbreh cbcntvt,c fh >fke>s itbyfhxeyjy<br />
cjwbfkeh-trjyjvbrehb cnf,bkehj,f& vfsb vvfhsdtkj,bc 15-okbfyb gthbjlb cfrvfhbcb<br />
fqvjxylf bvbcsdbc^ hjv ht;bvbc obyffqvltu lfuhjdbkb.j cf[fk[j ghjntcnbc elbltcb<br />
ve[nb& fv cf[tkvobajt,ib .jabkvf rjveybcnehvf yjvtyrkfnehfv^ hjvtkbw [tkbceakt,bc<br />
cfsfdtib hxt,jlf^ cfresfhb sfdb fvjoehf& vfsb vjqdfotj,bc itltub .jdkbcvjvwdtkb<br />
rjhevgbht,ekb cbcntvf lf ufqfnfrt,ekb vjcf[ktj,f b.j^ hjvtkcfw v>kfdhb ghjntcnbc<br />
uh>Yj,f lf mdt.ybc ufyf[kt,bc cehdbkb lfeuhjdlf& vfct,c fqfh cehs itehbulyty<br />
cjwbfkeh-trjyjvbreh ecfvfhskj,fc lf actdljltvjrhfnbfc& fvfcsfy^ ghjntcnb jhb upbs<br />
ofhbvfhst,f%<br />
_ bm^ cflfw fhct,j,c vtn-yfrkt,fl ltvjrhfnbekb jgjpbwbf^ vjdktyfsf ufydbsfht,f<br />
@[fdthljdfyb htdjkewbt,bc# [fcbfsc qt,ekj,c ~cfmfhsdtkj^ erhfbyf`^ fylf fhct,ekb<br />
[tkbceakt,f sfy[vlt,f ptvjlfy htajhvt,bc ufnfht,fc ~vjkljdf`*<br />
_ bm^ cflfw ltvjrhfnbekb >fkt,b cecnbf lf tc^ gbhdtk hbuib^ gjcncf,zjsf<br />
vecekvfyeh mdt.yt,c t[t,f^ vfct,bc vfvj>hfdt,tk >fkfl bmwtdf fhf lfcfdkehb<br />
ltvjrhfnbbcrty vbcohfat,f^ fhfvtl bckfvehb kjpeyut,b& tc cfpjufljt,fc vodfdt<br />
ith.tdt,bs lf cbc[kbcqdhbs tvemht,f& cojhtl fvudfh gthcgtmnbdfc eobyfcofhvtn.dtkt,ty<br />
hbub tmcgthnt,b ep,trtsc&<br />
hectsbc [tkbceakt,f^ hjvtkbw lcs-c cbdhwtc sfdbc ufdktybc cathjl vbbxytdlf^ f[kf<br />
cthbjpekfl itiajst,ekb eylf b.jc& fdnjhbnfhekb ht;bvt,b^ hjvtkcfw bc sfdbc<br />
cfbvtlj cf.hltyfl vbbxytdlf^ [fk[bcsdbc cf>ekdtkb lf fhfv.fhb fqvjxylf& ufyw[flt,t,b<br />
@[fdthljdfyb htdjkewbt,bc# lfcfdktsblfy lfabyfyct,bc sfj,fpt xmvfkfdc vsfdfhc _ sdbs<br />
gjcncf,zjsf mdt.yt,bc ibuybs vbvlbyfht ghjwtct,c& tcff vsfdfhb lf fhf lfcfdktsbc se<br />
bckfvbcnt,bc [hbrt,b& @gjcncf,zjsf cbdhwtib htdjkewbt,b iblf vbptpt,bsff<br />
ufygbhj,t,ekb lf ufht afmnjht,b vtjhflbf#^ _ ufyfw[flf^ vfufkbsfl^ 17 vfbcc ufvfhsek<br />
ghtcrjyathtywbfpt wyj,bkvf hecvf gjkbnjkjuvf cnfybckfd ,tkrjdcrbv& 59<br />
erdt sfdfl hecb fyfkbnbrjct,b vbesbst,ty^ hjv hectsvf cthbjpekb lfcrdyt,b eylf<br />
ufvjbnfyjc sfdbc eiefkj cfpqdht,sfy ufydbsfht,ekb ghjwtct,blfy& @hectsbc cfufhtjgjkbnbrehvf<br />
ljmnhbyfv lcs-c otdhb vtpj,tkb mdt.yt,bc vbvfhs^ vskbfyfl udbxdtyf sfdbcb<br />
ececehj,f^ hf smvf eylf^ se fctsb ljmnhbyf cfthsjl fhct,j,c& .jdtk itvs[dtdfib^<br />
hectsb ]th f,cjkenehfl fhffltrdfnehfl wlbkj,lf obyffqvltuj,f uftobf ghjwtcbcfsdbc^<br />
hjvtkbw firfhfl lfb>hf uf.byekb othnbkblfy ~erhfbyf lf cfmfhsdtkj`^ itvltu rb<br />
[tkblfy ufeidf vjvtynb^ hjwf .jabkb cch rfdibhbc mdt.yt,cfw vjtlj tc ghjwtcb<br />
~.bhubptsb^ ep,trtsb`^ f[kf rb b,h>dbc cnfnec-rdjc ityfhxeyt,bcfsdbc^ vfufkbsfl^ ,tkjhecbfib^<br />
mdt.fyfib^ cflfw firfhfl buh>yj,f^ hjv cek vfkt lflut,f fhfcnf,bkehj,bc<br />
gthbjlb lf tc^ v[jkjl @lfcfdktsbc cgtwcfvcf[eht,c# fh eylf lfdf,hfkjs#^ _ fqybiyfdlf<br />
ufptsb @bpdtcnbf# cfhtlfmwbj othbkib& 60<br />
[fdthljdfyb htdjkewbt,bc nfkqfv^ fk,fs^ sfdfl hectsibw cthbjpekfl eylf<br />
lffabmhjc gjkbnbrehb tkbnf lf f[kt,eh cfae>dtkpt ffut,byjc ehsbthsj,f<br />
vtpj,kt,sfy^ hfsf vfs ufexylts hectssfy sfyfvihjvkj,bc lf fhf vbcufy lbcnfywbht,bc<br />
cehdbkb&<br />
59 @24 cffsb#^ 18&|&2005<br />
60 @bpdtcnbf#^ 17&|&2005<br />
38
o hfnjv fh xfvjdblyty s,bkbcib cjv[tsbc lf fpth,fb]fybc ghtpbltynt,b<br />
hbufib xfcek ghtpbltyn ,eic ufhlf kfndbbc ghtpbltynbcf^ kbndbcf lf tcnjytsbc<br />
kbltht,bw it[dlyty& ,fknbbc cfvvf mdt.fyfv vjf[th[f sfdbcb cfibyfj lf cfufhtjgjkbnbrehb<br />
>Fkbc[vtdbc rjjhlbyfwbf lf sdfkcfxbyj ofhvfnt,t,cfw vbfqobf& ,fknbbc cfvb mdt.ybcufy<br />
ufyc[dfdt,bs^ cfv[hts rfdrfcbbc cfvb mdt.fyf hbub vbptpt,bc ufvj^ thsvfytssfy fv cf[bc<br />
sfyfvihjvkj,fc dth f[th[t,c lf dthw iblf se ufht gjkbnbrehb ghbjhbntnt,bc sfj,fpt<br />
sfy[vlt,bfy& tc afmnb rbltd thsb lfcnehbf bvbcf^ se hfvltyfl hsekbf dbsfht,f rfdrfcbfib&<br />
ghtpbltyn ,eibc s,bkbcib xfvjcdkf gbhdtk hbuib cfmfhsdtkjc ltvjrhfnbbcrty<br />
cohfadbc v[fhlfzthf b.j& [fdthljdfyb htdjkewbf cfmfhsdtkjib ybveib uf[lf htubjybc c[df<br />
mdt.yt,bcfsdbc uflftlufs mvtlbsb yf,b]t,b ltvjrhfnbbcfrty& vfuhfv 2003 otkc^ hjltcfw<br />
itdfhlyf>bc vbth @welfl xfnfht,ek# fhxtdyt,c [fdthljdfyb htdjkewbf vj/.df cfmfhsdtkjib^<br />
,fmjcf lf thtdfyib [tkbceakt,fv it>KJ fhxtdyt,ib @>dtkt,ehfl# ufvfh]dt,f& sevwf^<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc vfufkbsvf^ itvltu rb erhfbybc @yfhby]bcathvf htdjkewbfv# fv mdt.yt,ib jgjpbwbfc<br />
f[fkb tythubf isf,thf& fqcfybiyfdbf^ hjv ]jh] ,eibc dbpbnsfy lfrfdibht,bs<br />
s,bkbcib ,fmjtkb cneltynt,bc ]ueab xfvjdblf& hjujhw @sfdbceakt,bc bycnbnenib#<br />
ufyfw[fltc^ mfhsekb @rvfhfc# nbgbc fpth,fb]fyekb f[fkufphlekb jhufybpfwbf @bj[bc#<br />
otdht,b ,eic fpth,fb]fybc ghtpbltynbc bk/fv fkbtdbc cfobyffqvltuj gkfrfnt,bs [dlt-<br />
,jlyty& 61<br />
ufcfut,bf^ hjv cjv[tsbcf lf fpth,fb]fybc [tkbceakt,bcfsdbc^ vbe[tlfdfl bvbcf^ hjv<br />
cfmfhsdtkjcsfy rfhub ehsbthsj,f fmds^ fk,fs^ lblfl vjcfojyb fh fhbc cfmfhsdtkjc<br />
@[fdthljdfyb ybveib#& itcf,fvbcfl^ vfs s,bkbcib ufvjxtyf ghtpbltyn ,eibc vjcfcvtyfl^<br />
hjvtkbw [fdthljdfyb htdjkewbt,bc ltvjrhfnbek nfkqfpt kfgfhfrj,lf^ fhwse cfcbfvjdyj<br />
bmyt,jlf& ufhlf fvbcf^ ufcfsdfkbcobyt,tkbf c[df cfrbs[t,bw& hectsbc gjkbnbrehb<br />
ohtt,b udfhbfyfl uffqbpbfyf ,eibc s,bkbcib cnevhj,fv& cjv[tsb hectsbc cnhfntubekb<br />
vjrfdibhtf htubjyib& ghtpbltynb mjxfhbfyb^ hfw fh eylf gfnbdc cwtvltc fii-bc ghtpbltync^<br />
s,bkbcib dth ufvjxylt,jlf& tc bmyt,jlf vjcrjdbc gbhlfgbhb ufvjodtdf&<br />
ufyc[dfdt,bs cjv[tsbcfufy^ fpth,fb]fyb fii-bc cnhfntubekb gfhnybjhbf lf vzblhjl<br />
fhbc lfrfdibht,ekb lfcfdktssfy tythujghjtmnt,bs& itcf>Kjf^ bk[fv fkbtdc fhfahfl<br />
xftulj @[fdthljdfyb cfahs[t# lf genbybc ufyfo.tyt,f^ xfvjcekb.j s,bkbcib^ vfuhfv fv<br />
itvs[dtdfib sfdc ufhb.ekfl buh>yj,lf cjv[tsb& fv mdt.ybc cfpjufljt,fib rbltd eahj<br />
uf>kbthlt,jlf ibib^ hjv hectsbc ufhtit @fhfvtuj,hek# ufhtvjwdfib fhbfy vjmwtekyb&<br />
ufhlf fvbcf^ bk/fv fkbtdb efhc fv,j,lf vjyfobktj,f vbtqj bv qjybc>bt,t,ib^ hjvtkcfw<br />
cjv[tsbc ghtpbltynb tcoht,jlf lf vbesbst,lf .fhf,fqbc uflfezhtk ghj,ktvfpt& fv<br />
vjnbdbs bub fh lftcohj 8 vfbcc vjcrjdib ufvfhsek lcs-c cfvbnc^ sevwf ,jkjvlt fh<br />
fo.tybyf ghtpbltyn genbyc lf vjyfobktj,f vbbqj 9 vfbcbc cfptbvj qjybc>Bt,t,ib&<br />
mjxfhbfybcf lf fkbtdbc s,bkbcib ufvjxtyf v[jkjl ths itvs[dtdfib bmyt,jlf itcf>-<br />
Kt,tkb _ serb tc jhb kblthb fii-bc iefvfdkj,bs uflflufdlf mvtlbs yf,b]c .fhf,fqbc<br />
rjyakbmnbc vjotchbut,bc vbvfhsekt,bs& fvbc vwltkj,f 1997 otkc cjv[tsbc gbhdtk<br />
ghtpbltync nth-gtnhjcbfyc sfyfvlt,j,bc lfrfhudfl lfe]lf& fhflf^ .fhf,fqbc rjyakbmnbc^<br />
bctdt hjujhw cfv[hts rfdrfcbbc c[df rjyakbmnt,bc fhct,ekb cf[bs^ @uf.byek vlujvfhtj,fib#<br />
lfnjdt,f erdt fyfmhjybpvbf lf htubjyib dbsfht,bc ltcnf,bkbpfwbbc cthbjpek<br />
cfahs[tc itbwfdc&<br />
vbe[tlfdfl bvbcf^ hjv s,bkbcib xfvjcdkfpt ltvjycnhfwbekfl efhb smdtc cfmfhsdtkjc<br />
ctgfhfnbcnekb htubjyt,bc kbltht,vf^ vbe[tlfdfl bvbcf^ hjv cjv[tsbcf lf fpth,fb]fybc<br />
ghtpbltynt,bc s,bkbcib xfvjcdkbc cfrbs[b fhw lfvlufhf^ ghtpbltyn ,eibc s,bkbcib<br />
dbpbnc .ehflqt,bs fltdyt,lyty sdfkc vstkc htubjyib lf sfdbfysdbc ufhrdtek lfcrdyt,c<br />
frtst,lyty& rfhub bmyt,jlf^ hjv tc lfcrdyt,b s,bkbcib ghtpbltyn ,eibc vbth ltrkfhbht,ek<br />
ltvjrhfnbek ghbywbgt,cf lf afctekj,t,c fh tobyffqvltut,jltc& fv itvs[dtdfib<br />
rfdrfcbf ufwbkt,bs ertstcb uf[lt,jlf^ dblht lqtc fhbc&<br />
61 @htpjyfycb#^ 10&|&2005<br />
39
cfv[hts rfdrfcbbc mdt.yt,bcfsdbc evsfdhtcb cfrbs[b lqtc hectscf lf fii-c ijhbc<br />
sfdbfysb cfufhtjgjkbnbrehb ghbjhbntnt,bc xfvj.fkb,t,f lf fmtlfy ufvjvlbyfht^ t&O&<br />
[fdthljdfyb htdjkewbt,bcflvb lfvjrblt,ekt,bc ufycfpqdhff& 2005 okbc fghbkib cjwbjkjubehb<br />
rdktdt,bc cffutynj @ujh,bc# bybwbfnbdbs fpth,fb]fyib^ cjv[tscf lf cfmfhsdtkjib<br />
xfnfhlf cfpjufljt,hbdb fphbc ufvjrbs[df& rfdrfcbbc mdt.yt,bc vjcf[ktj,fc lftcdf<br />
itrbs[dt,b vjcfkjlytkb htdjkewbbc itcf[t,^ bctdt hjujhw fii-cf lf hectsbc ghtpbltynt,bcflvb<br />
lfvjrblt,ekt,bc itcf[t,&<br />
ufvjrbs[dbc itltut,vf lffabmcbhf bc^ hfw ghbywbgib bctlfw w[flb b.j& cfv[hts rfdrfcbfib<br />
fii-bc ghtpbltynbc vbvfhs .dtkfpt lflt,bsb ufyo.j,f cfmfhsdtkjibf^ fctdt .dtkfpt<br />
vfqfkbf eylj,kj,f hectsbc ghtpbltynbc vbvfhs& tc ufcfut,bwff& fii cfmfhsdtkjc<br />
evsfdhtcb cnhfntubekb gfhnybjhbf lf mdt.ybc obyfit vlufhb ghj,ktvt,bc uflfo.dtnfc<br />
vjcf[ktj,f cek eahj vtnfl erfdibht,c fii-c& ufvjrbs[dfv fxdtyf^ hjv lqtc cfmfhsdtkjc<br />
vjcf[ktj,bc 45 ghjwtynb^ fye sbsmvbc yf[tdfhb tylj,f ghtpbltyn ,eic& hfw itt[t,f xdtyc<br />
vtpj,kt,c^ fpth,fb]fycf lf cjv[tsib vjcf[ktj,bc thsyfbhb hfjltyj,f _ 32 ghjwtynb<br />
fhbc ylj,bs ufyo.j,bkb fii-bc ghtpbltynbc vbvfhs&<br />
fqcfybiyfdbf hectsbc ghtpbltynbcflvb ylj,bc vrdtshb lfwtvf cfmfhsdtkjib& sfdblfy<br />
genbybcflvb cfrvfjl ,tdhb b.j lflt,bsfl ufyo.j,bkb cfmfhsdtkjibw^ vfuhfv 2004 okbc<br />
lfcfo.bcblfy vbcb ylj,bc htbnbyub cfmfhsdtkjib cohfafl lftwf lf ghtpbltyn ,eibc<br />
cfmfhsdtkjib dbpbnbc lhjbcfsdbc vfc cfmfhsdtkjc vjcf[ktj,bc v[jkjl 15 ghjwtynb<br />
tylj,f& 62 fvfib w[flbf^ fbcf[t,f bc bvtlbcufwhet,f^ hfw dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc itvltu hectsbc<br />
vbvfhs ufxylf& f[fkvf [tkbceakt,fv vjcrjdc @ceasf aehwkblfy# itcsfdfpf ehsbthsj,bc<br />
fut,f^ hfcfw hectsbc gjkbnbrfib hfbvt htfkehb wdkbkt,t,b fh vj/.jkbf&<br />
hectsbc ghtpbltynbcflvb ufwbkt,bs vfqfkbf ylj,f cfmfhsdtkjc vtpj,tk mdt.yt,ib&<br />
cjv[tsib vjcf[ktj,bc f,cjkenehb evhfdktcj,f _ 87 ghjwtynb tylj,f ghtpbltyn genbyc&<br />
cjv[tsib hectsb vbbxytdf evsfdhtc cnhfntubek gfhnybjhfl lf ecfahs[jt,bc ufhfynfl<br />
bm hectsb lf cjv[tsib ufykfut,ekb hecekb cfv[tlhj ,fpf vbbxytdf& fqcfybiyfdbf^<br />
hjv cjv[tsib hectsbc ghtpbltync eahj vtnfl tylj,bfy^ dblht ghtpbltyn mjxfhbfyc&<br />
cjv[tsbcfufy ufyc[dfdt,bs fpth,fb]fyib hectsbc ghtpbltynbcflvb ylj,f eahj lf,fkbf^<br />
vfuhfv vbc vbvfhs lflt,bs ufyo.j,fc vjcf[ktj,bc yf[tdfhpt vtnb _ 51) fabmcbht,c&<br />
ufvjrbs[dbc lhjc fpth,fb]fytk lf cjvt[ htcgjltynt,c lftcdfs lcs-c cbdhwtib fmnefkehb<br />
itrbs[df [fdthljdfy htdjkewbt,sfy lfrfdibht,bs% smdtyb fphbs^ hfvltyfl vjcfkjlytkbf<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc fy erhfbybc nbgbc htdjkewbt,b smdtyc mdt.fyfib( fqvjxylf^ hjv<br />
cjv[tsbcf lf fpth,fb]fybc vjcf[ktj,bc yf[tdfhpt vtnb fv tnfgpt fh vbtcfkvt,f [fdthljdfy<br />
htdjkewbfc& eahj cojhfl^ lfcvekb rbs[dblfy ufvjvlbyfht^ htfkehfl fh vbbxytdc fctsb<br />
htdjkewbbc gthcgtmnbdfc& cjv[tsbc vjcf[ktj,bc 56 ghjwtynb lf fpth,fb]fybc vjcf[ktj,bc<br />
55 ghjwtynb fhw rb eidt,c [fdthljdfyb htdjkewbbc itcf>kt,kj,fc sfdbc mdt.fyfib&<br />
hfw itt[t,f [fdthljdfyb htdjkewbbc @vjvkjlbytt,c#^ vfsb hfjltyj,f cjv[tsib<br />
ufwbkt,bs vtnbf^ dblht fpth,fb]fyib& cjv[tsib ufvjrbs[eksf 26 ghjwtynb^ [jkj<br />
fpth,fb]fyib 17 ghjwtynb itcf>Kt,kfl vbbxytdc [fdthljdfy htdjkewbfc sfdbc cfvij,kjib&<br />
sevwf^ ufcfsdfkbcobyt,tkbf bcbw^ hjv vjcf[ktj,bc fhwse vwbht yfobkb jhbdt mdt.fyfib<br />
~cjv[tsib 18 ghjwtynb^ fpth,fb]fyib 28 ghjwtynb` ]th rbltd fh xfvj.fkb,t,ekf<br />
[fdthljdfy htdjkewbfcsfy vbvfhst,fib lf ufhrdtekb gfce[bcfufy sfdb itbrfdf&<br />
o f[fkb bfknbc bltf<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc ghtpbltynb vb[tbk cffrfidbkb cek eahj fmnbehfl cfe,hj,c c[df<br />
mdt.yt,ib ltvjrhfnbbc ufdhwtkt,bcfsdbc [tkito.j,bc fewbkt,kj,fpt& cffrfidbkbc smvbs^<br />
cfmfhsdtkj erdt fqfh fhbc utjgjkbnbrbc j,btmnb^ bc fmnbehfl fhbc xfhsekb sfdbcsdbc<br />
[tkcf.htkb cfthsfijhbcj ufhtvjc ajhvbht,fib& fvfib buekbc[vt,f cfmfhsdtkjc<br />
62 @vstkb rdbhf#^ 9&|&2005<br />
40
cfvtpj,kjib [fdthljdfyb htdjkewbt,bc itltufl f[fkb ltvjrhfnbt,bc xfvj.fkb,t,f lf<br />
ufyvnrbwt,f& cffrfidbkb f[fk ltvjrhfnbt,c fv vbvfhsekt,bs fmnbeh sfyfvihjvkj,fcfw<br />
csfdfpj,c& pjubths flubkj,hbd tmcgthnc cffrfidbkbc fvudfhb bybwbfnbdf cf[bafsjl<br />
vbfxybf& sevwf^ [tkbceakt,fc sfdbcb gjpbwbbc cfcfhut,kjl epfhvfpfhb fhuevtynb fmdc<br />
erhfbybc cf[bs&<br />
@yfhby]bcathb# htdjkewbbc ufvfh]dt,fv erhfbyfib cffrfidbkc sfdbcb cbvfhskt lffyf[f<br />
lf jgjytynt,bc ufcfujyfl ufyfw[flf% ltvjrhfnbbc v[fhlfzthbcrty vbvfhsekb fmnbehj,f<br />
itb>Kt,f cfhbcrj^ vfuhfv ufvfhskt,ekb b.j% cfmfhsdtkjc ufexylf v.fhb gfnybjht,b<br />
erhfbybcf lf vjkljdfc cf[bs^ hfvfw f[fkb cf[t itc>Byf cefvc& serb dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc<br />
itvltu lcs-c cfvbnpt fcnfyfib xfcekb cfmfhsdtkjc ghtpbltynb sfdc @ufhb.ekfl#<br />
uh>yj,lf^ f[kf erdt dbsfht,f vybidytkjdyfl itbwdfkf&<br />
cffrfidbkb fqybiyfdc^ hjv ltvjrhfnbbc v[fhlfcfzthfl ,h>Jkf itvlujvibw eylf<br />
ufuh>tkltc lf fv vbvfhsekt,bs c[df cf[tkvobajt,c vzblhj sfyfvihjvkj,fc csfdfpj,c&<br />
sfdbcb utuvf cffrfidbkvf lfodhbkt,bs uflvjcwf ghtpbltyn ,eibc cfmfhsdtkjib dbpbnbc<br />
lhjc^ 10 vfbcc @dfibyunjy gjcnib# ufvjmdt.yt,ek cnfnbfib& cffrfidbkbc ufyw[flt,bs^<br />
fghbkib hevbytsbc ghtpbltyn nhfbfy ,tctcrecsfy lf erhfbybc ghtpbltyn dbmnjh<br />
beixtyrjcsfy ufvfhsekb cfe,ht,bc itvltu vbdblf bv fphfvlt^ hjv lfluf f[fkb bfknbc<br />
rjyathtywbbc^ cfvb >Bhbsflb vbpybs tdhjgbc f[fkb ltvjrhfnbt,bc yt,f.jakj,bsb<br />
ufthsbfyt,bc lhj& 63<br />
bfknbc [ctyt,f cbv,jkeh lfndbhsdfc fnfht,c& tmdcb fstekb okbc oby bfknfib<br />
vbqt,ekvf uflfo.dtnbkt,t,vf wtynhfkehb lf fqvjcfdkts tdhjgbc mdt.yt,b rbltd yf[tdfhb<br />
cfereybs lfnjdf sfdbceakt,fc vjrkt,ekb& f[kf lhjf lfabmcbhltc f[fkb htfkj,f _<br />
tdhjgbc fv yfobkib fujht,ekb f[fkb ltvjrhfnbt,bc xfvj.fkb,t,bc nfkqf& cffrfidbkb<br />
f[fkb bfknbc rjyathtywbbc vbpyt,c itvltuyfbhfl [tlfdc%<br />
gbhdtkb _ thsj,kbdb veifj,f @xdtyc mdt.yt,ib ltvjrhfnbbc v[fhlfcfzthfl#& cffrfidbkb<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc lf erhfbybc vfufkbspt fqybiyfdc^ hjv vbe[tlfdfl vjgjdt,ekb ofhvfnt,t,bcf^<br />
]th rbltd ,tdhb hfv fhbc ufcfrtst,tkb cbwjw[kbceyfhbfyb ltvjrhfnbc fcfityt,kfl*<br />
VTJHT _ IFDB PQdbc htubjycf lf afhsj tdhjgfib^ vfs ijhbc vjkljdfcf lf<br />
,tkjhecbfib sfdbceakt,bc ufdhwtkt,f& f[fkb bfknbc rjyathtywbbc ths-thsb evsfdhtcb<br />
fvjwfyf ,tkjhecb [fk[bcsdbc lf[vfht,f eylf b.jc sfdbceakt,bcfsdbc ,h>Jkfib&<br />
cffrfidbkb ufvjlbc obyflflt,bs^ itpqeljy ,tkjhecbbc jabwbfkeh gbhsf uflfflubkt,f<br />
lf v[fhb lfezbhjy bv nbgbc cfpjufljt,hbd vj>hfj,t,c^ hjvkt,vfw cfmfhsdtkjcf lf<br />
erhfbyfib htdjkewbt,b vjf[lbytc& vb[tbk cffrfidbkvf dfhifdfib ufvfhsek tdhjgbc cf,zjc<br />
cfvbnpt qbfl vjeojlf kerfityrjc ht;bvbc obyffqvltu ,h>Jkbcfrty& @tdhjgfv eylf<br />
uffrtsjc eahj vtnb^ hfsf ,tkjhecvf [fk[vf vjbgjdjc sfdbceakt,f#^ _ fqybiyf<br />
cffrfidbkvf& 64 cffrfidbkbc smvbs^ ,tkjhecbf lfhxf thsflths rey>ekfl tdhjgfib^ cflfw<br />
lbmnfnehf vtaj,c& fv stvfpt c[df mdt.yt,bc kbltht,vfw uffvf[dbktc .ehflqt,f^ cfvbnvf rb<br />
cgtwbfkehb ufyw[flt,f vbbqj^ hjvkbsfw ,tkjhec [fk[c lfvjerblt,kj,bc^ sfdbceakt,bcf<br />
lf ltvjrhfnbbcsdbc ,h>jkfib sfyflujvf fqesmdf&<br />
vtcfvt _nbhfybfcsfy ,h>jkf vstk vcjakbjib& sfdbceakt,bc cfpqdht,b ijhc eylf<br />
ufcwltc ifdb pqdbc htubjyc& @xdty fhfjhfphjdyfl vbdfybiyt,s vxfudhtkt,cf lf xfuhekt,c%<br />
sfdbceafkb [fk[t,b vidblfl dth fltdyt,ty sdfk.ehc bvfc^ se hjujh .dfdbc nbhfybf&<br />
cojhtl bctdt^ hjujhw xdty dcfhut,kj,s sfdbceakt,bc rtsbklqtj,bs^ yfrbchb udfmdc<br />
rbltw gfce[bcvut,kj,f bvfs obyfit^ dbcfw ]th fvbcsdbc dth vbeqotdbf#& 65<br />
@f[fkb bfknbc# ljmnhbyfv w[fht lt,fnt,b ufvjbodbf cfmfhsdtkjib& [tkbceakt,bc<br />
ofhvjvflutykt,b^ w[flbf^ vfc bojyt,ty lf v[fhc ezthty& @lqtc ghbywbgekfl lufc cfrbs[b _<br />
cfv.fhj eylf b.jc ltvjrhfnbekb^ hjvtkvfw eylf it>kjc fynbltvjrhfnbekb ht;bvt,bc^<br />
cf[bafsj ht;bvt,bc^ vjrdtsbkb ht;bvt,bc^ vjrdtsbkb mdt.yt,bc ufyjhvfkeht,f& vstk<br />
63 @cfmfhsdtkjc htcge,kbrf#^ 11&|&2005<br />
64 @[dfkbyltkb lqt#^ 17&|&2005<br />
65 @cfmfhsdtkjc htcge,kbrf#^ 11&|&2005<br />
41
vcjakbjib .dtkf flfvbfyb bvcf[eht,c sfdbceafk^ ltvjrhfnbek cfv.fhjc#^ _ fqybiyfdc<br />
gfhkfvtynfhb rjnt uf,fidbkb& 66<br />
cfvfubthjl^ fv bltbcflvb crtgnbrehfl fhbc ufyo.j,bkb jgjpbwbf& @f[fkb vtvfh]dtytt,bc#<br />
ths-thsb kblthb abmhbf xb[hf>t ghtpbltync ehxtdc dbhnefkehb cf[tkvobajc ityt,fc<br />
vjtidfc lf mdt.fyfib htfkehfl fhct,ek ghj,ktvt,c vb[tljc& vbcb smvbs^ cfmfhsdtkjv erdt<br />
ufvjcwflf thsb ghtpbltynbc vjqdfotj,bc itltut,b^ hjvtkbw @vcjakbj ljybcf lf<br />
vfcinf,bc# gjkbnbrjcj,fc wlbkj,lf^ f[kf bubdt bcnjhbf vtjhlt,f& @dabmhj,^ mdt.fyfc<br />
gthcgtmnbdfc vjecgj,c lf hfw eahj lhjpt vjtut,f xdtyb ghtpbltynb ujyc^ vbs ertstcbf&<br />
vcjakbj ghj,ktvt,c vbc ufhtitw vb[tlfdty hjujhvt#^ _ fqybiyfdc xb[hf>T& 67<br />
@f[fkb bfknbc# gfsjcb cf[bafsjl vbfxybfs& @fh fhbc tc xdtyb mdt.ybc cfmvt&<br />
ehsbthslf[vfht,f bv mdt.yt,bcf^ hjvkt,vfw ltvjrhfnbbcrty uflflutc yf,b]b^ hf smvf eylf^<br />
,eyt,hbdbf^ vfuhfv htdjkewbbc gfsjcbc itnfyf^ f[fkb mdt.yt,bcrty [tkbc ufidthf^<br />
ufhrdtekobkfl vnht,bc ufxtyff#^ _ fqybiyfdc gjkbnjkjub hfvfp cf.dfhtkb>T& 68<br />
cffrfidbkbc bybwbfnbdf^ hf smvf eylf^ ,tdhc uffqbpbfyt,c^ hjvkt,bw bctlfw<br />
ufqbpbfyt,ekyb fhbfy [fdthljdfyb htdjkewbehb ghjwtct,bs& vfuhfv cffrfidbkbc vjojlt,f<br />
ltvjrhfnbekb ufhlfmvyt,bc v[fhlfzthbcrty afmnj,hbdfl tvs[dtdf s,bkbcib ghtpbltyn<br />
,eibc vbth ofhvjsmvekb cbn.dbc gfsjcc& sfdbceakt,bcfrty lfejrt,tk cohfadfc [jv<br />
ukj,fkehb ltvjrhfnbekb htdjkewbbcfrty vbd.fdfhs&<br />
o vtnb ltvjrhfnbbc cehdbkb<br />
ghtpbltyn ,eibc s,bkbcib dbpbnbc evsfdhtc cfrbs[fl vfbyw mdt.fyfib vbvlbyfht<br />
ltvjrhfnbekb ghjwtct,bc itafct,f bmwf& fii-bc ghtpbltynb s,bkbcib [fdthljdfyb htdjkewbbc<br />
itvltu lfo.t,ekb ltvjrhfnbekb ufhlfmvyt,bc v[fhlfcfzthfl xfvjdblf^ jgjpbwbf<br />
rb cffrfidbkbc [tkbceakt,fc thscekjdyfl flfyfifekt,c ltvjrhfnbekb ufydbsfht,bc<br />
upblfy uflf[dtdfib^ fylf ltvjrhfnbekb gjkbnbrehb htajhvt,bc fhfcfrvfhbcj,fib&<br />
@cfpjufljt,f eahj vpflff hflbrfkehb ltvjrhfnbekb htajhvt,bcfsdbc^ dblht<br />
[tkbceakt,f#^ _ yfsmdfvbf ghtpbltyn ,eibcfsdbc ufupfdybk ths-ths qbf othbkib& 69<br />
vbe[tlfdfl jgjpbwbbc fvudfhb thscekjdfyb ltvjrhfnbekb ufyfw[flbcf^ w[flbf bcbw^<br />
hjv jgjpbwbf thsudfhjdfyb fh fhbc lf fhw ltvjrhfnbbcflvb lfvjrblt,ekt,ff thsyfbhb&<br />
pjubcsdbc dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc lhjc ltrkfhbht,ekb ltvjrhfnbekb ufhlfmvyt,bc<br />
ghjuhfvf vfhskfw vybidytkjdfybf lf fii-c ghtpbltynbcfufy vjbs[jdc^ hjv cffrfidbkbc<br />
[tkbceakt,fpt ptvjmvtlt,f vjf[lbyjc^ hfsf fv erfyfcrytkvf efhb smdfc fdnjhbnfhek<br />
wleyt,t,pt&<br />
jgjpbwbbc vtjht yfobkbcfsdbc rb cffrfidbkbc [tkbceakt,bc fdnjhbnfhbpvcf lf lbmnfnjhj,fib<br />
lflfyfifekt,f vbcb lbcrhtlbnbht,bcf lf lfv[j,bcfrty vjojlt,t,bc ufcfrtst,-<br />
kfl ufvjb.tyt,f& fv v[hbd^ .dtkfpt vtnfl ktb,jhbcnsf kblthb ifkdf yfstkfidbkb<br />
fmnbehj,lf& 10 vfbcc ,eibc dbpbnbc lhjc lfutuvbkb cfghjntcnj fmwbfcsfy lfrfdibht,bs<br />
ifkdf yfstkfidbkb fqybiyfdlf% @cojhtl tc fmwbf bmyt,f bv vhfdfkhbw[jdfyb cfghjntcnj<br />
fmwbt,bc lfcfo.bcb^ hjvtkbw cfmfhsdtkjc vfcinf,bs itvjlujvblfy lfbo.t,f lf hjvkbc<br />
itltubw cffrfidbkbc lf vbcb [tkbceakt,bc cfmfhsdtkjlfy ufmwtdf bmyt,f#& 70<br />
dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc itvltu ufcek ths otkboflib itcf>Kjf^ vfhskfw ,tdhb ufrtslf^<br />
vfuhfv cfpjufljt,bc vjkjlbyb ufwbkt,bs eahj vtnb b.j lf fv bvtlt,bc ufwhet,f<br />
[tkbceakt,bcfufy ufew[jt,bc phlfc bodtdc& cfpjufljt,f sdkbc^ hjv eahj vtnbc ufrtst,ff<br />
itcf>kt,tkb mdt.ybc obyfit vlufhb ghj,ktvt,bc uflfo.dtnbc sdfkcfphbcbs lf cojhtl fvfc<br />
66 @[dfkbyltkb lqt#^ 12&|&2005<br />
67 @[dfkbyltkb lqt#^ 12&|&2005<br />
68 @[dfkbyltkb lqt#^ 12&|&2005<br />
69 @htpjyfycb#^ 5&|&2005<br />
70 @f[fkb sfj,f#^ 7&|&2005<br />
42
eylf vbfmwbjy .ehflqt,f bvfs^ dbcfw cfmfhsdtkjc v[fhlfzthf eylf&<br />
jgjpbwbbc yfobkb^ cfgfhkfvtynj lf fhfcfgfhkfvtynj ghtpbltyn ,eisfy it[dtlhfc<br />
bs[jdlf^ hfsf gbhflfl vbcsdbc tsmdfs^ hjv @tuhts ojlt,ekb dfhlt,bc htdjkewbf^<br />
cfvoe[fhjl^ dth uf[lf vvfhsdtkj,fib cbcntvehb ufhlfmvyt,bc cfae>dtkb# lf cffrfidbkbc<br />
[tkbceakt,fc mdt.fyf ltvjrhfnbbcfrty fh vb/.fdc& 71<br />
o cfmfhsdtkj lf ukj,fkehb ltvjrhfnbbc gthcgtmnbdt,b<br />
2005 okbc 18 vfbcc ghtpbltyn ,eibc vbth dfibyunjyib fhfcfvsfdhj,j jhufybpfwbf<br />
@cfthsfijhbcj htcge,kbrehb bycnbnenbc# otdht,sfy it[dtlhfpt ofhvjsmvekb cbn.df lf<br />
@rjyakbmnt,pt htfubht,bc ajylbc# itmvyf sdfkcfxbyjl vtn.dtkt,c bvfpt^ hjv @f[fk<br />
ltvjrhfnbfsf# v[fhlfzthf fii-bc flvbybcnhfwbbc cfufhtj gjkbnbrbc ths-thsb evsfdhtc<br />
vbvfhsekt,fc ofhvjflutyc lf fv ef[kjtcb vjvfdkbc cfvjmvtlj utuvfib cfmfhsdtkjc thsthsb<br />
cfrdfy>J flubkb tresdybc&<br />
ghtpbltynvf ,eivf ufyfw[flf^ hjv ltvjrhfnbbc ufdhwtkt,f vstkc vcjakbjib vtjht<br />
cfghtpbltynj dflbs vbcb cfmvbfyj,bc ths-thsb evsfdhtcb fvjwfyf uf[lt,f& ghbywbgib^ fvbc<br />
sfj,fpt ,eivf sfdbc cfbyfeuehfwbj cbn.dfibw fqybiyf& ]jh] ,eibc smvbs^ fii-vf vbcb<br />
vvfhsdtkj,bc gthbjlib 4 vbkbfhl 600 vbkbjyb ljkfhb lf[fh]f ltvjrhfnbbc v[fhlfvzthb<br />
ghjuhfvt,bcfsdbc& 2006 otkcfw 1 vbkbfhl 300 vbkbjyb ljkfhbf ufvj.jabkb bubdt<br />
vbpyt,bcfsdbc& 72<br />
vbcb smvbs^ fii-v eylf bvjmvtljc cohfafl^ lf[vfht,f ufeobjc bv mdt.yt,c^ hjvkt,bw<br />
lffluyty ltvjrhfnbekb ufydbsfht,bc upfc& tc fhbc fii-csdbc cnhfntubekb rehcb lf fv<br />
vbpybs ]jh] ,eivf ofvjf.tyf obyflflt,f itbmvyfc @rjyakbmnt,pt htfubht,bc ajylb#^<br />
hjvkbcsdbcfw 2006 okbc ,be]tnblfy ufvjb.jaf 100 vky& ljkfhb& ufhlf fvbcf^ rbltd 24<br />
vky& ljkfhb eylf uflfbhbw[jc fqlutybcf lf cnf,bkbpfwbbc f[fkb cfvvfhsdtkjc<br />
lffhct,bcsdbc^ hjvtkbw itbmvyt,f fii-bc cf[tkvobaj ltgfhnfvtynsfy& @se lflut,f<br />
rhbpbcbc [fyf lf cfzbhj bmyt,f lf[vfht,f^ fvthbrf vpfl bmyt,f fvbcsdbc#^ _ fqybiyf<br />
ghtpbltynvf& 73 @ltvjrhfnbekb ltcfynb# gjkbnbreh rhbpbcib v.ja mdt.yt,c ltvjrhfnbfcf<br />
lf cf,fphj trjyjvbrfpt vjrkt dflfib uflfcdkbc cfmvtib lft[vfht,f&<br />
fvudfhb lf[vfht,bc ufhledfkj,f ltvjrhfnbfpt uflfcdkbc cb>ytktt,bs fb[cyt,f&<br />
@bcnjhbfib ]th fhw ths cf[tkvobajc fh vje[th[t,bf nbhfybblfy sfdbceafk cfpjufljt,fpt<br />
uflfcdkf gbhdtkb vfhw[bcf lf fhfcojhb lfcfo.bcbc ufhtit#^ _ fqybiyfdc ]jh]<br />
,eib& fii-vfw ltvjrhfnbpfwbbcfrty hsekb upf ufbfhf& fye ltvjrhfnbbc upfpt lflufh<br />
mdt.yt,c okt,b lfczbhlt,fs bv bycnbnent,bc xfvjcf.fkb,t,kfl^ hjvkt,bw cnf,bkehj,bcf<br />
lf rtsbklqtj,bcsdbcff fewbkt,tkb&<br />
f[kfl vjgjdt,ekb sfdbceakt,bc lfwdbcfsdbc^ ,eibc smvbs^ fewbkt,tkbf >kbthb<br />
ltvjrhfnbekb bycnbnent,bc itmvyf& vbcb fphbs^ tcff tythubekb ghtcf^ lfvjerblt,tkb<br />
vfhskvcf]ekt,f^ vidblj,bfyb jgjpbwbf lf sfdbceafkb trjyjvbrf&<br />
ghtpbltyn ,eibc smvbs^ sfdbceakt,f vstkb vcjakbjc vfcinf,bs eghtwtltynj<br />
ghjuhtcc fqotdc& @tc elbltcb bltfkbpvbc gthbjlbf^ hjwf vbkbjyj,bs flfvbfybc jwyt,f<br />
sfdbceakt,fpt htfkj,f [lt,f#& cojhtl fv lhjc efqhtcfl vybidytkjdfyb [lt,f<br />
htfkbcnehb gjkbnbrf& @bltfkbcneh vbpyt,c hjv vbdfqobjs^ htfkbcnehb gjkbnbrf<br />
udzbhlt,f* gjkbnbrf hjvtkbw [fk[c lft[vfht,f sfdbceakt,bc lfwdfib* lf ghfmnbrekb<br />
cnhfntubf f[fkufphlf ltvjrhfnbt,bc lfcf[vfht,kfl^ bvbc itcf[t, se hjujh vjf[lbyjy<br />
vbqotdt,bc rjycjkblbht,f#^ _ fqybiyf fii-bc ghtpbltynvf& 74<br />
cojhtl fv vbvfhsekt,bs eylf bveifjc @rjyakbmnt,pt htfubht,bc ajylvf#& sevwf<br />
71 @f[fkb sfj,f#^ 26&:|&2005<br />
72 @24 cffsb#^ 20&|&2005<br />
73 @cfmfhsdtkjc htcge,kbrf#^ 20&|&2005<br />
74 @24 cffsb#^ 20&|&2005<br />
43
vcjakbjib ltvjrhfnbbc v[fhlfcfzthfl c[df erdt fhct,ekb jabwbfkehb lf<br />
fhfjabwbfkehb cnhemneht,bw bqodbfy& fv v[hbd^ fii-bc [tkbceakt,bcfsdbc ths-thsb<br />
[tkitvo.j,b fhfcfvsfdhj,j jhufybpfwbf cfthsfijhbcj htcge,kbrehb bycnbnenbf& vbcb<br />
sfdv]ljvfht ctyfnjhb ]jy vfrrtbyb fii-c cfrfyjyvlt,kj jhufyjib wyj,bkbf ltvjrhfnbbc<br />
v[fhlfzthbc bybwbfnbdt,bs&<br />
htcge,kbrehb bycnbnenb ltvjrhfnbbc ufydbsfht,bc vbpybs cfnhtybyuj ghjuhfvt,c lf<br />
fhxtdyt,pt vjybnjhbyuc 60-pt vtn mdt.fyfib f[jhwbtkt,c& ]jh] ,eivf cfthsfijhbcj<br />
htcge,kbreh bycnbnenc vflkj,f uflfe[flf cfpqdfhufhtsbc mdt.yt,ib sfdbceakt,bc<br />
lfvrdblht,bcfsdbc lf ufyfw[flf^ hjv ltvjrhfnbekb htdjkewbt,b vstk rfdrfcbfcf lf ief<br />
fpbfc vjbwfdc& @jhb fstekb okbc vfy>Bkpt cfthsfijhbcj htcge,kbrehb bycnbnenb fcpt<br />
vtn mdt.fyfib ltvjrhfnbekb wdkbkt,t,bc obyf [fppt bluf& lqtc vstk ltlfvbofpt<br />
sfdbceakt,bc eghtwtltynj ghjuhtcb itbvxytdf lf ,jkj sdhfvtnb sdbc vfy>bkpt xdty<br />
ufd[lbs dfhlt,bc^ yfhby]bcathb^ fkbcathb^ nbnt,bcf lf rtlht,bc htdjkewbkt,bc vjovtyb&<br />
tc v[jkjl lfcfo.bcbf& vstk rfdrfcbfib^ bctdt hjujhw ief fpbfib^ ufhlfmvyt,bc vjkjlbyb<br />
bphlt,f lf tc ufhlfmvyt,b vfkt lfbo.t,f#^ _ ufyfw[flf ]jh] ,eivf& 75<br />
@htcge,kbreh bycnbnenc# erdt ,tdhb vbbxytdc gjcncf,zjsf cbdhwtib htdjkewbt,bc<br />
lfutuvdbc wtynhfl& fk,fs^ gbhdtk hbuib^ fv jhufyjc uekbc[vj,lf hectsbc atlthfkehb<br />
eibihjt,bc cfvcf[ehbc eahjcb ybrjkfb gfnheitdb^ hjwf ew[jeh jhufybpfwbt,c lcs-c<br />
cbdhwtpt @lbdthcbek# vjqdfotj,fib clt,lf ,hfkc& cf[tkvobaj cfsfs,bhjc obyfit<br />
ufvjcdkbcfc fqybiyf^ hjv htcge,kbrehvf bycnbnenvf ,tkjhecbbc ghtpbltynbc<br />
kerfityrjc xfvjcfult,fl 5 vky ljkfhb ufvj.j&<br />
hjujhw d[tlfds^ ,eivf [fpb ufecdf htdjkewbt,bc ]fzdc^ hjvtkbw otkboflyf[tdhbc<br />
ufyvfdkj,fib vj[lf lf vfc itvlujvb ufuh>tkt,f @vstk rfdrfcbfibw# eobyfcofhvtn.dtkf& fv<br />
ufhtvjt,fc flubkj,hbdvf tmcgthnt,vf vbfmwbtc .ehflqt,f& @,eivf pjuflfl rfdrfcbf bvbnjv<br />
f[ctyf^ hjv^ gbhdtk hbuib^ xhlbkjrfdrfcbbc mdt.yt,b buekbc[vt,f#^ _ fqybiyfdc tmcgthnb<br />
rfdrfcbbc cfrbs[t,ib vfverf fhtib>t& 76 vbcb fphbs^ fh fhbc ufvjhbw[ekb^ hjv xhlbkjts<br />
rfdrfcbfib ep,trtspt efhtcb vjdktyt,b lfnhbfkltc& xhlbkjts rfdrfcbfib ervf.jabkt,bc<br />
elbltcb ve[nbf lfuhjdbkb^ fvfdt lhjc ltvjrhfnbekb >Fkt,b hectsbc gjkbnbrbc itltufl<br />
efqhtcfl cecnbf& fmtlfy ufvjvlbyfht^ fh fhbc ufvjhbw[ekb^ hjv ep,trtsbc vcufdcfl^<br />
xhlbkjts rfdrfcbfibw htdjkewbehb wdkbkt,t,bc bybwbfnbdf ltvjrhfnbekb >Fkt,bc<br />
yfwdkfl bckfvbcnt,vf fbqjy [tkib& xhlbkjts rfdrfcbfib yt,bcvbthb cfpjufljt,hbdb<br />
ufthsbfyt,f [jv htkbubehb fy rkfyehb ybiybs fhbc itrhekb&<br />
hfw itt[t,f cfmfhsdtkjc cfv[htsrfdrfcbtk vtuj,ht,c^ mfhsdtkb tmcgthnt,b vbesbst,ty^<br />
hjv fpth,fb]fyib^ cjv[tssfy itlfht,bs jgjpbwbf cecnbf& fpth,fb]fyib [fdthljdfyb<br />
htdjkewbf^ fkbtdbc cfufhtj gjkbnbrblfy ufvjvlbyfht^ yfrkt,fl cfdfhfeljl vbbxytdf& hfw<br />
itt[t,f cjv[tsc^ vbe[tlfdfl jgjpbwbbc cbcecnbcf^ fm ,h>Jkf efqhtcfl vodfdt [fcbfsc<br />
vbbqt,c& lfgbhbcgbht,f fm jhbtynfwbbc ybflfupt bmyt,f^ hectsbcfsdbc rb cjv[tsbc lfrfhudf<br />
vstkb rfdrfcbbc lfrfhudbc njkafcbf& 77<br />
,eivf cfmfhsdtkjc v[fhlfzthfptw bcfe,hf& @mfhsdtkt,c fmds bvbc yt,f^ hjv ofhvfnt,fc<br />
vbfqobjy& afynfcnbrehb gfnbdb b.j^ xdtyb mdt.fyf fsfcj,bs flfvbfybc obyfit ofhvtlubyf lf<br />
sfdbceakt,bc ztivfhbnb vj.dfhekbc^ ghtpbltyn cffrfidbkbc udthlbs dvlufhb.fdb#^ _<br />
ufyfw[flf ]jh] ,eivf& 78 hjujhw flubkj,hbd vtlbfib fqbybiyt,f^ cfmfhsdtkj fii-bc<br />
flvbybcnhfwbbc f[fkb utjgjkbnbrehb utuvbc vsfdfhb vjsfvfit [lt,f& fv vbcbfc rbchekj,c<br />
vb[tbk cffrfidbkb^ hjvtkbw kerfityrjc obyffqvltu ufrtst,ekb vrfwhb ufyw[flt,t,bs<br />
fxdtyt,c^ hjv uffuh>Tkt,c c[df mdt.yt,ib [fdthljdfyb htdjkewbt,bc v[fhlfzthbc rehcc& 79<br />
fv lhjbcfsdbc pjubthsb flubkj,hbdb tmcgthnb gjcncf,zjeh cbdhwtib [fdthljdfyb<br />
htdjkewbt,bc uflfvo.dtn ahjynfl ,tkjhecbfc vbbxytdlf& kerfityrjc lfv[j,f v>kfdhb<br />
75 @f[fkb sfj,f#^ 20&|&2005<br />
76 @f[fkb sfj,f#^ 21&|&2005<br />
77 @f[fkb sfj,f#^ 21&|&2005<br />
78 @f[fkb sfj,f#^ 20&|&2005<br />
79 @htpjyfycb#^ 20&|&2005<br />
44
lfhn.vf bmyt,f genbybc @dtkbrjlth;fdek# utuvt,pt lf [tkc iteo.j,c ltvjrhfnbpfwbbc<br />
ghjwtcc sfdfl hectsibw& serb ,tkjhecekb htdjkewbf lfbudbfyt,c^ vfiby hectsc<br />
cfiefkt,f tmyt,f @htdjkewbbc xf[ij,bc ntmyjkjubt,b# vjfvpfljc& 80<br />
@f[fkb tdhjgekb ltvjrhfnbt,bc# v[fhlfzthf fii-bc cfufhtj gjkbnbrfib evybidytkjdfytcb<br />
vbvfhsekt,f [lt,f&<br />
sfdb |:& thjdyekb sfy[vj,bcfrty vbvfdfkb upf<br />
o ]th rbltd ,tdhb rbs[df gfce[ufewtvtkbf<br />
1991 okbc ltrtv,th-1992 okbc bfydhbc cbc[kbfyb vjdktyt,bs bo.t,f vtnfl v>bvt [fyf<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc ef[ktc bcnjhbfib^ hjvkbc itltut,cfw lqtcfw bvrbc xdtyb mdt.fyf& fv<br />
cfvoe[fhj sfhbqbc vjhbub okbcsfdbc lflujvfcsfy thsfl mfhsek vtlbfib vhfdkfl<br />
mdt.ylt,f [jkvt c[dflfc[df vfcfkt,b& vbe[tlfdfl fvbcf^ vhfdfkb fhct,bsb vybidytkj,bc<br />
rbs[df rdkfdfw egfce[jl hxt,f& vfspt gfce[bc ufwtvbc ufhtit rb ite>kt,tkbf j,btmnehb<br />
itafct,f vbtwtc vfiby ufydbsfht,ek vjdktyt,c&<br />
@tc b.j mfjcbcf lf ufyerbs[fj,bc okt,b#^ @cfvjmfkfmj jvb#^ _ fqbybiyt,jlf<br />
[tkbceakt,bc vbth itdfhlyf>bc vvfhsdtkj,bc gthbjlib& @tc b.j cfv[tlhj uflfnhbfkt,f#^<br />
_ fw[flt,lyty itdfhlyf>tcsfy lfgbhbcgbht,ekb pdbflbcnt,b& bcbyb vbesbst,lyty^ hjv<br />
rbnjdfyb^ cbuef lf ]f,f bjctkbfyb^ hjvkt,bw ufvcf[ehlbfc bfhfqbs lfegbhbcgbhlyty^<br />
hectsbc yt,bc itvchekt,kt,b b.dyty lf ufvcf[ehlbfc lfv[j,fib fmnbehfl b.j xfhsekb<br />
hectsb^ bctdt hjujhw itdfhlyf>t^ hjvtkbw ufvcf[ehlbfc lfv[j,bc itvltu cfmfhsdtkjib<br />
xfvjdblf lf itvltu 12 otkb bluf [tkbceakt,bc cfsfdtib&<br />
ltrtv,th-bfydhbc vjdktyt,pt cfe,hbcfc itdfhlyf>bc vvfhsdtkj,bc okt,ib fmwtynb<br />
rtslt,jlf ufvcf[ehlbfc vbth lfidt,ek itwljvt,pt^ vbcb vvfhsdtkj,bc cnbkpt^ hfvfw<br />
jgjpbwbbc yfobkbc itbfhfqt,ekb ufvjcdkf ufvjbodbf&<br />
dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc itvltu hfvltybvt gfhkfvtynfhvf lfcdf 1991-1992 okt,bc<br />
vjdktyt,bc itcofdkbcf lf itafct,bc fewbkt,kj,bc cfrbs[b& vfsb ufyw[flt,bs^ eylf<br />
ufvjdkbylyty lfvyfifdtt,b^ fvfcsfy fh vjbs[jdty vfs lfc]fc& gfce[bc ufwtvf rbs[dfpt^ se hf<br />
vj[lf vfiby^ itcf>kt,tkc uf[lbc itdfafcjs bv ghjwtct,bc vjyfobkt sbsjtekb gbhjdyt,bc<br />
hjkb& vfufkbsfl^ thsbf itdfhlyf>bc hjkb^ serb bub ufvcf[ehlbfc lfv[j,fib fh<br />
vjyfobktj,lf lf hjujhw sfdfl fw[flt,c^ cfmfhsdtkjib lf,heylf otchbubc fqlutyfib<br />
lf[vfht,bc cehdbkbs^ vfuhfv vbcb hjkb cek c[dfudfhfl ofhvjxbylt,f^ serb vjyfobktj,lf<br />
ufvcf[ehlbfc lfv[j,fib^ hjujhw fvfc pdbflbcnt,b fvnrbwt,ty&<br />
ltrtv,th-bfydhbc vjdktyt,bc itcofdkfv gfce[b eylf ufcwtc rbs[dt,cfw hectsbc hjkbc<br />
itcf[t, cfv[tlhj uflfnhbfkt,fib& lqtc ,tdhb fqybiyfdc^ hjv hecb cfv[tlhjt,b bfhfqc<br />
fodlblyty jhbdt v[fhtc^ sfyfw bct ufvjpjvbkfl^ hjv hjvtkbvt v[fhtc cohfab ufvfh]dt,f fh<br />
vjtgjdf lf lfgbhbcgbht,f lbl[fyc ufuh>tkt,ekb.j&<br />
,eyljdfybf pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbfc lfqegdbc cfrbs[bw& itdfhlyf>bc [tkbceakt,bc lhjc<br />
jabwbfkehb dthcbf fvnrbwt,lf^ hjv ufvcf[ehlbfv sfdb vjbrkf^ sevwf pdbflbcnt,b<br />
fw[flt,ty^ hjv ufvcf[ehlbf vjrktc&<br />
thsb cbn.dbs^ LFUHJDBKBF EFVHFDB RBS[DF^ hjvkt,ptw gfce[bc ufwtvf yfstkc vj/atylf<br />
,tdh hfvtc xdtyc ef[ktc bcnjhbfib^ vfuhfv bcbw fqbybiyt,f^ hjv f[fkb [tkbceakt,fw<br />
lblfl lfbynthtct,ekb fh fhbc fv cfrbs[t,bc ufhrdtdfib& pjuflfl^ xdtyb lqtdfyltkb<br />
80 @htpjyfycb#^ 20&|&2005<br />
45
gjkbnbrehb cgtmnhbc lblb yfobkb ltrtv,th-bfydhbc vjdktyt,bc fvf se bv ajhvbs<br />
vjyfobkt b.j lf lqtc bvlhjbyltkb fv,t,bc uf[ctyt,bc lblb cehdbkb fhf fmdc&<br />
vfiby cfmfhsdtkjc cf[tkbs vjmvtl gjkbnbrjct,c^ [tkbceakt,fibw lf jgjpbwbfibw fh<br />
fqvjfxylfs cfsfyflj gfce[bcvut,kj,bc uh>yj,f^ bvbcfsdbc^ hjv lfgbhbcgbht,f<br />
cbc[kbcqdhfvlt fh vbt.dfyfs& ufvcf[ehlbfc tfldbkt,jlf jgjpbwbbc lfvfhw[t,f^ jgjpbwbfc<br />
rb itcf>kt,kfl vbfxylf [tkbceakt,bc bfhfqbs lfv[j,f& ltrtv,th-bfydhbc cfv[tlhj<br />
uflfnhbfkt,fv cfsfdt lfelj ,tdh ytufnbeh ghjwtcc^ hfw lqtcfw v>bvtl fbcf[t,f mdt.ybc<br />
w[jdht,fpt& cfmfhsdtkj c[dt,bcsdbc lbl[fyc b.j ytufnbehb vfufkbsb bvbcf^ se hf fh eylf<br />
uffrtsjc mdt.fyfv^ hjvtkcfw lfvjerblt,kj,f lf ltvjrhfnbf eylf&<br />
uflfnhbfkt,fv mdt.fyfc hfvltybvtokbfyb ufyerbs[fj,bc gthbjlb vjenfyf^ hjltcfw<br />
lfec]tkfl lfsfhtij,lyty itbfhfqt,ekb rhbvbyfkehb ]ueat,b^ hjwf ufb>fhwdf mdt.ybc<br />
vjcf[ktj,bc f,cjkenehb evhfdktcj,f lf .jabkb cfthsj-cf[fk[j mjyt,f [tkbceakt,bc<br />
c[dflfc[df titkjyib vjcekb rkfyt,bc [tkib uflfdblf^ uflfnhbfkt,fv lf itbhfqt,ekvf<br />
lfgbhbcgbht,fv efqhtcfl ufpfhlf hectsbc itcf>kt,kj,t,b xfhtekb.j cfmfhsdtkjib<br />
vbvlbyfht ghjwtct,ib& uflfnhbfkt,bc gbhlfgbhb itltub b.j fa[fptsib lf w[bydfkbc<br />
htubjyib ufydbsfht,ekb vjdktyt,b^ bm hectsbc [tkito.j,bs ctgfhfnbcnekb ht;bvt,bc<br />
lfvrdblht,f lf rjyakbmnt,bc lblb [ybs @uf.bydf#&<br />
uflfnhbfkt,bc itvlujv v>bvt okt,c .jdtk rhbnbrek vjvtynib f[ctyt,lf [jkvt [fk[c<br />
itdfhlyf>bc [tkbceakt,f& [fk[bw fhxtdfyc frtst,lf itdfhlyf>bc vbth vjnfybkb @welb#<br />
cnf,bkehj,bc cfcfhut,kjl^ hflufyfw cfibykfl eahs[jlf f[fkb cfvjmfkfmj jvbc<br />
ufxfqt,fc& vfuhfv fv nfmnbrfv ,jkjc fqfh uffvfhskf& 2003 otkc [fk[b mexfib ufvjdblf^<br />
jqjyl rb itdfhlyf>bc vvfhsdtkj,f vjtijht,byf&<br />
dfhlt,bc htdjkewbfv^ cf,tlybthjl^ cfmfhsdtkjib cbc[kbc lfeqdhtkfl xfbfhf^ sevwf<br />
fvbc lblb cfahs[t fhct,j,lf& cfmfhsdtkjc f[fk [tkbceakt,fc [fk[b bv bvtlbs bhxtdlf^<br />
hjv ,jkj vjtqt,f .dtkf bv lfvwbht,fcf lf yfrkjdfyt,fc^ hfw fhct,j,lf itdfhlyf>bc<br />
vvfhsdtkj,bc okt,ib& fv elbltcb bvtlt,bc vjrkt lhjib ufvfhskt,f >ytkbf& cojhtl fv<br />
cf[fk[j bvtlt,ibf cffrfidbkbc [tkbceakt,bc >fkfw lf cbcecntw&<br />
o thjdyekb ithbut,bc hsekb upf<br />
gbhdtkb^ hfw uffrtsf vb[tbk cffrfidbkvf byfeuehfwbbc itvltu^ vbdblf hecsfdtkbc<br />
ufvpbhpt mfietsbc trktcbfib lf [tkb vjfothf thjdyekb ithbut,bc vfybatcnc& [tkvjothfc<br />
tcoht,jlyty f[fkb [tkbceakt,bcf lf pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbfc lhjbyltkb [tkbceakt,bc<br />
ofhvjvflutykt,b& fvbs vb[tbk cffrfidbkvf fxdtyf^ hjv vbc vbth ufrtst,ekb ufyw[flt,f<br />
thjdyekb ufthsbfyt,bc itcf[t, wfhbtkb lfgbht,f fh fhbc lf ittwlt,f ghfmnbrekb<br />
yf,b]t,bs vbfqobjc cfpjufljt,fib fhct,ekb lfgbhbcgbht,t,bc fqvja[dhfc& sevwf^<br />
fhfthsudfhjdfyb htfmwbf ghtpbltynbc vbth uflfluvek fv rjyrhtnek yf,b]pt vjovj,c^ hjv<br />
fqybiyekb upbs cbfhekb bjkb fh bmyt,f&<br />
itdfhlyf>bc vvfhsdtkj,bc gthbjlib cfpjufljt,fc [ibhfl fibyt,lyty cfvjmfkfmj jvbc<br />
cfahs[bs^ hfw sehvt ufhledfkb bmyt,jlf itdfhlyf>bc [tkbceakt,blfy xfvjwbkt,bc<br />
itvs[dtdfib& [fk[ib vfhskfw lblb b.j ibib mfjcbc lf ufyerbs[fj,bc lf,heyt,bcf^ hfw<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc lffn.lf 1992 okbc bfydfhib ghtpbltyn pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbfc lfv[j,bc itvltu&<br />
sevwf^ itvltu itdfhlyf>bc vvfhsdtkj,f bvltyfl fenfytkb uf[lf^ hjv [fk[b mexfib<br />
ufvjdblf vbcb [tkbceakt,blfy uflflujvbc vjs[jdybs& fqvjxylf hjv itdfhlyf>tc<br />
afmnj,hbdfl v[fhlfvztht,b fqfh /.fdc^ ufthsbfyt,f @fynbitdfhlyf>bcnek gkfnajhvfpt#<br />
vj[lf&<br />
itdfhlyf>bc [tkbceakt,blfy ofcdkfc fmnbehfl ezthlyty v[fhc t&o& pdbflbcnt,bw& vfs<br />
sfdbfysb fyufhbib /mjylfs itdfhlyf>tcsfy^ hjvtkcfw uflfnhbfkt,bc vsfdfh<br />
jhufybpfnjhfl vbbxytdlyty lf hjvkbc vvfhsdtkj,bc gthbjlib fhfths[tk lffn.lfs sfdc<br />
htghtcbt,b&<br />
thjdyekb ithbut,bc itcf[t, gthbjlekfl itdfhlyf>tw kfgfhfrj,lf^ vfuhfv tc b.j<br />
46
eahj ufvfh]dt,ekb v[fhbc vbth lfvfhw[t,ekt,bc gfnbt,f lf fhf vjv[lfhbc vjyfybt,f&<br />
cffrfidbkbc vbth [tkvjothbkb fmnbs wb[tt,blfy eylf ufysfdbceaklyty bm lfhxtybkb<br />
erfyfcrytkb pdbflbcnt,b^ vnrdhbc vfhw[tyf cfyfgbhjc eylf tojljc pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbfc<br />
cf[tkb^ [jkj sfdfl pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbf^ hjvtkbw uhjpyjibf lfrh>fkekb^ s,bkbcib<br />
uflvjfcdtyjy&<br />
wyj,fv ufvcf[ehlbfc lfhxtybkb vjv[htt,bc wb[blfy ufsfdbceakt,bc itcf[t,<br />
fhfthsudfhjdfyb htfmwbf ufvjbodbf cfpjufljt,fib bvfcsfy lfrfdibht,bs^ hjv gfnbvhj,blfy<br />
sfdbceaklt,f kjsb mj,fkbfw& tc b.j pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbfc udfhlbbc [tkv>qdfytkb lf vfc<br />
gbhflfl tlt,f ,hfkb ;ehyfkbcn lfdbs ,jkmdf>bc lf[dhtnfib& mj,fkbfc ufsfdbceakt,bc<br />
itvs[dtdfib lfqegekb ;ehyfkbcnbc ltlf lf f[kj,kt,b cfghjntcnj fmwbt,bs<br />
bvemht,jlyty& vtlbfib ufvjbsmdf vjcfpht,f^ hjv fh eylf ufsfdbceaklyty bc flfvbfyt,b^<br />
hjvtksfw vrdktkj,fib tlt,fs ,hfkb& kjsb mj,fkbfc fldjrfnt,b fw[flt,ty^ hjv mj,fkbf<br />
;ehyfkbcnbc lfqegdfib lfvyfifdt fh fhbc lf bcbyb fvfc lffvnrbwt,ty rbltw& fqybiyekb<br />
afmnb rbltd ths[tk vjovj,c^ hjv 1991-1992 okt,bc vjdktyt,bsf lf vjvltdyj lfgbhbcgbht,bs<br />
ufvjodtekb nrbdbkb ]th rbltd vodfdtf lf lfdbo.t,ekb fhff&<br />
hfw vsfdfhbf^ cffrfidbkbc vbth [tkvjothbkb fmnbc sfyf[vfl^ eylf vj[ltc 1991-1992<br />
okt,bc vjdktyt,bc gjkbnbrehb lf cfvfhskt,hbdb itafct,f& cfmfhsdtkjc bcnjhbbc tc<br />
nhfubrekb aehwkt,b vfhskfw .ehflqt,bs itcfcofdkb lf itcfafct,tkbf& fvbcfsdbc lqtc<br />
rfhub gbhj,t,bf bv fphbs^ hjv [tkbceakt,fc fy cfthsjl gjkbnbrfc xfvjcwbklyty bc<br />
gbht,b^ hjvkt,bw fmnbehfl vjyfobktj,lyty bv vjdktyt,ib& vfuhfv tc fh bmyt,f bjkb<br />
ufcfrtst,tkb& flht cfgbhbcgbhj ,fyfrt,ib v.jab flfvbfyt,b lqtc fct se bct^<br />
sfyfvihjvkj,fc f[th[t,ty^ vfuhfv lfgbhbcgbht,f itb>Kt,f rdkfd ufyf[kltc^ serb lflut,f<br />
sbsjtekb vfsufybc gfce[bcvut,kj,bc cfrbs[b ofhcekib ufydbsfht,ek vjdktyt,pt&<br />
fk,fs^ gjkbnbrehb sdfkcfphbcbs^ vbeqt,tkbf pjubthsb pdbflbcnbc gjpbwbfw& vfsb<br />
fphbs^ eylf ufcfvfhsklyty cf[tkvobaj uflfnhbfkt,bc vjvo.j,yb& fye thjdyekb ithbut,f<br />
vfssdbc sfdbct,ehb htdfyibf @itdfhlyf>bcnt,pt#^ hjvtksfw ,hfklt,fs pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbfc<br />
lfv[j,f& fv upbs cbfhekb thjdyekb ithbut,bc vfubdhfl v[jkjl lfgbhbcgbht,fc uffvodfdt,c<br />
cfpjufljt,fib&<br />
vfuhfv tc .jdtkbdt v[jkjl @udthlbsb vjdktyt,bf# vsfdfhbcf^ hfw fvj>hfdt,lf<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc f[fk ghtpbltync thjdyekb ithbut,bc fmnbc [tkvjothbc lhjc& >Dtkb<br />
lfgbhbcgbht,f lfdbo.t,fc eylf vbtwtc cfmfhsdtkjc vjvfdkbc cf[tkbs lf vsfdfhb lfcrdyf^<br />
hfw eylf ufvjdbnfyjs ofhcekblfy v[jkjl thsbf _ cfmfhsdtkjib fhfdbsfh itvs[dtdfib<br />
fh eylf ufvtjhltc vcufdcb vjdktyt,b& fv lfcrdyfc rb lqtc bpbfht,c hjujhw cfpjufljt,f^<br />
bct vstkb gjkbnbrehb cgtmnhb& dfhlt,bc htdjkewbfw^ ufhrdtekobkfl^ cojhtl fv<br />
thjdyekb sfy[vj,bc itltubwff&<br />
vfuhfv cfmfhsdtkjib thjdyekb ithbut,f rbltd eahj afhsjl itb>kt,f ufdbfphjs lf<br />
vfy vjbwdfc lqtc uf.byekb rjyakbmnt,b^ ufdhwtkltc mfhsek-jceh lf mfhsek-fa[fpeh<br />
ehsbthsj,t,ptw& fv vbvfhsekt,bs cfzbhjf mvtlbsb yf,b]t,bc uflfluvf lf fv ghjwtcbc<br />
[tkjdyehb ufzbfyeht,f v[jkjl fhsekt,c rjyakbmnt,bc vjotchbut,bc cfmvtc&<br />
o dby bn.dbc cbvfhsktc uflfnhbfkt,bc itcf[t,<br />
vb[tbk cffrfidbkc dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc lhjc cfmfhsdtkjc gbhdtkb ghtpbltynbc pdbfl<br />
ufvcf[ehlbfc vjv[htt,vfw lfezbhtc v[fhb& pdbflbcnt,bc [vt,bc vjcfgjdt,kfl cffrfidbkb<br />
gbhj,fc lt,lf^ hjv cfsfyflj itafct,fc vbcwtvlf 1991-1992 okt,bc vjdktyt,c^ fye pdbfl<br />
ufvcf[ehlbfc lfv[j,fc lf vbc itvltu ufydbsfht,ek ghjwtct,c& gfhkfvtynib evhfdktcj,bc<br />
vbth vjvpflt,ek htpjkewbfc pdbflbcnt,b fh tsfy[vt,bfy& esfy[vjt,fv fv cfrbs[ib<br />
ghtpbltyn cffrfidbkc tktmnjhfnbc fqybiyekb yfobkb itb>kt,f lffrfhudbyjc&<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc gbhdtkb ghtpbltynbc pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbfc vjv[htsf v[fhlfzthbc vjgjdt,fc<br />
lbl vybidytkj,fc fybzt,lyty itdfhlyf>bc vvfhsdtkj,bc lhjcfw& vfufkbsfl^ 1999 okbc lf<br />
2003 okbc cfgfhkfvtynj fhxtdyt,bc lhjc ofv.dfyb gjkbnbrehb gfhnbt,b wlbkj,lyty<br />
47
sfdbfys cbt,ib^ fy gfhnbek ,kjrib vjtmwbfs pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbfc .jabkb gjkbnbrehb<br />
ufthsbfyt,bc tcf se bc ofhvjvflutytkb& tc vbs eahj fldbkb b.j^ hflufyfw pdbflbcnsf<br />
,fyfrb vhfdfk wfkrt vbvlbyfhtj,fl fhbc lfmewvfwt,ekb&<br />
@sfdbcb# pdbflbcnt,b /.fdlf yfwbjyfkeh vj>hfj,fcfw& vb[tbk cffrfidbkb lbl vybidytkj,fc<br />
fybzt,lf pdbflbcnehb tktmnjhfnbc v[fhlfzthbc vjgjdt,fc& pdbflbcnt,b bc >fkf<br />
b.j mfhsek gjkbnbrfib^ hjvkt,bw sfdblfydt egbhbcgbhlt,jlyty itdfhlyf>tc lf vfc erfyjyj<br />
[tkbceakt,bc vtsfehfl sdkblyty& fvltyfl^ itdfhlyf>bc uflf.tyt,bc kjpeyuc^ hbsfw<br />
cffrfidbkb ufvjlbjlf^ pdbflbcnt,bc v[hblfy ewbkj,tkb v[fhlfzthf /mjylf& itvs[dtdbsb<br />
fh b.j^ hjv cffrfidbkvf s,bkbcpt kfimhj,f 2003 okbc yjtv,thib cfvtuhtkjlfy lfbo.j^<br />
cflfw^ nhflbwbekfl^ vhfdkfl b.dyty pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbfc v[fhlfvztht,b&<br />
pdbflbcnt,bc wyj,bkb vjs[jdyf 1991-1992 okt,bc uflfnhbfkt,bc cfvfhskt,hbdb itafct,f<br />
lf 1993 okbc itvjlujvfpt pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbfc cbrdlbkbc ufhtvjt,fsf ufvj>Bt,ff& sevwf^<br />
cffrfidbkbc [tkbceakt,fc ezbhc fv vbvfhsekt,bs yf,b]t,bc uflfluvf lf cbahs[bktc<br />
bxtyc&<br />
gfhkfvtynib lfdbsfidbkb->b>buehb-rerfdfc ]ueavf^ hjvkt,bw rjycthdfnjht,bc gfhnbfl<br />
xfvj.fkb,lf^ vjfvpflf lflutybkt,bc ghjtmnb& vfcib fqybiyekbf^ hjv 1990-1991 okt,ib<br />
cf[tkvobajc cfsfdtib ktubnbvehb [tkbceakt,f bv.jat,jlf lf cf[tkvobaj uflfnhbfkt,f<br />
fynbrjycnbnewbehb vjdktyf b.j& 81<br />
rjycthdfnjht,bc vbth vjvpflt,ekb lflutybkt,bc ghjtmnb sfdblfy js[udthlbfyb b.j^<br />
vfuhfv evhfdktcj,fcsfy itsfy[vt,bc ghjwtcib ,tdhb hfvbc fvjqt,f vje[lfs lf cf,jkjjl<br />
jh geymnpt lfdblf& sevwf^ cfgfhkfvtynj evhfdktcj,bcfsdbc tctw vbeqt,tkb fqvjxylf&<br />
yfwbjyfkehb vj>hfj,bc otdht,b sfyf[vfyb fhbfy^ pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbfc [tkbceakt,f<br />
ktubnbvehfl fqbfhjy^ vfuhfv cfv[tlhj uflfnhbfkt,bc fhfrjycnbnewbehfl itafct,fc<br />
thblt,bfy& evhfdktcj,bc vbth vjvpflt,ek lflutybkt,bc ghjtmnib fqybiyekbf^ hjv @1991-<br />
1992 okt,bc cf[tkvobaj uflfnhbfkt,f [tkbceakt,bcf lf jgjpbwbbc vbth lfidt,ekvf<br />
itwljvt,vf ufyfgbhj,f#& 82<br />
fvudfh ajhvekbht,fc rjycthdfnjht,bw cfcnbrfl tobyffqvltut,bfy lf pdbflbcnehb<br />
jhufybpfwbt,bw& @1991-1992 okt,bc vjdktyt,bc itltufl gjkbnbrehb htghtcbt,bc vc[dtgksf<br />
rfdibhb# gfhkfvtynbcufy pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbfc [tkbceakt,bc lfv[j,bc j,btmneh itafct,fc<br />
vjbs[jdc^ hfw bvbc fqbfht,fc uekbc[vj,c^ hjv 1991-1992 okt,ib fynbrjycnbnewbehb<br />
uflfnhbfkt,f vj[lf& @xdty fh lfdeidt,s cfmfhsdtkjc ef[ktcb bcnjhbbc lfvf[by]t,fc lf<br />
evhfdktcj,fc vjdeojlt,s v[fhb lfezbhjc gfhkfvtynfh rf[f rerfdfc vbth vjvpflt,ekb<br />
lflutybkt,bc ghjtmnc#^ _ fw[flt,c rfdibhbc ths-thsb kblthb sfvfp vfvfutbidbkb& 83<br />
bcbyb^ dbyw 1991-1992 okt,bc vjdktyt,bc cfvfhskt,hbd itafct,fc vjbs[jdty^ fw[flt,ty^<br />
hjv fvfc fhfdbc lfc]f fh eylf vj/.dtc& fewbkt,tkbf v[jkjl sfdbcb cf[tkb lfthmdfc bvfc^<br />
hfw vfiby cfmfhsdtkjib vj[lf _ rfyjybthb [tkbceakt,bc itbfhfqt,ekb lfv[j,f^<br />
fynbrjycnbnewbehb uflfnhbfkt,f& vfuhfv f[fkvf [tkbceakt,fv rfhufl bwbc^ hjv 1991-<br />
1992 okt,bc vjdktyt,ib xfqhvfdt,fcf lf fv ghjwtcbcfsdbc cfvfhskt,hbd-gjkbnbreh<br />
itafct,fc cbahs[bkt czbhlt,f& cfgfhkfvtynj evhfdktcj,f @ahs[bkb# lf @cfyf[tdhj#<br />
lflutybkt,bc ghjtmnbc itveifdt,fc cf[tkvobajt,hbdb bynthtct,bs [cybc& pdbflbcnt,bc<br />
vjvflkbtht,fc bvfsb ufyfo.tyt,f itb>kt,f vj/.dtc^ dbyw sfdbc lhjpt fmnbehfl b,h>jlf<br />
ufvcf[ehlbfc obyffqvltu& vfsb yfobkb lqtcfw gfhkfvtynibf& fct hjv 1991-1992 okt,bc<br />
vjdktyt,bc itafct,fc thjdyekb ithbut,bc cf[tkbs f[fkb ufsbidf lf c[df gbhjdyt,t,bcf lf<br />
]ueat,bc ufyfo.tyt,f itb>kt,f vj/.dtc&<br />
ufhlf fvbcf^ hjujhw fv,j,ty^ ufcfsdfkbcobyt,tkbf cfthsfijhbcj afmnjhbw& pdbfl<br />
ufvcf[ehlbfc lfv[j,fc vjojyt,bs it[dlyty vjcrjdibw lf dfibyunjyibw& pdbflbcnt,b<br />
fvnrbwt,ty^ hjv ufvcf[ehlbfc obyffqvltu cfthsfijhbcj itsmvekt,f vjto.j lf vfs fmds<br />
cfrvfhbcb lfvflfcneht,tkb cf,est,b ufvcf[ehlbfc lfv[j,fib hectsbc cgtwcfvcf[eht,bc lf<br />
81 @htpjyfycb#^ 12&:&2005<br />
82 @[dfkbyltkb lqt#^ 12&:&2005<br />
83 @htpjyfycb#^ 12&:&2005<br />
48
cfv[tlhjt,bc vjyfobktj,bcf&<br />
fv htpjkewbbc vbqt,bs^ fk,fs^ fh lfvsfdhlt,f cfe,fhb 1991-1992 okt,bc vjdktyt,bc<br />
cfvfhskt,hbdb itafct,bc itcf[t,& vjv[lfhbc .jdtkv[hbdb itcofdkf lf vhfdfk egfce[j<br />
rbs[dfpt gfce[bc ufwtvf rb vjvfdkbc cfmvtf&<br />
o sfy[vj,bc >Bt,f ofhcekbc itcf[t,<br />
gfhkfvtynib ufvfhsekvf lt,fnt,vf fxdtyf^ hjv 1991-1992 okt,bc ltrtv,th-bfydhbc<br />
vjdktyt,bcsdbc gjkbnbrehb itafct,bc vbwtvf ]th rbltd flhtf& vbe[tlfdfl hfvltybvtsdbfyb<br />
obyfcofhb rjyceknfwbt,bcf^ hjujhw rb gfhkfvtynib fvbc ufrtst,f cwfltc^ dbsfht,f<br />
efqhtcfl lfb>f,f& cf,jkjjl^ gfhkfvtynbc vbth vbqt,ekb lflutybkt,f v[jkjl fqybiyekb<br />
vjdktyt,bc cfvfhskt,hbd itafct,fc bsdfkbcobyt,c& lflutybkt,f vbpyfl bcf[fdc cfmfhsdtkjib<br />
ltdybkb gjkbnbrehb vjqdfott,bc htf,bkbnfwbfc lf thjdyekb sfy[vj,bc ghjwtcbc<br />
lfchekt,fc&<br />
2005 okbc 11 vfhnc gfhkfvtynvf 111 [vbs 2-bc obyffqvltu vbbqj lflutybkt,f @1991-<br />
1992 okt,bc ltrtv,th-bfydhbc vjdktyt,bc cfvfhskt,hbdb itafct,bc itcf[t,#& vbc vbqt,fc rb<br />
oby ecoht,lf vodfdt lt,fnt,b 14 okbc oby cfmfhsdtkjib lfnhbfkt,ekb nhfubrekb<br />
vjdktyt,bc itcf[t,^ hfvfw ,tdhfl ufycfpqdhf vjdktyfsf itvlujvb ufydbsfht,f xdtyc<br />
mdt.fyfib&<br />
1991-1992 okt,bc ltrtv,th-bfydhbc vjdktyt,bc itcfafct,kfl gfhkfvtynfht,c jhb<br />
c[dflfc[df ljrevtynb lfehbulfs& jgjpbwbehb rjycthdfnbekb ahfmwbbcfsdbc^ vfsbdt<br />
ufyw[flt,bs^ vjekjlytkb b.j cfgfhkfvtynj evhfdktcj,bc vbth fknthyfnbekb ghjtmnbc<br />
ofvj.tyt,f& ofhvjlutybk ghjtmnt,c ijhbc nthvbyjkjubehb ufyc[dfdt,f ghbywbgekb<br />
[fcbfsbc esfy[vjt,fc fcf[fdlf& rjycthdfnjhsf vbth vjvpflt,ek ghjtmnib tc vjdktyt,b<br />
itafct,ekbf hjujhw @fynbrjycnbnewbehb cfv[tlhj uflfnhbfkt,f#^ evhfdktcj,bc<br />
cf[tkbs ofhvjlutybk ghjtmnib^ hjvkbc fdnjht,bw b.dyty ubuf ,jrthbf^ rjnt uf,fidbkb lf<br />
ybrf hehef^ fqybiyekb vjdktyt,b itafct,ekb b.j hjujhw @cfmfhsdtkjc [tkbceakt,bc<br />
>fkflj,hbdb lfv[j,f#& evhfdktcj,bc ghjtmnbc fdnjht,b bvfcfw fvnrbwt,lyty^ hjv tc<br />
[tkbceaKt,bcf lf jgjpbwbbc vbth lfidt,ekb itwljvt,bc itltub b.j& 84<br />
cfgfhkfvtynj evhfdktcj,bc vbth vjvpflt,ekb lflutybkt,f sfdlfwdbcf lf eibihjt,bc<br />
rjvbntnbc sfdv]ljvfhbc vjflubktv rf[f hehefv ofhvjflubyf& vbcb smvbs^ se gfhkfvtynb<br />
1991-92 okt,bc vjdktyt,c @cfv[tlhj uflfnhbfkt,fl# itfafct,c^ cfmfhsdtkjc ghj,ktvt,b<br />
ittmvyt,f yfnjib lf tdhjrfdibhib ufotdhbfyt,bcfc& fqybiyekbc vfufkbsfl hehefv<br />
cf,th>ytsb lffcf[tkf& 85 hehefc vnrbwt,bs ufcekb cfereybc 60-bfy okt,ib fv mdt.fyfib<br />
vjv[lfhvf cfv[tlhj uflfnhbfkt,fv cf,th>ytsbc tdhjcnhemneht,ib byntuhfwbbc ghjwtcb<br />
cthbjpekfl itfath[f& 86 sevwf^ tc fhuevtynb fhfcthbjpekfl vbbxybf jgjpbwbfv&<br />
lfgbhbcgbht,ekvf v[fhtt,vf thsvfytsc ofhcekbw itf[ctytc& @lflutybkt,bc fknthyfnbekb<br />
ghjtmnbc cfvbdt fdnjhb cfv[tlhj uflfnhbfkt,bc vjv[htt,b ,h>fylt,j,lyty& rjnt<br />
uf,fidbkc itdfhlyf>Bc [tkbceakt,fib vfqfkb sfyfvlt,j,f trfdf^ ubuf ,jrthbf genxbcnt,bc<br />
bltjkjub b.j^ ybrf hehef rb @v[tlhbjybc# kblthc tluf udthlib#^ _ ufb[ctyf pdbfl<br />
>b>buehvf& 87<br />
lt,fnt,bc lhjc fqvjxylf^ hjv rjycthdfnjht,bc vbth vjvpflt,ek lflutybkt,bc<br />
ghjtmnc vjv[htt,b cfgfhkfvtynj evhfdktcj,fibw /.fdlf& tc hjujhw xfyc^ bvbsfw b.j<br />
ufygbhj,t,ekb^ hjv sfdfl ghtpbltynvf cffrfidbkvf s,bkbcbc nhfubrehb vjdktyt,b<br />
@rhbvbyfkeh cfv[tlhj uflfnhbfkt,fl# itfafcf& cf,jkjjl itsfy[vt,fc yfobkj,hbd<br />
84 @fkbf#^ 12-14&:::&2005<br />
85 @htpjyfycb#^ 12&:::&2005<br />
86 @24 cffsb#^ 12&:::&2005<br />
87 @24 cffsb#^ 12&:::&2005<br />
49
vbfqobtc& lflutybkt,fib xfbothf @itbfhfqt,ekb cfv[tlhj uflfnhbfkt,f#& 88<br />
hjujhw vbqt,ek lflutybkt,fibf yfsmdfvb^ gfhkfvtynb vbtcfkvt,f cfmfhsdtkjib<br />
thjdyekb sfy[vj,bc ghjwtcc lf vbbxytdc^ hjv ef[ktcb bcnjhbbc cojhb lf gbhesdytkb<br />
gjkbnbreh-cfvfhskt,hbdb itafct,f fewbkt,tkbf f[fkb mfhsekb cf[tkvobajc<br />
vityt,kj,bcfsdbc& sfy[vj,f rb vbqotekbf itvltu cfrbs[t,pt% cfmfhsdtkjc gfhkfvtynb<br />
bsdfkbcobyt,c^ hjv 1990 okbc 28 jmnjv,thc^ gbhdtkfl cf,zjsf vvfhsdtkj,bc gbhj,t,ib^<br />
vhfdfkgfhnbekb sfdbceafkb lf ltvjrhfnbekb fhxtdyt,bc itltufl cfmfhsdtkjib itbmvyf<br />
thjdyekb [tkbceakt,f^ 1990-1991 okt,ib thjdyekb [tkbceakt,bc vbth uflfluvek bmyf<br />
fhfthsb gjkbnbrehb yf,b]b^ hjvtkbw vbvfhsekb b.j cfmfhsdtkjc cf[tkvobajt,hbdb<br />
lfvjerblt,kj,bc fqlutybcfrty^ [jkj 2003 okbc yjtv,hbc @dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc# itvltu<br />
cfmfhsdtkjib itbmvyf cf.jdtksfj thjdyekb ithbut,bc gbhj,t,b&<br />
ptvjs fqybiyekblfy ufvjvlbyfht^ gfhkfvtynb vbbxytdc^ hjv eylf ufuh>tkltc<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc gfhkfvtynbc 2000 okbc 20 fghbkbc lf cfmfhsdtkjc ghtpbltynbc 2004 okbc<br />
26 bfydhbc bybwbfnbdf lf cf,jkjjl fqvjba[dhfc 1991-1992 okt,bc ltrtv,th-bfydhbc<br />
cf[tkvobaj uflfnhbfkt,bc itltut,b& gfhkfvtynb rdkfdfw flfcneht,c 1990 o& 28<br />
jmnjv,thc fhxtekb cfmfhsdtkjc eptyftcj cf,zjc lf 1991 okbc 26 vfbcc fhxtekb<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc ghtpbltynbc^ fctdt vbclfvb lfmdtvlt,fht,ekb cnhemneht,bc ~itbfhfqt,ekb<br />
>fkt,bc` lf flubkj,hbdb sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bcf lf vvfhsdtkj,bc jhufyjt,bc ktubnbvehj,fc<br />
lf flutyc% itcf,fvbcfl uflfbcby]jc cbc[kbc cfvfhskbc cfmvtt,b bv gbhsf vbvfhs^ hjvtksf<br />
,hfklt,bc cfae>dtkb tv.fht,jlf vbsbst,ek cf[tkvobaj cnhemneht,ib vfs<br />
vjyfobktj,fc* gfhkfvtynvf lfuvj 1991-92 okt,bc ltrtv,th-bfydhbc fynbrjycnbnewbehb^<br />
itbfhfqt,ekb cf[tkvobaj uflfnhbfkt,f lf htghtcbekb vjmvtlt,t,b& 89<br />
hjujhw jgjpbwbf ufyvfhnfdc^ vbqt,ekb lflutybkt,bc vbpfybf fqybiyek gthbjlib<br />
htghtcbht,eksf htf,bkbnfwbf^ hflufy bv gthbjlib htghtcbht,ekt,c ]th rbltd fh<br />
vj[cybfs ,hfklt,t,b^ hjvkbsfw lffgfnbvhtc& fvudfhb flfvbfyt,b^ vfsb ufyw[flt,bs^ lqtc<br />
[tkbceakt,fibw fhbfy& vfc itvltu^ hfw vj[lt,f ghtpbltyn itdfhlyf>bc lhjc<br />
,hfklt,eksf htf,bkbnfwbf^ vfspt ufdhwtklt,f cf,zjsf gthbjlib htghtcbht,ek<br />
gbht,bcfsdbc ufsdfkbcobyt,ekb cjwbfkehb itqfdfst,b& 90<br />
o upf njkthfynj,bcf lf cfvjmfkfmj byntuhfwbbcfrty<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc vsfdhj,f itvo.yfht,kj,bcf lf cfvjmfkfmj byntuhfwbbc thjdyekb<br />
rjywtawbbc itmvyfpt veifj,fc bo.t,c& ghtpbltyn vb[tbk cffrfidbkbc ufyrfhuekt,bs^<br />
cfmfhsdtkjib njkthfynj,bcf lf cfvjmfkfmj byntuhfwbbc thjdyekb cf,zj itbmvyf&<br />
fqybiyekvf cf,zjv njkthfynj,bcf lf cfvjmfkfmj byntuhfwbbc thjdyekb rjywtawbf eylf<br />
itbveifjc& vbc [tkv>qdfytkfl lfbybiyf cf[tkvobaj vbybcnhb cfvjmfkfmj byntuhfwbbc<br />
cfrbs[t,ib pbyfblf ,tcnftdf cf,zjc itvflutykj,fib fctdt itlbfy abyfycsf vbybcnhb fktmcb<br />
fktmcbidbkb^ ghtpbltynbc cfgfhkfvtynj vlbdfyb gfdkt re,kfidbkb^ ufyfskt,bcf lf<br />
vtwybtht,bc vbybcnhb fktmcfylht kjvfbf lf trjyjvbrehb ufydbsfht,bc vbybcnhb bhfrkb<br />
xjujdf>t&<br />
cf,zjv thjdyekb rjywtawbbc >bhbsflb vbvfhsekt,t,b vbvlbyfht okbc 2005 okbc 20<br />
ctmntv,hfvlt eylf itbveifjc& cfmfhsdtkjc vsfdhj,fv rb 2007 okbc 20 st,thdkfvlt cf,zjc<br />
ofhlubyt,bsf lf htrjvtylfwbbc cfae>dtkpt fqybiyekb rjywtawbf lffvnrbwjc lf<br />
gfhkfvtync ofhelubyjc&<br />
dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc itvltu gbhdtk [fyt,ib fmnefkehb b.j thjdyekb ithbut,bc stvf^<br />
hjvtkbw uekbc[vj,lf 1991-1992 okt,bc cfv[tlhj uflfnhbfkt,bc itltut,bc lf>Ktdfc lf<br />
pdbflbcnt,bc gjkbnbreh lf cfvfhskt,hbd htf,bkbnfwbfc& sevwf^ bvfdlhjekfl<br />
88 @fkbf#^ 12-14&:::&2005<br />
89 @[dfkbyltkb lqt#^ 12&:::&2005<br />
90 @htpjyfycb#^ 12&:::&2005<br />
50
fqbybiyt,jlf^ hjv thjdyekb ithbut,f eahj afhsjlfw eylf bmyfc uffpht,ekb lf<br />
rjyakbmneh htubjyt,ptw ufdhwtkltc& hjujhw xfyc^ fv stvfpt abmhvf [tkbceakt,f<br />
itvo.yfht,kj,bcf lf cfvjmfkfmj byntuhfwbbc rjywtawbbc itveifdt,bc bltfvlt vbb.dfyf&<br />
itvo.yfht,kj,f lf cfvjmfkfmj byntuhfwbf njkthfynekb gjkbnbrehb reknehbc<br />
lfvrdblht,fc lf^ hfw vsfdfhbf^ thjdyekb evwbhtcj,t,bc cfmfhsdtkjc cfpjufljt,hbdgjkbnbreh<br />
w[jdht,fib byntuhfwbfc eylf iteo.jc [tkb&<br />
2005 okbc bdkbcib flfvbfybc eakt,fsf cfthsfijhbcj ltktufwbfv ufvjfmdt.yf<br />
cfmfhsdtkjib thjdyekb evwbhtcj,t,bc vlujvfhtj,bc itcofdkbc itltut,b& rdktdbc itltufl<br />
vbdblyty lfcrdyfvlt^ hjv cfmfhsdtkjib tsybrehb evwbhtcj,t,b fh bltdyt,bfy& sevwf^<br />
fqbhbw[t,f lbcrhbvbyfwbbc wfkrtekb itvs[dtdt,b& tc^ >bhbsflfl^ bvfib ufvjb[fnt,f^ hjv<br />
vfs ezbhs cfvcf[ehbc ijdyf lf mfhsekb tybc ewjlbyfhj,bc ufvj bpjkbht,ekyb lf<br />
ufhb.ekyb fhbfy cfpjufljt,bcfufy& 91<br />
fhfcfvsfdhj,jsf vbth itveifdt,ekb htrjvtylfwbt,bc sfyf[vfl^ tsybreh evwbhtcj,t,c<br />
[tkbceakt,bc .dtkf injib vtnb ofhvjvflutytkb eylf /.fdlts lf cf[tkvobajv<br />
lfe.jdyt,kbd eylf epheydtk.jc vfssdbc mfhsekb tybc itcofdkf& 92<br />
cfvjmfkfmj byntuhfwbbc rjywtawbfib mfhsekb tybc cofdkt,fc cfsfyflj .ehflqt,f eylf<br />
lftsvjc^ vfuhfv fvfdt lhjc cfzbhj bmyt,f c[df ghjtmnt,bc ufy[jhwbtkt,fw^ htubjyekb<br />
cgtwbabrblfy ufvjvlbyfht& vfufkbsfl^ rjywtawbfib^ fk,fs^ vybidytkjdfyb flubkb eylf<br />
lftsvjc ]fdf[tsbc vjcf[ktj,bc cfvjmfkfmj byntuhfwbbc cfrbs[t,c& cfmfhsdtkjc fv res[tib<br />
vjcf[ktj,bc evhfdktcj,fc cjv[t,b ofhvjflutyty& cfmfhsdtkjc cfpjufljt,hbd-gjkbnbreh<br />
w[jdht,fib fv flfvbfyt,bc vjyfobktj,f vbybvfkehbf& f[fkmfkfmib vlujvb hecekb cfv[tlhj<br />
,fpbc uf.dfybc gthcgtmnbdf rb vfs cthbjpekfl fiajst,s& cfzbhjf lfodhbkt,bsb ufyvfhnt,f<br />
lf^ hfw vsfdfhbf^ ghfmnbrekb yf,b]t,bs vfsb lfhoveyt,f bvfib^ hjv cfmfhsdtkjc<br />
chekeakt,bfyb vjmfkfmtt,b fhbfy lf vfsb vlujvfhtj,f fhfse fh ufefhtclt,f^ fhfvtl<br />
cf[tkvobaj cbcntvfnbehfl bpheyt,c vbc ufev]j,tct,fpt&<br />
cfvjmfkfmj byntuhfwbbc rjywtawbfib vybidytkjdfyb .ehflqt,f eylf lftsvjc<br />
tsyjrjyakbmnt,bc vjotchbut,bcf lf mdt.ybc nthbnjhbekb vskbfyj,bc fqlutybc cfrbs[t,c&<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc [tkbceakt,f [fpufcvbs fw[flt,c^ hjv rjyakbmnt,bc vjotchbut,f v[jkjl<br />
vidblj,bfyb cfiefkt,t,bs ofhvjelutybf& ghtpbltynvf vb[tbk cffrfidbkvf w[bydfkbc<br />
htubjyc itcsfdfpf afhsj fdnjyjvbf& tc ghjtmnb vjbojytc cfthsfijhbcj jhufybpfwbt,vf&<br />
fa[fptsbc vbvfhs cfmfhsdtkjc [tkbceakt,f fvjcfdkfl vbbxytdc ufthjc tublbs itveifdt,ek<br />
t&o& ,jltybc ljrevtync& fv ljrevtynt,bs cfmfhsdtkjc [tkbceakt,f vybidytkjdfy<br />
lfsvj,t,pt vblbc^ hfw mfhsekb cfpjufljt,bc yfobkc ufevfhskt,kfl vbfxybf&<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc [tkbceakt,f vpflff .ehflqt,f fh vbfmwbjc cfpjufljt,bc yfobkbc<br />
v[hblfy vjvlbyfht obyffqvltuj,fc^ vfuhfv cfmvt bcff^ hjv fv ljrevtynt,pt ctgfhfnbcnekb<br />
htubjyt,bc [tkv>qdfytkt,bc htfmwbf efh.jabsbf bcbyb fw[flt,ty^ hjv vfsb vbpfyb<br />
hectssfy byntuhfwbff& ghbywbgib^ c[df fhw b.j vjcfkjlytkb^ hflufyfw ctgfhfnbcnek<br />
ht;bvt,c vskbfyfl vjcrjdb frjynhjkt,c&<br />
ufhtlfy firfhf se aFhekb xfhtdf bc v>kfdhb ytufnbehb afmnjhbf^ hjvtkbw [tkc<br />
eikbc cfvjmfkfmj byntuhfwbbc fvjwfyt,bc uflfo.dtnfc& vbcb ytbnhfkbpt,f bjkb cfmvt fh<br />
bmyt,f lf fvfc cthbjpekb .ehflqt,f eylf lftsvjc vjvfdfk rjywtawbfib&<br />
hfw vsfdfhbf^ rjywtawbbc htfkbpt,bcfsdbc fewbkt,tkbf itcf,fvbcb cf[cht,b& fvbc<br />
ufhtit yt,bcvbthb rfhub utuvf afhfnbyf mfqfklfl lfhxt,f fmtlfy ufvjvlbyfht^ cfvjmfkfmj<br />
byntuhfwbbc rjywtawbbs ufsdfkbcobyt,ekb qjybc>bt,t,bc lfabyfyct,f ths-ths<br />
ghbjhbntnc eylf ofhvjflutyltc ,be]tnbcfsdbc&<br />
91 @f[fkb sfj,f#^ 28&|::&2005<br />
92 @htpjyfycb#^ 28&|::&2005<br />
51
o thjdyekb rjyctycecbc cehdbkb<br />
2005 okbc jmnjv,thib gfhkfvtynib vjvpfllf thjdyekb rjyctycecbc ljrevtynb^<br />
hjvkbc itmvybc bybwbfnbdbsfw cfmfhsdtkjc [tkbceakt,f ufvjdblf& fv ljrevtynib @fcf-<br />
[ekbf .dtkf bc cf[tkvobajt,hbdb ghbjhbntnb^ hbc ufhitvjw cfmfhsdtkjc cf[tkvobaj<br />
eylf fityltc#^ _ ufyfw[flf tdhjgfcsfy byntuhfwbbc rjvbntnbc sfdv]ljvfhtv lfdbs<br />
,fmhf>tv^ hjvtkbw gfhkfvtynbc sfdv]ljvfhbc lfdfkt,bs thjdyekb rjyctycecbc ljrevtynbc<br />
itveifdt,fc [tkv>qdfytkj,lf& 93<br />
itdfhlyf>Bc [tkbceakt,f okt,bc vfy>bkpt kfgfhfrj,lf @thjdyekb ithbut,bc<br />
gjkbnbrfpt#^ hjvtkcfw gjkbnbrehb ltdybkt,bc _ pdbflbcnt,bc ghj,ktvf eylf uflftzhf&<br />
tc cfrbs[b^ ghbywbgib^ sfdbcsfdfl fvjboehf itdfhlyf>bc [tkbceakt,blfy xfvjwbkt,bc<br />
itvltu& fv ghjwtcib fmnbehb vjyfobktj,f pdbflbcnt,bc lblvf yfobkvfw vbbqj lf fvfib<br />
bcnjhbekb cfvfhskbfyj,bc fqlutyf lfbyf[f& @thjdyekb ithbut,bc# ghj,ktvbc >dtkb cf[bs<br />
fqvja[dhfv cfpjufljt,f f[fkb fvjwfyt,bc uflfzhbc htfkehb itcf>kt,kj,bc obyfit<br />
lff.tyf& ufxylf thjdyekb ithbut,bc ufafhsjt,ekb ufut,bc bltf& fv gjkbnbrfc eylf vjtwdf<br />
fhf v[jkjl iblf mfhsekb lfgbhbcgbht,f^ fhfvtl cfmfhsdtkjib fhct,ekb tsyjrjyakbmnt,bc<br />
vjotchbut,bcfrty vbvfhsekb >fkbc[vtdfw&<br />
fudbcnjib ghtpbltynvf cffrfidbkvf vjbs[jdf itvo.yfht,kj,bcf lf cfvjmfkfmj byntuhfwbbc<br />
thjdyekb rjywtawbbcf lf cfvjmvtlj utuvbc itveifdt,f^ hbcsdbcfw cgtwbfkehb<br />
rjvbcbf itbmvyf& vbcb ths-thsb evsfdhtcb vbvfhsekt,f fhfmfhsekb vjcf[ktj,bc<br />
chekafcjdfyb xfhsdbc epheydtk.jaff cfmfhsdtkjc gjkbnbreh w[jdht,fib&<br />
ufvjbrdtsf rbltd thsb vbvfhsekt,fw^ hjvtkbw t&o& @thjdyekb rjyctycecbc ljrevtynbc#<br />
itveifdt,fc uekbc[vj,lf& vfcib eylf fcf[ekb.j bc >bhbsflb ghbjhbntnt,b lf vbcohfat,t,b^<br />
hfcfw lqtdfyltkb mfhsekb gjkbnbrf tv.fht,f& fvudfhb ljrevtynbc itveifdt,fc<br />
bcbw ffldbkt,lf^ hjv cf,jkjjl xfvj.fkb,lf thjdyekb ecfahs[jt,bc rjywtawbf& fqybiyek<br />
ljrevtynib fcf[ekbf >bhbsflb afctekj,fyb^ hfcfw mfhsekb cf[tkvobaj tv.fht,f&<br />
fctdt evsfdhtcb vbpyt,b lf fvjwfyt,b&<br />
thjdyekb rjyctycecbc ljrevtynvf^ gbhdtk hbuib^ eylf lffabmcbhjc cfmfhsdtkjc<br />
ltvjrhfnbekb fhxtdfyb lf mdt.ybc lfcfdkehb jhbtynfwbf& sevwf^ hjltcfw rjyctycecptf<br />
cfe,fhb vbc itveifdt,fib .dtkf gjkbnbrehb >fkf lf cfpjufljt,bc afhsj atyt,b eylf<br />
vjyfobktj,lyty& hjujhw ufdbuts^ ljrevtynb itveifdt,ekbf cf[tkbceakj ahfmwbbc<br />
>fkt,bs lf vbc itmvyfib cfgfhkfvtynj jgjpbwbfw rb fh vjyfobktj,lf& fhflf^ gfhkfvtynbc<br />
sfdv]ljvfhbc lf;byt,ekb vjs[jdyf b.j^ hjv fqybiyekb ljrevtynbc itveifdt,fib .dtkf<br />
gjkbnbrehb >fkf thscekjdfyb .jabkb.j& gfhkfvtynbc tdhjgfcsfy byntuhfwbbc<br />
rjvbntnbc sfdv]ljvfht lfdbs ,fmhf>T fqybiyfdc^ hjv jgjpbwbfc fv ljrevtynbc itveifdt,fib<br />
vjyfobktj,bc cehdbkb fh ufvjesmdfvc&<br />
bc afmnb^ hjv thjdyekb rjyctycecbc ljrevtynbc itveifdt,fib cfgfhkfvtynj jgjpbwbbc<br />
xfhsdf dth vj[th[lf^ lblb vbyecbf fqybiyekb ljrevtynbcsdbc& cfgfhkfvtynj<br />
evhfdktcj,fv seylfw hjv lffvnrbwjc^ bc ajhvfkehfl fh bmyt,f thjdyekb rjyctycecbc<br />
ufvjv[fndtkb& ghbywbgib^ lqtdfyltkb gfhkfvtynbc itvflutykj,fc se ufdbsdfkbcobyt,s^<br />
vfcib jgjpbwbbc cf[bs bc >Fkt,b fhbfy ofhvjlutybkyb^ hjvkt,bw fctdt ltvjrhfnbekb lf<br />
lfcfdkehb fhxtdfybc fmnbehb v[fhlfvztht,b fhbfy lf [tkbceakt,fc fv vbvfhsekt,bs vfsb<br />
fphbs fhfcfrvfhbcb yf,b]t,bc uflfluvbc ufvj frhbnbrt,ty& fvltyfl^ thjdyekb rjyctycecbc<br />
ljrevtynbc thsj,kbdb itveifdt,f >ytkb fh eylf .jabkb.j&<br />
rfhub bmyt,f^ serb thjdyekb rjyctycecbc ljrevtync lfvnrbwt,fvlt cfpjufljt,fc<br />
uffwyj,ty lf vbc ufhitvj lbcrecbfc ufvfhsfdty& ufy[bkdbc fvudfhb ajhvfnb^ ghbywbgib^<br />
fewbkt,tkbwff ljrevtynbc cf[tkojlt,blfy ufvjvlbyfht& fvudfhb ufy[bkdf lf ufvjsmvekb<br />
cfvfhskbfyb itybidyt,bc ufsdfkbcobyt,fw^ cfpjufljt,fc ljrevtynbc itmvyfib<br />
sfyfvjyfobktj,bc uh>Yj,fc emvybc lf htfkehfl mvybc bv atyjvtyc^ hfw ljrevtynbc<br />
cfsfehibf fcf[ekb&<br />
93 @htpjyfycb#^ 8&\:&2005<br />
52
cbw ufcfsdfkbcobyt,tkbf^ hjv .jdkbcvjvwdtkb thjdyekb rjyctycecb ofhvjelutytkbf^<br />
hflufyfw mdt.fyfib fhfse rdkfd vjmvtlt,ty^ fhfvtl eahj uffmnbehlyty lfcfdktsbc vbvfhs<br />
ytufnbehfl ufyo.j,bkb gjkbnbrehb >fkt,b& fct hjv cf]fhj lbcrecbf htfkehfl [tkc<br />
iteo.j,lf sfy[vj,bc ufyvnrbwt,fc cfpjufljt,fib&<br />
sfdb |::& cfmfhsdtkjc rjycnbnewbehb ufydbsfht,f<br />
2004 okbc 6 st,thdfkc cfmfhsdtkjc 1999 okbc vjodtdbc @uf[fyuh>kbdt,ekb# gfhkfvtynbc<br />
vbth vbqt,ekvf cfrjycnbnewbj wdkbkt,t,vf lblb dyt,fsfqtkdf ufvjbodbf&<br />
vybidytkjdfyb wdkbkt,t,b vj[lf mdt.ybc cfrjycnbnewbj vjo.j,fib& itltufl vbdbqts<br />
cbcntvf^ hjvtkbw bltfkehb cekfw fh fhbc lf hjvkbc cfzbhjt,fw v[jkjl vbvlbyfht<br />
tnfgbc fvjwfyt,bc uflfo.dtnbc fewbkt,kj,bs fb[cyt,f&<br />
o @dfhlt,bc htdjkewbf# rjycnbnewbfib<br />
dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc itvltu cfrjycnbnewbj wdkbkt,t,sfy lfrfdibht,bs ewyfehb<br />
cbnefwbf itbmvyf& lbl[fyc fv cfrbs[pt wyj,bkb b.j v[jkjl bc^ hjv cf[tkbceakj rekefht,ib<br />
byntycbehfl veifj,lyty cfrjycnbnewbj htajhvfpt lf [tkbceakt,bc cfsfdtib<br />
v.jab cfvtekb thsvfytsib fsfy[vt,lf wtynhfkeh [tkbceakt,fib >fksf f[fk ufykfut,fc&<br />
tc .dtkfathb^ hjujhw erdt bsmdf^ rekbct,ib [lt,jlf lf fhfse hbubsb<br />
vjmfkfmtt,bcsdbc^ fhfvtl cgtwbfkbcnsf lf gjkbnbrjcsf f,cjkenehb evhfdktcj,bcfsdbc<br />
chekbfl ewyj,b hxt,jlf^ se rjyrhtnekfl hf wdkbkt,t,pt b.j kfgfhfrb& wyj,bkb b.j<br />
bc^ hjv cfmvt t[t,jlf ghtvbth-vbybcnhbcf lf vbybcnhsf rf,bytnbc itvjqt,fc lf hjv<br />
ghtvbth-vbybcnhbc sfyfvlt,j,f pehf, ;dfybfc eylf lftrfdt,byf&<br />
fvbnjv vtlbfib ufdhwtklf dthcbf^ hjv cfrjycnbnewbj wdkbkt,t,b [jhwbtklt,jlf<br />
pehf, ;dfybfc fv,bwbt,bc lfcfrvf.jabkt,kfl& dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc oby vbqotekb<br />
itsfy[vt,bc sfyf[vfl^ cffrfidbkb ghtpbltynb eylf ufv[lfhb.j^ ybyj ,eh]fyf>t gfhkfvtynbc<br />
sfdv]ljvfhtl lfhxt,jlf^ pehf, ;dfybf rb vbbqt,lf fhfhct,ek ghtvbth-vbybcnhbc gjcnc& fv<br />
gjcnbc lfrfdt,bc cehdbkb rb ;dfybfv ]th rbltd 2001 otkc ufvjsmdf^ sevwf vfiby<br />
gfhkfvtynvf^ itb>kt,f cojhtl fvbnjvfw^ itdfhlyf>bc vbth itnfybk itcf,fvbc cfrjycnbnewbj<br />
wdkbkt,t,pt efhb smdf&<br />
sfdbc lhjpt 1995 okbc rjycnbnewbf @itdfhlyf>bc sfhupt# ufvjbzhf^ f[kf rb hxt,jlf<br />
isf,tzlbkt,f^ hjv rjycnbnewbfc erdt htdjkewbehb kbltht,b bhut,lyty nfypt& fvudfhvf<br />
rjycnbnewbehvf zhf-rthdfv f[fk [tkbceakt,bc vbcfvfhsbs ,tdh bcts flfvbfyc lf jhufybpfwbfc<br />
ufvjfsmvtdbyf rhbnbrekb itybidyt,b^ hjvkt,bw itdfhlyf>bc vvfhsdtkj,bc obyffqvltu<br />
vfsb v[fhlfvztht,b b.dyty& fv flfvbfyt,bcsdbc vbeqt,tkb b.j cfrjycnbnewbj wdkbkt,t,bc<br />
vjvpflt,bc rekefhekb [fcbfsb lf vbcb lfxmfht,ekb ufnfyf 1999 okbc vjodtdbc<br />
erdt @dflffvjoehek# gfhkfvtynib^ hjvkbc ktubnbvehj,fw vskfl ufvfhsekb dth b.j&<br />
cfrjycnbnewbj wdkbkt,t,bc vbqt,fvlt ghjtmnb thsb sdbs flht vfbyw eylf b.jc<br />
ufvjmdt.yt,ekb& fv otcbc udthlbc fdkfc rjycnbnewbbc htajhvfnjht,vf itvltuyfbhfl<br />
uffvfhsktc% cfmvt t[t,f cojhtl bv wdkbkt,t,c^ hfcfw itdfhlyf>t bs[jdlf gfhkfvtynbcufy<br />
2001 otkc itnfybkb ghjtmnbs& tc ghjtmnb rb wyj,bkbf cfpjufljt,bcfsdbc& fqcfybiyfdbf^<br />
hjv vfiby fv wdkbkt,t,bc vjobyffqvltutsf ijhbc b.dyty vbcb lqtdfyltkb v[fhlfvztht,b&<br />
rjycnbnewbehb wdkbkt,t,b rb ewyfehfl ufy[jhwbtklf& rjycnbnewbeh htajhvfc<br />
53
v[fhb lfezbhf gfhkfvtynvf^ hjvkbc fhwse vwbht yfobkcfw dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc<br />
vjobyffqvltutyb itflutylyty^ [jkj rjycnbnewbehb wdkbkt,t,bc vbqt,fc<br />
tobyffqvltut,jlyty bc fhfcfvsfdhj,j jhufybpfwbt,b^ hjvkt,bw fmnbehfl vjyfobktj,lyty<br />
dfhlt,bc htdjkewbfib lf itdfhlyf>bc [tkbceakt,bcufy xfvjcfwbkt,kfl bqodjlyty&<br />
@mdt.fyf lbmnfnehbcrty vblbc#^ @cfmfhsdtkjv ahfyuekb vjltkb rb fhf^ hfqfw cfiefkj<br />
vbbqj hecekcf lf sehmvtyekc ijhbc#^ @ufvfh]dt,ekt,b fkfac byfobkt,ty#^ _ fctsb<br />
itafct,t,b vhfdkfl ufbcvjlf fhfcfvsfdhj,j ctmnjhbc lf vtlbbc v[hblfy^ hjltcfw >dtkb<br />
vjodtdbc gfhkfvtynb lfxmfht,ekb ntvgbs bqt,lf cfrjycnbnewbj wdkbkt,fc&<br />
o cf[tkvobajt,hbdb vjo.j,bc f[fkb vjltkb<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc gfhkfvtynvf rjycnbnewbfib vybidytkjdfyb wdkbkt,t,b itbnfyf lf<br />
hjujhw fqbybiyt,jlf^ cfmfhsdtkj vvfhsdtkj,bc t&o& @fvthbrekb vjltkblfy# @ahfyuek<br />
vjltkpt# uflfdblf& dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc itvltu vjcekvf [tkbceakt,fv bc cf[t vbbqj^ hfw<br />
fv htdjkewbbc kbltht,c cehlfs& hfvltyfl tatmnehb fqvjxylt,f cf[tkbceakj vjo.j,bc<br />
f[fkb vjltkb fvfc vjvfdfkb udbxdtyt,c& ]th]thj,bs rb rdkfd uh>tklt,f rfvfsb bvbc sfj,fpt^<br />
se cfbs vblbc cfmfhsdtkj% mdt.fyfib itbMvyf >kbthb mvtleyfhbfyb [tkbceakt,f^ hjvtkbw<br />
htajhvt,c ufyf[jhwbtkt,c^ se tc b.j @yf,b]b lbmnfnehbcrty#^ hjujhw fvnrbwt,c wdkbkt-<br />
,t,bc pjubthsb vjobyffqvltut&<br />
ufy[jhwbtkt,ek cfrjycnbnewbj wdkbkt,t,ib ufhrdtdf >ytkbf& bvbc itcfvjovt,kfl^ se<br />
hjujh veifj,c f[fkb cf[tkbceakj vjltkb^ lhjf cfzbhj^ sfyfw fhwse vwbht _<br />
hfvltybvt otkb vfbyw& ufhlf fvbcf^ cfmfhsdtkjcyfbh mdt.fyfib^ hjvtkbw gbhdtk yf,b]t,c<br />
lufvc ltvjrhfnbbcrty^ ,tdhb hfv lfvjrblt,ekbf fhf bvfpt^ se hjujh othbf rjycnbnewbfib^<br />
fhfvtl gbhjdyt,t,pt^ hjvkt,bw fvf se bv bycnbnensfy fcjwbhlt,bfy&<br />
vfbyw hf cf[t vbbqj cfmfhsdtkjc rjycnbnewbfv htdjkewbehb [tkbceakt,bc vbth<br />
vjvpflt,ekb wdkbkt,t,bc itnfybc itvltu( hjujhw fqbybiyt,f^ cfmfhsdtkj cfghtpbltynj<br />
htcge,kbrblfy yf[tdhflcfghtpbltynj htcge,kbrfl uflfbmwf^ sevwf ghtpbltynbc<br />
eakt,fvjcbkt,f fv itvs[dtdfib cfghtpbltynj htcge,kbrt,c fh xfvjedfhlt,f& mdt.fyfib<br />
hxt,f >kbthb ghtpbltynb^ hjvtkbw frjynhjkt,c vsfdhj,fc lf vbcb lfs[jdyf ite>kbf^<br />
fctdt ghtpbltynb qt,ekj,c gfhkfvtynbc lfs[jdybc eakt,fcfw& sevwf tc vj[lt,f<br />
ufycfresht,ek itvs[dtdt,ib lf bcbw fhf .jdtksdbc&<br />
cfrjycnbnewbj htajhvbc vsfdfh cbf[ktl ghtvbth-vbybcnhbc sfyfvlt,j,bcf lf<br />
vbybcnhsf rf,bytnbc itvjqt,f vbbxytdf& cojhtl tc b.j vsfdfhb vjnbdb [tkbceakt,bc v[hblfy^<br />
hjltcfw rjycnbnewbfib wdkbkt,t,b itcf[t, lfbo.j kfgfhfrb& @ghtvbth-vbybcnhbcf lf<br />
ueylehb ghbywbgbs vjveifdt vsfdhj,bc ufhtit mdt.ybc trjyjvbrfc fhfathb tidtkt,f#^ _<br />
fctsbf gjcnhtdjkewbehb [tkbceakt,bc ufyfw[flb&<br />
f[fk vjltkib^ hjvtkcfw @ahfyuekc# eojlt,ty^ ltvjrhfnbbcsdbc itmvybkb cfahs[t<br />
cfrfyjyvlt,kj jhufyjc lfcecnt,fib lfbyf[tc& ghtpbltynvf gfhkfvtynbc lfs[jdybc eakt,f<br />
vbbqj& ghtpbltync fvbc ufrtst,f vfiby ite>kbf^ serb gfhkfvtynb uf]benlt,f lf fh<br />
lffvnrbwt,c ,be]tnc^ fy serb vsfdhj,bc uflf.tyt,fc vjbs[jdc& ghtpbltynbcsdbc fv eakt,bc<br />
vbwtvbc itafct,bcfc eylf ufdbsdfkbcobyjs bcbw^ hjv cfmfhsdtkjc gfhkfvtynb<br />
thsgfkfnbfybf lf vbcb lfs[jdybc itvs[dtdfib mdt.fyf cfthsjl cfrfyjyvlt,kj jhufyjc<br />
ufhtit hxt,f& ufhlf fvbcf^ gfhkfvtynfht,b^ hjvtksfw fhwse vwbht sfy[t,bc ufqt,f eotds<br />
gfhkfvtynib vjcf[dtlhfl^ @lfs[jdbc cfahs[bc# obyfit sfdc bjkfl fh lfb.tyt,ty& fvltyfl^<br />
cfmfhsdtkjib cfrfyjyvlt,kj jhufyj >fkptl @vjhxbkb# eylf ufvjdbltc&<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc gfhkfvtynbc lfs[jdybc eakt,f itdfhlyf>tc fh /mjybf& fvbnjv cffrfidbkbc<br />
[tkib fv eakt,bc ufvjxtyf lf f[fkb ghtpbltynbc vjv[htt,bc vbth 97)-bfy v[fhlfzthfpt<br />
fgtkbht,f tmcgthnt,c ltvjrhfnbbcfsdbc cf[bafsjl vbfxybfs&<br />
,tdhb hfv ufehrdtdtkbf ghtpbltyncf lf ghtvbth-vbybcnhc ijhbc ehsbthsj,fib&<br />
vfufkbsfl^ jhbdtc rjvgtntywbfibf mdt.ybc cfibyfj lf cfufhtj gjkbnbrbc ofhvfhsdf&<br />
hjltcfw @lbmnfnehbc cfahs[tpt# kfgfhfrj,ty^ ltvjrhfnbekb ctmnjhb bvfptw vbfybiyt,c^<br />
54
hjv @[tkbceakt,fib rfhub flfvbfyt,b fhbfy# lf fctsb cehdbkb fh ufexylt,fs^ vfuhfv bcbw<br />
w[flbf^ hjv mdt.fyfib fhct,ekb bycnbnent,bc aeymwbjybht,bc [fcbfsb gbhjdyt,t,pt fh<br />
eylf b.jc lfvjrblt,ekb&<br />
cfrjycnbnewbj htajhvbc tysepbfcnt,b fw[flt,ty^ hjv mdt.fyfc t.jkt,f >kbthb<br />
ghtpbltynb^ >kbthb gfhkfvtynb lf >kbthb vsfdhj,f^ vfuhfv rhbnbrek gjpbwbfpt vlufh<br />
tmcgthnt,c vbfxybfs^ hjv ghtpbltynbcsdbc gfhkfvtynbc lfs[jdybc eakt,bc vbybzt,bs^<br />
htfkehfl vrdtshfl cecnlt,f gfhkfvtynb lf bub vjhxbk jhufyjl bmwtdf& lfs[jdybc ibibs<br />
gfhkfvtynfht,b dth uf,tlfdty vsfdhj,fcsfy lf itcf,fvbcfl ghtpbltynsfy cthbjpek<br />
rjyakbmnpt ofcdkfc&<br />
ghtvbth-vbybcnhbc lf vbybcnhsf rf,bytnbc itvjqt,fpt lblb [fybf vblbjlf cfe,fhb&<br />
itcf,fvbcb ghjtmnt,b itdfhlyf>bc vvfhsdtkj,bc lhjcfw b.j itnfybkb gfhkfvtynib&<br />
fqybiyekb wdkbkt,bc cfzbhjt,fc trjyjvbrehb cfrbs[t,bc uflfo.dtnbc fewbkt,kj,bs<br />
[cybfy& c[dt,b fvfc crtgnbrehfl e.eht,ty lf vbesbst,ty^ hjv ghtvbth-vbybcnhbc bycnbnenb<br />
cfmfhsdtkjib 1995 okbc rjycnbnewbbc vbqt,fvltw fhct,j,lf^ vfuhfv trjyjvbrfib mfjcb lf<br />
ufyerbs[fj,f v>dbydfht,lf&<br />
vsfdhj,bc veifj,fpt gfce[bcvut,kj,fc ghtvbth-vbybcnhb bqt,c& cfbynthtcjf bcbw^ hjv<br />
ghtvbthc vbybcnht,bc thsb vtcfvtlbc vj[cybc eakt,f thsgbhjdyekfl fmdc^ vfuhfv serb<br />
vtnb vbybcnhbc vj[cyf cehc^ vfy tc uflfo.dtnbkt,f gfhkfvtynsfy eylf itfsfy[vjc& sevwf^<br />
ghtvbthc fh ite>kbf >Fkjdfyb vbybcnht,bc vj[cyf& fvbc eakt,f v[jkjl ghtpbltync fmdc&<br />
hfw itt[t,f ybyj ,eh}fyf>tc^ bub .dtkfpt @lfpfhfkt,ekfl# vbbxytdf htdjkewbehb<br />
cfvtekblfy^ hflufyfw cecnlt,f cfrfyjyvlt,kj [tkbceakt,bc gjpbwbt,b& sfdfl ybyj<br />
,eh]fyf>t rjycnbnewbfib wdkbkt,t,bc v[fhlfzthfcsfy thsfl bvfcfw uekf[lbkfl fv,j,lf^<br />
hjv tcff @ufhlfvfdfkb gthbjlbc rjycnbnewbf# lf 5-7 okbc itvltu mdt.fyf^ fk,fs^ eahj<br />
chek.jabk cfrjycnbnewbj vjo.j,fc vbbqt,c&<br />
o dtytwbbc rjvbcbf cfmfhsdtkjc rjycnbnewbbc chek.jafc ehxtdc&<br />
2004 okbc vfhnbc ief hbw[dt,ib t&o& @xjkjmbc rhbpbcbc# lhjc ufydbsfht,ekvf<br />
vjdktyt,vf ufhrdtekobkfl lfhxlbkf gfhkfvtynbc sfdv]ljvfhbc ybyj ,eh]fyf>Bc cfveifj<br />
dbpbnbs .jayf bnfkbfib^ cflfw bc @ltvjrhfnbbcfsdbc rfyjybc upbs# tdhjgbc rjvbcbbc ~t&O&<br />
dtytwbbc rjvbcbbc` gktyfhekb c[ljvbc veifj,fib vjyfobktj,lf& c[ljvfpt ufycfresht,ekb<br />
vc]tkj,bc cfufyb uf[lf cfmfhsdtkjib 6 st,thdfkc ufy[jhwbtkt,ekb rjycnbnewbehb<br />
wdkbkt,t,b&<br />
dtytwbbc rjvbcbf bc fdnjhbntnekb jhufybpfwbff^ hjvtkcfw ite>kbf [tkbceakt,fc<br />
rjycnbnewbfib lfutuvbkb wdkbkt,t,bc uflf[tldf fb>ekjc& sfdbc lhjpt^ dtytwbbc rjvbcbfv<br />
lfxmfht,ekb otcbs itbveifdf itybidyt,b^ hjvkt,bw cfmfhsdtkjc [tkbceakt,fc<br />
wdkbkt,t,bc vbqt,fvlt uflvjtupfdyf& tc itbidyt,b^ ghbywbgib^ fh ufesdfkbcobyt,bfs&<br />
dtytwbbc rjvbcbf rb erdt wdkbkt,fitnfybk cfmfhsdtkjc rjycnbnewbfc e,heylt,f lf<br />
fewbkt,kfl sdkbc vbqt,ekb itcojht,t,bc uflfcby]dfc& sevwf^ ufut,bs trblt,f<br />
rjycnbnewbfib wdkbkt,t,bc lfxmfht,ek vbqt,fc& tdhjcf,zjc cfgfhkfvtynj fcfv,ktbc<br />
lfvrdbhdt,tksf vbcbbc [tkv>qdfytkvf vfstfc bjhivf fqybiyf^ hjv cfmfhsdtkjib<br />
rjycnbnewbehb wdkbkt,t,b^ hjvkt,bw lhjbc vwbht vjyfrdtsib ufy[jhwbtklf^<br />
ufvjodtekb b.j mdt.fyfib fhct,ekb hsekb dbsfht,bs& fvbc ufvj wdkbkt,t,c ufhrdtekb<br />
[fhdtpt,b fmdc& dtytwbbc rjvbcbf fv [fhdtpt,bc ufvjcojht,bc vbpybs vpfl.jayfc ufvjsmdfvc<br />
gfhkfvtynbc fhxtdyt,bc itvltu vzblhjl bsfyfvihjvkjc cfmfhsdtkjc [tkbceakt,fcsfy&<br />
bcbw fqbybiyf^ hjv rjycnbnewbfib itnfybkb wdkbkt,t,bc uflfcby]df fewbkt,tkbf sfdfl<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc ghjuhtcbcfsdbc& cfmfhsdtkjc serb vfhskfw cehc tdhjcnhemneht,ib byntuhfwbf^<br />
vbcb rjycnbnewbfw eylf ittcf,fvt,jltc tdhjcnfylfhnt,c&<br />
@rjycnbnewbehb wdkbkt,t,bc vbqt,f ufygbhj,t,ekb b.j mdt.fyfib fhct,ekb<br />
gjcnhtdjkewbehb dbsfht,bs^ hjltcfw mdt.fyf ghfmnbrekfl fh bvfhst,jlf#^ _ fqybiyf<br />
dtytwbbc rjvbcbbc c[ljvfpt ufvjcdkbcfc ybyj ,eh]fyf>Tv& cfmfhsdtkjc lqtc fhct,ekb<br />
55
hbsflb rfyjyb rb vbbxybf ufhlfvfdfkb gthbjlbc rjycnbnewbfl^ hjvtkbw ecfsejl<br />
cfzbhjt,c itvlujv chek.jafc&<br />
wdkbkt,t,bc ufy[bkdbcfc ufycfresht,bs vodfdtl bluf ghtpbltync^ gfhkfvtync lf<br />
vbybcnhsf rf,bytnc ijhbc eakt,fvjcbkt,t,bc uflfyfobkt,bc cfrbs[b& dtytwbbc rjvbcbf<br />
vbbxytdc^ hjv ghtpbltync^ hbu itvs[dtdt,ib^ uflfvtnt,ekb eakt,t,b t>Ktdf lf tc<br />
tobyffqvltut,f [tkbceakt,bc lfyfobkt,bc ghbywbgc& vfufkbsfl^ rjvbcbbc fphbs yt,bcvbth<br />
itvs[dtdfib lfeidt,tkbf^ hjv ,be]tnb ghtpbltynbc ltrhtnbs ~fmnbs` b.jc vbqt,ekb& bcbw<br />
fqbybiyf^ hjv >kbthb gfhkfvtynb ufycfresht,bs vybidytkjdfybf t&o& f[fkb ltvjrhfnbbc<br />
mdt.yt,bcfsdbc&<br />
rjvbcbfv thsvybidytkjdyfl ehxbf cfmfhsdtkjc [tkbceakt,fc mdt.ybc >bhbsfl rfyjypt<br />
veifj,bc ufuh>tkt,f lf rjycnbnewbbc cfthsfijhbcj cnfylfhnt,sfy lff[kjt,bc<br />
fewbkt,kj,f& ghtpbltynvf vb[tbk cffrfidbkvf ckjdfrtsib^ ,hfnbckfdfib 2004 okbc 18-19<br />
vfhnc ufvfhsek cfthsfijhbcj rjyathtywbfib cf[tkojlt,bs _ @ufafhsjt,ekb<br />
tdhjgbcfrty% f[fkb lqbc otchbub# vybidytkjdfyb ufyfw[flb uffrtsf bvbc sfj,fptw^ hjv<br />
mdt.ybc rjycnbnewbehb vjo.j,f vjvfdfkib itb>kt,f rbltd ths[tk >bhtekfl itbwdfkjc&<br />
cffrfidbkbc smvbs^ >kbthb cfghtpbltynj [tkbceakt,f cfmfhsdtkjc lqtdfyltkb<br />
gbhj,t,bc ufsdfkbcobyt,bs czbhlt,f^ cfvjvfdkjl rb cfmfhsdtkjw itb>kt,f tdhjgek<br />
vjltkpt uflfdbltc^ hjltcfw @ghtpbltynt,b htfkeh >fkfeakt,fc fh akj,ty lf kbltht,b<br />
ghtvbth-vbybcnht,b fhbfy& ufhrdtekb tnfgt,bc ufdkbc itvltu cfmfhsdtkj^ fk,fs^ tdhjgek<br />
vjltkc fbhxtdc lf se cbnefwbf lfkfult,f^ xdtyc mdt.fyfibw cfgfhkfvtynj [tkbceakt,f lf<br />
tdhjgfib lfvrdblht,ekb cbcntvf xfvj.fkb,lt,f#^ _ fqybiyfdlf ,hfnbckfdfib cfmfhsdtkjc<br />
ghtpbltynb&<br />
cfgfhkfvtynj htcge,kbrfl uflfmwtdbc ijhtekb lf stjhbekb dfhbfynbc ltrkfhbht,f^<br />
w[flbf fhfathc wdkbc dtytwbbc rjvbcbbc gjpbwbfib^ hjvtkbw cojhtl tdhjgek rjycnbnewbeh<br />
cnfylfhnt,sfy lff[kjt,bc cf[tkbs ehxtdc cfmfhsdtkjc [tkbceakt,fc lfe.jdyt,kd<br />
itbnfyjc wdkbkt,t,b fhct,ek rjycnbnewbfib&<br />
o gjkbnbrjct,b lf bycnbnent,b<br />
ghtvbth-vbybcnhbc pehf, ;dfybfc vjekjlytkvf ufhlfwdfkt,fv rdkfd fmnefkehb uf[flf<br />
mfhsek gjkbnbrfib ghtvbth-vbybcnhbc eakt,fvjcbkt,bc lf cfthsjl^ fqybiyekb<br />
bycnbnenbc cfzbhjt,bc cfrbs[bw rb& tc itvs[dtdbsb cekfw fhff& mfhsek gjkbnbrfib<br />
bycnbnent,b [ibh itvs[dtdfib^ @gjkbnbrjct,bc nfypt# bzht,f [jkvt^ dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc<br />
itvltu ghtvbth-vbybcnhbc gjcnbc itvjqt,bc itcf[t, rb bsmdf^ hjv tc pehf, ;dfybfcfsdbc<br />
ufrtslf& f[kf fmnefkehb [lt,f cfrbs[b% c[df hjujh bveifdt,c pehf, ;dfybfc itcf>kt,-<br />
kj,t,cf lf ufdktyfpt vjhut,ek gjcnpt lf [jv fh fhbc fewbkt,tkb fv gjcnbc uflfrtst,f<br />
gjkbnbreh cwtyfpt lfhxtybk gjkbnbrjcsf ijhbc >fksf f[fkb ,fkfycbc lfcfv.fht,kfl&<br />
stvf^ hjvtkcfw dt[t,bs^ itb>kt,f^ fmnefkehb fh fhbc cf[tkvobajt,ib^ hjvtksfw lblb<br />
[ybc ufdkbkb fmds ajhvbht,bc cnflbf lf lqbc otchbublfy erdt vj[cybkbf cf[tkvobajt,-<br />
hbdb fqvityt,kj,bc ghj,ktvfnbrf^ lfdf bvbc sfj,fpt^ se hjujhb o.j,f eylf mjyltc vjwtvek<br />
cf[tkvobajc& fcts mdt.yt,ib gjkbnbrjct,b lblb [fybf fhct,ek cf[tkvobajt,hbd bycnbnent,c<br />
thut,bfy lf fphflfw fh vjclbs^ hjv gbhbmbs vjmwtdf cwfljy _ cf[tkvobajt,hbd<br />
bycnbnent,c cf[t ewdfkjy cfresfhb cehdbkbcf lf utvjdyt,bc itcf,fvbcfl&<br />
vfuhfv cfmfhsdtkjib cfmvt fct lqtcfw fh fhbc& cfmfhsdtkj bv mdt.fyfsf hbuc<br />
vbtresdyt,f^ cflfw bc ghjwtcb^ hfcfw cf[tkvobajt,hbd fqvityt,kj,fc eojlt,ty^ fmnbehfl<br />
vbvlbyfhtj,c& fm gjkbnbrjct,b^ hjujhw ufdktybfyb^ bct cfpjufljt,bcfsdbc yfrkt,b<br />
fdnjhbntnbc vmjyt^ sfdc vjdfktl sdkbfy cfresfhb sdfkcfphbcb ufvjsmdfy bvbc sfj,fpt^<br />
se hjujhb eylf b.jc cfmfhsdtkjc cf[tkvobaj% htcge,kbrf se vjyfhmbf^ cfghtpbltynj<br />
se cfgfhkfvtynj htcge,kbrf^ eybnfhekb se atlthfwbekb^ hf nthbnjhbekb<br />
thstekt,bcfufy eylf itlut,jltc^ hjujhb eylf b.jc gfhkfvtynb lf f&i& afhsjvfcinf,bfyb<br />
lf pju]th tmcnhfdfufynehb ghjtmnt,bc ofvj.tyt,f cjwbfkehb by;bythbbc cathjlfy fm<br />
56
cfpjufljt,bc v[hblfy @.ehflqt,bc vbmwtdbc# cfiefkt,fwff&<br />
hf eo.j,c [tkc fvudfh dbsfht,fc( thsb evsfdhtcb vbptpb afmnj,hbdfl erdt<br />
lfdfcf[tkts% cfmfhsdtkj cf[tkvobajt,hbdb xfvj.fkb,t,bc cnflbfibf& cf,zjsf rfdibhbc<br />
lfikbc itvltu^ \\ cfereybc 90-bfyb okt,bc lfvltublfy^ cfmfhsdtkjc^ c[df cf,zjsf<br />
htcge,kbrt,bc vcufdcfl^ cfiefkt,f vbtwf lfvjerblt,kfl vjo.j,bkb.j hjujhw<br />
cf[tkvobaj& tc ufhtvjt,f lblb cnbvekb b.j cjwbfkehb by;bythbbc ghjtmnt,bcfsdbc^ vbs<br />
evtntc^ hjv cfpjufljt,f sfdc fqotdlf rjveybpvc^ hjvtkbw sfdfl b.j lblb htdjkewbehb<br />
cjwbfkehb by;bythbbc ofhevfnt,tkb ghjlemnb&<br />
vtjht evsfdhtcb vbptpb mfhsek ybflfupt cjwbfkehb by;bythbbc fvjwfyt,bc<br />
fmnefkj,bcf rbltd bc b.j^ hjv fm cf[tkvobajt,hbdb fqvityt,kj,f vbvlbyfhtj,lf<br />
htdjkewbbcf lf uflfnhbfkt,bc sfy[kt,bs& w[flbf^ bcbyb^ dbyw obyf [tkbceakt,fc fv upbs<br />
wdkblyty^ cf[tkvobaj bycnbnent,bc uflfo.j,fc erdt sfdbc utvjpt bo.t,lyty&<br />
fv pjuflb ufyvfhnt,t,bc itvltu xdty itudb>Kbf rjyrhtnekfl dfxdtyjs^ se hjujh<br />
wdkblyty lf f.fkb,t,lyty mfhsek cbyfvldbktib gjkbnbrjct,b cf[tkvobaj bycnbnent,c&<br />
w[flbf^ bycnbnent,bc ajhvbht,bc c[dflfc[df ghjtmnt,b ,tdhc fmdc^ vfuhfv vfsb htfkj,fl<br />
mwtdf v[jkjl >kbth lf ofhvfnt,ek gjkbnbrjcc ite>kbf& fctst,b rb .dtkf mdt.fyfib<br />
[fhbpvfnek kbltht,c ofhvjflutyty&<br />
pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbfc vvfhsdtkj,bc lhjc cojhtl vfcpt ufsdkbs bmyf cfmfhsdtkjib<br />
itvjqt,ekb ghtpbltynbc bycnbnenb& ufvcf[ehlbfc vjobyffqvltutt,b rb^ bthbib fhf<br />
v[jkjl gbhjdyt,fpt^ fhfvtl ghtpbltynbc bycnbnenptw vb/mjylfs& fct hjv ufvcf[ehlbfc<br />
lfv[j,bc itvltu @ghtpbltynbc bycnbnenb# cfmfhsdtkjib lhjt,bs @lbmnfnehbc#<br />
cbyjybvfl ufvjfw[fltc lf cfmfhsdtkjib xfvj.dfybkb itdfhlyf>bcfsdbc ghtpbltynj,f lhjt,bs<br />
ite>kt,tkb fqvjxylf& fvbnjv 1992 okbc cfgfhkfvtynj fhxtdyt,bc lhjc<br />
itdfhlyf>bcsdbc cgtwbfkehfl vjbujytc lf vfy rtyzb b.fhf wfkrt @gfhkfvtynbc<br />
sfdv]ljvfhbc# gjcnpt& itb>kt,f bsmdfc^ hjv cfmfhsdtkj thsflthsb mdt.fyff vcjakbjib^<br />
cflfw cf.jdtksfj-cf[fk[j rtyzbc.hbs fbhxbtc gfhkfvtynbc sfdv]ljvfht&<br />
1995 okbc rjycnbnewbfib .dtkfathb sfdbc flubkpt lf,heylf lf ghtpbltynbc<br />
bycnbnenb @itdfhlyf>bc sfhupt# ufvjbzhf& fv gjcnvf fqybiyekb eakt,fvjcbkt,bs<br />
v[jkjl itdfhlyf>Bc vvfhsdtkj,bc lfcfchekfvlt uf>kj lf ths-thsb gbhdtkb yf,b]b^ hfw<br />
dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc itvltu vjcekvf [tkbceakt,fv uffrtsf^ tc rjycnbnewbbc uflfrtst,f<br />
lf ghtpbltynbc eakt,fvjcbkt,bc rbltd eahj ufphlff& ghtpbltynbc bycnbnenb f[kf erdt<br />
@cffrfidbkbc sfhupt# vjbzhf&<br />
dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc itvltu^ 2004 okbc st,thdfkib ufy[jhwbtkt,ekb cfrjycnbnewbj<br />
wdkbkt,t,bs itvjqt,ekb bmyf ghtvbth-vbybcnhbc gjcnb lf fhfdbcsdbc cfblevkjc fh<br />
ofhvjflutylf^ hjv tc ufrtslf pehf, ;dfybfcfsdbc lf ghtvbth-vbybcnhbc eakt,fvjcbkt,f<br />
vybidytkjdfyobkfl ufybcfpqdhf bv >fksf ,fkfycbs^ hfw fhct,j,lf bv lhjc dfhlt,bc<br />
htdjkewbbc jh sdfkcfxbyj kblthc _ cffrfidbkcf lf ;dfybfc ijhbc&<br />
fqcfybiyfdbf^ hjv ghtvbth-vbybcnhbc gjcnbc itvjqt,f ufyb[bkt,jlf 2001 otkcfw^ vfiby<br />
gfhkfvtync vbcb vbqt,bc cfobyffqvltuj ,tdhb fhfathb mjylf^ vfuhfv hjujhw rb itdfhlyf>tv<br />
fqybiyf^ hjv ghtvbthbc gjcnpt ;dfybfc dfhfelj,lf^ gfhkfvtynib vfibydt lf,kjrtc<br />
cfrjycnbnewbj htajhvf& ghtvbthbc gjcnbc lfrfdt,bc fv,bwbf vfiby ,tdhc /mjylf^ hflufyfw<br />
vbcb lfvrfdt,tkb itdfhlyf>bc .dtkfpt htfkeh vtvrdblhtl vbbxytjlf&<br />
pehf, ;dfybfc ufhlfwdfkt,f^ vfhskfw lbl cbwfhbtktc fxtyc mfhsek gjkbnbrfib lf<br />
fvltyfl^ @/fthib ufvjrblt,ekb# hxt,f bycnbnenb^ hjvtkbw cojhtl pehf, ;dfybfpt b.j<br />
vjhut,ekb& f[kf fy bycnbnenvf eylf bwdfkjc cf[t^ fy bv gbhjdyt,fv^ hjvtkbw fqybiyek<br />
gjcnc lfbrfdt,c^ eylf it>kjc pehf, ;dfybfc >fkbcf lf ufdktybc vjgjdt,f& .jdtk<br />
itvs[dtdfib^ vfc fctsb ifycb vbtwtvf&<br />
57
o cf[tkbceakj ,fkfycb mfhsek cbyfvldbktib<br />
cfmfhsdtkjib lqtc cf[tkbceakj ,fkfycbc stvf efqhtcfl fmnefkehbf lf afhsjl<br />
ufyb[bkt,f tmcgthnt,bcf lf gjkbnbrjct,bc vbth& itb>kt,f bsmdfc^ hjv tc cfrbs[b jh<br />
fcgtmnib ufyb[bkt,f% thsb vjbwfdc cf[tkbceakj injt,c ijhbc ,fkfycbc^ vtjht fcgtmnb rb<br />
sfdfl lqtdfyltk cf[tkbceakj ueylib fhct,ekb ,fkfycbc ghj,ktvfnbrbc ufy[bkdfc&<br />
jhbdt stvf efqhtcfl vodfdtl lufc lf vfs uflfo.dtnfpt ,tdhflff lfvjrblt,ekb<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc cfvjvfdkj ufydbsfht,f&<br />
cf[tkbceakj injt,c ijhbc ,fkfycbc stvf fmnefkehb uf[lf dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc<br />
w[tk rdfkpt^ 2004 okbc st,thdfkib rjycnbnewbfib itnfybkb wdkbkt,t,bc itvltu& vfiby<br />
itvjqt,ekb bmyf ghtvbth-vbybcnhbc bycnbnenb^ ghtpbltynvf rb gfhkfvtynbc lfs[jdybc<br />
eakt,f vbbqj& fv wdkbkt,t,c tobyffqvltut,jlyty cfmfhsdtkjibw^ gjkbnbrjct,bcf lf<br />
tmcgthnt,bc yfobkb lf fctdt ew[jtsibw^ hjltcfw dtytwbbc rjvbcbfv cthbjpekb itybidyt,b<br />
ufvjsmdf rjycnbnewbfib itnfybk wdkbkt,t,sfy lfrfdibht,bs& ths-thsb .dtkfpt<br />
cthbjpekb itybidyf rjycnbnewbfib [tkbceakt,bc injt,c ijhbc ,fkfycbc lfhqdtdfc<br />
t[t,jlf _ 6 st,thdkbc st,thdkbc cfrjycnbnewbj wdkbkt,t,bc itltufl lfcecnlf gfhkfvtynb<br />
lf ufbpfhlf ghtpbltynbc eakt,fvjcbkt,f&<br />
[tkbceakt,bc injt,c ijhbc ,fkfycbc stvbc ufy[bkdfv rbltd eahj fmnbehb [fcbfsb<br />
vbbqj vfc itvltu^ hfw 2004 okbc ltrtv,thib wyj,bkb uf[lf rjycnbnewbfib f[fkb<br />
wdkbkt,t,bc itnfybc ghjtmnbc itcf[t,& tc wdkbkt,t,b >bhbsflfl cfrjycnbnewbj<br />
cfcfvfhskjc lfrjvgktmnt,bc f[fk otcc itt[t,jlf& rdkfd ufvjbsmdf itiajst,f^ hjv tc<br />
wdkbkt,t,b tzdmdti f.tyt,lyty cfcfvfhskj [tkbceakt,bc lfvjerblt,kj,fc lf rbltd eahj<br />
fhqdtdlyty ,fkfycc cf[tkbceakj injt,c ijhbc& fvbc sfj,fpt efh.jabsb gjpbwbf dtytwbbc<br />
rjvbcbfvfw lffabmcbhf lf cfmfhsdtkjcsfy lfrfdibht,bs 2005 okbc bfydfhib tdhjcf,zjc<br />
vbth vbqt,ek htpjkewbfibw fqbybiyf&<br />
otcbs^ cfmfhsdtkjc [tkbceakt,fv^ hjvkbc evsfdhtcb cfufhtjgjkbnbrehb ufyfw[flb<br />
tdhjrfdibhib itcdkff^ eylf ufbsdfkbcobyjc tdhjgbc fdnjhbntnekb jhufybpfwbt,bc vbth<br />
ufvjsmvekb itybidyt,b& cfdfhfeljl^ [tkbceakt,f fqfh twlt,f cfrjycnbnewbj wdkbkt-<br />
,t,bc gfhkfvtynib itnfybkb ghjtmnbc ewdktkfl ufnfyfc& vtjhtw^ jgjpbwbbc ofhvjvflutytksf<br />
ufyw[flt,bs^ ghtvbth-vbybcnhbc pehf, ;dfybfc ufhlfwdfkt,f^ itcf>kt,tkbf^<br />
ufvj.tyt,ekb bmytc rjycnbnewbfib wdkbkt,t,bc itcfnfyfl^ hfsf eahj erts lf,fkfycltc<br />
cf[tkbceakj injt,b& ufyb[bkt,f fv lf,fkfyct,bc jhb itcf>kj dfhbfynb% gbhdtkb<br />
dfhbfynbc sfyf[vfl^ hxt,f ghtvbth-vbybcnhbc bycnbnenb^ fvfcsfy ghtpbltynbc eakt-<br />
,fvjcbkt,f vwbhlt,f ghtvbth-vbybcnhbcf lf gfhkfvtynbc cfcfhut,kjl* vtjht dfhbfynbc<br />
sfyf[vfl^ ghtvbth-vbybcnhbc gjcnb emvlt,f lf fqlut,f itdfhlyf>bc lhjc fhct,ekb >dtkb<br />
cbcntvf% ghtpbltynb itbsfdct,c fqvfchekt,tkb [tkbceakt,bc aeymwbt,c^ gfhkfvtynb rb<br />
fqfh bmyt,f ghtpbltynbc vbth lfs[jdybc cfahs[bc mdti&<br />
ghtvbth-vbybcnhbc ufhlfwdfkt,bc itvltu cf[tkbceakj injt,bc lf,fkfyct,bc stvfc^<br />
hjujhw erdt bsmdf^ lftvfnf erdt sfdfl [tkbceakt,fib fhct,ekb ,fkfycbc stvf& pjub<br />
fw[flt,c^ hjv ;dfybfc cbrdlbkvf cf[tkbceakj ,kjrib^ hjvtkbw sfdbct,eh @cfvres[tlc#<br />
ofhvjflutylf lf cfvb ueylbcfufy ~cffrfidbkbc^ ;dfybfc lf ,eh]fyf>bc` itlut,jlf^ ths-thsb<br />
ueylb kblthbc ufhtit lfnjdf^ hjvtkbw^ fvfdt lhjc^ sfdbcb gbhflb ufdktybs fojyfcojht,lf<br />
vb[tbk cffrfidbkc lf vbc ueyltkt,c& ufxylf vstkb stjhbf bvbc itcf[t,^ hjv<br />
[tkbceakt,fib thsvfytsc egbhbcgbhlt,f t&o& @jvbc gfhnbf# lf @vidblj,bc gfhnbf#& fv<br />
erfyfcrytkc pehf, ;dfybf tluf cfsfdtib lf jmhefidbkbc @jvbc gfhnbfc# f,fkfyct,lf& fv<br />
stjhbfc [ibhfl b.tyt,lyty hecek vtlbfib& cfmfhsdtkjc [tkbceakt,fib rb fw[flt,ty^ hjv<br />
fctsb @,fyfrt,bc# ufvj.jaf efphj,ff lf sfyvbvltdhekfl flufyfy rjyakbmnt,bc<br />
vidblj,bfyb vjotchbut,bc upfc&<br />
cf[tkbceakj ,fkfycbc lfhqdtdbc stpbcb ;dfybfc ueylbc lfcecnt,fc lf vbcb otdht,bc<br />
jgjpbwbbc hbut,ib uflfcdkfc uekbc[vj,c& vfhsfkbf [fdthljdfyb htdjkewbbc kbltht,b^<br />
vfs ijhbc pehf, ;dfybfw^ fqybiyfdty^ hjv wfk-wfkrt ueylt,b fhf /.fds^ vfuhfv htfkehfl<br />
58
ueylt,bc stvf rdkfd fmnbehfl ufyb[bkt,f& bcbw fqbybiyt,f^ hjv ghtvbth-vbybcnhbc gjcnpt<br />
cojhtl pehf, ;dfybfc ueyltkb eylf lfbybiyjc lf tc ufhrdtekobkfl fqflutyc cf[tkbceakj<br />
,fkfycc& c[dt,b rb^ gbhbmbs^ [tkbceakt,bcfufy rfntujhbekfl vjbs[jdty efhb<br />
smdfc ueyleh-gfhnbek fphjdyt,fpt lf [tkbceakt,fib lfcfybiyb itcf>kj rflht,b fhf<br />
gfhnbekb lf f[kj,kehb^ fhfvtl ghjatcbjyfkbpvbc cfae>dtkpt itfhxbjc^ hfw fhf vfhnj<br />
uffev]j,tct,c mdt.ybc vfhsdfc^ fhfvtl uffafhsjt,c [tkbceakt,bc v[fhlfvzthsf hbut,cfw&<br />
itb>kt,f bsmdfc^ hjv vjwtvek tnfgpt vb[tbk cffrfidbkb vjf[th[t,c cf[tkbceakj<br />
,fkfycbc ityfhxeyt,fc lf fh xfvjbwbkt,c ;dfybfc .jabk sfyfueyltkt,c& fv ghj,ktvbcufy<br />
ufyc[dfdt,bs ufwbkt,bs hsekbf cf[tkbceakj injt,bc lf,fkfyct,bc ghj,ktvf lf<br />
tdhjgtkb vtuj,ht,bcfufy vbqt,ekb hxtdt,bc ufsdfkbcobyt,f& cfmfhsdtkjc czbhlt,f >kbthb<br />
mvtlbsb gfhkfvtynb lf lfvjerblt,tkb cfcfvfhskj _ fctsbf tdhjcf,zjc htrjvtylfwbf^<br />
vfuhfv vbcb htfkbpfwbf vfhnj cfrjycnbnewbj wdkbkt,t,pt fh fhbc lfvjrblt,ekb& >kbth<br />
gfhkfvtync >kbthb jgjpbwbf czbhlt,f^ hfw lqtdfyltk gfhkfvtynib fh fhbc^<br />
lfvjerblt,tkb cfcfvfhskjc vbqotdf rb rbltd eahj hsekbf& fv v[hbd cffrfidbkbc vbth<br />
gfhkfvtynbcsdbc ofhlutybkb vjcfvfhsktt,b itb>kt,f eahj lfvjerblt,tkyb uf[lyty^<br />
dblht itdfhlyf>bc vbth lfybiyekyb^ hjvkt,bw^ hjujhw mfhsek vtlbfib fqbybiyt,f^ f[fkb<br />
[tkbceakt,bc o.tybyt,fcfw bctdt thblt,bfy^ hjujhw >dtk [tkbceakt,fc thblt,jlyty&<br />
o mfhsekb gjkbnbrf ;dfybfc cbrdlbkbc itvltu eahj [bcnb uf[lf<br />
2005 okbc 3 st,thdfkc lfqegekb ghtvbth-vbybcnh pehf, ;dfybfc cbrdlbkbc ufhtvjt-<br />
,t,sfy lfrfdibht,bs rbs[dt,b eahj vtnbf^ dblht cfpjufljt,bcfsdbc lfvf]tht,tkb gfce[t,b&<br />
hfw itt[t,f ;dfybfc itvltu mfhsek gjkbnbrfib vjv[lfh wdkbkt,t,c^ itb>Kt,f bsmdfc^ hjv<br />
@;dfybfc ybif# dthfdby lfbrfdf^ [jkj vskbfyj,fib [tkbceakt,bc gjkbnbrf eahj [bcnb<br />
uf[lf&<br />
pehf, ;dfybfc lfqegdbc jabwbfkehb dthcbf _ fbhbs ufueldbc sfj,fpt _ sbsmvbc<br />
fhfdbc c]thf& pehf, ;dfybfc j]f[bc otdht,b rb lblb [fybf ufvjsmdfvty ervf.jabkt,fc<br />
vjv[lfhbc ufvj>bt,fcsfy lfrfdibht,bs& @fqfhw vjdtkb^ hjv fv [tkbceakt,bc gbhj,t,ib<br />
cbvfhskt ufbhrdtdf#^ _ fqybiyfdc pehf, ;dfybfc >Vf ubjhub ;dfybf& vbcbdt smvbs^ sfdfl<br />
vjtgjdt,f ;dfybfc lfqegdfcsfy lfrfdibht,bs hbub afmnt,b^ hbc ufv;qfdyt,fcfw fh fgbht,c^<br />
hflufy lffabmcbhf^ hjv @hfqfw afmnt,bc uf[vfeht,bc itvltu ufvj>bt,f wlbkj,c vbc<br />
uf.fk,t,fc#& ubjhub ;dfybfc lfcrdyf vjv[lfhbc ufvj>Bt,fcsfy lfrfdibht,bs vtnfl vrfwhfl<br />
;qthc% @lqtc vstkb cf[tkvobaj vfymfyf lfyfifekbc vbxmvfkdfptf vjvfhsekb#& 94<br />
serb ;dfybf vjrkekbf^ vfiby dbc vbth lf hbc ufvj( fvbc sfj,fpt mfhsek vtlbfib<br />
vhfdfkb dthcbf nhbfkt,c lf tc stvf erdt bmwf gjkbnbrehb ,h>jkbc bfhfqfl^ hjvtkbw<br />
vbvfhsekbf ufhrdtekb gjkbnbrehb ]ueabc fy gbhjdyt,bc rjvghjvtnbht,bcrty& ths-thsb<br />
dthcbbc vb[tldbs^ pehf, ;dfybf vfiby vbvlbyfht afhsjvfcinf,bfy ghbdfnbpfwbbc ghjwtcc<br />
ittobhf& c[dt,b fmwtync gjkbnbreh lfgbhbcgbht,fpt se cfufhtjgjkbnbreh dtmnjht,ptw<br />
frtst,ty& sevwf^ hfbvt [tkitcf[t,b lf lfvf]tht,tkb fhuevtynb fhw ths vfsufyc fh<br />
ofhvjelutybf&<br />
gfhfktkehfl vbvlbyfhtj,c pehf, ;dfybfc lfvcf[eht,t,bc itcf[t, cfe,fhb lf ufyc]f bvbc<br />
sfj,fpt^ se hjujh itwdfkf ;dfybfc cbrdlbkvf mfhsekb gjkbnbrf& fvfcsfy^ serb<br />
cbwjw[ktib ;dfybfc vbcfvfhsbs eahj rhbnbrf bcvjlf^ cbrdlbkbc itvltu jgjytynt,bc<br />
yfobkbw rb cfmt,fh fhuevtynt,c fh bieht,c lf ufhlfwdkbkb ghtvbth-vbybcnhbc bltfkbpt,f<br />
[lt,f& rfwvf hjv smdfc^ tc lqtdfyltkb gjkbnbrehb bynthtct,blfyfw ufvjvlbyfhtj,c&<br />
ufhlfwdkbkb ;dfybf cf[bafsj fqfh fhbc^ cfvfubthjl^ vbcb mt,bs lf ufyw[flt,bs _ @;dfybfc<br />
hjv twjw[kf .dtkfathb ertstcfl bmyt,jlf#^ xhlbkb flut,f lqtdfyltk [tkbceafks&<br />
w[flbf^ pehf, ;dfybf mfhsek gjkbnbrfib hbubsb abuehf fh .jabkf lf vbcvf ufmhj,fv<br />
gjkbnbrehb cwtyblfy ,tdhb hfv itwdfkf& pehf, ;dfybf dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc ths-thsb<br />
94 @f[fkb 7 lqt#^ 3-10&::&2006<br />
59
kblthb lf t&o& @htdjkewbehb nhbevdbhfnbc# otdhb b.j& dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc itvltu<br />
ufy[jhwbtkt,ekb cfrjycnbnewbj wdkbkt,t,bc ths-ths vbptpfl @;dfybfc fv,bwbt,bc#<br />
lfrvf.jabkt,f cf[tklt,jlf& vb[tbk cffrfidbkc ghtpbltynbc gjcnb thuj^ ybyj ,eh]fyf>tc<br />
_ gfhkfvtynbc sfdv]ljvfhbc^ pehf, ;dfybfcsdbc rb itvjqt,ekb bmyf ghtvbth-vbybcnhbc<br />
sfyfvlt,j,f&<br />
pehf, ;dfybfcf lf vb[tbk cffrfidbkc ijhbc afhekb vtnjmtj,f .jdtksdbc fhct,j,lf&<br />
;dfybfc lfqegdfvlt wjnf [ybs flht cffrfidbkbc ueylbc otdhb bhfrkb jmhefidbkb ;dfybfc<br />
ueylbc otdht,c _ [fy ,fhfvb>tc^ [fy yjqfbltkc c[dflfc[df cfrbs[bc ufvj firfhfl tc[vjlf<br />
[jkvt sfdc& @jmhefidbkb cfresfhb bybwbfnbdbs fh vjmvtlt,lf& jmhefidbkb vbif<br />
cffrfidbkbc fmnbehb lfcf.hltyb b.j#^ _ fqybiyfdc lqtc pehf, ;dfybfc >vf ubjhub ;dfybf& 95<br />
;dfybfc ufhlfwdfkt,bc itvltu ghtvbth-vbybcnhbc gjcnpt pehf, yjqfbltkbc lfybidyfc<br />
bvbsfw [cyblyty^ hjv lfwekb eylf .jabkb.j ,fkfycb fhct,ek gjkbnbreh ueylt,c ijhbc^<br />
sevwf^ ;dfybfc lfqegdbc itvltu @;dfybfc gjkbnbrehb ueylb# afmnj,hbdfl ufmhf _ vbcvf<br />
hbuvf otdht,vf cffrfidbkbc ueylib uflfbyfwdkf^ pjubthst,b afmnj,hbdfl fmnbeh<br />
gjkbnbrfc xfvjcwbklyty& itbwdfkf ghtvbth-vbybcnhbc hjkbw _ yjqfbltkvf dth lfbrfdf bc<br />
@gjkbnbrehb ybif#^ hfw ;dfybfc ufhlfwdfkt,bc itvltu ufvjsfdbceaklf& yjqfbltkb<br />
fqbmvt,f ghtpbltynbc yt,bc fqvchekt,kfl^ hfw fhfdbsfh itvs[dtdfib fh bmyt,jlf pehf,<br />
;dfybf& @;dfybfc ueylb pehf, ;dfybfcsfy thsfl ufhlfbwdfkf^ bvbc smvf^ hjv tc ueylb itcfathbc<br />
vjvtync tkbc^ cojhb fh bmyt,jlf#^ _ fqybiyfdc ubjhub rj,f[b>t& 96<br />
;dfybfc cf[bs >kbthb lf ufdktybfyb ghtvbth-vbybcnhbc ufmhj,bc itvltu rbltd eahj<br />
uf>kbtht,ekb ghtpbltynbc lf,fkfyct,f fhw gfhkfvtynbc sfdv]ljvfhtc ite>kbf&<br />
htdjkewbeh cfvtekib ybyj ,eh]fyf>t .dtkfpt cecnb b.j lf vfc sfdbcb ueylb afmnj,hbdfl<br />
fh .fdlf& @>ytkb cfsmvtkbf^ dbc fo.j,lf ;dfybfc cbrdlbkb^ vfuhfv afmnb bc fhbc^ hjv fvbs<br />
mfhsekb gjkbnbrf ptlvtnfl [bcnb uf[lf&&& ;dfybfc kfdbht,bc fhfxdtekt,hbdb ybzb /mjylf&<br />
vfc itt>kj ,tdhb bctsb ghj,ktvf uflftzhf^ hjvkbc vjudfht,fw ite>kt,tkb xfylf#^ _<br />
fqbybiyt,f mfhsek vtlbfib& 97<br />
;dfybfc itvlujv [tkbceakt,bc vbth ufnfht,ek gjkbnbrbc cb[bcntpt ,tdhb vbesbst,c&<br />
fv dthcbbc sfyf[vfl^ cffrfidbkbc hflbrfkbpvbc lfvf,fkfyct,tkb pjvbthb gjkbnbrehb<br />
abuehf [tkbceakt,bc ptlf titkjyib fqfh lfhxf& @cffrfidbkbc _ tythubekb lf<br />
tmcghtcbekb nbgf;bc _ udthlbs^ pehf, ;dfybfc ghfuvfnekb^ ufojyfcojht,ekb lf lby]b<br />
gjkbnbrjcbc hjkb /mjylf&&& fctsb hjkbc itvchekt,tkb lqtc fh fhct,j,c#^ _ fqybiyfdc<br />
@vtvfh]dtyt# jgjpbwbbc ofhvjvflutytkb abmhbf xb[hf>t& 98 fv dthcbbc vb[tldbs^ pehf, ;dfybf<br />
hjv wjw[fkb .jabkb.j^ itcf>kjf^ mdt.ybc ibuybsfw c[df dbsfht,f .jabkb.j lf<br />
hectssfyfw vjt[th[t,byf ehsbthsj,bc lf,fkfyct,f& vfuhfv bcnjhbfc fh e.dfhc sej,bsb<br />
vc]tkj,f& hfw vj[lf vj[lf lf fvfib dtqfhfathc itwdkb& ;dfybfc cbrdlbkbc itvltu mfhsekb<br />
gjkbnbrf f[kt,ehfl kfult,f lf ;dfybfc lfqegdbc ufhtvjt,t,bcf lf ;dfybfc @gjkbnbrehb<br />
ybibc# sfj,fpt vbvlbyfht rfvfsbw fv uflf]ueat,bc itvflutytkb yfobkbf&<br />
o hfc vjbnfyc ghtvbth-vbybcnhbc gfhkfvtynbc otdhj,f<br />
cfrjycnbnewbj wdkbkt,t,b rdkfd fmnbehb ufy[bkdbc cfufyb [lt,f& fvbc vbptpb<br />
gfhkfvtynfh fktmcfylht ifkfv,thb>bc cfrjycnbnewbj bybwbfnbdff _ ghtvbth-vbybcnhc<br />
itcf>kt,kj,f vbtwtc b.jc gfhkfvtynbc otdhb& fv bybwbfnbdfv tmcgthnt,c rbltd ths[tk<br />
uff[ctyf^ hjv mdt.fyfc welb rjycnbnewbf fmdc lf vfcib wfkrtekb wdkbkt,t,bc itnfyfpt rb<br />
fh eylf babmhjy^ fhfvtl sfdfl rjycnbnewbbc itwdkfpt&<br />
gfhkfvtynbc sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bcf lf htubjyekb gjkbnbrbc rjvbntnbc sfdv]ljvfhbc<br />
95 @fhuevtynb#^ 2-8&::&2006<br />
96 @f[fkb sfj,f#^ 1::&2006<br />
97 @f[fkb sfj,f#^ 3&::&2006<br />
98 @f[fkb 7 lqt#^ 3-10&::&2006<br />
60
vjflubktc ifkfv,thb>tc vbfxybf^ hjv ghtvbth-vbybcnhbc gfhkfvtynfhj,f [tkbceakt,bc<br />
fqvfchekt,tkb lf cfrfyjyvlt,kj injt,bc mvtlbseyfhbfyj,fc ufphlbc^ hfw mdt.ybc<br />
ufydbsfht,fc iteo.j,c [tkc& fqybiyekb bltf vfc itvltu ufexylf^ hfw cfgfhkfvtynj<br />
evhfdktcj,bc pjubthsb otdhb vbybcnhsf rf,bytnbc ofhvjvflutykt,c qbfl lfegbhbcgbhlf&<br />
ifkfv,thb>bc smvbs^ serb gfhkfvtynib vbc bltfc ufbpbfht,ty^ ,jkj vjtqt,f evhfdktcj,bc<br />
otdht,bcf lf vsfdhj,bc lfgbhbcgbht,fc& 99<br />
hfnjv vfhnj ghtvbth-vbybcnhb lf fhf vsfdhj,bc c[df otdht,bw( ifkfv,thb>t fvfc<br />
gfhkfvtynbc vwbhthbw[jdyt,bs [cybc& @bvbc ufvj^ hjv 2008 okblfy cfmfhsdtkjc<br />
gfhkfvtynib fcfhxtdb ltgenfnt,bc hbw[db 150-vlt vwbhlt,f^ vsfdhj,bc 18 vbybcnhc<br />
gfhkfvtynb dth lfbntdc& fvbnjv cfrvfhbcbf vsfdhj,blfy v[jkjl ghtvbth-vbybcnhbc<br />
gfhkfvtynfhj,f#^ _ fqybiyfdc ifkfv,thb>t& vbcbdt smvbs^ tc fhbc rjycnbnewbbc<br />
lf[dtobcfrty uflfluvekb yf,b]b lf @fv wdkbkt,bc itvltu cfiefkt,f udtmyt,f cfgfhkfvtynj<br />
htcge,kbrbc vjltkpt dbabmhjs#& 100<br />
cfrjycnbnewbj wdkbkt,t,bc itcf[t, obyflflt,bs ifkfv,thb>t ]th cfgfhkfvtynj<br />
evhfdktcj,fc vbvfhsfdc^ bybwbfnbdbc vjojyt,bc itvs[dtdfib rb bc jabwbfkehfl<br />
ufajhvlt,f lf gfhkfvtync ofhtlubyt,f& cfrjycnbnewbj wdkbkt,bc vbqt,bc itvs[dtdfib^<br />
bub >fkfib 2008 okbc cfgfhkfvtynj fhxtdyt,bc itvltu itdf& sevwf^ ifkfv,thb>bc<br />
bybwbfnbdfc evhfdktcj,fibw fh bojyt,ty& ghtvbth-vbybcnhvf pehf, yjqfbltkvf ufyfw[flf^<br />
hjv ifkfv,thb>bc bybwbfnbdfc crtgnbrehfl e.eht,c& @fh vujybf^ ifkfv,thb>bc bybwbfnbdfc<br />
vybidytkjdfyb ufydbsfht,f vj/.dtc#^ _ ufyfw[flf yjqfbltkvf& 101<br />
jgjpbwbbc ofhvjvflutykt,b fw[flt,ty^ hjv cfrjycnbnewbj wdkbkt,f^ hbc<br />
ufy[jhwbtkt,fcfw ifkfv,thb>t vjbs[jdc^ cfvfhskt,hbdb sdfkcfphbcbs ufevfhsfdbf&<br />
cfmfhsdtkj afmnj,hbdfl cfghtpbltynj cf[tkvobajf lf fhw ths cfghtpbltynj mdt.fyfib<br />
ghtvbth-vbybcnhb gfhkfvtynbc otdhb fh fhbc& tc v[jkjl rkfcbrehb cfgfhkfvtynj nbgbc<br />
mdt.yt,ib fy rjycnbnewbeh vjyfhmbt,ibf& @fh itb>kt,f thsb cf[tkvobajc vjltkb c[df<br />
rjywtawbfpt fut,ek cf[tkvobaj vjltkc vtmfybrehfl vjthujc&&& rjycnbnewbbcflvb fctsb<br />
vblujvf cfpbfyjf#^ _ fw[flt,c tmcgthnb df[nfyu [vfkf>t& 102 vbcbdt smvbs^ @bctlfw fhtekb<br />
vjltkbc mdt.fyfib rbltd [tkf[fkb cfrjycnbnewbj wdkbkt,f cfcbrtsjc fhfathc<br />
ufvjbodtdc&&& cfmfhsdtkjc vjltkb bvltyfl edfhubcbf^ hjv vbcb efhtcb vjltkbs itwdkf<br />
cfibytk mfjcc ufvjbodtdc#& 103<br />
tmcgthnsf fphbs^ cfmfhsdtkjib fhct,ekb vvfhsdtkj,bc gbhj,t,ib ghtvbth-vbybcnhbc<br />
@cfgfhkfvtynj ofhvjvfdkj,f# ufdktyfc vjf[ltyc cfrfyjyvlt,kj lf fqvfchekt,tk injt,c<br />
ijhbc ,fkfycpt lf ufvjbodtdc vvfhsdtkj,bc cfgfhkfvtynj lf cfghtpbltynj ajhvt,bcfsdbc<br />
lfvf[fcbfst,tkb ybiyt,bc ufevfhskt,tk cbystpcc^ hbcb fyfkjubw nhflbwbekb^<br />
ufydbsfht,ekb ltvjrhfnbekb bycnbnent,bc vmjyt mdt.yt,ib fh vjbgjdt,f& 104<br />
jgjpbwbbc ofhvjvflutykt,b fw[flt,ty^ hjv ifkfv,thb>Bc obyflflt,bc vbqt,bc<br />
itvs[dtdfib^ ghtvbth-vbybcnhbc vbth gfhkfvtynfhbc eakt,fvjcbkt,bc itsfdct,f rbltd<br />
eahj lffcecnt,c gfhkfvtync& @lqtc gfhkfvtynb bctlfw fqvfchekt,tkb [tkbceakt,bc<br />
yjnfhbecfl fhbc uflfmwtekb lf vfc^ afmnj,hbdfl^ vsfdhj,f vfhsfdc#^ _ fqybiyfdc<br />
ahfmwbf @vtvfh]dtyt jgjpbwbbc# otdhb vfverf rfwbnf>t& 105<br />
ifkfv,thb>Bc cfrjycnbnewbj wdkbkt,bc bybwbfnbdbs ufvjcdkfv jgjpbwbf lfftzdf& pjub<br />
vfc ufhrdtekb gjkbnbrehb sfvfibc yfobkfl vbbxytdc& vfufkbsfl^ gfhkfvtynfhvf lfdbs<br />
,th>tybidbkvf fvfib @lblb cfrjycnbnewbj wdkbkt,t,bc yfobkb# lfbyf[f^106 [vfkf>bc fphbs^<br />
99 @htpjyfycb#^ 12&:&2006<br />
100 @htpjyfycb#^ 12&:&2006<br />
101 @htpjyfycb#^ 12&:&2006<br />
102 @[dfkbyltkb lqt#^ 12&:&2006<br />
103 @[dfkbyltkb lqt#^ 12&:&2006<br />
104 @24 cffsb#^ 12&:&2006<br />
105 @[dfkbyltkb lqt#^ 12&:&2006<br />
106 @[dfkbyltkb lqt#^ 12&:&2006<br />
61
itcf>kjf dbyw ghtvbth-vbybcnhb bmyt,f^ vfc cfgfhkfvtynj bveybntnb czbhlt,f& 107<br />
cfrjycnbnewbj wdkbkt,fpt fkfgfhfrt,fv jgjpbwbfc sfdfl rjycnbnewbbc [fhdtpt,b<br />
uff[ctyf lf [tkbceakt,fc vbcb itwdkbcfrty vjeojlf& @mdt.ybc rjycnbnewbf uflfcf[tlbf^<br />
vfuhfv bv vbpybs^ hjv ufvjcojhltc bc itwljvt,b^ hfw 2004 otkc fv ljrevtynib itnfybkb<br />
wdkbkt,t,bs lfdeidbs lf hbc ufvjcojht,fcfw xdtyufy tdhjcf,zj vjbs[jdc#^ _ ufyfw[flf<br />
lfdbs ,th>tybidbkvf& 108<br />
ahfmwbf @ltvjrhfnbekb ahjynbc# kblthb lfdbs pehf,bidbkb fqybiyfdc^ hjv serb<br />
ifkfv,thb>bc bybwbfnbdf cfghtpbltynj vjltkblfy mdt.ybc cfgfhkfvtynj vjltkpt<br />
uflfcdkfc uekbc[vj,c^ vfiby fvfc cthbjpekb vc]tkj,f czbhlt,f& 109 cfgfhkfvtynj vjltkpt<br />
uflfcdkfc rb^ ufycfresht,bs jgjpbwbeh gfhnbt,ib^ ,tdhb vjv[ht /.fdc& @se udbylf<br />
tdhjrfdibhib itcdkf^ eylf fdbqjs tdhjgekb vjltkb#^ _ fqybiyfdc^ vfufkbsfl^ tmcgthnb<br />
hfvfp rkbvbfidbkb& 110<br />
sevwf^ fhbfy crtgnbrjct,bw^ hjvtksfw cfmfhsdtkjc vvfhsdtkjc cfgfhkfvtynj<br />
vjltkpt uflfcdkf fhwse vfhst,ekfl vbfxybfs& bcbyb [fpc ecdfvty bv ufhtvjt,fc^ hjv<br />
vvfhsdtkj,bc cfgfhkfvtynj vjltkbc lfvrdblht,f itcf>kt,tkbf ltvjrhfnbbc ufydbsfht,bc<br />
vfqfkb [fhbc[bc gbhj,t,ib^ hjltcfw cf[tptf ufydbsfht,ekb gfhnbekb cbcntvf lf<br />
cfpjufljt,fib vfqfkbf gjkbnbrehb reknehbc ljyt& 111<br />
]th]thj,bs ewyj,bf^ se hf ufuh>tkt,f tmyt,f ifkfv,thb>bc cfrjycnbnewbj wdkbkt,bc<br />
bybwbfnbdfc^ vfuhfv cfmfhsdtkjc rjycnbnewbbc chek.jaf hjv czbhlt,f^ afmnbf&<br />
sfdb |:::& gjcnhtdjkewbehb ufydbsfht,bc cfrbs[t,b<br />
o dfhlt,bc [tkbceakt,bcfufy htdjkewbbc lfvsfdht,fc bs[jdty<br />
.jdtkb htdjkewbf^ seylfw [fdthljdfyb^ bv vjvtynbcfsdbc cfpjufljt,fib fhct,ekb<br />
elbltcb bvtlt,bc htfkbpt,bc kjpeyubs [lt,f& itdfhlyf>Bc [tkbceakt,blfy xfvjwbkt,f<br />
[fk[bcfsdbc cfcofekb b.j lf cffrfidbkbcfufy cfpjufljt,f f[fk cfcofekt,c tkjlf&<br />
dfhlt,bc [tkbceakt,fc cohfafl eylf uflfto.dbnf mdt.ybc obyfit okt,bc ufyvfdkj,fib<br />
lfuhjdbkb ghj,ktvt,b& fckfy f,fib>bc lfv[j,f fzfhfib cffrfidbkbc vbth vjo.j,bkb rbltd<br />
thsb cfcofekb b.j^ vfuhfv bubdt nfmnbrfv w[bydfkbc htubjyib fh uffvfhskf& hbub vbptpt,bc<br />
ufvj^ rjrjbsbc [tkbceakt,bcfufy xfvjwbkt,f dth vj[th[lf lf tc b.j dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc<br />
itvltu [tkbceakt,fib vjcekb >fkt,bc gbhdtkb cthbjpekb vfhw[b&<br />
htdjkewbeh hjvfynbpvc cek eahj vtnfl ghjpfekb htfkj,f wdkbc lf [tkbc flht<br />
bmyt,f se udbfy vjeotdc bvbc fqbfht,f^ hjv htdjkewbbc gthbjlib ufwtvekb lfgbht,t,bc<br />
lblb yfobkbc htfkbpt,f ite>kt,tkbf& fvfc tvfnt,f erdt f[fkb [tkbceakt,bc vbth<br />
lfidt,ekb itwljvt,bw^ hfw rbltd eahj fvwbht,c [tkbceakt,bc gbhdtkb gbht,bc htbnbyuc&<br />
dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc itvltu vjcekb [tkbceakt,bc cjwbfkehb ,fpf dbohjdlt,f&<br />
ervf.jabkt,fc fh vfkfdty bcbyb^ dbyw htdjkewbbc lqtt,ib fmnbehfl ufvjlbjlf<br />
itdfhlyf>Tc ht;bvbc obyffqvltu& odhbkb vjdfzhtt,bc^ cfvcf[ehblfy lfs[jdbkb<br />
gjkbwbtkt,bcf lf vj[tktt,bc^ vwbht ,bpytcbc ofhvjvflutykt,bc lf c[dfsf ervf.jabkt,fc<br />
tvfnt,f fhfcfvsfdhj,jsf vbth ufvj[fnekb ervf.jabkt,fw^ hjvkt,bw ufyufic nt[ty<br />
mdt.fyfib itmvybkb v.lujvfhtj,bc ufvj&<br />
107 @htpjyfycb#^ 12&:&2006<br />
108 @[dfkbyltkb lqt#^ 12&:&2006<br />
109 @f[fkb sfj,f#^ 13&:&2006<br />
110 @f[fkb sfj,f#^ 12&:&2006<br />
111 @24 cffsb#^ 13&:&2006<br />
62
[tkbceakt,f fuh>tkt,c htdjkewbehb kjubrbs fphjdyt,fcf lf vjmvtlt,fc& se fct<br />
ufuh>tklf cfmfhsdtkjib ltvjrhfnbbc lfvrdblht,bc gthcgtmnbdfc cthbjpekb cfahs[t<br />
tmvyt,f& cojhtl fv gfsjcbs cfdct qbf othbkbs vbvfhsf ghtpbltyn cffrfidbkc<br />
fhfcfvsfdhj,j ctmnjhbc ofhvjvflutytksf ]ueavf& 112 bcbyb ghtpbltynbcfufy ufnfht,ekb<br />
rehcbc rjhtmnbht,fc vjbs[jdty& rjhtmnbht,bc fhcb yjhvfkeh vvfhsdtkj,fpt lf,heyt,ff^<br />
hfw rjycnbnewbbc vb[tldbs lf rjycnbnewbbc afhukt,ib vjmvtlt,fc uekbc[vj,c&<br />
erdt fhfhsupbc fqbybiyf^ hjv vbe[tlfdfl dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc vfqfkb bltfkt,bcf^<br />
fhfse dth vj[th[lf cfvfhsfklfvwfdsf vbth lfgfnbvht,ekb vjmfkfmtt,bc eakt,fsf lfwdbc<br />
ufev]j,tct,f^ fhfvtl^ gbhbmbs^ eahj ufefhtclf& rdkfd vhfdfkbf bfhfqbcf lf yfhrjnbrt,bc<br />
xflt,bc afmnt,b^ hfw lfgfnbvht,bc vbptpb [lt,f&<br />
mdt.fyfib firfhfl lfbhqdf rjycnbnewbehb ,fkfycb& lqtc fqvfchekt,tkb [tkbceakt,f<br />
ljvbybht,c [tkbceakt,bc c[df injt,pt& lf,fkbf cfcfvfhskj [tkbceakt,bc fdnjhbntnb&<br />
@cfcfvfhskj vsfdhj,bc vbsbst,t,bc cfae>dtkpt vjmvtlt,c#^ _ fw[flt,c mfhsekb vtlbf&<br />
cfrfyjyvlt,kj jhufyjib fhct,ekb cfgfhkfvtynj evhfdktcj,f rb gfhkfvtync [vt,bc vbvwtv<br />
vfymfyfl fmwtdc^ hjvtkbw eghj,ktvjl fvnrbwt,c vsfdhj,bc vbth ofhlutybk<br />
rfyjyghjtmnt,c& fvfdt lhjc^ cfgfhkfvtynj evhfdktcj,bc cbvnrbwtc ,pfht,b ufexylf lf fv<br />
ghjwtcbc itxtht,fc lbcwbgkbybc ufyvnrbwt,bs wlbkj,lyty&<br />
itvfiajst,tkbf [tkbceakt,bc htfubht,f rhbnbrfcf lf ufyc[dfdt,ek fphpt&<br />
[tkbceakt,bc ofhvjvflutytksf v[hblfy xdtekt,hbd fv,fl bmwf jgjytynt,bc<br />
lflfyfifekt,f @cf[tkvobaj bynthtct,bc qfkfnib#^ @vt[est rjkjybc# hjkbc itchekt,fib^<br />
jgjpbwbbc vbvfhs itehfw[v.jatkb lf lfvfvwbht,tkb ufyw[flt,t,b rtslt,f ghtpbltynbc<br />
v[hblfyfw& fvfdt lhjc jgjpbwbf cecnbf lf vybidytkjdfyb ufdktybs fh cfhut,kj,c&<br />
itltufl^ lblb ifycbf bvbcf^ hjv mdt.fyf ltvjrhfnbekb bycnbnent,bc ufyvnrbwt,bc vfubdhfl<br />
f[fkb fdnjhbnfhbpvbc lfv.fht,bcfrty vbtvfhst,f&<br />
ufvjcfdfkb ghtpbltynbcsdbc ufupfdybkb qbf othbkbc fdnjht,c sfdfl [tkbceakt,bc<br />
vbth itwljvt,bc fqbfht,fib tcf[t,fs& [tkbceakt,f lf gbhdtk hbuib cffrfidbkb eylf<br />
@ujypt vjtujy# lf ltvjrhfnbekb vvfhsdtkj,bc xfhxjt,ib lf,heylyty& hf smvf eylf^<br />
vjdktyfsf itvlujvb ufydbsfht,bc sdfkcfphbcbs^ .dtkfpt rfhub dfhbfynb bmyt,jlf<br />
[tkbceakt,bc vbth rhbnbrblfy itcf,fvbcb lfcrdyt,bc ufvjnfyf& obyffqvltu itvs[dtdfib<br />
mdt.fyf qhvf rhbpbcbc gbhj,t,ib itb>Kt,f fqvjxyltc& ufhlf rtsbkvjcehyt rhbnbrjct,bcf^<br />
uffmnbehlyty bc >fkt,bw^ hjvkt,bw vfhskfw tvpflt,bfy htdfyibcfsdbc lf [tkcf.htkb<br />
gbhj,t,bc itvs[dtdfib efhc fh bn.dbfy dfhlt,bc [tkbceakt,bc xfyfwdkt,fpt&<br />
o hjujh bvfhst,f cfmfhsdtkj<br />
dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc itvltu vjcekb [tkbceakt,bc vbcfvfhsbs rhbnbrekb ufyo.j,f<br />
sfylfsfyj,bs vfnekj,c& vfs frhbnbrt,ty bcbyb^ dbyw sfdblfydt htdjkewbbc kbltht,bc<br />
vjobyffqvltutyb b.dyty lf bcbybw^ dbyw ths lhjc [tkbceakt,bc vjrfdibhtt,b b.dyty<br />
itdfhlyf>bc obyffqvltu ,h>Jkfib& rhbnbrbc ths-thsb evsfdhtcb vbvfhsekt,f rb mdt.ybc<br />
vfhsdbc fhct,ekb vlujvfhtj,ff& [tkbceakt,fc htdjkewbehb tbajhbblfy ufvjcdkfc lf<br />
mdt.ybc yjhvfkeh vfhsdfpt uflfcdkfc cs[jdty^ sevwf [tkbceakt,f fvudfh rhbnbrfc fh<br />
qt,ekj,c lf vbfxybf^ hjv cfmfhsdtkj cojhb upbs vb/.fdc&<br />
rhbnbrjcsf fphbs^ dfhlt,bc htdjkewbf rhbpbcek tnfgc uflbc& htdjkewbbc itvltu<br />
vjcekb [tkbceafkyb mdt.ybc yjhvfkehb vfhsdbcsdbc vpfl fh fqvjxylyty lf gfhnbekb<br />
ybiybs^ htdjkewbehb lfvcf[eht,bcfsdbc lfybiyekb sfyfvlt,j,bc gbht,b ghjatcbjyfkeh<br />
rjvgtntynehj,fc dth fdktyty& fvudfh vjcfpht,fc ufvjsmdfvty bc flfvbfyt,b^ hjvkt,bw cek<br />
wjnf [ybc oby lqtc [tkbceakt,fib v.jat,sfy thsfl egbhbcgbhlt,jlyty itdfhlyf>bc<br />
vsfdhj,fc lf htdjkewbbc itvlujv gthbjlpt lbl bvtlc fv.fht,lyty&<br />
@cfzbhjf^ htdjkewbbc fdnjht,vf htdjkewbf ths[tk lf cfvelfvjl lffvsfdhjy lf<br />
112 @24 cffsb#^ @htpjyfycb#^ 18&\&2004<br />
63
mdt.ybc vfhsdfpt uflfdblyty& cfvoe[fhjl^ tc fct fh fhbc^ hfw gfhkfvtynbc c[ljvfpt<br />
ghtpbltyn cffrfidbkbc ufvjcdkfv lfudfyf[f& firfhff^ hjv bub ]th rbltd tbajhbfibf lf<br />
dfhlbcathb cfsdfkbs e.eht,c cf[tkvobajc vfhsdfc&&& cfmfhsdtkjc dthf lf dth tqbhcf<br />
bctsb [tkbceakt,f^ hjvtkbw mdt.fyfpt eahj abmhj,c^ dblht cfresfh ofhvfnt,fpt#^ _<br />
fqybiyfdc tmcgthnb gffnf pfmfhtbidbkb& 113 lqtdfyltk [tkbceafks @fh tcvbs^ hjujh eylf<br />
vjbmwyty [tkbceakt,fib .jaybc lhjc lf hbsb ufyc[dfdlt,f cf[tkvobajc vfhsdf cffhxtdyj<br />
rfvgfybbcfufy#^ _ fqybiyfdc tmcgthnb lfdbs eceafidbkb& 114 fctsb ufvjyfsmdfvt,bc xfvjsdkf<br />
rbltd itb>kt,f ufdfuh>tkjs&<br />
ptvjs fqybiyekb ufvjyfsmdfvt,bc cfae>dtkb ghtpbltynbc gbhdtkb .jdtkokbehb<br />
vj[ctyt,f uf[lf& cffrfidbkvf lf vfcsfy thsfl cf[tkbceakj ueylvf xfsdfkf^ hjv fv<br />
vj[ctyt,fib fmwtynb ofhvfnt,t,pt eylf uftrtst,byfs& jgjytynt,vf rb mdt.ybc obyfit<br />
fhct,ek ghj,ktvt,pt .ehflqt,bc ufvf[dbkt,f vbbxybtc cfzbhjl& mdt.ybc vityt,kj,f^<br />
vfhskfw v>bvt lf fenfytkb ihjvff lf fh fhbc lfrfdibht,ekb velvbd ptbvsfy& vbs evtntc^<br />
hjv [tkbceakt,fc cthbjpekb htajhvt,b fmdc ufcfnfht,tkb mdt.ybc w[jdht,bc .dtkf<br />
cathjib lf^ gbhdtk hbuib^ cf[tkvobaj vvfhsdtkj,fib&<br />
@lqtc cfmfhsdtkjcsdbc vsfdfhb ufvjodtdf bv rjycjkblfwbbc ityfhxeyt,ff^ hjvtkvfw<br />
dfhlt,bc htdjkewbf vjf[lbyf& fvbcsdbc [tkbceakt,fv cojhb vbvfhsekt,bs eylf bfhjc lf<br />
bv rjyrhtnek itltut,c vbfqobjc^ hjvtkcfw [fk[b buh>yj,c& [fk[b eylf lfhoveyltc^ hjv<br />
vsfdhj,f veifj,c#^ _ tc erdt cnbdty ctcnfyjdbxbc^ rjkev,bbc eybdthcbntnbc ghjatcjhbc<br />
gjpbwbff^ hjvtkbw fv gthbjlib cfmfhsdtkjib bv.jat,jlf& 115 hfvltyfl ofhvfnt,ekfl<br />
bdkbc fv upfpt cfmfhsdtkjc [tkbceakt,f tc erdt sfdfl [tkbceafksf vbth mdt.fyfib ufydbsfht,ekb<br />
ghjwtct,bc fltmdfneh itafct,fptf lfvjrblt,ekb&<br />
o dfhlt,bc htdjkewbf trjyjvbrehb ghj,ktvt,bc obyfit<br />
[fdthljdfyb htdjkewbt,b tcff ufrjnht,ekb ht;bvt,bcfufy vidblj,bfyb ufsfdbceakt,bc<br />
ntmyjkjubf^ sevwf gjcnhtdjkewbehb tbajhbbc ufdkbc itvltu bcbw w[flb [lt,f^ hjv<br />
mdt.fyfv vbbqj ltvjrhfnbekb ufydbsfht,bc ifycb lf fhf ufhfynbf^ hjv cojhtl htdjkewbbc<br />
itvltu gthbjlib efvhfdb hfvff ufcfrtst,tkb^ hjv fhw bct fldbkbf rkfyt,bcf lf<br />
rjheawbbcfufy ufsfdbceakt,f lf f&i&<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc^ hjvtkvfw vybidytkjdfyb hjkb itfchekf c[df mdt.yt,ib ltvjrhfnbekb<br />
wdkbkt,t,bc cfmvtib^ sfdfl tcfzbhjt,f lblb vjsvbyt,f^ lhj lf >fkbc[vtdf mdt.fyfib<br />
fhct,ekb fhwse vwbht ghj,ktvt,bc lfcf>ktdfl& mdt.fyfib ,tdhb hfvff ufcfrtst,tkb<br />
sfdbceafkb bycnbnent,bc itcfmvytkfl^ trjyjvbrehb htajhvt,bc ufcfnfht,kfl^ rjheawbbc<br />
lfcfvfhw[t,kfl^ evwbhtcj,fsf eakt,t,bc lfcfwfdfl^ >Kbthb jgjpbwbbc itcfmvytkfl<br />
lf f&I& fv v[hbd^ cfmfhsdtkjc ite>kbf ,tdhb hfv fbqjc ,fknbbc mdt.yt,bc ufvjwlbkt,blfy&<br />
serb cfmfhsdtkj vfufkbsbf htdjkewbehb ufvjwlbkt,bc sdfkcfphbcbs^ vidblj,bfyb lf<br />
ltvjrhfnbekb cfpjufljt,bc ityt,bc vfufkbsfl itb>Kt,f ,fknbbcgbhtsbc mdt.yt,b ufvjlutc&<br />
116<br />
dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc itvltu vjcekb [tkbceakt,bc evsfdhtcb fvjwfyf vjcf[ktj,bc<br />
v>Bvt cjwbfkeh-trjyjvbrehb vlujvfhtj,bc ufev]j,tct,f [lt,f& htdjkewbehb tbajhbbc<br />
ufdkbc itvltu [tkbceakt,bc htbnbyubc dfhlyf cojhtl trjyjvbrehb vlujvfhtj,bs<br />
ufvjodtekb ervf.jabkt,bsff ufygbhj,t,ekb& ufhlf fvbcf^ ofhvfnt,ekb [fdthljdfyb<br />
htdjkewbf vbvpbldtkj,fc rfhufdc c[dt,bcsdbcfw^ serb vfc fh vjcltdc [tkitcf[t,b obycdkf<br />
[fk[bc w[jdht,bc gbhj,t,ibw&<br />
cffrfidbkbc [tkbceakt,bc vbth vjgjdt,ekb gjkbnbrehb ofhvfnt,t,bc ajypt^ hbcb<br />
113 @htpjyfycb#^ 14&::&2005<br />
114 @htpjyfycb#^ 15&::&2005<br />
115 @24 cffsb#^ 15&::&2005<br />
116 @f[fkb 7 lqt#^ 13-19&|&2005<br />
64
vrfabj lflfcneht,fw fii-bc ghtpbltynbc ]jh] ,eibc s,bkbcib dbpbnb b.j^ ufycfresht,bs<br />
sdfkcfxbyjl xfyc mdt.fyfib fhct,ekb cthbjpekb cjwbfkeh-trjyjvbrehb ghj,ktvt,b& vfiby<br />
hjltcfw ghtpbltynb ,eib sfdbceakt,bc vjtlfypt cbn.dfc ofhvjsmdfvlf sfdbceakt,bc<br />
v[fhlfcfzthfl^ vbcufy jhb rbkjvtnhbc lfijht,bs^ hecsfdtkbc ghjcgtmnbc vtjht ,jkjc^<br />
htcge,kbrbc vjtlfypt cfmfhsdtkjc ktb,jhbcnekb gfhnbf fmwbfc fnfht,lf lf vjcf[-<br />
ktj,bc v>bvt cjwbfkeh gbhj,t,pt fvf[dbkt,lf .ehflqt,fc& @welfl itqt,bkb afcflt,bc<br />
erfy fhbc xdtyb .jdtklqbehb w[jdht,bc ifd,ytkb atht,b& tc fhbc e[tkafcj,f^ tc fhbc<br />
egtycbj,f^ rfnfcnhjaekb cjwbfkehb vlujvfhtj,f^ eeakt,j,f#^ _ fqybiyfdlf flubkj,-<br />
hbd ktb,jhbcnsf ths-thsb kblthb ubjhub ueufdf& 117 sevwf^ vbe[tlfdfl v>bvt cjwbfkehb<br />
vlujvfhtj,bcf^ [fk[bc evhfdktcj,f vfbyw [tkbceakt,bcfufy vjtkbc vlujvfhtj,bc ertstcj,bcrty<br />
itwdkfc& tc vrfabjl xfylf ghtpbltyn ,eibcf lf cffrfidbkbc vjcfcvtyfl itrht,bk<br />
fstek fsfcj,bs flfvbfybcf lf ktb,jhbcnsf vwbhthbw[jdfyb fmwbbc itlfht,bc lhjcfw&<br />
dfibyunjyib vlt,fht cfthsfijhbcj rdktdt,bc wtynh @bynthvtlbfc# itrdtsbs vfhnib<br />
xfnfht,ek cjwbjkjubeh ufvjrdktdbcfc rbs[dfpt hjvtkb gjkbnbrehb kblthbc vbvfhs<br />
[fhs .dtkfpt eahj lflt,bsfl lf ylj,bs ufvczdfkekb( .dtkfpt lblb ghjwtynb^ sbsmvbc<br />
31) vb[tbk cffrfidbkvf vbbqj& ktb,jhbcnsf kblthbc ifkdf yfstkfidbkbc vbvfhs rb bubdt<br />
lfvjrblt,ekt,f v[jkjl vjcf[ktj,bc 5^1)-vf ufvj[fnf& cffrfidbkbc htbnbyub vfcsfy<br />
itlfht,bs vfqfkbf^ vfuhfv bcbw eylf bsmdfc^ hjv bvfdt jhufybpfwbbc vbth pecnfl thsb<br />
okbc oby xfnfht,ek fyfkjubeh ufvjrbs[dbcfc 66) tylj,jlf cffrfidbkc& 118<br />
w[flbf^ hjv serb [tkbceakt,f cjwbfkeh-trjyjvbreh vlujvfhtj,fc fh uffev]j,tct,c^<br />
fhwse bct lblb lhjbc itvltu vbcb gjgekfhj,blfy ,tdhb fqfhfathb lfhxt,f& @cffrfidbkvf<br />
ufhrdtek cfrbs[t,ib yfvldbkfl vbfqobf ghjuhtcc&&& vfuhfv se bub cfsfyflj .ehflqt,fc fh<br />
vbfmwtdc cbcntveh htajhvt,c^ cf[fk[j rjynhhtdjkewbbc fk,fsj,bc ufvjhbw[df<br />
ite>kt,tkbf& cffrfidbkvf fy @mexbc [vfc# eylf vbeuljc .ehb fy bub itdfhlyf>Bc ,tlc<br />
ufbpbfht,c^ ,jkjc lf ,jkjc^ vfy [jv sdbsjy itmvyf fvbc ghtwtltynb#^ _ fqybiyf<br />
,hbnfyekb @ufhlbfybc# rjhtcgjyltynsfy cfe,fhib ]jh] sfeybc eybdthcbntnbc tmcgthnvf<br />
mfhsek-fvthbrek ehsbthsj,t,ib ghjatcjhvf xfhkp rbyuvf& 119<br />
@mexbc [vf# rb rfhufl xfyc seylfw bvfdt @bynthvtlbfc# vbth xfnfht,ek ufvjrdktdfib&<br />
rbs[dfpt^ smdtyb w[jdht,f dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc itvltu ertstcfl vbvlbyfhtj,c se fhf^<br />
gfce[t,b fct ufyfobklf% vjcf[ktj,bc 38)-c c]thf^ hjv cfmfhsdtkjib w[jdht,f erts vblbc&<br />
34)-c vbfxybf^ hjv fh ufev]j,tct,ekf vfsb .jaf& fvfdlhjekfl^ 66) ervf.jabkjf<br />
trjyjvbrehb vlujvfhtj,bs& itvpfhfdbf bc afmnb^ hjv vjcf[ktj,bs sbsmvbc 40) fv,j,c^<br />
hjv j]f[c cfrvfhbcb itvjcfdfkb fh uffxybf cfrdt,bs epheydtk.jabcfsdbc& vjcf[ktj,bc 91)-<br />
c vbfxybf^ hjv eveitdhj,f fhbc .dtkfpt eahj rhbnbrekb ghj,ktvf& vjcf[ktj,bc 32)<br />
fw[flt,c^ hjv eveitdfhbf& vbe[tlfdfl bvbcf^ hjv rjheawbbc obyffqvltu ,h>jkf<br />
vbvlbyfhtj,lf^ vjcf[ktj,bc 91) sdkbc^ hjv rjheawbf rdkfd cthbjpekb ghj,ktvff& 120<br />
hbub tmcgthnt,bc fphbs^ dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc itvltu trjyjvbrehb cbnefwbf firfhfl<br />
ufefhtclf& fqcfybiyfdbf bcbw^ hjv vtpj,tk cjv[tscf lf fpth,fb]fyib lfcvek bubdt rbs[dfpt<br />
ufwtvekvf gfce[t,vf fxdtyf^ hjv cfmfhsdtkjib eahj v>Bvt cbnefwbff& >fkbfy<br />
vybidytkjdfybf^ hjv fv efh.jabsb ntyltywbbc lflt,bsbcrty itvjnhbfkt,f vj[th[ltc&<br />
[tkbceakt,fv fvfc ufycfresht,ekb .ehflqt,f eylf vbfmwbjc& trjyjvbrehb htajhvt,b<br />
eylf uf[ltc [tkbceakt,bc ths-thsb .dtkfpt vybidytkjdfyb ghbjhbntnb&<br />
.dtkfpt cthbjpekb trjyjvbrehb lf[vfht,f^ hfcfw cfmfhsdtkj ef[kjtc vjvfdfkib fiicfufy<br />
vbbqt,c^ @fsfcoktekbc ufvjodtdbc ghjuhfvbc# afhukt,ib ufy[jhwbtklt,f& fv<br />
vbvfhsekt,bs cfmfhsdtkjcf lf fii-c ijhbc vjkfgfhfrt,t,b lfcfchekc vbef[kjdlf lf<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc vbth ofhlutybkb ghjtmnt,bc lfabyfyct,bc cfrbs[c fii-bc rjyuhtcb<br />
cfdfhfeljl bdybcib ufyb[bkfdc& @vbktybevbc ghjuhfvbc# afhukt,ib cfmfhsdtkjc vsfdhj,f<br />
fii-cfufy ef[kjtcb jhb okbc ufyvfdkj,fib 200 vky ljkfhpt vtnbc vbqt,fc dfhfelj,c&<br />
117 @f[fkb sfj,f#^ 11&|&2005<br />
118 @htpjyfycb#^ 10&|&2005<br />
119 @f[fkb dthcbf#^ 13-15&|&2005<br />
120 @htpjyfycb#^ 10&|&2005<br />
65
o cfmfhsdtkjc ltvjrhfnbekb bycnbnent,bc vityt,kj,f czbhlt,f<br />
ths-thsb evsfdhtcb vjs[jdyf hfw cfmfhsdtkjc [tkbceakt,bc vbvfhs lfcfdktstkb<br />
vtuj,ht,bc v[hblfy ufbcvbc^ mdt.fyfib ltvjrhfnbekb bycnbnent,bc vityt,kj,fcf lf<br />
ufyvnrbwt,fc t[t,f& fqybiyekb fvjwfybc fmnefkj,fc 2005 okbc fudbcnjc lfcfo.bcib fii-lfy<br />
lf,heyt,ekvf gfhkfvtynbc sfdv]ljvfhtv ybyj ,eh]fyf>tvfw ufecdf [fpb& dfhlt,bc<br />
htdjkewbf ltvjrhfnbbc cf[tkbs ufy[jhwbtklf^ ltvjrhfnbbc cf.hltyb rb ltvjrhfnbekb<br />
bycnbnent,b lf vfsb ufvfhsekb aeymwbjybht,ff^ hfw fct frkbf lqtdfyltk cfmfhsdtkjc&<br />
htdjkewbf^ seylfw [fdthljdfyb^ fhct,ekb rfyjybtht,bc afhukt,c ufhts ufvjcdkfc<br />
ybiyfdc& htdjkewbf sfdbc itvjmvtlt,c rfyjypt vfqkf f.tyt,c lf elbltc [tkbceakt,fc<br />
fybzt,c& [tkbceakt,f rb lblb wleyt,ff& vbcb seylfw yfobkbc yt,bs lfsvj,f lf rfyjybs<br />
@sdbsitpqeldf# fhwse bct bjkb cfmvtf mdt.fyfib^ hjvtkbw itxdtekbf fdnjhbnfhbpvc lf<br />
fsoktekt,bc vfy>bkpt fctsb ht;bvbc gbhj,t,ib w[jdht,bc ufvjwlbkt,f fmdc&<br />
cfmfhsdtkjib bmvyt,f ,tdhbcsdbc vjekjlytkb dbsfht,f^ hjltcfw ltvjrhfnbbc cf[tkbs<br />
vjcek [tkbceakt,fc ltvjrhfnbbc itpqeldfib flfyfifekt,ty& tc ,hfklt,t,b vfhnj<br />
jgjpbwbbc v[hblfy hjlb ufbcvbc& tc itybidyt,b lfcfdktsblfyfw cek eahj fmnbehfl<br />
vjlbc& @fhfdbc tujyf^ hjv cffrfidbkbc [tkbceakt,f fct [tkfqt,bs efh.jalf htajhvt,c&<br />
tdhjgek cnhemneht,ib >fkbfy ,tdhb itiajst,ekbf bvbs^ hjv cfmfhsdtkjc [tkbceakt,f<br />
efhc fv,j,c bcts abyfyceh lf[vfht,fptw rb^ hjvtkbw ltvjrhfnbekb bycnbnent,bc vityt,-<br />
kj,fc t[t,f#^ _ fqybiyfdc gjkbnjkjub gffnf pfmfhtbidbkb^ hjvtkcfw vzblhj rfdibht,b<br />
fmdc lfcfdkeh cnhemneht,sfy& 121<br />
vbcbdt smvbs^ dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc itvltu vjcekb [tkbceakt,bs fqahsjdfyt,fc<br />
lfcfdktsib wdkbc bvtlbc ufwhet,f& @>Fkbfy rhbnbrekb lfvjrblt,ekt,ff htajhvt,bc<br />
vbvfhs& fye vbfxybfs^ hjv ltvjrhfnbekb bycnbnent,b ufxtht,ekbf& .dtkf sfy[vlt,f bvfpt^<br />
hjv cfmfhsdtkjib htdjkewbf htfkehfl fh vjv[lfhf* vj[lf htdjkewbehb ajhvbs<br />
tkbnbc itwdkf lf lqtdfyltkb [tkbceakt,f mdt.fyfc bvfdt vtsjlt,bs vfhsfdc^ hjujhw<br />
itdfhlyf>t& fye^ sfdbc rkfybc^ ]ueabc >fkfeakt,bc ufyvnrbwt,fpt pheyfdc& firfhfl<br />
ufvjbrdtsf jgjpbwbbc^ gkehfkbpvbc obyffqvltu ,h>Jkf#^ lfcfdktkb tmcgthnt,b bvfcfw<br />
fqybiyfdty^ hjv [tkbceakt,f fdnjrhfnbekb vvfhsdtkj,bc cbcntvfpt uflflbc& 122<br />
cfmfhsdtkjib ltvjrhfnbekb ghjwtct,bc itath[t,bc sfj,fpt fvudfh ufyw[flt,t,c<br />
[tkbceakt,bc ofhvjvflutykt,b egfce[jl njdt,ty fy wbkbcofvt,fl vbbxytdty^ vfuhfv<br />
ghj,ktvf ltvjrhfnbekb bycnbnent,bc fveifdt,f-ufyvnrbwt,bc fewbkt,kj,bcf fhct,j,c lf<br />
vfcpt pheydf hfw eahj ufzbfyehlt,f^ vbs eahj v>bvt itltubc vjvnfyb bmyt,f mdt.ybcsdbc&<br />
hjwf cfe,fhbf mdt.fyfib ltvjrhfnbekb bycnbnent,bc ufyvnrbwt,bc fewbkt,kj,fpt^<br />
gbhdtk hbuib^ gfhkfvtynb buekbc[vt,f [jkvt^ hjvkbc hjkbw mdt.ybc w[jdht,fib rbltd<br />
eahj itvwbhlf dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc itvltu ufy[jhwbtkt,ekb cfrjycnbnewbj wdkbkt,t,bc<br />
itltufl& hjujhw fqbybiyt,f^ mdt.fyfib ltvjrhfnbekb bycnbnent,bc lfcecnt,fc<br />
cojhtl fv cfrjycnbnewbj wdkbkt,t,vf lfelj cfsfdt& @fv wdkbkt,t,bs lfbhqdf ltvjrhfnbekb<br />
lf cfvfhskt,hbdb cf[tkvobajc vjo.j,bc evsfdhtcb ghbywbgb _ [tkbceakt,bc<br />
lfyfobkt,f& lfhqdtdf^ >bhbsflfl^ bvfib ufvjb[fnf^ hjv itvwbhlf gfhkfvtynbc eakt,t,b lf<br />
vrdtshfl ufbpfhlf ghtpbltynbc eakt,t,b& hfw itt[t,f vsfdhj,fc^ hjvtkbw itbmvyf^<br />
hjujhw fqvfchekt,tkb [tkbceakt,bc ufyvf[jhwbtkt,tkb jhufyj^ fv cfrjycnbnewbj<br />
wdkbkt,t,bc itltufl^ afmnj,hbdfl^ fqvjxylf v[jkjl ghtpbltynbc lfv[vfht jhufyj lf<br />
fhf lfvjerblt,tkb fqvfchekt,tkb [tkbceakt,bc jhufyj& rjycnbnewbfib itnfybkb<br />
wdkbkt,t,bs vrdtshfl ufbpfhlf ghtpbltynbc eakt,fvjcbkt,t,b gfhkfvtynbc eakt,fvjcbkt,t,bc<br />
itvwbht,bcf lf htfkehfl se dbn.dbs^ ghtpbltynbcfsdbc gfce[bcvut,kj,bc<br />
xfvjwbkt,bc upbs#^ _ fqybiyfdc tmcgthnb df[nfyu [vfkf>t& 123<br />
vbcbdt smvbs^ ghtpbltynbc gfce[bcvut,kj,f ghtvbth-vbybcnhc rb fh uflfeyfobklf^<br />
121 @htpjyfycb#^ 12&|:::&2005<br />
122 @htpjyfycb#^ 12&|:::&2005<br />
123 @f[fkb sfj,f#^ 1&|:::&2005<br />
66
fhfvtl fv gbhj,t,ib ghtpbltync cfthsjl fhfathpt fqfh trbcht,f fhfyfbhb gfce[bcvut,kj,f^<br />
vsfdhj,f rb ufyntdt,bc dfwbc hjkib ufvjlbc& gfhkfvtynbc eakt,t,b bvltyfl<br />
itpqelekbf^ hjv cfrvfhbcbf^ cfrfyjyvlt,kj jhufyjv fh ufbpbfhjc ghtpbltynbc tcf se bc<br />
gjpbwbf lf ghtpbltync ite>kbf vbcb lfs[jdyf& ufvjlbc^ hjv fv cbnefwbfib gfhkfvtynb^<br />
hjujhw cfrfyjyvlt,kj [tkbceakt,bc lfvjerblt,tkb bycnbnenb ghfmnbrekfl fqfh<br />
fhct,j,c& fctsb bycnbnewbehb vjo.j,f mdt.fyfib fhfyfbhfl fh eo.j,c [tkc ltvjrhfnbbc<br />
ufydbsfht,fc& se ufdbsdfkbcobyt,s bvfc^ hjv mdt.fyfib fhw htfkehfl lfvjerblt,tkb<br />
cfcfvfhskj cbcntvf fh fhct,j,c lf fhw flubkj,hbdb sdbsvvfhsdtkj,f^ vlujvfhtj,f rbltd<br />
eahj cfdfkfkj [lt,f&<br />
hjujhw hbub tmcgthnt,b fqybiyfdty^ dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc itvltu bctsb dbsfht,f<br />
itbmvyf^ hjv mdt.fyfib vstkb >fkfeakt,f fvjxylf thsb gbhbc _ ghtpbltynbc [tkib& vfuhfv<br />
thsb gbhb vstk [tkbceakt,fc dthfcjltc dth ufcodlt,f lf bcbw erjynhjkjl uflflbc vbcb<br />
ufhtvjwdbc [tkib^ hjvtkcfw erjynhjkj,f >fkfeakt,bc sdbsyt,ehb ufvj.tyt,bcfrty e,b>ut,c&<br />
fvfc cbrtst fhfdbcsdbc fh vjenfybf& mdt.fyf cfcohfajl eylf lfe,heyltc bycnbnewbehb<br />
ltvjrhfnbbc ufydbsfht,bc upfc& lqtdfyltk dbsfht,fib fvbc ufrtst,f rb v[jkjl<br />
ghtpbltync ite>Kbf& mdt.fyfc rbltd ths[tk fh eylf lfderfhujs ltvjrhfnbekb ufydbsfht,bc<br />
ifycb& mdt.fyfib rb dbsfht,f bctsbf^ hjv fvfc fhw lbl[fyc itehbult,bfy lf fhw<br />
fhfdbc fgfnbt,ty&<br />
o rfyjybc eptyftcj,bc epheydtk.jaf _ ltvjrhfnbekb cf[tkvobajc<br />
vityt,kj,bc evybidytkjdfytcb fvjwfyf<br />
rfyjybc eptyftcj,f _ tc jhb cbn.df cfmfhsdtkjc .dtkf vjmfkfmtc vhfdfkupbc ufeujybf^<br />
hflufyfw cf,zjsf gthbjlblfy lfo.t,ekb^ cfmfhsdtkjc yt,bcvbthb [tkbceakt,f vbc<br />
thsuekt,fpt lt,c sfdc& fvfcsfy^ sfdbcb fcfrblfy ufvjvlbyfht^ hfw eahj [ibhfl ufeujybf<br />
tc cbn.dt,b^ vbs eahj crtgnbrehfl fhbc ufyo.j,bkb vbc vbvfhs& fhflf^ rfyjybc eptyftcj,bc<br />
htfkj,fl mwtdf mdt.ybc obyfit vlufhb ths-thsb evsfdhtcb fvjwfyff&<br />
cf,zjsf gthbjlbcfsdbc t&o& wherjycnbnewbjyfkbpvb b.j lfvf[fcbfst,tkb& rjycnbnewbbsf<br />
lf rfyjybs ,tdhb hfv b.j lfidt,ekb^ vfuhfv fvfdt lhjc .dtkfv bwjlf^ hjv fv<br />
eakt,bc htfkehb ufy[jhwbtkt,f ite>kt,tkb b.j& vfufkbsfl^ eakt,f /mjylf @fphbc<br />
sfdbceakfl ufvjsmvbcf#^ vfuhfv bcbw bwjlf^ hjv @fynbcf,zjehb vjmvtlt,bcfsdbc#<br />
lfbc]t,jlf& @fynbcf,zjehj,bc# lflutyf rb [tkbceakt,bc ghthjufnbdf b.j&<br />
cf,zjsf gthbjlblfy vjvlbyfhtj,c [tkbceakt,bc .jdkbcitv>Ktj,bc nhflbwbfw&<br />
[tkbceakt,f^ hjvtkbw [fk[bc vbth v[jkjl ajhvfkehfl b.j fhxtekb fh uh>yj,lf<br />
htfkeh gfce[bcvut,kj,fc [fk[bc obyfit& flfvbfyt,b [tkbceakt,bc o.fhj rb fhf^ mdtitdhljvt,b<br />
b.dyty^ hjvtksfw vjhxbkfl eylf vbtqjs [tkbceakt,bc uflfo.dtnbkt,t,b&<br />
[tkbceakt,f^ htfkehfl^ rfyjypt vfqkf bluf lf .jdtksdbc itt>Kj rfyjybc sfdbcsdbc<br />
cfcehdtkb bynthghtnbht,f^ fylf cfthsjl f[fkb rfyjybc vbqt,f&<br />
rfyjybc eptyftcj,f dthw lfvjerblt,kj,bc vjgjdt,bc gbhdtk fsoktekib^ fye<br />
itdfhlyf>Bc vvfhsdtkj,bc gthbjlib bmyf vbqotekb& [tkbceakt,fib^ afmnj,hbdfl^ bctd<br />
.jabkb rjveybcnehb yjvtyrkfnehf hxt,jlf^ hjvtkbw itxdtekb b.j @rfyjypt ptdbs#<br />
lujvfc& vbe[tlfdfl ltvjrhfnbekb ufyfw[flbcf^ cbcntvf bctd @Thsb rfwbc vvfhsdtkj,fpt#<br />
b.j fut,ekb& vsfdfhb itdfhlyf>t b.j^ cojhtl vfcpt b.j @ufvjzhbkb# 1995 otkc vbqt,ekb<br />
rjycnbnewbf^ vbc ufhitvj itbmvyf vvfhsdtkb gfhnbf _ vjmfkfmtsf rfdibhb^ cojhtl vbcb<br />
vjv[htt,bcfsdbc b.j epheydtk.jabkb evhfdktcj,f gfhkfvtynib fhxtdyt,bc @cfcehdtkb<br />
itltut,bs# lfvsfdht,bc upbs&<br />
itdfhlyf>t rfyjypt vfqkf bluf^ bctdt hjujhw @sfdbfysb [tkbceakt,bc afhukt,ib#<br />
rfyjypt vfqkf bluyty vbybcnht,b lf gfhkfvtynfht,b^ hjvtkbvt eo.t,bc xbyjdybrt,b se<br />
cjakbc ufvut,kt,b& w[flbf^ sbsjtekb uh>yj,lf ptvlujvbc egbhfntcj,fc^ [jkj se @at[b<br />
uflfe,heylt,jlf# vfc @rfyjybc vstkb cbvrfwhbs# lfc]blyty& tc cbcntvf v[jkjl<br />
cfmfhsdtkjcsdbc fh b.j lfvf[fcbfst,tkb^ fv cbcntvbs vhfdfkb gjcncf,zjsf mdt.fyf<br />
67
w[jdhj,c^ vfuhfv^ w[flbf^ fvbs fhfyfbhb @itqfdfsb# cfmfhsdtkjc vjmfkfmtt,c fh exylt,fs&<br />
rfyjybc eptyftcj,bc epheydtkcf.jafl^ fk,fs^ gbhdtk hbuib^ jhb hfvbc vbqotdff<br />
cfzbhj% rfyjyt,bc itvjmvtlb cfrfyjyvlt,kj jhufyjc hjkbcf lf fdnjhbntnbc fvfqkt,f<br />
mdt.ybc w[jdht,fib& cfrfyjyvlt,kj [tkbceakt,f eylf ljvbybht,ltc fqvfchekt,tk<br />
[tkbceakt,fpt lf vrfwhfl frjynhjkt,ltc vbqt,ekb rfyjyt,bc itchekt,fc& fctdt eylf<br />
epheydtk.jabkb bmytc cfcfvfhskj [tkbceakt,bc htfkehb lfvjerblt,kj,f<br />
[tkbceakt,bc c[df injt,bcfufy& cfvoe[fhjl^ jhbdt tc fvjwfyf uflfo.dtnbkb fhff dfhlt,bc<br />
htdjkewbbc itvlujv gthbjlibw&<br />
cfrfyjyvlt,kj [tkbceakt,fcsfy lfrfdibht,bs^ hbub tmcgthnt,bc fphbs^ vj[lf gbhbmbs<br />
_ dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc itvltu rjycnbnewbfib itnfybkvf wdkbkt,t,vf rbltd eahj<br />
lffcecnf gfhkfvtynbc hjkb mdt.ybc w[jdht,fib& bvfdt vbvfhsekt,bs @veifj,c#<br />
[tkbceakt,bc [tkib cfgfhkfvtynj evhfdktcj,bc fhct,j,fw& tc evhfdktcj,f^ hjvkbc<br />
vj[dtlhfw gfhkfvtynib ghtpbltyn cffrfidbkbc lfvcf[eht,ff^ w[flbf^ rhbnbrekfl dth<br />
bmyt,f ufyo.j,bkb fqvfchekt,tk [tkbceakt,fib v.jab @sfdbcbfyt,bc# vbvfhs lf hjujhw<br />
otcb^ qt,ekj,c bv uflfo.dtnbkt,t,c^ hfcfw cf[tkvobaj rfywtkfhbblfy itcsfdfpt,ty [jkvt&<br />
2005 okbc bdkbcib f[fkufphlf behbcnsf fcjwbfwbfv ufvjfmdt.yf vjyfwtvt,b^ se hjujh<br />
cheklt,f rfyjybs ufsdfkbcobyt,ekb vjs[jdyf byajhvfwbbc sfdbceakt,bc epheydtk-<br />
.jabc sfj,fpt& sbsjtekb cf]fhj lfotct,ekt,bc vbth cfmfhsdtkjc gfhkfvtynbcf lf<br />
ghtpbltynbcfsdbc .jdtkokbehb fyufhbit,bc ofhlutyff ufsdfkbcobyt,ekb& gbhdtkb^ hfw<br />
sdfkibcfwtvbf^ fhbc bc^ hjv cf]fhj lfotct,ekt,t,bc evhfdktcj,f eahj vtn gfce[bcvut,kj,fc<br />
uh>yj,c cfmfhsdtkjc ghtpbltynbc obyfit^ dblht evfqktcb cfrfyjyvlt,kj<br />
jhufyjc vbvfhs& ghtpbltync fyufhbit,b ofhelubyf lff[kjt,bs 106-vf^ [jkj gfhkfvtync _<br />
v[jkjl 20-vf flvbybcnhfwbekvf jhufyjv& fvfcsfy bcbw ybifylj,hbdbf^ hjv 2004 okbc<br />
,jkjcfsdbc mdt.fyfib vjmvtlb 14 cfvbybcnhjlfy v[jkjl cfvb ~knjkdbksf lf ufycf[kt,bc<br />
cfvbybcnhj* abyfycsf cfvbybcnhj* trjyjvbrehb ufydbsfht,bc cfvbybcnhj` lftvjhxbkf<br />
rfyjybc vjs[jdyt,c& 124<br />
hjujhw f[fkufphlf behbcnsf fcjwbfwbf vbesbst,c^ byajhvfwbbc sfdbceakt,bc fmnbc<br />
itchekt,bc itcf[t, fyufhbit,bc ofhlutybc [fcbfsb mdt.fyfib fhct,ekb cfufyufij<br />
ntyltywbt,bc fyfhtrkbf& hjltcfw fqvfchekt,tkb [tkbceakt,f gfhkfvtynbc obyfit fh<br />
vbbxytdc sfdc fyufhbidfklt,ekfl^ [jkj cfmfhsdtkjc gfhkfvtynb fvudfh lfvjrblt,ekt,fc<br />
fh fghjntcnt,c^ fv thsb it[tldbs evybidytkj afmnib rfhufl xfyc gfhkfvtynbc hjkbcf lf<br />
aeymwbbc lfrybyt,bc lqtdfyltkb ntyltywbf^ hfw bycnbnewbehb hqdtdbc vfeo.t,tkbf lf<br />
[tkc eikbc cf[tkvobajt,hbdb fqvityt,kj,bc fvjwfyt,bc uflfo.dtnfc&<br />
fctdt^ vbe[tlfdfl cfcfvfhskj [tkbceakt,fib vbvlbyfht ufyeo.dtntkb htajhvt,bcf^<br />
lqtc dthfdby bn.dbc^ hjv Mdt.fyfib fhct,j,c >Kbthb^ lfvjerblt,tkb cfcfvfhskj [tkbceakt,f^<br />
hjvtkbw uflfo.dtnbkt,fc vbbqt,c fhf @gjkbnbrehb rjybeymnehbc ufsdfkbcobyt,bs#^<br />
fhfvtl rfyjybc vjs[jdyt,bc itcf,fvbcfl& sevwf^ sfdfl rfyjybw^ [ibhfl ufybwlbc<br />
nhfycajhvbht,fc^ [tkbceakt,bc yt,f-cehdbkblfy ufvjvlbyfht& lqtc [tkbceakt,f mvybc<br />
rfyjyc^ sevwf fv rfyjybc vjhxbkt,f fhwse bidbfsfl rdkfd fdbo.lt,f [jkvt&<br />
o cf[tkvobajc vityt,kj,f vj[tktt,bcflvb wbdbkbpt,ek lfvjrblt,ekt,fc<br />
vjbs[jdc<br />
yt,bcvbthb cf[tkvobajc vityt,kj,f cfvj[tktj fgfhfnbc ajhvbht,fc vjbs[jdc& cojhtl<br />
vj[tktt,pt^ vfs rdfkbabrfwbfcf lf eyfhpt ,tdhflff lfvjrblt,ekb mdt.ybc ufydbsfht,f^ vbqotdt,b<br />
se ofhevfnt,kj,t,b& cfmfhsdtkjib rb cfvj[tktj rjhgecbc ajhvbht,fc cfsfyflj<br />
.ehflqt,f fh tmwtdf&<br />
dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc itvltu vjcekb [tkbceakt,bc cfrflhj gjkbnbrbc ths-thsb<br />
lfvf[fcbfst,tkb ybifyb sfyfvlt,j,bc gbht,bc [ibhb wdkf lf pju]th thsvfytsbc<br />
124 @htpjyfycb#^ 19&|::&2005<br />
68
cfdfh>kt,ib uflfyfwdkt,ff& cfrvfhbcbf cfvbybcnhjc fy hjvtkbvt eo.t,bc gbhdtkb gbhb<br />
itbwdfkjc^ hjv vbc flubkpt vbcekb .dtkf >dtk sfyfvihjvtkc^ kfvbc lfvkfut,kt,bc<br />
xfsdkbs^ ufyw[flt,t,c fothbyt,c ufysfdbceakt,bc itcf[t,& f[fkb gbhbc cehdbkbf^ hjv<br />
ufhitvj @gbhflfl thsuekb# rflht,b /.fdltc^ seylfw sfdbc obyf cfvcf[ehblfy<br />
uflvj.dfybkb& fyufhbib fh totdf bvfcfw^ hjv f[fk sfyfvlt,j,fpt vbcb .jayf itb>Kt,f<br />
[fyvjrkt fqvjxyltc lf cfrflhj rfhectkb [tkf[kf lfnhbfkltc& f[fkb [tkv>qdfytkj,bc<br />
vbth cfcehdtkb rflht,bc vb.dfybc ths-ths ufdhwtkt,ek upfl fqbmvt,f vjwtvekb eo.t,bc<br />
sfyfvihjvtksf ntcnbht,f lf ufvjwlt,bcf se ufcfe,ht,t,bc jhufybpt,f& w[flbf^<br />
sfyfvihjvtksf rdfkbabrfwbbc lf ghjatcbjyfkbpvbc ljyt itcfvjovt,tkbf^ vfuhfv fhf fctsb<br />
cb[ibhbs lf fhf fhfcfcehdtkb gbht,bc lfs[jdybc vbpybs&<br />
ufyf[kt,bc fewbkt,kj,fcsfy thsfl^ cfvj[tktj fgfhfnb cnf,bkehj,bs eylf<br />
cfhut,kj,ltc lf rfyjybc vjs[jdyt,bc itcf,fvbcfl veifj,bc itvs[dtdfib bvbc ufhfynbf eylf<br />
/mjyltc^ hjv ve.fbsj,bcsdbc lffobyfeht,ty lf rfhub veifj,bcsdbc cf,jkjjl rfhub<br />
gtycbbsfw bmyt,f epheydtk.jabkb& vj[tktsf fvudfhb lfwekj,f cf[tkvobaj fgfhfnbc<br />
ufvfhsek veifj,fc epheydtk.jac^ bctdt hjujhw rjheawbbc obyffqvltu vbvfhsekb<br />
vybidytkjdfyb pjvff&<br />
fv cfrbs[pt cthbjpek pheydfc cfmfhsdtkjc [tkbceakt,f v[jkjl f[kf bo.t,c& 2005<br />
okbc itvjlujvfpt gfhkfvtynvf f[fk rjltmcpt _ cf]fhj cfvcf[ehbc itcf[t, rjltmcpt<br />
lfbo.j veifj,f& fmfvlt cf]fhj cfvcf[ehbc aeymwbjybht,fc cfvb lfvjerblt,tkb rfyjyb<br />
fhtuekbht,lf _ rfyjyb cf]fhj cfvcf[ehbc itcf[t,* rfyjyb cf]fhj cfvcf[ehib bynthtcsf<br />
itesfdct,kj,bcf lf rjheawbbc itcf[t, lf ihjvbc rfyjysf rjltmcb& cf]fhj cfvcf[ehbc<br />
itcf[t, rjltmcbc vbqt,bc itvltu rb .dtkf yjhvf fv rjltmcib vjb.hbc sfdc _ lfo.t,ekb<br />
cfvcf[ehib vbqt,bc otcblfy lf lfvsfdht,ekb vfsb cfgtycbj epheydtk.jabc cfrbs[t,bs&<br />
cf]fhj cfvcf[ehbc rjltmcb dth bveifdt,c^ se gfhkfvtynb fh vbbqt,c rfyjyc<br />
sfyfvlt,j,hbdb hfyubht,bc itcf[t,& rfyjyghjtmnb vpfllt,f& ghjtmnbc fdnjhb gfhkfvtynfhb<br />
[fseyf ujujhbidbkbf& fv rfyjyvf eylf ufycfpqdhjc lf ufvb]yjc gjkbnbrehb lf<br />
fgjkbnbrehb sfyfvlt,j,t,b& 125 v[jkjl fv itvs[dtdfib bmyt,f epheydtk.jabkb cf]fhj<br />
cfvcf[ehbc tatmnehb^ cnf,bkehb veifj,f lf ghjatcbjyfk xbyjdybrsf lfwdf ufesfdt,tkb<br />
rfhectkt,bcfufy& fhxtdyt,bc upbs [tkbceakt,bc itwdkbcfc eylf bwdkt,jlyty v[jkjl<br />
gjkbnbreh sfyfvlt,j,t,pt v.jab gbht,b lf fh eylf bwdkt,jlyty fgjkbnbrehb<br />
sfyfvlt,j,bc gbht,b& fv rfyjybc vbqt,bc itvltu .dtkfc ufhrdtdbs twjlbyt,f^ dby eylf lfhxtc<br />
lf dby eylf ofdbltc cfvcf[ehblfy^ hjwf f[fkb [tkbceakt,f fy f[fkb [tkv>qdfytkb vjdf&<br />
sfyfvlt,j,t,pt lfhxt,bfy ghjatcbjyfkb vj[tktt,b^ [jkj sfyfvlt,j,t,c lfnjdt,ty bcbyb^<br />
dbyw fv cfvcf[ehib gjkbnbrfc ufycfpqdhfdlf& rfyjybc vb[tldbs^ pecnfl bmyt,f<br />
ufycfpqdhekb gjkbnbrehb sfyfvlt,j,bc gbht,b [tkbceakt,bc .dtkf injib^ bctdt hjujhw<br />
vfsb cf[tkafcj epheydtk.jabc cfrbs[t,b&<br />
cf]fhj vj[tktt,b cfv rfntujhbfl eylf lfb.jy _ cfvjmfkfmj^ cfv[tlhj lf<br />
lbgkjvfnbehb& vfsb lf.jabc vbptpb bcff^ hjv chekbfl c[dflfc[df gbhj,t,ib eotds<br />
veifj,f& itcf,fvbcfl^ vfs cek c[dflfc[df vjs[jdyt,b eylf oft.tyjs sfyfvlt,j,t,pt vbqt,bc<br />
lhjc lf ufyc[dfdt,ekb fyfpqfeht,f eylf /mjylts& rfyjyb lfodhbkt,bs ufycfpqdhfdc vfsb<br />
ihjvbc fyfpqfeht,bc otccfw&<br />
fv ghjtmnsfy lfrfdibht,bs evhfdktcj,fw lf jgjpbwbfw thsb fphbc fhbfy lf^<br />
cfdfhfeljl lblb ufy[tsmbkt,f vbcb gfhkfvtynib ufy[bkdbc lhjc fh bmyt,f& itcf,fvbcfl^<br />
cf]fhj cfvcf[ehbc itcf[t, rjltmcbc ufvjxtyfc fhwse ijhtek vjvfdfkib eylf vjdtkjlts&<br />
125 @fkbf#^ 2-3&|:::&2005<br />
69
sfdb :\& cfmfhsdtkj lf cfthsfijhbcj ltvjrhfnbekb<br />
cnfylfhnt,b<br />
o tdhjcf,zj ltvjrhfnbekb ufydbsfht,bc upbcrty vbudbsbst,c<br />
hfvltyfl cojhfl lf vbpfyvbvfhsekfl vblbc cfmfhsdtkj ltvjrhfnbbc lfvrdblht,bc<br />
upbs( mdt.ybcsdbc evybidytkjdfytc fv rbs[dfpt gfce[bc ufwtvf bjkb hjlbf& [tkbceakt,f<br />
fvnrbwt,c^ hjv .dtkfathb rfhufl vblbc lf dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc itvltu cfmfhsdtkj<br />
cfybveij ltvjrhfnbekb mdt.fyf [lt,f^ jgjpbwbf rb lblb [fybf ufyufic nt[c lf fw[flt,c^<br />
hjv cfmfhsdtkj fdnjhbnfhbpvbcrty vbtmfyt,f& fhct,ek dbsfht,fib ufcfhrdtdfl ths-thsb<br />
.dtkfpt j,btmnehb^ fk,fs^ bctsb fdnjhbntnekb jhufybpfwbbc itafct,f bmyt,f^ hjujhbw<br />
tdhjcf,zjf& fqybiyekb jhufybpfwbbc lfvrdbhdt,kt,b rb vbqotdt,ptw cfe,hj,ty lf vhfdkfl<br />
fhct,ek ghj,ktvt,ptw& bcbw w[flbf^ hjv itcf,fvbcb cf[tkbceakj yt,bc fhct,j,bc itvs[dtdfib^<br />
ltvjrhfnbbc tdhjgek cnfylfhnt,sfy itcf,fvbcj,bc sfj,fpt ufxtybkb pjubthsb<br />
rbs[dbc uflfo.dtnf lbl >Fkbc[vtdfc fh vjbs[jdc&<br />
2005 okbc 15 ltrtv,thc ,hbectkib tdhjcf,zjc cfgfhkfvtynj fcfv,ktfpt ofhvjlutybkb<br />
b.j tdhjcf,zjc lfvrdbhdt,tksf ]ueabc vj[ctyt,f cfmfhsdtkjpt^ hjvtkbw vfstfc bjhivf lf<br />
tdutyb rbhbkjdvf uffrtstc& 126 17 ltrtv,thc rb tdhjgbc cf,zjc cfgfhkfvtynj fcfv,ktbc<br />
htpjkewbbc ghjtmnb ufvjmdt.ylf^ hjvtkbw 2006 okbc bfydfhib vbbqtc& fqcfybiyfdbf^ hjv<br />
htpjkewbbc ghjtmnbc itcf[t, mfhsekb vtlbbcfsdbc jgjpbwbfib v.jab rjycthdfnbekb<br />
gfhnbbcfufy uf[lf wyj,bkb& 127<br />
tdhjcf,zjc cfgfhkfvtynj fcfv,ktbc vj[ctyt,fib lf itcf,fvbcfl^ htpjkewbbc ghjtmnib<br />
fqybiyekb b.j^ hjv cfmfhsdtkjv ufhrdtekb dfklt,ekt,t,b erdt itfchekf^ [jkj pjuflfl<br />
afhsjvfcinf,bfyb lf uh>tkdflbfyb htajhvt,b cojhb vbvfhsekt,bs vbvlbyfhtj,c& vj[ctyt,bc<br />
sfyf[vfl^ cfmfhsdtkjc [tkbceakt,f bvbc ltvjycnhbht,fc fuh>tkt,c^ hjv ltvjrhfnbekb<br />
tdhjgekb cf[tkvobajc fityt,fc fgbht,c& vj[ctyt,bc vb[tldbs^ cfmfhsdtkjv tdhjcf,zjc<br />
obyfit yfrbchb dfklt,ekt,t,blfy v[jkjl jhb itfchekf^ thsb lhjekfl^ vtjht rb vwbht<br />
lfudbfyt,bs& 22 fudbcnjc cfmfhsdtkjc gfhkfvtynvf tdhjgbc cjwbfkehb mfhnbbc hfnbabwbht,f<br />
vjf[lbyf^ [jkj thjdyekb evwbhtcj,t,bc lfwdbc xfhxj rjydtywbf vwbhtjltyb lfudbfyt,bsff<br />
vbqt,ekb& @ofhvfnt,t,b ufhrdtek cfrfyjyvlt,kj wdkbkt,t,sfy lfrfdibht,bs lf<br />
vfs lff[kjt,fib tdhjgek cnfylfhnt,sfy vfbyw vbqotekbf#^ _ yfsmdfvbf vj[ctyt,fib& 128<br />
rjheawbfcsfy ,h>jkf lf gjkbwbbc htajhvf tdhjcf,zjc vjojyt,fc bvcf[eht,c& vj[-<br />
ctyt,fib bcbw fqybiyekbf^ hjv mdt.fyfib trjyjvbrehb ufev]j,tct,f lf vjcf[ktj,bc<br />
w[jdht,bc ljybc fvfqkt,f itbybiyt,f& fvfcsfyfdt uflfluvekbf cfrvfjl ofhvfnt,ekb<br />
yf,b]t,b cfcfvfhskj cbcntvbc hfwbjyfkbpfwbfib^ lfrfdt,eksf eakt,t,bc lfwdfib^ ofvt,bc<br />
obyffqvltu ,h>Jkfib^ gfnbvfhsf vlujvfhtj,bc ufev]j,tct,fib&<br />
ufhlf ofhvfnt,t,bc lfabmcbht,bcf^ tdhjcf,zj htpjkewbbc ghjtmnib .ehflqt,fc rdkfd<br />
bv cfrbs[t,pt fvf[dbkt,c^ hjvkbc ufvjcojht,bcrtyfw cfmfhsdtkjc [tkbceakt,fc erdt lblb<br />
[fybf vjeojlt,c& tdhjcf,zjc cfgfhkfvtynj fcfv,ktbc vj[ctyt,fib vjrktlff xfvj.fkb,t,ekb<br />
bc evsfdhtcb ghj,ktvf^ hfw lqtc fath[t,c mdt.ybc ltvjrhfnbbcfrty obycdkfc lf<br />
hfvfw itb>Kt,f tzdmdtifw lff.tyjc vbvlbyfht ltvjrhfnbekb htajhvt,bc ,tlb& @cfmfhsdtkjc<br />
cf[tkbceakj cbcntvfib fh fhbc lfwekb ,fkfycb^ jgjpbwbf fhbc >fkbfy cecnb lf<br />
fh ufyb[bkt,f^ hjujhw [tkbceakt,bc fknthyfnbdf& htajhvt,b rb thsyfbhb fphjdyt,bc<br />
vmjyt ofv.dfyb gjkbnbrjct,bc dbohj ohbc vbth nfhlt,f lf fhf cfpjufljt,bc eahj afhsj<br />
atyt,bc vbth#& 129<br />
126 @htpjyfycb#^ 16&\::&2005<br />
127 @htpjyfycb#^ 19&\::&2005<br />
128 @htpjyfycb#^ 16&\::&2005<br />
129 @htpjyfycb#^ 16&\::&2005<br />
70
htpjkewbbc ghjtmnib itechekt,tkb dfklt,ekt,t,bcf lf fewbkt,kfl uflfcfluvtkb<br />
yf,b]t,bc dhwtkb yec[ff ufvjmdt.yt,ekb& tdhjcf,zj rdkfd vbesbst,c^ hjv >kbthb cfvsfdhj,j<br />
cbcntvf fh fhbc ufojyfcojht,ekb [tkbceakt,bc lfyfobkt,bc vjltkbs& fct hjv^<br />
bc htrjvtylfwbt,b^ hjvtkbw cfmfhsdtkjc [tkbceakt,fc obyf htpjkewbfib vbtwf^ rdkfdfw<br />
>fkfibf&<br />
tdhjcf,zj bs[jdc^ hjv ltvjrhfnbekb bycnbnent,bc AEYMWBJYBHt,fcsfy lfrfdibht,bs<br />
uflfbcby]jc 2004 okbc st,thdkbc rjycnbnewbbc wdkbkt,t,b& fv v[hbd^ v[tldtkj,fib eylf<br />
bmytc vbqt,ekb dtytwbbc rjvbcbbc vjcfpht,t,b^ ufycfresht,bs rb bv yfobkib^ hjvtkbw<br />
ghtpbltynbc >fkfeakt,fc t[t,f& 130<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc [tkbceakt,fc tdhjgbc cf,zj vjeojlt,c^ epheydtk.jc 2006 okbc<br />
jmnjv,hbc flubkj,hbdb fhxtdyt,bc cfvfhskbfy lf sfdbceafk gbhj,t,ib xfnfht,f^ hfw<br />
vsfdfhbf^ vjbs[jdc^ hjv fhxtdyt,b tdhjgbc cf,zjc cnfylfhnt,sfy chek itcf,fvbcj,fib<br />
ofhbvfhsjc lf fvbcfsdbc obyfcofhdt lfbo.jc cffhxtdyj cbt,pt pheydf& tdhjcf,zj bs[jdc^<br />
hjv [tkbceakt,fv ufbsdfkbcobyjc dtytwbbc rjvbcbbc lfcrdyf s,bkbcbc cfrht,ekjcf lf<br />
vthbc fhxtdbsj,fcsfy lfrfdibht,bs& 131<br />
hfw itt[t,f vjvfdfk cfgfhkfvtynj fhxtdyt,c^ tdhjcf,zj bs[jdc cffhxtdyj ,fhbthbc 7-<br />
lfy 5 ghjwtynfvlt vfbyw itvwbht,fc& fuhtsdt^ tdhjcf,zjc htrjvtylfwbff .dtkf ljybc<br />
cffhxtdyj rjvbcbt,bc aeymwbjybht,bc gfhnbekb ptufdktybcfufy lfvjerblt,kfl epheydtk.jaf&<br />
tdhjcf,zjc cfgfhkfvtynj fcfv,ktf fdnjyjvbt,ptw cfe,hj,c lf [tkbceakt,fc bctsb<br />
cfvfhskt,hbdb pjvt,bc fewbkt,tk vbqt,fc ehxtdc^ hbsfw fzfhbc cnfnecb fa[fptsbcf lf<br />
@cfv[hts jctsbcfsdbc# cfmfhsdtkjc behbclbmwbfib lf,heyt,bc cnbvekb uf[lt,f&<br />
ths-thsb htrjvtylfwbf cfcfvfhskj cbcntvfc t[t,f _ tdhjgf cfmfhsdtkjc<br />
[tkbceakt,fc vjeojlt,c^ cfcfvfhskjib fhct,ekb cbcntvf chekbfl ufvzdbhdfkt lf<br />
ltvjrhfnbekb cbcntvbs itwdfkjc&<br />
tdhjcf,zj sehm-vtc[t,cfw fh bdbo.t,c lf cfmfhsdtkjc [tkbceakt,fc fvfcsfy<br />
lfrfdibht,bs itcf,fvbcb cfrfyjyvlt,kj ,fpbc vbqt,bc lfxmfht,fc vjeojlt,c& fmdt tdhjgbc<br />
cf,zj rbltd ths cfvfhskt,hbdb ,fpbc itmvyfpt cfe,hj,c lf [tkbceakt,fc 1990-1994<br />
okt,bc rjyakbmnt,bc itltufl lfpfhfkt,eksfsdbc htcnbnewbbc rfyjybc cfcohfajl<br />
vbqt,fc ehxtdc&<br />
f[kf cfmfhsdtkjc [tkbceakt,fptf lfvjrblt,ekb^ ufbsdfkbcobyt,c se fhf tdhjcf,zjc<br />
vbth erdt vhfdfkupbc ufvjsmvek htrjvtylfwbt,c& dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc itvltu erdt jh<br />
otkboflpt vtnbf ufcekb lf hfw eahj vtnb lhj ufdf^ vbs eahj vtnb eylf b.jc vbqotdt,b&<br />
pjuflb lfgbht,t,b bvbc sfj,fpt^ hjv wdkbkt,t,b vjvfdfkib ufy[jhwbtklt,f^ isfv,tzlfdfl<br />
erdt fqfh ufvjb.eht,f&<br />
o tdhjgbc cf,zj vtn ltvjrhfnbfc vjbs[jdc<br />
dhjcf,zjc cfgfhkfvtynj fcfv,ktbc c[ljvfpt cfmfhsdtkjc cfrbs[c 2006 okbc 24-27<br />
bfydhbc ufyvfdkj,fib b[bkfdlyty& tdhjgbc cf,zjc cfgfhkfvtynj fcfv,ktfv lflt,bsfl<br />
itfafcf cfmfhsdtkjc [tkbceakt,bc thsb okbc veifj,bc itltut,b lf htpjkewbfc<br />
tdhjcf,zjc 60 ltgenfnblfy 56-vf lfezbhf v[fhb&<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc itcf[t, vj[ctyt,f^ vjvpflt,ekbf vfstfc bjhibc ~eyuhtsb^ kb,thfksf lf<br />
ltvjrhfnsf fkbfycb tdhjgbcfsdbc` lf tdutyb rbhbkjdbc ~,ekufhtsb^ cjwbfkbcnsf ]ueab`<br />
vbth& jhbdt vfsufyb cfrvfjl rfhufl bwyj,c cfmfhsdtkjc^ hflufyfw dfhlt,bc htdjkewbfvltw<br />
fofhvjt,lyty mdt.ybc vjybnjhbyuc& vj[ctyt,t,ib ufvjsmvek rhbnbrek<br />
itybidyt,c .jdtksdbc [fkbcbs bidtkbt,c [jkvt jgjpbwbf& sevwf^ vbqt,ek htpjkewbt,ib<br />
.jdtksdbc fqybiyekbf^ hjv cfmfhsdtkj ltvjrhfnbbc vbvfhsekt,bs dbsfhlt,f&<br />
130 @f[fkb dthcbf#^ 19-25&\::&2005<br />
131 @htpjyfycb#^ 19&\::&2005<br />
71
vjybnjhbyubc ]ueabc vbth vjvpflt,ek vj[ctyt,fib [fpufcvekbf^ hjv cfmfhsdtkjib<br />
gjcnhtdjkewbehb tbajhbf ghfuvfnbpvvf itwdfkf lf afhsjvfcinf,bfyb lf uh>tkdflbfyb<br />
htajhvt,b cojhb upbs vbvlbyfhtj,c& @cfmfhsdtkj lffluf cojh upfc^ sevwf^ oby rbltd<br />
vhfdfkb ufvjodtdff& cfmfhsdtkjc vbth vbqotekb ofhvfnt,t,b itb>kt,f itafcltc^ hjujhw<br />
pjuflfl bvtlbc vjvwtvb^ vfuhfv tc ]th rbltd cfo.bcb yf,b]t,bf tdhjgbc cf,zjc obyfit yfrbchb<br />
dfklt,ekt,t,bc itchekt,fcsfy lfrfdibht,bs#^ _ fqybiyekbf vjybnjhbyubc rjvbntnbc<br />
vbth vbqt,ek f[fk vj[ctyt,fib& 132<br />
fvfdt lhjc^ fdnjhsf fphbs^ cfmfhsdtkjcsdbc lblb ufvjodtdt,b ]th rbltd obyff& fv<br />
v[hbd^ ufycfresht,bs ufvj.jabkbf itvltub cathjt,b%<br />
_ v.fhb ltvjrhfnbekb bycnbnent,bc vityt,kj,f*<br />
_ rjheawbbc obyffqvltu ,h>jkf*<br />
_ cfcfvfhskj cbcntvbc htajhvbht,f*<br />
_ flubkj,hbdb sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc htajhvf&<br />
tdhjgbc cf,zjc rhbnbrek gfsjcc rb cfmfhsdtkjc [tkbceakt,bc vbth >dtkb<br />
htrjvtylfwbt,bc itechekt,kj,f ufyfgbhj,t,c& 133 tc htrjvtylfwbt,b okblfy okfvlt<br />
vtjhlt,f^ vfuhfv cfmfhsdtkjc [tkbceakt,f vfs itchekt,fc^ hjujhw xfyc^ fh fgbht,c& fv<br />
htrjvtylfwbt,bc itechekt,kj,f tdhjcf,zjc tmcgthnt,ib ufrdbhdt,fc lf ufqbpbfyt,fc<br />
bodtdc^ hflufyfw htrjvtylfwbt,b tvcf[eht,f ltvjrhfnbbc lfvrdblht,bc cfmvtc^ dfhlt,bc<br />
htdjkewbf rb cojhtl ltvjrhfnbekb bltfkt,bc ufy[jhwbtkt,bc kjpeyubs vj[lf&<br />
@dfhlt,bc htdjkewbblfy jhb okbc itvltu^ lhjf^ [tkbceakt,fv fqsmvekb lfgbht,t,bc<br />
itchekt,f lfbo.jc#^ _ lff[kjt,bs fctsbf tdhjgbc cf,zjc vbth vjvpflt,ekb htpjkewbbc<br />
gfsjcb& 134<br />
tdhjgbc cf,zj dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc itvltu vjcekb [tkbceakt,bcfufy rb erdt vtjht<br />
otkbf bs[jdc hfvltybvt wdkbkt,bc ufy[jhwbtkt,fc^ hfw [tkc iteo.j,lf ltvjrhfnbbc<br />
ufydbsfht,fc cfmfhsdtkjib%<br />
_ tdhjcf,zjc fh vjcojyc 2004 okbc st,thdfkib cfmfhsdtkjc rjycnbnewbfib<br />
itnfybkb wdkbkt,t,b^ hbc itltuflfw vrdtshfl lfbhqdf [tkbceakt,bc lfyfobkt,bc<br />
cbcntvf ~@xtmty ,fkfycb#`& ghtpbltynbc >fkfeakt,f ufbpfhlf^ [jkj gfhkfvtynb lfcecnlf&<br />
[tkbceakt,f fh fhbc lf,fkfyct,ekb fctdt >kbthb jgjpbwbehb >fkt,bsf lf ufydbsfht,ekb<br />
cfvjmfkfmj cfpjufljt,bs& ]th]thj,bs fh butuvt,f rjycnbnewbbc uflf[tldf<br />
[tkbceakt,bc lfyfobkt,bc cbcntvbc ufcfev]j,tct,kfl&<br />
_ jgjpbwbbc uf>kbtht,bc [tkitcfo.j,fl^ tdhjgbc cf,zj rdkfd b>ktdf htrjvtylfwbfc^<br />
hjv vjvfdfk cfgfhkfvtynj fhxtdyt,fvlt 7)-bfyb ,fhbthb 5)-vlt vfbyw itvwbhltc& bcbw<br />
wyj,bkbf^ hjv cfmfhsdtkjc [tkbceakt,f ,fhbthbc itvwbht,fc fh fgbht,c& cfgfhkfvtynj<br />
evhfdktcj,bc ofhvjvflutykt,b vbesbst,ty^ hjv cfresfhb htbnbyubc fvfqkt,fpt jgjpbwbfv<br />
sfdfl eylf bpheyjc lf fvbcfsdbc cf[tkbceakj >fkt,b dthfathc uffrtst,ty& eahj vtnbw^<br />
jgjpbwbfc ufthsbfyt,bcf lf uf>kbtht,bcfrty cojhtl vfqfkvf cffhxtdyj ,fhbthvf eylf<br />
eidtkjc&<br />
_ epheydtk.jabkb eylf b.jc .dtkf ljybc cffhxtdyj rjvbcbt,bc aeymwbjybht,f<br />
gfhnbekb ptufdktybcfufy lfvjerblt,kfl&<br />
_cfmfhsdtkjc [tkbceakt,fc vjeojlt,ty vbvlbyfht otkc lfutuvbkb flubkj,hbdb<br />
sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc fhxtdyt,b xffnfhjc cfvfhskbfy lf sfdbceafk gbhj,t,ib^ tdhjgbc<br />
cf,zjc cnfylfhnt,sfy itcf,fvbcj,fib& htpjkewbbc cfveifj dfhbfynib fqybiyekbf^ hjv<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc [tkbceakt,fv eylf ufbsdfkbcobyjc dtytwbbc rjvbcbbc lfcrdyf s,bkbcbc<br />
cfrht,ekjc lf vthbc fhxtdyt,sfy lfrfdibht,bs&<br />
_ cfcfvfhskj [tkbceakt,bc uf>kbtht,f& fctdt epheydtk.jabkb eylf b.jc<br />
132 @htpjyfycb#^ 16&:&2006<br />
133 obyf htpjkewbbc 4 htrjvtylfwbblfy 2 itchekt,ekbf^ [jkj 2 fh itchekt,ekf& tcff cfgfhkfvtynj<br />
fhxtdyt,pt 7)-bfyb ,fhbthbc 5)-vlt lfotdf lf fzfhbc cnfnecbc uflf[tldf dtytwbbc rjvbcbbc lfcrdybc<br />
cfae>dtkpt& tdhjgbc cf,zjv tc htrjvtylfwbt,b >fkfib lfnjdf^ cfmfhsdtkjc [tkbceakt,fc rb<br />
fv cfrbs[t,sfy lfrfdibht,bs v.fhb gjpbwbt,b fmdc lf tdhjgbc cf,zjc htrjvtylfwbfc fh tsfy[vt,f&<br />
134 @htpjyfycb#^ 16&:&2006<br />
72
@vjcfvfhsktsf itwdkbc chekbfl ufvzdbhdfkt lf ltvjrhfnbekb cbcntvf#&<br />
ptvjsmvekb lf c[df vcufdcb htrjvtylfwbt,b vbpyfl bcf[fdc cfmfhsdtkjc ltvjrhfnbbc<br />
upfpt sfyvbvltdhekb obycdkbc epheydtk.jafc& .jdtkb itath[t,f fv vbvfhsekt,bs<br />
efh.jabsfl vjmvtlt,c cfmfhsdtkjc bvb]pt& dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc itvltu cfmfhsdtkjc<br />
ite>kbf uf[ltc ltvjrhfnbbc lfvrdblht,bc kblthb gjcncf,zjsf cbdhwtib^ vfuhfv fvbcfsdbc<br />
fewbkt,tkbf tdhjcf,zjc ptvjs fqybiyekb htrjvtylfwbt,bc ufsdfkbcobyt,f& fvbcfsdbc rb<br />
v[jkjl itcf,fvbcb gjkbnbrehb yt,bc ufvjxtyff cfzbhj&<br />
hfw itt[t,f fzfhbc cnfnecc^ tdhjgfib tzdb exylt,fs^ hjv fv fdnjyjvbbc eakt,t,bc<br />
itpqeldf [jv fh fibyt,c fa[fptscf lf cfv[hts jctsc lf tc [jv fh fhbc lf,hrjkt,f<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc ghtpbltynbc vbth thsb okbc erfy fcfv,ktbc c[ljvfpt ufvjsmvek cfvidblj,j<br />
bybwbfnbdbc vbqt,fcsfy lfrfdibht,bs&<br />
w[flbf^ cj[evbcf lf w[bydfkbc ctgfhfnbcnekb ht;bvt,bcfsdbc @fzfhbc vfufkbsbs#<br />
fgtkbht,f v[jkjl cbn.dbc vfcfkff lf bcbyb cnfnecsfy lfrfdibht,bs cthbjpekb<br />
vjkfgfhfrt,t,bc ufvfhsdfc fh fgbht,ty& cfmfhsdtkjc [tkbceakt,f fzfhbc cnfnecbc<br />
uflf[tldfcfw fh fgbht,c^ [tkbceakt,bc ofhvjvflutykt,b fw[flt,ty^ hjv tc fhfyfbhfl fh<br />
eikbc [tkc ctgfhfnbcnekb htubjyt,bc ghj,ktvbc uflfo.dtnfc&@cfmfhsdtkjc [tkbceakt,f<br />
fa[fptsc csfdfpj,c eahj vfqfk fdnjyjvbfc cojhtl bvbc ufvj^ hjv bm fzfhfcsfy<br />
itlfht,bs tsybrehb ufyc[dfdt,ff& itcf,fvbcfl^ vfsb yfwbjyfkeh-tsybrehb lfwdbc<br />
ufhfynbt,b eahj vfqfkb eylf b.jc^ dblht fzfhbc vjcf[ktj,bc#^ _ fqybiyfdc gfhkfvtynbc<br />
cfufhtj ehsbthsj,fsf rjvbntnbc sfdv]ljvfht rjnt uf,fidbkb& 135<br />
vjybnjhbyubc rjvbntnbc vj[ctyt,fib cfmfhsdtkjc [tkbceakt,bc vbth ofhvjlutybkb<br />
fhuevtynt,b^ hjvtkbw htrjvtylfwbt,bc itechekt,kj,fc t[t,jlf^ fh ufbpbfhtc&<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc [tkbceakt,f fv htrjvtylfwbt,bc itechekt,kj,fib cfufyufijc dthfathc<br />
[tlfdc lf fh vbfxybf^ hjv fvfc hfbvt ufhsekt,f vj/.dt,f fv jhufybpfwbfcsfy ehsbthsj,fib&<br />
jgjpbwbfc rb fv cfrbs[pt chekbfl cfgbhbcgbhj vjcfpht,f fmdc& @htrjvtylfwbt,bc<br />
ufsdfkbcobyt,f fewbkt,tkbf^ hfsf cfmfhsdtkj chekafcjdfyb ltvjrhfnbekb mdt.fyf<br />
uf[ltc& sfdbcsfdfl bc afmnb^ hjv bcbyb hfvltybvt otkbf vtjhlt,f lf vfc cfmfhsdtkjc<br />
[tkbceakt,f fh fchekt,c^ crfylfkehbf#^ _ fqybiyfdc rjycthdfnjhb rf[f rerfdf& 136<br />
vbe[tlfdfl rhbnbrbcf^ jgjpbwbbc ofhvjvflutykt,b fqbfht,ty^ hjv htrjvtylfwbt,bc<br />
itechekt,kj,f tdhjgbc cf,zjib cfmfhsdtkjcsdbc [vbc eakt,bc xfvjhsvtdbc fy ufhbw[dbc<br />
cfae>dtkb fh uf[lt,f^ vfuhfv sdkbfy hjv fvbs mdt.ybc ghtcnb;c cthbjpekb lfhn.vf flut,f&<br />
ktdfy ,th>tybidbkb vbesbst,c^ hjv htrjvtylfwbt,bc itechekt,kj,bc itvs[dtdfib^<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc rdkfd vjybnjhbyubc mdti lfnjdt,ty^ fye fh vbbxytdty chekafcjdfy<br />
ltvjrhfnbek mdt.yfl^ fcts mdt.fyfc rb fhw yfnjib vbbqt,ty lf fhw tdhjrfdibhib& @fvbc<br />
vfufkbst,b vhfdkfl fhct,j,c^ fh ufyb[bkfdty bctsb mdt.yt,bc ufotdhbfyt,fc^ hjvtksf<br />
itvjovt,fw vbvlbyfhtj,c& vfufkbsfl^ sehmtsc dblht fh vjt[cyf vjybnjhbyub^ tdhjrfdibhvf<br />
vfcsfy vjkfgfhfrt,fw rb fh lfbo.j#^ _ fqybiyfdc ktdfy ,th>tybidbkb& 137<br />
o ltvjrhfnbekb cnfylfhnb lf flfvbfybc eakt,fsf lfwdf cfmfhsdtkjib<br />
flfvbfybc eakt,fsf lfwdbc stvfpt .jdtksdbc w[fht lbcrecbf vbvlbyfhtj,c<br />
cfmfhsdtkjib& lfvjerblt,kj,bc 15 okbc vfy>bkpt .jdtkb [tkbceakt,f bhoveyt,jlf^ hjv<br />
fv v[hbd .dtkfathb hbuptf^ jgjpbwbf rb cfobyffqvltujc fvnrbwt,lf& otcbs^ dfhlt,bc<br />
htdjkewbbc itvltu vjcek [tkbceakt,fc ,jkj eylf vjtqj flfvbfybc eakt,fsf<br />
lfhqdtdbc afmnt,bcfsdbc^ vfuhfv [tkbceakt,bc rhbnbrf fv vbvfhsekt,bs rdkfdfw<br />
uh>tklt,f& fv wjnf [ybc oby flfvbfybc eakt,fsf lfvwdtkvf cfthsfijhbcj jhufybpfwbfv<br />
@Human Rights Watch#-vf ufvjfmdt.yf nhflbwbekb okbehb vj[ctyt,f^ hjvtkibw<br />
135 @htpjyfycb#^ 28&:&2006<br />
136 @htpjyfycb#^ 28&:&2006<br />
137 @htpjyfycb#^ 30&:&2006<br />
73
lf[fcbfst,ekbf cfmfhsdtkjib fhct,ekb vlujvfhtj,fw&<br />
cfmfhsdtkj^ w[flbf^ ,tkjhecbf fy sehmvtytsb fh fhbc lf ltvjrhfnbbc upfpt<br />
vjgjdt,ek ofhvfnt,t,pt fhfdby lfdj,c^ vfuhfv @Human Rights Watch#-c fh ufvjhxtybf<br />
mdt.fyfib fhct,ekb ghj,ktvt,b flfvbfybc eakt,fsf lfwdbc sdfkcfphbcbs& vfs<br />
[tkbceakt,fv cthbjpekb .ehflqt,f eylf vbfmwbjc^ hflufyfw fdnjhbntnekb<br />
cfthsfijhbcj jhufybpfwbbc vbth fctsb itybidyt,bc lfabmcbht,f pbfyc f.tyt,c cfmfhsdtkjc<br />
bvb]c^ hjvtkcfw dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc itvltu ltvjrhfnbpfwbbc cfybveij vfufkbsbc hjkbc<br />
itchekt,fw eotdc& ufhlf fvbcf^ fqybiyekb itybidyt,bc lf>ktdbc ufhtit >fkptl >ytkb<br />
bmyt,f tdhjbyntuhfwbbc ghjwtcbc cohfafl ufydbsfht,fpt abmhb&<br />
vj[ctyt,fib yfsmdfvbf^ hjv 2003 okbc dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc itvltu [tkbceakt,bc<br />
cfsfdtib vjcek vb[tbk cffrfidbkbc vvfhsdtkj,bcsdbc lfvf[fcbfst,tkbf flfvbfybc<br />
eakt,fsf lfwdbcflvb fhfsfyvbvltdhekb lfvjrblt,ekt,f& vfufkbsfl^ @Human Rights<br />
Watch#-bc vj[ctyt,fib cfe,fhbf cfmfhsdtkjib htkbubehb sfdbceakt,bc htfkehfl<br />
epheydtk.jafpt& fvfdt lhjc^ ufvjsmvekbf vrfwhb itybidyt,b c[df cfrbs[t,sfy<br />
lfrfdibht,bs&<br />
gbhdtk hbuib^ fqcfybiyfdbf @Human Rights Watch#-bc 2005 okbc fyufhbiib<br />
cfmfhsdtkjib vbvlbyfht htajhvt,bc lf[fcbfst,f^ hfcfw^ jhufybpfwbbc fphbs^ vjcltdc<br />
flfvbfybc eakt,fsf lfhqdtdbc afmnt,bc ityfhxeyt,fw& @cfmfhsdtkjc vsfdhj,bc fv,bwbehb<br />
htajhvt,bc gfrtnc v[fhc ezthc cfthsfijhbcj cfpjufljt,f& sevwf^ [ibhfl htajhvt,b<br />
yfxmfhtdfl [jhwbtklt,f _ afhsj lf qbf rjyceknfwbt,bc^ fctdt ltnfkehb ufsdkt,bc<br />
ufhtit^ hbc ufhtitw ite>kt,tkbf flfvbfybc eakt,fsf lfwdbc cathjib fhct,ek^ qhvfl<br />
atcdufluvek ghj,ktvt,sfy ,h>Jkf& cojhtl fvbc itltufl itb>kt,f vbdbxybjs^ hjv ,tdh<br />
cathjib ]th rbltd ityfhxeyt,ekbf lfhqdtdt,bc bc ghfmnbrf^ hjvtkbw ]th rbltd >dtkb<br />
[tkbceakt,bc lhjc b.j#^ _ yfsmdfvbf fyufhbiib& 138 [tkbceakt,bc fvudfhb gjkbnbrbc ufvj^<br />
htajhvt,b [ibhfl fhffltrdfneh itltut,c b>ktdf& vfufkbsfl fyufhbiib lfcf[tkt,ekbf<br />
2004 okbc st,thdfkib rjycnbnewbfib itnfybkb wdkbkt,t,b^ hbc itltuflfw cfcfvfhskjpt<br />
vrdtshfl ufbpfhlf ghtpbltynbc ptufdktyf& fyufhbiib vbsbst,ekbf^ hjv @fh fhbc rfhufl<br />
ufvjrdtsbkb bc rhbnthbevt,bw^ hjvtksf vb[tldbs becnbwbbc evfqktcb cf,zj<br />
vjcfvfhsktt,c sfyfvlt,j,blfy fsfdbceakt,ty#&<br />
fyufhbiib cthbjpekb .ehflqt,f vtlbbc itpqeldbc ntyltywbfc tsvj,f& @Human Rights<br />
Watch#-b fqybiyfdc^ hjv rfyjyvlt,kj,f ghtcbc sfdbceakt,bc itcf[t, lfb[dtof lf<br />
lfhtuekbhlf^ sevwf^ vtjs[t [tkbceakt,f yfrkt,fl rhbnbrekbf^ dblht itdfhlyf>bc<br />
ghtpbltynj,bc lhjc& @;ehyfk-ufptst,b [tkbceakt,bc oyt[bcufy itlfht,bs sfdbceafkyb<br />
fhbfy^ hfw itt[t,f cfntktdbpbj fh[t,c^ vfsb evhfdktcj,f v[jkjl vsfdhj,bc vffvt,tk<br />
byajhvfwbfc fdhwtkt,c#^ _ othc @Human Rights Watch#-b& [tkbceakt,f ufdktyfc eiefkjl<br />
ntktrjvgfybt,bc [tkv>qdfytkt,pt f[ltyc& vj[ctyt,fib yfsmdfvbf^ hjv cfmfhsdtkjib<br />
;ehyfkbcnt,b cfvcf[ehbc lfrfhudbc ibibc ufvj dth ,tlfdty fv[bkjy vsfdhj,bc xfhtdbc<br />
afmnt,b&<br />
ew[jtkb tmcgthnt,b fw[flt,ty^ hjv [tkbceakt,f ufhrdtek ghj,ktvt,c bv<br />
fhfcfvsfdhj,j jhufybpfwbt,cfw emvybc^ hjvkt,bw cfc]tkfqchekt,bs lfotct,ekt,t,bc<br />
vjybnjhbyuc fofhvjt,ty& vj[ctyt,fib [fpufcvekbf cfvfhskfvwfd cathjib fhct,ekb<br />
yfrkjdfyt,fyb& obyuflfluvekb yf,b]t,bc vbe[tlfdfl ~vfufkbsfl^ obyfcofhb lfrfdt,bc<br />
cfryt,ib lfrfdt,ekt,pt abpbrehb ptojkbc itvwbht,f`^ @ofvt,f lf lfec]tkj,f 2006 otkc<br />
cfmfhsdtkjcsdbc cthbjpekb ghj,ktvf b.j#^ _ yfsmdfvbf vj[ctyt,fib&<br />
@Human Rights Watch#-vf fii bvbc ufvjw uffrhbnbrf^ hjv cfsfyfljl fh htfubht,c<br />
cfmfhsdtkjib flfvbfybc eakt,fsf lfwdbc cathjib fhct,ek lfhqdtdt,pt& vj[ctyt,bc<br />
sfyf[vfl^ @firfhfl cfuh>yj,bf^ hjv cffrfidbkbc [tkbceakt,bc vbvfhs dfibyunjybc<br />
v[fhlfzthf^ cfmfhsdtkjib flfvbfybc eakt,fsf lfhqdtdt,pt fvthbrbc rhbnbrbc byntycbdj,fc<br />
vybidytkjdyfl fvwbht,c& vfufkbsfl^ fvthbrbc ghtpbltynvf cfmfhsdtkjib dbpbnbcfc^<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc eojlf mdt.fyf^ cflfw .dfdbc sfdbceafkb cbn.df^ gfnbdc cwtvty evwbhtcj,fsf<br />
138 @24 cffsb#^ 20&:&2006<br />
74
eakt,t,c^ f[fkbct,ty fmnbeh jgjpbwbfc& fvfcsfy^ ]jh] ,eic cbn.dfw fh lfcwltybf<br />
flfvbfybc eakt,fsf cathjib fhct,ek ghj,ktvt,pt#& 139<br />
fii @Human Rights Watch#-bc vj[ctyt,fib c[df cfrbs[t,sfy lfrfdibht,bsfw vrfwhflff<br />
ufrhbnbrt,ekb^ hfcfw stshb cf[kb fh tsfy[vt,f lf vfc @gjkbnbrehfl vjnbdbht,ekc#<br />
eojlt,c& @vj[ctyt,fib ufvjsmvekb vjcfpht,t,b bvltyfl afmnt,c fh t.hlyj,f^ hfvltyflfw<br />
vbcb fdnjht,bc gjkbnbreh gjpbwbfc#^ _ fqybiyf fii-bc ghtpbltynbc flvbybcnhfwbbc<br />
ghtcvlbdfyvf crjn vfrktkfyvf& tc cbn.t,b gbhdtk hbuib fii-csfy lfrfdibht,bs ufvjsmvek<br />
rhbnbrfc t[t,f& cfmfhsdtkjib ltvjrhfnbbc upfpt vbqotek ofhvfnt,t,c lf [fhdtpt,c rb<br />
lfcfdktsib rfhufl [tlfdty&<br />
fii-bc cf[tkvobaj ltgfhnfvtynvf 2006 okbc vbpyt,c ijhbc cfmfhsdtkjib ltvjrhfnbbc<br />
[tkito.j,fw lffcf[tkf& ltgfhnfvtynbc tdhjgbcf lf tdhfpbbc cfmvtsf vlbdybc sfyfitvobc^<br />
ltybtk ahfblbc ufyw[flt,bs^ @sfdbceakt,bc [tkito.j,f fii-c thjdyekb ecfahs[jt,bc<br />
cnhfntubbc v[jkjl nfmnbrf lf [th[b rb fh fhbc^ fhfvtl vsfdfhb rjywtawbf#& hjujhw<br />
ahfblvf ufyfw[flf^ fii lf tdhjgf vcjakbjib sfdbceakt,bc ufycfvnrbwt,kfl thsj,kbdfl<br />
vjmvtlt,ty& 2006 otkc fii-bc cf[tkvobaj ltgfhnfvtynbc utuvt,ib itlbc cfmfhsdtkjib^<br />
erhfbyfcf lf .bhubptsib ltvjrhfnbt,bc v[fhlfzthf& ufhlf fvbcf^ lfdbo.t,ekb fh bmyt,f<br />
c[df gjcncf,zjehb mdt.yt,bw& @,tkjhec [fk[c ltvjrhfnbbc lfvrdblht,fib lfdt[vfht,bs^<br />
[jkj fpth,fb]fycf lf .fpf[tsc rb [tkc itdeo.j,s^ ltvjrhfnbbc vbvfhsekt,bs eahj<br />
v.fhfl lf vbpfyvbvfhsekfl bvj>hfjc#^ _ fqybiyf ahfblvf& 140<br />
flfvbfybc eakt,fsf lfwdbc cathjib fhct,ekb dbsfht,bc f[cyf @j,btmnehb vbptpt,bs#<br />
>fkptl >ytkbf^ hflufyfw tc .jdtksdbc [tkbceakt,fptf lfvjrblt,ekb& fvltyfl^ dbsfht,bc<br />
ufev]j,tct,f fv cathjib ltvjrhfnbfpt jhbtynbht,ekb [tkbceakt,bcfsdbc qbhct,bc cfmvtc<br />
eylf ofhvjflutyltc&<br />
o cf[tkvobaj ltgfhnfvtynbc fyufhbib% fvthbrekb itafct,f lf mfhsekb<br />
htfmwbf<br />
tesjib fii-bc tkxbc ]ekb abykbc ufyw[flt,bs^ ltvjrhfnbekb bycnbnent,bc<br />
uf>kbtht,f rdkfd cfmfhsdtkjc ufvjodtdfl hxt,f& vbcb smvbs^ @dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc# itvltu^<br />
vbe[tlfdfl cfmfhsdtkjc vbqotdt,bcf lf bv afmnbcf^ hjv ,tdhb hfv ufrtslf cfufyvfyfskt,kj<br />
cbcntvbc lf cfcfvfhskj cbcntvbc^ gjkbwbbc htajhvbht,bc^ rjheawbbc<br />
itvwbht,bcf lf cf,be]tnj itvjcfdkt,bc phlbc res[bs^ fii bpbfht,c cfmfhsdtkjib tesjc<br />
vbcbbc oe[bkc obyfcofhb gfnbvhj,bc ptlvtnfl [fyuh>kbdb dflbc^ cfcfvfhskj cbcntvbc<br />
lfvjerblt,kj,bc^ evwbhtcj,fsf cnfnecbcf lf vtlbbc sfdbceakt,bc sdfkcfphbcbs& @xdty<br />
vjdeojlt,s cfmfhsdtkjc vsfdhj,fc^ vjfudfhjc tc cfrbs[t,b&&& fii vpfl fhbc it>kt,bclfudfhfl<br />
lf[vfht,bc fqvjcfxtyfl#^ _ fqybiyf abk,bv& sfdbc ufvjcdkfib fii-bc tkxvf rbltd<br />
ths[tk [fpb ufecdf fii vnrbwt v[fhlfzthfc cfmfhsdtkjc nthbnjhbekb vskbfyj,bcflvb& 141<br />
mfhsek vtlbfib afhsj ufvj[vfeht,f vj/.df fii-bc cf[tkvobaj ltgfhnfvtynbc vbth 5<br />
fghbkc ufvjmdt.yt,ek @ltvjrhfnbbcf lf flfvbfybc eakt,fsf v[fhlfvzth .jdtkokbeh<br />
fyufhbic#^ hjvtkbw 2005-2006 okt,bc vlujvfhtj,fc fcf[fdc vcjakbjc 95 mdt.fyfib& 142 fv<br />
mdt.yt,c ijhbc cfmfhsdtkjw itlbc^ vfuhfv fyufhbibc vb[tldbs^ fii rvf.jabkbf cfmfhsdtkjib<br />
ufydbsfht,ekb vjdktyt,bs& flubkj,hbdb tmcgthnt,bcf lf cfvfhsfklfvwfdt,bc<br />
yfobkb rb ufwbkt,bs eahj rhbnbrekfl fhbc ufyo.j,bkb [tkbceakt,bc vbvfhs^ dblht tc<br />
139 @24 cffsb#^ 20&:&2006<br />
140 @24 cffsb#^ 21&:&2006<br />
141 @sfdbceafkb ufptsb#^ 29&:::&2006<br />
142 vj[ctyt,fc tgbuhfvf fmdc ofv>qdfht,ekb fii-bc ghtpbltyn ]jh] ,eibc cbn.dblfy^ hjvtkbw vtjht<br />
cfbyfeuehfwbj wthtvjybfkpt ofhvjsmdf% @.dtkfyb^ dbyw w[jdhj,s nbhfybbc mdti^ ebvtlj,fib^<br />
lfhoveyt,ekb b.fdbs^ hjv itthst,ekb infnt,b sdfkc fh lf[ezfdc smdtyc xfudhfpt lf fhw smdtyc<br />
vxfudhtkt,c fgfnbt,c& sfdbceakt,bcfsdbc ,h>jkfib xdty .jdtksdbc smdtyc udthlbs dblut,bs# ~@24<br />
cffsb#^ 7&:|&2006`&<br />
75
fyufhbiibf ofhvjlutybkb& ghbywbgib^ tc fctw eylf b.jc lf^ itcf>kjf^ tc bv itafct,bc<br />
lfcnehbw fhbc^ hfw fii-bc cf[tkvobaj ltgfhnfvtynbc vj[ctyt,fibf fqybiyekb _ hjv<br />
cfmfhsdtkjib vlujvfhtj,f ertstcj,bcfrty bwdkt,f&<br />
cf[tkvobaj ltgfhnfvtynbc .jdtkokbehb htubjyekb vj[ctyt,bcufy ufyc[dfdt,bs^<br />
hjvtkbw flfvbfybc eakt,fsf vlujvfhtj,fc tsvj,f vcjakbjib^ cf[tkvobaj ltgfhnfvtynbc<br />
vbth ufvjmdt.yt,ekb ptvjs fqybiyekb vj[ctyt,f @.ehflqt,fc fvf[dbkt,c fii-bc<br />
vwltkj,fpt^ [tkb iteo.jc flfvbfybc eakt,fsf lfwdfc lf ltvjrhfnbfc v[jkjl 95 mdt.fyfcf<br />
lf thstekib _ bm^ cflfw flfvbfybc eakt,fsf lfwdbc ghj,ktvf .dtkfpt vodfdtl lufc#&<br />
ghj,ktvfneh mdt.fyfsf xfvjyfsdfkib cfmfhsdtkjw itlbc lf cfmfhsdtkjib fhct,ekb<br />
vlujvfhtj,bc fyfkbpc jhb udthlb fmdc lfsvj,bkb& vfuhfv^ bcbw eylf bsmdfc^ hjv<br />
cfmfhsdtkjcsfy vbvfhst,fib njyb cfrvfjl h,bkbf& 143<br />
flubkj,hbdb vtlbf fvfcsfy lfrfdibht,bs fqybiyfdlf^ hjv fyufhbib @f[fkb ltvjrhfnbekb<br />
nfkqbc mdt.yt,bc vbvfhs jgnbvbpvbs cfdct eylf ufvjcekb.j# lf @fhfdby tkjlf^<br />
hjv thsflthsb ptcf[tkvobajc cfufhtjgjkbnbrehb eo.t,f sfdbcbdt v[fhlfvzthb<br />
@htdjkewbehb# [tkbceakt,t,bc vrdtsh rhbnbrfc lfbo.t,lf#& 144 sevwf^ c[dt,b vskfl fvudfh<br />
itafct,t,c fh tsfy[vt,bfy& fii itb>kt,f ufhrdtekobkfl kjbfkehfl vbelutc vtuj,hek<br />
ht;bvt,c^ dblht bvfs^ dbcsfyfw wbdb ehsbthsj,t,b fmdc^ vfuhfv fv afmnjhbc uflfzfh,t,bs<br />
itafct,f fh itb>kt,f& @fvthbrtkt,c fhfathb ufczbhdt,bfs bctsb^ hjv cfmfhsdtkjc<br />
[tkbceakt,bc ufrhbnbrt,f vjthbljs& fvthbrbcsdbc cfv[tlhj-cnhfntubekb sdfkcfphbcbs<br />
ep,trtsb ufwbkt,bs vybidytkjdfyb gfhnybjhb b.j^ bm cfv[tlhj ,fpfw /mjylfs^ vfuhfv<br />
fvthbrtkt,vf vfbyw v>fahfl uffrhbnbrtc ep,trtsbc [tkbceakt,f vbcb fhfltvjrhfnbekj,bc<br />
ufvj lf fv erfyfcrytkvfw uff>tdf fvthbrbc ,fpf#^ _ fqybiyfdc ubf yjlbf& 145<br />
flubkj,hbdb flfvbfybc eakt,fsf lfvwfdt,bc yfobkb fhf vfhnj [tkbceakt,fc^ fhfvtl<br />
fii-bc cf[tkvobaj ltgfhnfvtynbc fyufhbicfw frhbnbrt,ty& @cf[tkvobaj ltgfhnfvtynbc<br />
fyfkbpb ufhrdtekobkfl lfijht,ekbf bv vofht htfkj,fcsfy^ hfw lqtc cfmfhsdtkjibf#^ _<br />
fqybiyfdc^ vfufkbsfl^ lfdbs kbkefidbkb^ @ltvjrhfnbekb ghbywbgt,bcf lf flfvbfybc<br />
eakt,fsf lfwdbc rfdibhbc# [tkv>qdfytkb& vbcbdt ufyw[flt,bs^ @fii-bc cf[tkvobaj<br />
ltgfhnfvtynbc fctsb h,bkb itafct,t,b fhffltrdfnehbf& fqcfybiyfdbf bcbw^ hjv cfvjmfkfmj<br />
cfpjufljt,bc itotdybs^ cfmfhsdtkjib fh lfvlufhf bc lhj^ hjv vcjakbj sfyfvtuj,hj,bc<br />
sdfkib ,tkjhecbc ljybc bvb]b udmjyltc#& 146<br />
c[dt,b cf[tkvobaj ltgfhnfvtynbc fyufhbibc rhbnbrbcfufy sfdc brfdt,ty lf vfcib<br />
ufvjsmvek rhbnbrek itafct,t,pt fvf[dbkt,ty .ehflqt,fc& @se fv fyufhbic lbgkjvfnbehb<br />
nthvbyjkjubbcufy ufdfsfdbceakt,s^ lfdbyf[fds^ hjv fm fhbc cfrvfjl cthbjpekb rhbnbrfw&<br />
fqybiyekb fyufhbib vbesbst,c^ hjv cfmfhsdtkjib vybidytkjdfyb erecdkt,bf lf cfzbhjt,c<br />
.ehflqt,fc#^ _ fqybiyfdc^ vfufkbsfl^ exf yfyefidbkb& 147<br />
fii cf[tkvobaj ltgfhnfvtynb cfmfhsdtkjib .ehflqt,fc fvf[dbkt,c ltvjrhfnbekb<br />
bycnbnent,bcf lf ghjwtct,bc [tkito.j,fpt^ rfyjybc eptyftcj,fpt^ cfvjmfkfmj<br />
cfpjufljt,bc ufydbsfht,fpt^ aeylfvtyneh sfdbceakt,t,pt^ flfvbfybc eakt,t,bc lfwdfcf<br />
lf nhtabrbyubc obyffqvltu vbvfhsek qjybc>bt,t,pt& @cfmfhsdtkj ufyfuh>j,c fv,bwbeh<br />
htajhvt,c^ hjvkt,bw vbvfhsekbf ltvjrhfnbekb bycnbnent,bcf lf ghjwtct,bc<br />
ufcf>kbtht,kfl^ vfs ijhbc^ flfvbfybc eakt,fsf lfhqdtdt,bc itcfvwbht,kfl& itcf,fvbcfl^<br />
pjubths cathjib flfvbfybc eakt,fsf lfwdf ufev]j,tclf^ sevwf cthbjpekb ghj,ktvt,b<br />
rdkfd fhct,j,c& flubkj,hbdvf fhfcfvsfdhj,j jhufybpfwbt,vf jmnjv,hbc iefktlehb<br />
fhxtdyt,b pjuflfl ufvzdbhdfktl itfafctc^ bvbc vbe[tlfdfl^ hjv rdkfd fhct,j,c ghj,ktvt,b<br />
fvjvhxtdtksf cbt,sfy lfrfdibht,bs^ htkbubehb sfdbceakt,bc [fhbc[b ev]j,tclt,f&<br />
vsfdhj,fv gfnbvfhsf ofvt,bc lf welfl vjg.hj,bc itcfvwbht,kfl cthbjpekb yf,b]t,b<br />
uflfluf&&& sevwf fhct,j,c c[df ghj,ktvt,b^ rth>jl^ fhf/evfyehb lf cbwjw[kbcsdbc cfibib<br />
143 @f[fkb dthcbf#^ 10-11&:|&2006<br />
144 @24 cffsb#^ 7&:|&2006<br />
145 @rdbhbc gfkbnhf#^ 10-16&:|&2006<br />
146 @htpjyfycb#^ 7&:|&2006<br />
147 @htpjyfycb#^ 7&:|&2006<br />
76
gbhj,t,bc fhct,j,f cfgfnbvhjt,ib^ cfcfvfhskj sfdbceakt,bc yfrkt,b [fhbc[b^ >fkflj,f<br />
lf lbcrhbvbyfwbf mfksf vbvfhs lf flfvbfysf nhtabrbyub#^ _ yfsmdfvbf vj[ctyt,fib& 148<br />
flubkj,hbd vtlbfib bvfcfw vbfmwbtc .ehflqt,f^ hjv cf[tkvobaj ltgfhnfvtynbc<br />
vj[ctyt,fib ufycfresht,ekb fmwtynbf ufvf[dbkt,ekb fa[fptscf lf w[bydfkbc htubjyblfy<br />
ltdybksf ghj,ktvt,pt& @fa[fptsbc ctgfhfnbcnekb ht;bvb [tkc eikbc lff[kjt,bs 230<br />
fsfcb b>ekt,bs uflfflubkt,ek gbhsf htgfnhbfwbfc^ [jkj cfv[hts jctsbc lt-afmnj<br />
[tkbceakt,f tobyffqvltut,f 12&767 tsybrehb mfhsdtkbc lf,heyt,fc&&& fii htuekfhekfl<br />
veifj,c mfhsdtk ltdybkt,sfy^ brdktdc rjyakbmnbc itvwbht,bc cfrbs[t,c lf t[vfht,f<br />
cfw[jdht,tkb ghjuhfvbc ufy[jhwbtkt,fc^ hjvtkbw itcf>kt,tkbf^ ltdybkt,bc lf,heyt,bc<br />
vjltkfl bmwtc#^ _ yfsmdfvbf vj[ctyt,fib& rjyakbmnehb htubjyt,b cfmfhsdtkjc evodfdtcb<br />
ghj,ktvff^ hjvtksf uflfo.dtnbc htfkehb upt,b ]th]thj,bs fh xfyc& fhflf^ vfsb vjotchbut,f<br />
vybidytkjdyfl iteo.j,lf [tkc ltvjrhfnbbc ufyvnrbwt,fc cfmfhsdtkjib& 149<br />
o cfmfhsdtkj fvthbrtkt,bcsdbc ltvjrhfnbbc cbv,jkjl hxt,f<br />
@cfmfhsdtkj ltvjrhfnbbc cbv,jkjf#^ _ ufyfw[flf 12 fghbkc cfmfhsdtkjib dbpbnbc<br />
lhjc fii-bc ctyfnbc htcge,kbrehb evhfdktcj,bc kblthvf ebkbfv ~,bk` ahbcnvf& fv<br />
cbn.dt,ib^ fk,fs^ .dtkfpt rfhufl xfyc fii-bc v[fhlfzthf cfmfhsdtkjcflvb lf lfbynthtct,f<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc ltvjrhfnbekb ufydbsfht,bc ofhvfnt,bs& fvfdt lhjc^ ahbcnbc cbn.dt,vf<br />
mfhsekb jgjpbwbbc ufjuyt,f ufvjbodbf& cfmfhsdtkjib fhct,ekb dbsfht,f vfsb fphbs^<br />
ijhc lufc @ltvjrhfnbbc cbv,jkjl# .jaybcfufy& cfmfhsdtkjib fhct,ek dbsfht,fc^ fk,fs^<br />
fvthbrtkt,bw rfhufl [tlfdty^ vfuhfv bvfcfw [tlfdty^ hjv hectsbc ptojkbc mdti vjmwtek lf<br />
hsek vlujvfhtj,fib v.ja mdt.fyfc v[fhlfzthf czbhlt,f&<br />
@ltvjrhfnbbc iemehbc# hjkb cfmfhsdtkjc 2005 okbc vfbcib s,bkbcib xfvjcekvf fiibc<br />
ghtpbltynvf ]jh] ,eivf lffrbchf& sfyfw fctsb hjkb ufvfh]dt,ekb [fdthljdfyb<br />
htdjkewbbc mdt.fyfc fhf vfhnj gjcncf,zjsf cbdhwtib^ fhfvtl vstkb f[kj fqvjcfdktsbc<br />
vfcinf,bsfw eylf ittchekt,byf& ]jh] ,eib sfdbcb ghtpbltynj,bc ths-ths<br />
evybidytkjdfytc fvjwfyfl vcjakbjib ltvjrhfnbbc ufdhwtkt,fc vbbxytdc& cfmfhsdtkj rb<br />
fii-bcfsdbc bc mdt.fyff^ hjvtkbw ofhvfnt,bs flufc ltvjrhfnbbc upfc lf^ fv sdfkcfphbcbs^<br />
cfybveijf c[dt,bcsdbc&<br />
bubdt lfvjrblt,ekt,f ufvj[fnf cfmfhsdtkjcflvb lf cfmfhsdtkjib vbvlbyfht ghjwtct,bcflvb<br />
fii-bc ctyfnjhsf ltktufwbfv^ hjvtkcfw [tkv>qdfytkj,c ctyfnbc evhfdktcj,bc<br />
kblthb ,bk ahbcnb& 150 @cfmfhsdtkj vcjakbj vfcinf,bs ltvjrhfnbbc cbv,jkjf^ cbn.dbc<br />
sfdbceakt,bcf lf fhxtdyt,bc ufvzdbhdfkj,bc sdfkcfphbcbs rb vcjakbj vjltkb#^ _<br />
ufyfw[flf cfmfhsdtkjc gfhkfvtynbc sfdv]ljvfhtcsfy ybyj ,eh]fyf>tcsfy ufvfhsek<br />
thsj,kbd ghtcrjyathtywbfpt ,bk ahbcnvf& 151<br />
fii wlbkj,c lf vjvfdfkibw twlt,f cfmfhsdtkjib vbvlbyfht vjdktyt,b cfthsfijhbcj<br />
fcgfhtppt hfw itb>kt,f lflt,bsfl ofhvjfxbyjc^ vfuhfv fvbc cfae>dtkb^ w[flbf^<br />
cfmfhsdtkjv eylf vbcwtc& serb htfkj,f ufyc[dfdlt,f bvb]bcfufy^ fvbc lfvfkdf e,hfkjl^<br />
ite>kt,tkb uf[lt,f&<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc jgjpbwbehb >fkt,b fvthbrtkb ctyfnjhbc ufyw[flt,bs ervf.jabkjyb<br />
148 @f[fkb sfj,f#^ 7&:|&2006<br />
149<br />
itdfhlyf>Bc lhjc eahj vtnb ltvjrhfnbf b.j se f[kf fhbc( 2006 okbc 6-10 st,thdfkc<br />
cjwbjkjubehvf rdktdbsvf ]ueavf @tv-]b-tv#-vf s,bkbcib 500 htcgjltynbc cfntktajyj ufvjrbs[df<br />
xffnfhf& lfcvekb b.j rbs[df% @ltvjrhfnbbc [fhbc[b itdfhlyf>bc lhjc eahj vfqfkb b.j se<br />
cffrfidbkbc lhjc fhbc(# gfce[t,b itvltuyfbhfl ufyfobklf% ufvjrbs[eksf 50^8) ~254` sdkbc^ hjv<br />
ltvjrhfnbbc [fhbc[b cffrfidbkbc vvfhsdtkj,bc lhjc eahj vtnbf* 20^6) ~103`abmhj,c^ hjv<br />
ltvjrhfnbbc [fhbc[b itdfhlyf>bc vvfhsdtkj,bc lhjc eahj vtnb b.j* 14^6) ~70` fphbs rb<br />
ltvjrhfnbf fhw itdfhlyf>Bc lhjc b.j lf fhw cffrfidbkbc lhjc itmvybkf ~@mhjybrf#^ 6-12&:::&2006`<br />
150 ltktufwbbc itvflutykj,fib b.dyty fctdt ctyfnjht,b _ ]fl uhtub^ hbxfhl ,thb lf ctyfnbc vlbdfyb<br />
tvbk htjyjklcb&<br />
151 @24 cffsb#^ 13&:|&2006<br />
77
lfhxyty lf tc fhw lfevfkfds& @cfmfhsdtkjib ltvjrhfnbbc [fhbc[b cthbjpekb itiajst,bc<br />
cfufybf lf fvbc ufyw[flt,f dbsfht,bc fhffltrdfnehfl itafct,ff& dbqfwfc itb>kt,f<br />
n.ebkt,bs sfd,he lff[dbj^ vfuhfv n.ebkc vjrkt at[t,b fmdc#^ _ fw[flt,c ahfmwbf<br />
@ltvjrhfnbekb ahjynbc# kblthb lfdbs pehf,bidbkb& 152 bubdtc fqybiyfdc ahfmwbf<br />
@vhtodtkt,bc# ofhvjvflutytkb ubjhub wfufhtbidbkb& vbcb smvbs^ @,fnjyb ctyfnjhbc<br />
ufyw[flt,f chekbfl f,cehlekfl ufvjb.eht,f& hfvltyfl fhbc cfmfhsdtkj ltvjrhfnbbc<br />
iemehf^ xdty erts duh>yj,s#& 153<br />
eahj hflbrfkehb fqvjxylf ifkdf yfstkfidbkb^ hjvtkvfw cgtwbfkehb ufyw[flt,f<br />
uffdhwtkf fvthbrtkb ctyfnjhbc fqybiyekb cbn.dt,bc ufvj& @se tc cbn.dt,b ztivfhbnb<br />
ltvjrhfnbbc ajhvekff^ vfiby xdty ef[kjtc [fyib vstk vcjakbjib eylf dtkjljs<br />
thsgfhnbek njnfkeh vvfhsdtkj,fc^ nthjhc^ >fkflj,fc^ vjcf[ktj,bc cjwbfkeh utyjwblc^<br />
vrdktkt,bc sfhtic cf[tkvobaj lfotct,ekt,t,ib^ fhxtdyt,bc vfcj,hbd uf.fk,t,fcf lf<br />
c[df e,tleht,t,c^ hfw cffrfidbkbc ht;bvvf lffnt[f sfdc cfmfhsdtkjc#^ _ fqybiyfdty<br />
ktb,jhbcnt,b& yfstkfidbkb vbbxytdc^ hjv @fvudfhb [jn,bc itc[vf cffrfidbkbc [tkbceakt-<br />
,bcsdbc cthbjpekfl cotdc lf,kf ztivfhbn fvthbrek qbht,ekt,fsf htbnbyuc<br />
cfmfhsdtkjib#& 154<br />
sevwf^ jgjpbwbfc eahj vtnfl c[df hfv fibyt,c& fvthbrekb itmt,f [tkbceakt,fc rbltd<br />
eahj lffijht,c ltvjrhfnbekb cnfylfhnt,bcfufy& @welb bc fhbc^ hjv fctsb ufyw[flt,t,b<br />
xdtyc [tkbceakt,fc eahj vtnfl fsfvfvt,c lf fsfvfvt,c fhf rfhub^ fhfvtl welb ufut,bs&<br />
fctsb ufyw[flt,t,b xdtyc [tkbceakt,fc >fkpt wel cfvcf[ehc eotdc& hbsb vsfdhlt,f [jkvt<br />
ufsfvfvt,ekb [tkbceakt,bc cfmwbtkb^ rfhufl dbwbs#^ _ fqybiyfdc ubjhub wfufhtbidbkb& 155<br />
sevwf^ mfhsek vtlbfib bvfcfw fqybiyfdty^ hjv fvthbrtkt,b^ mt,fcf lf jgnbvbcnehb<br />
ufyw[flt,t,bc vbe[tlfdfl^ rfhufl [tlfdty cfmfhsdtkjib fhct,ek ghj,ktvt,c& fii-bc<br />
cf[tkvobaj ltgfhnfvtynbc oktdfyltk fyufhbiib vbqotdt,sfy thsfl^ cfmfhsdtkjib<br />
fhct,ek ghj,ktvt,ptwff cfe,fhb& fii-c cfmfhsdtkjib fhf thsuekb ht;bvb^ fhfvtl<br />
tatmnehb^ ltvjrhfnbbc upfpt cfbvtljl vlufhb^ bycnbnewbehfl vluhflb cf[tkvobaj<br />
czbhlt,f& ths-thsb mfhsdtkb ;ehyfkbcnbc itybidybs^ @cfmfhsdtkjc ofhvfnt,f^ fv v[hbd^<br />
fii-c flvbybcnhfwbbc cfufhtj gjkbnbrbc ofhvfnt,f bmyt,f& mfhsekb ltvjrhfnbf<br />
vcjakbjcfsdbc ofhcflutyb sdfkcfxbyj vfufkbsb eylf uf[ltc& cfyfwdkjl rb^ cfmfhsdtkj<br />
vybidytkjdfy gjkbnbreh lbdbltylt,c vbbqt,c^ seylfw yfnjib ufotdhbfyt,bc cfrbs[ib<br />
dfibyunjybc v[fhlfzthbc cf[bs#& 156<br />
o ufev]j,tclf se fhf ltvjrhfnbbc [fhbc[b cfmfhsdtkjib<br />
cfthsfijhbcj jhufybpfwbf @ahbljv /fecvf# ~”Freedom House”` ufvjfmdt.yf lfcrdyf^<br />
hjvtkibw fqvjcfdkts tdhjgfcf lf gjcncf,zjsf mdt.yt,ib fhct,ekb ltvjrhfnbbc [fhbc[bf<br />
uffyfkbpt,ekb& vj[ctyt,fib^ hjvkbc cf[tkojlt,fwff @ufhlfvfdfk gthbjlib v.jab tht,b _<br />
2006# fqybiyekbf^ hjv cfmfhsdtkjib cbnefwbf ltvjrhfnbbc sdfkcfphbcbs itlfht,bs<br />
ufev]j,tct,ekbf& fdnjhbntnekb cfthsfijhbcj jhufybpfwbbc fv lfcrdyfc^ w[flbf^<br />
vjojyt,bs it[dlt,f [tkbceakt,f& cfvfubthjl^ @ahbljv /fecvf# erdt lfbvcf[ehf rhbnbrf<br />
jgjpbwbbcf lf hbub tmcgthnt,bc v[hblfy^ hjvkt,bw ltvjrhfnbbc sdfkcfphbcbs<br />
cfmfhsdtkjib fhct,ek dbsfht,fc ufwbkt,bs eahj rhbnbrekfl fafct,ty&<br />
fqybiyek rdktdfib @ahbljv /fecvf# mdt.yt,ib fhct,ekb ltvjrhfnbbc [fhbc[b 7-,fkbfyb<br />
irfkbs itfafcf^ cflfw 7 ,fkb .dtkfpt efhtcb vfxdtyt,tkbf^ [jkj 1 ,fkb _ cfertstcj&<br />
hjujh ofhvjlut,f ltvjrhfnbbc [fhbc[bc sdfkcfphbcbs cbnefwbf gjcncf,zjsf cbdhwtib(<br />
152 @htpjyfycb#^ 13&:|&2006<br />
153 @htpjyfycb#^ 13&:|&2006<br />
154 @[dfkbyltkb lqt#^ 13&:|&2006<br />
155 @htpjyfycb#^ 13&:|&2006<br />
156 @24 cffsb#^ 13&:|&2006<br />
78
fyufhbiib yfsmdfvbf^ hjv bctsb mdt.yt,b^ hjujht,bwff hectsb^ .fpf[tsb^ fpth,fb]fyb lf<br />
sehmvtytsb phlbfy cfresfh gjntywbfkc^ hjvtkbw^ >bhbsflfl^ tythutnbrek htcehct,c<br />
tae>yt,f& vfuhfv bmdt vbsbst,ekbf^ hjv fv mdt.yt,ib cfpjufljt,hbdb bycnbnent,b cecnbf^<br />
cf[tkvobaj vvfhsdtkj,bc [fhbc[b lf,fkbf& fvudfhb dbsfht,bc ths-ths >bhbsfl vbptpfl<br />
@ahbljv /fecb# fcf[tkt,c vfcj,hbdb byajhvfwbbcf lf behblbel cathjib vbvlbyfht<br />
ofhevfnt,tk htajhvt,c fcf[tkt,c& fctdt [fpufcvekbf^ hjv xfvjsdkbk mdt.yt,ib vfqfkbf<br />
rjheawbbc ljyt& hectsb rb vj[ctybt,ekbf hjujhw @xbyjdybrsf f[fkb jkbufhmbf#& 157<br />
@ahbljv /fecbc# fyufhbibc vb[tldbs^ gjcncf,zjsf cbdhwtib 2005 otkc ltvjrhfnbbc<br />
sdfkcfphbcbs dbsfht,f ufefhtclf ,tkjhecib ~6^71`^ hectsib ~5^75`^ sehmvtytsib ~6^96`^<br />
ep,trtsib ~6^82`^ .fpf[tsib ~6^39`^ nf]brtsib ~5^93` lf fpth,fb]fyib ~5^93`& hfw itt[t,f<br />
obycdkfc^ cbnefwbf ltvjrhfnbbc sdfkcfphbcbs ufev]j,tclf vjklfdtsib ~4^96`^ erhfbyfib<br />
~4^21`^ kfndbfib ~2^07`^ cjv[tscf ~5^14` lf cfmfhsdtkjib ~4^86`&<br />
ltvjrhfnbbc sdfkcfphbcbs cfmfhsdtkjib dbsfht,bc ufev]j,tct,bc sfj,fpt<br />
ufrtst,ekvf lfcrdyfv @ahbljv /fecb# cthbjpekb rhbnbrbc mdti vjfmwbf cfmfhsdtkjib<br />
jgjpbwbbcf lf [tkbceakt,bcflvb rhbnbrekfl ufyo.j,bkb hbub tmcgthnt,bc v[hblfy&<br />
@ahbljv /fecsfy# lfrfdibht,bs fqbybiyf^ hjv tc jhufybpfwbf vskbfyfl rjynhjklt,f<br />
cf[tkvobaj ltgfhnfvtynbc v[hblfy lf fii-bc vsfdhj,bc vbth abyfyclt,f^ hjv @ahbljv<br />
/fecb# fii-bc [tkbceakt,bc thsudfhb hegjhbf#^ fii rb wlbkj,c^ hjv bv mdt.yt,ib^ cflfw<br />
vj[lf @athflb htdjkewbt,b# fh lfabmcbhltc ofhevfnt,kj,f& uffrhbnbrtc cfmfhsdtkjc<br />
[tkbceakt,fw^ hjvtkbw ltvjrhfnbbc sdfkcfphbcbs cfmfhsdtkjib vjv[lfhb cfcbrtsj<br />
>dht,bc itcf[t, cfe,hj,c lf fv byAjhvfwbfc fodlbc bcts jhufybpfwbt,c^ hjvtksfw ufdktyf<br />
fmds fii cf[tkvobaj ltgfhnfvtynpt& 158<br />
w[flbf^ hjv cfmfhsdtkjib ltvjrhfnbbc sdfkcfphbcbs hjv bltfkehb vlujvfhtj,ff<br />
fhff^ vfuhfv bcbw w[flbf^ hjv dbsfht,bc ertstcj,bcfrty itwdkfc [tkc fh iteo.j,c hjujhw<br />
ghj,ktvt,bc vbxmvfkdf^ bct .dtkfahbc vem atht,ib ofhvjxtyf&<br />
htdjkewbf^ seylfw [fdthljdfyb^ hjv ltvjrhfnbbcsdbc v>bvt ufvjwlfc ofhvjflutyc^ tc<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc ufvjwlbkt,fvfw fxdtyf& dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc itvltu vrdtshfl itvwbhlf<br />
vtlbbc^ ufycfresht,bs tktmnhjyekb vtlbbc^ lfvjerblt,kj,bc [fhbc[b& [tkbceakt,bc<br />
vbcfvfhsbs rhbnbrekb gfsjcbc ufmhj,f vfiby @;ehyfkbcnsf sdbswtypehfc# vbtothf&<br />
lqtbcfsdbc sfylfsfyj,bs fqluf htdjkewbbc itvltu ths,fifl ufvmhfkb gjkbnbrehb<br />
sjmijet,b& gbhlfgbh tsthib gjkbnbrehb lf cfpjufljt,bcsdbc vodfdt stvt,bc ufy[bkdf<br />
rdkfd bmwf cfpjufljt,hbdb fphbc ufvj[fndbc ths-ths >bhbsfl fh[fl& vtlbbc vlujvfhtj,f<br />
cfmfhsdtkjib firfhfl ufev]j,tct,ekbf lf tc cfpjufljt,bc ltvjrhfnbekj,bc<br />
epheydtk.jabc ths-thsb vsfdfhb gfhfvtnhbf&<br />
sevwf^ cfmfhsdtkjib hxt,f vhfdfkb ghj,ktvf ltvjrhfnbekj,bc epheydtk.jabc<br />
sdfkcfphbcbs lf fvbc sfj,fpt itiajst,fc ufvj[fnfdty hjujhw flubkj,hbdb tmcgthnt,b^<br />
bct cfthsfijhbcj jhufybpfwbt,bw& rth>jl^ firfhff [tkbceakt,bc dthnbrfkbc uf>kbtht,f^<br />
hfw ltvjrhfnbekb vfxdtyt,kbc ereghjgjhwbekbf& rth>jl^ dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc itvltu<br />
cfmfhsdtkjib vrdtshfl uf>kbthlf fqvfchekt,tkb [tkbceakt,f^ lfbhqdf [tkbceakt,bc<br />
injt,c ijhbc ,fkfycb^ vhfdfkb rbs[df fhct,j,c cffhxtdyj rfyjybc ltvjrhfnbekj,fcsfy<br />
lfrfdibht,bs^ fh itvwbht,ekf cffhxtdyj ,fhbthb^ hfcfw lblb [fybf bs[jdc jgjpbwbf lf<br />
cfthsfijhbcj tmcgthnt,bw tsfy[vt,bfy fv vjs[jdyfc& fhfchek.jabkbf flubkj,hbdb<br />
sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc cbcntvf lf flubkj,hbdb fhxtdyt,bc vtmfybpvb dth epheydtk.jac<br />
gkehfpbvbc lfwdfc& cthbjpekb ghj,ktvt,bf flfvbfyt,bc eakt,t,bc lfwdbc cathjib& tcff<br />
bv >bhbsflb ,hfklt,t,bc xfvjyfsdfkb^ hjvtksfw cfmfhsdtkjc [tkbceakt,fc e.tyt,ty lf<br />
hjvtksf lf>Ktdbc itvs[dtdfibw itcf>kt,kfl vbfxybfs ltvjrhfnbbc [fhbc[bc ufphlfpt<br />
cfe,fhb& tc erdt mfhsekb cfpjufljt,bc ibyfufyb ghj,ktvt,bf^ hjvtksf lf>ktdfw v[jkjl<br />
cfpjufljt,bc >Fkbc[vtdbsff itcf>kt,tkb& @ltvjrhfnbbc ervfhbcj,bc# ituh>yt,f rb vbcb<br />
ufev]j,tct,bcfrty vbvfhsekb >Fkbc[vtdbc rfhub cnbvekbf&<br />
157 @24 cffsb#^ 16&|:&2006<br />
158 @htpjyfycb#^ 16&|:&2006<br />
79
o cfmfhsdtkj ufyobhekbf ltvjrhfnbbcfsdbc<br />
ltvjrhfnbbc [fhbc[b cfmfhsdtkjib rdkfd hxt,f vrdtshb gjkbnbrehb ufyw[flt,t,bcf lf<br />
cthbjpekb ufy[bkdbc cfuyfl& [tkbceakt,fc >fkptl ezbhc ltvjrhfnbekj,fcsfy lfrfdibht,bs<br />
fhct,ekb ghj,ktvt,bc fqbfht,f^ jgjpbwbf rb kfvbc bct ofhvjflutyc cfmvtc^ sbsmjc<br />
cfmfhsdtkj njnfkbnfhekb ht;bvbc gbhj,t,ib w[jdhj,ltc& cfthsfijhbcj jhufybpfwbt-<br />
,bc ofhvjvflutykt,b rb fqybiyfdty^ hjv hfbvtpt @sdfkbc lf[ezdfc# fh fgbht,ty lf ltvjrhfnbekb<br />
cnfylfhnt,bc lfhqdtdbcfsdbc vrfwhfl vjcs[jdty gfce[c cfmfhsdtkjc [tkbceakt,fc&<br />
2006 okbc bdybcib vbvlbyfht tdhjcf,zjc cfgfhkfvtynj fcfv,ktfpt fpth,fb]fybc<br />
ltktufwbfc vrfwhfl cs[jdlyty gfce[c ufcekb okbc yjtv,thib fhfltvjrhfnbekfl<br />
xfnfht,ekb cfgfhkfvtynj fhxtdyt,bc ufvj& ufyb[bkt,jlf fpth,fb]fybc ltktufwbbcsdbc<br />
eakt,fvjcbkt,bc xfvjhsvtdbc cfrbs[bw& sevwf^ cf,jkjjl ufdblf itlfht,bs @h,bkb#<br />
htpjkewbf^ hjvtkbw fpth,fb]fybc ltktufwbbcfsdbc eakt,fvjcbkt,bc ityfhxeyt,fc 2007<br />
okbc bdybcfvlt bsdfkbcobyt,c& 159<br />
fpth,fb]fybc vbvfhs ufvjxtybkb kvj,btht,f fpth,fb]fyekb yfdsj,bcf lf ufpbc @[fshbs#<br />
ufrtst,ekfl vbbxybtc& hecvf ltgenfnt,vf rb fvbc ufvj tdhjcf,zj jhvfu cnfylfhnt,ib<br />
lfflfyfifektc _ thsb lf bubdt lfyfifekbcsdbc c[dflfc[df mdt.fyf c[dflfc[dfyfbhfl bc]t,f&<br />
tdhjcf,zjib fpth,fb]fybc sfduflfcfdfksfy lfrfdibht,bs mfhsdtkb rjvtynfnjht,b fqybiyfdty^<br />
hjv cfmfhsdtkjc vcufdc @itqfdfsc# fh ufeotdty^ hflufyfw cfmfhsdtkjc fhw yfdsj,b fmdc<br />
lf fhw ufpb& 160 sevwf^ serb fqybiyekb afmnjhb vfhskfw vjmvtlt,c ltvjrhfnbbc fqmvfpt^<br />
vfiby cfmfhsdtkjcsdbcfw fhct,j,c @itqfdfsbc# cfae>dtkb _ cfmfhsdtkjc vfhsfkbf^ fh fmdc<br />
yfdsj,b lf ufpb^ vfuhfv cfvfubthjl fhbc tythujvfnfht,kt,bc nhfypbnekb mdt.fyf&<br />
sevwf^ tdhjcf,zjc cfgfhkfvtynj fcfv,ktfib bvtlc ufvjsmdfvty^ hjv cfmfhsdtkjc fh<br />
lfczbhlt,f @itqfdfst,bc# >bt,f lf cfitvjlujvjl vjcfkjlytkb flubkj,hbdb sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc<br />
fhxtdyt,b ltvjrhfnbekb cnfylfhnt,bc itcf,fvbcfl xfnfhlt,f& tdhjcf,zjc<br />
cfgfhkfvtynj fcfv,ktbc sfdv]ljvfht htyt dfy lth kbyltyb bvtlc ufvjsmdfvc^ hjv<br />
cfmfhsdtkjib flubkj,hbdb sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc fhxtdyt,b eahj cfvfhskbfyfl xfnfhlt,f^<br />
[jkj @tdhjcf,zjc obyfcffhxtdyj lf cffhxtdyj vjybnjhbyubc vbcbt,b fmnbeh hjkc<br />
itfchekt,ty gjkbnbreh ghjwtct,pt ptvjmvtlt,bc sdfkcfphbcbs#& cfmfhsdtkjcsdbc<br />
.jdtkb fhxtdyt,blfy rfhufl yfwyj,b vfsbfc bjhib rb mfhsdtk ;ehyfkbcnc [fpufcvbs<br />
te,yt,f% @cfmfhsdtkjc cflfpqdtdj gjkbcb tdhjgfib lf vcjakbjib smdtyb ltvjrhfnbff&<br />
smdty ufyobhekt,b [fhs ltvjrhfnbbcfsdbc#& 161<br />
vjvfdfkb fhxtdyt,bc j,btmnehj,fcf lf cfvfhskbfyj,fcsfy lfrfdibht,bs rb jgjpbwbfc<br />
cfmfhsdtkjib cthbjpekb ghtntypbt,b fmdc [tkbceakt,bc vbvfhs& ghtntypbt,b<br />
vhfdfkathjdfybf%<br />
_ jgjpbwbf ervf.jabkjf cffhxtdyj cbt,bc vlujvfhtj,bs^ cflfw ]th rbltd ,tdhbf<br />
@vrdlfhb cekb#^ thsb lf bubdt gbhbc hfvlty]thvt it.dfybc afmnt,b lf cfvfubthjl^ c[dt,bc<br />
ufvjhxtybc itvs[dtdt,b& @cffhxtdyj cbt,b mfhsekb fhxtdyt,bc fmbktdcbc meckfl hxt,f^<br />
hflufy cojhtl fmff lbflb uf.fk,t,bc gbhdtko.fhj^ js[vbkbjybfy mdt.fyfib vjcf[ktj,fc<br />
bsdkbfy^ bsdkbfy lf&&& dth lfesdkbfs!#^ _ bhjybjkfl itybiyfdc ths-thsb jgjpbwbehb<br />
ufptsb& 162<br />
_ jgjpbwbfc ecfvfhskj,fl vbfxybf ghtpbltynbcf lf c[df lblvj[tktt,bcfsdbc cffhxtdyj<br />
fubnfwbfib vjyfobktj,bc jabwbfkehfl lfrfyjyt,fc^ hfcfw cfgfhkfvtynj evhfdktcj,f<br />
ef[kjtc vjvfdfkib uffrtst,c*<br />
_ jgjpbwbf ervf.jabkjf cffhxtdyj fubnfwbbc dflbc 40 lqtvlt itvwbht,bs^ hfw fctdt<br />
[tkbceakt,bc obcmdbkpt fc[fdc o.fkc*<br />
159 @24 cffsb#^ 27&|:&2006<br />
160 @24 cffsb#^ 27&|:&2006<br />
161 @24 cffsb#^ 27&|:&2006<br />
162 @fbcb#^ 27&|:&2006<br />
80
_ cthbjpekb ervf.jabkt,f ufvjbsmvbc cffhxtdyj rjvbcbt,bc vbcfvfhsbsfw& hjujhw<br />
jgjpbwbbc ofhvjvflutykt,b fqybiyfdty^ cffhxtdyj rjvbcbt,bc jhb ptlf ljyt _<br />
wtynhfkehb lf cfjkmj cffhxtdyj rjvbcbt,b vskbfyfl yfwbjyfkehb vj>hfj,bc<br />
fmnbdbcnt,bs fhbc lfrjvgktmnt,ekb lf itcf,fvbcfl^ thsgfhnbekbf*<br />
_ jgjpbwbfc fh vjcojyc fvjvhxtdtksf ufvjw[flt,bc vfxdtyt,kt,bc itvwbht,f& se flht<br />
cffhxtdyj e,yt,pt fvjvhxtdtksf 30)-bc vbcdkf b.j cfzbhj^ f[kf 5)-bw cfrvfhbcbf&<br />
cfmfhsdtkjib 400-vlt fhfcfvsfdhj,j jhufybpfwbf ufthsbfylf [tkbceakt,fpt<br />
ptojkbcf lf ltvjrhfnbekb ghbywbgt,bc ufydbsfht,bcfsdbc [tkito.j,bc vbpybs&& fqybiyek<br />
ufthsbfyt,fc fctdt mdbf _ @cfvjmfkfmj cfpjufljt,f ltvjrhfnbekb cfmfhsdtkjcsdbc#&<br />
fhfcfvsfdhj,j ctmnjhb [tkbceakt,fc v>Bvt ,hfklt,fc e.tyt,c _ f[fkvf cffhxtdyj<br />
rjltmcvf ghfmnbrekfl ite>kt,tkb uf[flf ltvjrhfnbekb fhxtdyt,bc upbs [tkbceakt,bc<br />
itwdkf& 163<br />
sevwf fhxtdyt,b v[jkjl thsb stvff^ hjvtkbw [tkbceakt,fcsfy vbvlbyfht @ltvjrhfnbbcfsdbc#<br />
lfdfib abuehbht,c [jkvt& dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc itvltu vjcekb [tkbceakt,bc<br />
@ltvjrhfnbekb felbnb# vfs vtnfl v>bvt cehfsc ofhvjelutyc& 97)-bs fhxtekvf<br />
ghtpbltynvf lf sbsmvbc thsgfhnbekvf gfhkfvtynvf cfmfhsdtkjib itmvyf fhfltvjrhfnbekb<br />
ht;bvbcfsdbc lfvf[fcbfst,tkb cfpjufljt,hbd-gjkbnbrehb ufhtvj& 164 itb>kt,f bsmdfc^<br />
hjv ltvjrhfnbbc [fhbc[bc stvf fhxtdyt,bc vjf[kjt,fcsfy thsfl rbltd eahj vodfdt<br />
[fcbfsc vbbqt,c lf fv cfrbs[t,pt w[fht lt,fnt,b ]th rbltd obyff&<br />
o ltvjrhfnbf cfv[hts rfdrfcbfib<br />
2005 okbc vfbcib ghtpbltynvf ,eivf s,bkbcib ofhvjsmvek cbn.dfib [fpb ufecdf<br />
vcjakbjc vhfdfk mdt.fyfib fhct,ek cohfadfc ltvjrhfnbbcrty& vjdktyfsf ufydbsfht,fv bcbw<br />
fxdtyf^ hjv ltvjrhfnbbc lfvrdblht,f bjkb ghjwtcb fh bmyt,f^ .jdtk itvs[dtdfib^ bv<br />
fhtfkib^ cflfw cfmfhsdtkj vlt,fhtj,c&<br />
fhfcfvsfdhj,j jhufybpfwbbc @Freedom House#-bc vjyfwtvt,bs^ 2005 otkc cfmfhsdtkj^<br />
cjv[tsb lf sehmtsb @yf[tdhflsfdbceafkb# mdt.yt,bc rfntujhbfc vbtresdyt,bfy^ [jkj bhfyb<br />
lf fpth,fb]fyb _ @fhfsfdbceafkb# mdt.yt,bc rfntujhbfc& 2004 otksfy itlfht,bs wtynhfkehb<br />
fpbbc mdt.yt,ib^ fuhtsdt^ cfv[hts rfdrfcbfib cbnefwbf cfvjmfkfmj eakt,t,bc cathjib<br />
ufefhtclf& fpth,fb]fyvf^ .fpf[tsvf lf sehmvtytsvf rbltd eahj ufybvnrbwtc @fhfsfdbceafkb#<br />
mdt.yt,bc cnfnecb& eahj vtnbw^ fi[f,flb lf nfirtynb @yekjdfyb sfdbceakt,bc#<br />
vmjyt mdt.fyfsf ijhbc fhbfy& ufhlf fv jhb mdt.ybcf^ vcjakbjib fqybiyek rfntujhbfc<br />
vbtresdyt,f rbltd tmdcb mdt.fyf% xhlbkjts rjhtf^ kb,bf^ re,f^ cbhbf^ celfyb lf ,bhvf& 165<br />
@Freedom House#-bc cfvtwybthj rdktdt,bc lbhtmnjhbc fhxb gfllbyunjybc fphbs^<br />
wfkrtekb @cfvoe[fhj vfufkbst,bc# vbe[tlfdfl^ vcjakbjib flfvbfybc eakt,t,bc vlujvfhtj,f<br />
vbvlbyfht otkc ufev]j,tclf& @sfdbceafk# mdt.yt,fl lqtc vbxytekbf 98 mdt.fyf^ cflfw<br />
w[jdhj,c ltlfvbobc vjcf[ktj,bc sbsmvbc yf[tdfhb& rbltd 18) w[jdhj,c 58 @yfobkj,hbd<br />
sfdbceafk# cf[tkvobajt,ib& lf ,jkjc^ gkfytnbc vjcf[ktj,bc vtcfvtlb w[jdhj,c bv<br />
nthbnjhbt,pt^ cflfw @Freedom House#-bc fphbs^ fhfyfbhb ofhvjlutyf fhf fmds<br />
sfdbceakt,bc itcf[t,&<br />
@Freedom House#-b mdt.ybcsdbc @sfdbceafkbc#^ @yf[tdhflsfdbceafkbc# lf @fhfsfdbceafkbc#<br />
cnfnecbc vbybzt,bcfc v[tldtkj,fib bqt,c 25 c[dflfc[df vfxdtyt,tkc^ hjvtkbw<br />
t[t,f gjkbnbrehb eakt,t,bcf lf cfvjmfkfmj sfdbceakt,t,bc vlujvfhtj,fc mdt.fyfib&<br />
fvfcsfy^ vbvlbyfht okbc htbnbyubc ufycfpqdhbc lhjc v[tldtkj,fib vbbqt,f vjdktyt,b^<br />
hjvkt,bw vj[lf 2004 okbc 1 ltrtv,hblfy 2005 okbc 30 yjtv,hfvlt& 166<br />
163 @[dfkbyltkb lqt#^ 27&|:&2006<br />
164 @[dfkbyltkb lqt#^ 27&|:&2006<br />
165 http://www.regnum.ru/news/563244.html<br />
166 http://www.regnum.ru/news/563244.html<br />
81
@Freedom House#-bc htbnbyuib cflfdj itb>Kt,f b.jc ctgfhfnbcnek htubjyt,ib<br />
@sfdbceakt,bc [fhbc[bc# ufycfpqdhbc vwltkj,f& 2005 okbc htbnbyuib lytcnhbcgbhtsb<br />
vbresdyt,ekbf @fhfsfdbceafk# mdt.yt,c^ [jkj .fhf,fqb lf fa[fptsb @yf[tdhflsfdbceafk#<br />
mdt.yt,fl& xdty itdt[t,bs v[jkjl fa[fptsbc cfrbs[c& sfdbceakt,bc fvudfhb @ufpjvdf#^<br />
hjltcfw v[tldtkj,fib vbbqt,f v[jkjl ,jkj thsb okbc dbsfht,f^ cthbjpek cfahs[tc<br />
itbwfdc& fa[fptsbc nthbnjhbfpt mfhsdtksf tsyjovtylf xfnfhlf^ cfmfhsdtkjc<br />
[tkbceakt,f ufthjc nhb,eyblfy fa[fptsbcf lf w[bydfkbc htubjybc fytmcbbc vwltkj,fpt<br />
kfgfhfrj,c^ uh>tklt,f fa[fptsbc nthbnjhbfpt lfhxtybkb mfhsdtkt,bc cfibytkb<br />
itdbohjt,f lf fv .dtkfahbc buyjhbht,bs ,fqfaibc ht;bvb @yf[tdhflsfdbceafk# mdt.yfl<br />
w[fllt,f!<br />
cfmfhsdtkjib ltvjrhfnbbc ufydbsfht,bc itvfath[t,tkb ths-thsb evsfdhtcb afmnjhb<br />
mdt.fyfib fhct,ekb ctgfhfnbcnekb ht;bvt,bf& ufhlf flfvbfysf eakt,t,bc vfcj,hbdb<br />
lfhqdtdbcf^ hbc cfae>dtkptw itbmvyf lf fhct,j,ty cj[evbcf lf w[bydfkbc ctgfhfnbcnekb<br />
ht;bvt,b^ vjeotchbut,tkb rjyakbmnt,bc dbsfht,f [tkc eikbc mdt.ybc cf,jkjj uflfcdkfc<br />
@rjycnbnewbehb ufydbsfht,bc# ht;bvib lf lfvsfdhlt,f yfobkj,hbd @cfjvfh cbnefwbfib#<br />
.jaybc dbsfht,f& fqfh bmyt,f lqtdfyltkb erjynhjkj nthbnjhbt,b^ cflfw flfvbfysf<br />
eakt,t,bc lfwdf ghj,ktvff&<br />
gjcncf,zjsf cbdhwtc se itd[tlfds^ ltvjrhfnbbc gthcgtmnbdt,b htubjyib cfrvfjl<br />
hsekfl ufvjb.eht,f& cfmfhsdtkjcf lf erhfbyfib vjv[lfhb [fdthljdfyb htdjkewbt,bs<br />
ufvjodtekb jgnbvbpvb ufytklf& sfdfl tc jhb mdt.fyf cthbjpek ghj,ktvt,c fo.lt,f<br />
trjyjvbrehb lf gjkbnbrehb ufydbsfht,bc sdfkcfphbcbs& erhfbyfc 2006 otkc vjtkbc<br />
cfgfhkfvtynj fhxtdyt,b^ cflfw eylf lfbwdfc @yfhby]bcathb# htdjkewbbc vjyfgjdfhb& hfw<br />
itt[t,f cfv[hts rfdrfcbfc^ fpth,fb]fycf lf cjv[tsib @[fdthljdfyb# htdjkewbt,b lqbc<br />
otchbuib fqfh lufc& jhbdt mdt.fyfib lqtc fhct,ekvf [tkbceakt,fv vjbuthbf jgjpbwbbc<br />
itvjntdf& tmcgthnsf fphbs^ vsfdfhb cfibihjt,f ltvjrhfnbbcfsdbc hectsib vbvlbyfht<br />
ghjwtct,bf& fv mdt.fyfib cek eahj >kbthlt,f fdnjhbnfhekb vvfhsdtkj,bc ntyltywbt,b^<br />
hfw vcjakbjib itiajst,fc bodtdc&<br />
cfmfhsdtkjib flfvbfybc eakt,t,bc lfwdbc sdfkcfphbcbs^ ,tdhb hfv ufrtslf^ vfuhfv<br />
dbsfht,f lfvidblt,bc cfae>dtkc chekbflfw fh b>ktdf& jgjpbwbbcf lf fhfcfvsfdhj,j<br />
jhufybpfwbt,bc v[hblfy fhfths[tk ufvjsmvekf itiajst,f cfcfvfhskjc vlujvfhtj,bc<br />
itcf[t,^ hjvtkbw [tkbceakt,fpt lfvjrblt,ekfl hxt,f& v>bvt cjwbfkeh-trjyjvbrehb<br />
dbsfht,f rb bc ajybf^ hjltcfw fldbkfl bhqdtdf flfvbfybc c[dflfc[df eakt,t,b&<br />
2006 otkb cfmfhsdtkjib flubkj,hbdb sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc fhxtdyt,bc otkbf& vfhsfkbf<br />
sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc f[kf[fy vbqt,ekb rfyjyb jgjpbwbbcf lf fhfcfvsfdhj,jsf v[hblfy<br />
cthbjpek rhbnbrfc bvcf[eht,c^ vfuhfv sfdbcsfdfl sdbsvvfhsdtkj,f bc bycnhevtynbf^<br />
hjvtkvfw [tkb eylf iteo.jc vjmfkfmtt,bc gjkbnbreh vjyfobktj,fc lf vfs fmnbehj,fc<br />
cfresfhb eakt,t,bc lfwdbcf lf epheydtkcf.jafl&<br />
82
sfdb \& ghtpbltynbc bycnbnenb<br />
o ghtpbltynbc bycnbnenb lf f[fkb cfmfhsdtkj<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc lfvjerblt,kj,bc fqlutyfcsfy thsfl mdt.fyfib xylt,f ghtpbltynbc<br />
bycnbnenbw& sevwf lfvjerblt,kj,bc gbhdtkb lqtt,blfydt fh o.lt,f rfvfsb fv bycnbnenbc<br />
cfzbhjt,bc sfj,fpt& >kbthb cfghtpbltynj [tkbceakt,bc fhct,j,fc .fdc hjujhw<br />
fmnbehb vjv[htt,b^ bct sfdufvjlt,ekb vjobyffqvltutt,b& ghtpbltynbc bycnbnenbc vjvfdfkb<br />
cfmfhsdtkjib ,tdhfl bmyt,f lfvjrblt,ekb mdt.ybc hbubs vt-3 ghtpbltynbc vb[tbk<br />
cffrfidbkbc vjqdfotj,fpt&<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc lfvjerblt,kj,bc fqlutyf ufcekb cfereybc 90-bfyb okt,bc lfvltuc ofhvjtlubyfs<br />
hjujhw 1918-1921 okt,bc cfmfhsdtkjc ltvjrhfnbekb htcge,kbrbc fqjh>byt,f&<br />
bc b.j ovbylf cfgfhkfvtynj htcge,kbrf^ hjvtkbw ufvjhbw[fdlf ghtpbltynbc bycnbnenbc<br />
fhct,j,fc& sevwf^ bvlhjbyltkb fhfcjwbfkbcnehb gfhnbt,b v[fhc ezthlyty >kbthb cfghtpbltynj<br />
[tkbceakt,bc lfvrdblht,fc& cfmfhsdtkjc ltvjrhfnbekb htcge,kbrbc lfwtvbc<br />
itvltu vbcb vjqdfott,bc yfobkvf itwljvfl vbbxybf ghtpbltynbc bycnbnenpt efhbc smvf&<br />
1991 okbc fghbkib^ cfmfhsdtkjc lfvjerblt,kj,bc fqlutybc itvltu itvjqt,ekb bmyf<br />
ghtpbltynbc sfyfvlt,j,f lf fv gjcnpt gfhkfvtynvf fbhxbf pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbf^ bvfdt okbc<br />
26 vfbcc rb xfnfhlf cf.jdtksfj cfghtpbltynj fhxtdyt,b^ cflfw ufvcf[ehlbfv [vfsf 87)<br />
vbbqj& cfmfhsdtkjc gbhdtk ghtpbltync vvfhsdtkj,f lbl[fyc fh lfcwfklf& 1992 okbc 6<br />
bfydfhc ufvcf[ehlbf itbfhfqt,ek jgjpbwbfcsfy lfgbhbcgbht,bc itvltu b>ekt,ekb uf[lf<br />
mdt.fyf lftnjdt,byf&<br />
ufvcf[ehlbfc obyffqvltu itbfhfqt,ek ufvjcdkfc lf mdt.fyfib vjv[lfh cbc[kbcqdhfc<br />
f]fy.t,ekt,b ghtpbltynbc bycnbnenbc fhct,j,fcfw f,hfkt,lyty lf fw[flt,lyty^ hjv tc<br />
sfyfvlt,j,f cfmfhsdtkjib fqfh bfhct,t,lf& vfsb fphbs^ cfmfhsdtkj ovbylf cfgfhkfvtynj<br />
htcge,kbrbc cf[bs eylf xfvj.fkb,t,ekb.j&<br />
f[fkb [tkbceakt,bc v[hblfy @fynbcfghtpbltynj ufyo.j,bc# ufvj cfmfhsdtkjib 1992<br />
okbc vfhnib xfvj.dfybkb tlefhl itdfhlyf>bcsdbc ufvjhbw[ekb b.j gbhlfgbh ghtpbltynbc<br />
sfyfvlt,j,fpt ufyfw[flbc ufrtst,f^ sevwf vfc firfhfl cfghtpbltynj fv,bwbt,b /mjylf&<br />
itmvybk dbsfht,fib ufvjcfdfkbw vjbyf[f 1992 okbc 11 jmnjv,hbc fhxtdyt,ib gfhkfvtynbc<br />
sfdv]ljvfht [fk[vf cf.jdtksfj cf[fk[j rtyzbc.hbs fbhxbf& hjujhw fqbybiyt,jlf^ fvudfhb<br />
ghfmnbrf fh f[cjdc vcjakbj rjycnbnewbjyfkbpvbc bcnjhbfc&<br />
1995 otkc vbqt,ekb rjycnbnewbbs rdkfd lf,heylf >kbthb cfghtpbltynj<br />
[tkbceakt,f& bvfdt otkc xfnfht,ekb fhxtdyt,bc itltufl itdfhlyf>T ghtpbltynb uf[lf&<br />
2000 otkc itdfhlyf>T vtjht dflbsfw [lt,f mdt.ybc ghtpbltynb& bct xfylf^ hjv itdfhlyf>T<br />
fhf vfhnj ,jkjvlt vbb.dfylf sfdbc cfghtpbltynj dflfc^ fhfvtl vtvrdblhbc lfybidyfcfw<br />
epheydtk.jalf^ vfuhfv vjdktyt,b c[dfudfhfl ofhbvfhsf&<br />
.jabk rjveybcneh yjvtyrkfnehfpt lf.hlyj,bs itdfhlyf>bc [fyuh>kbdvf<br />
vvfhsdtkj,fv mdt.fyf bvltyfl v>bvt vlujvfhtj,fib xffulj^ [jkj [tkbceakt,bc gjkbnbrf<br />
bvltyfl fenfytkb uf[lf^ hjv itdfhlyf>tc [fdthljdfyb htdjkewbbc itltufl dflfpt flht<br />
vje[lf sfyfvlt,j,bc lfnjdt,f& ghtpbltynbc bycnbnenbc bcnjhbf cfmfhsdtkjib rbltd<br />
thsb f[fkb ufvjwlbkt,bs itbdcj& gfhkfvtynbc sfdv]ljvfhtc ybyj ,eh]fyf>tc 64 lqbc<br />
ufyvfdkj,fib vjeobf ghtpbltynbc vjdfktj,bc itchekt,fv&<br />
f[fkb cfghtpbltynj fhxtdyt,bcsdbc vpflt,fcsfy thsfl rdkfd uf>kbthlf cfe,ht,b bvbc<br />
itcf[t,^ hjv cfzbhjf ghtpbltynbc eakt,fvjcbkt,bc itpqeldf lf fvbc ths-ths upfl<br />
ghtvbth-vbybcnhbc sfyfvlt,j,bc itvjqt,fw tcf[t,jlfs& vfuhfv 4 bfydhbc cfghtpbltynj<br />
fhxtdyt,bc isfv,tzlfdvf itltut,vf^ wbdb o.fkb uflffc[f cfgfhkfvtynj htcge,kbrfpt<br />
uflfcdkbc blteh vjv[htt,cfw lf ghtpbltynbc eakt,t,bc itpqeldbc vjv[htt,cfw&<br />
83
o v[cytkb kblthbc vjkjlbyb<br />
vb[tbk cffrfidbkbc ghtpbltynfl fhxtdf 96)-bfyb v[fhlfzthbs ufvfjuyt,tkb vfxdtyt,tkbf<br />
lfvjerblt,tkb cfmfhsdtkjc bcnjhbfib& fctsb vfxdtyt,tkb sfdbc lhjpt pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbfcfw<br />
rb fh /mjybf& tc rbltd ths[tk vjovj,c^ se hjujh >kbthbf [fk[ib @v[cytkb<br />
kblthbc# vjkjlbyb^ hjvtkbw cohfafl vjfudfht,c cfpjufljt,bc obyfit vlufh vodfdt<br />
ghj,ktvt,c& [fk[bc fctsb thscekjdfyb v[fhlfzthf^ ujybdhekb ufvj.tyt,bc itvs[dtdfib^<br />
v>kfdhb ,thrtnbf mdt.ybc obycdkbcfsdbc& vfuhfv^ fvfdt lhjc^ [fk[b^ bvtlufwhet,bc itvs[dtdfib^<br />
rdkfd lfbo.t,c f[fkb v[cytkbc >t,yfc lf vpfl bmyt,f f[fkb htdjkewbbcfsdbc&<br />
cfmfhsdtkjcyfbh mdt.yt,ib lblbf ifycb t&o& /fhbpvfnekb kblthbc ufvjxtybcf& mdt.fyf^<br />
hjvtkbw fsoktekt,bc ufyvfdkj,fib cf,zjsf rfdibhbc itvflutykj,fib b.j lf gbhjdyt,bc<br />
reknc ittxdbf^ cflfw ]th fh lfvrdblht,ekf ltvjrhfnbekb gjkbnbrehb reknehf^ fvfdt<br />
lhjc^ vjcf[ktj,f erblehtcb cjwbfkeh-trjyjvbrehb ufzbhdt,bc gbhj,t,ib w[jdhj,c^ rfhub<br />
ybflfubf fvudfhb kbltht,bc ufvjxtybcfsdbc& flfvbfyt,b^ hjvkt,bw rfhufl dth thrdtdbfy<br />
vbvlbyfht ghjwtct,ib^ sfdbcbs dth gjekj,ty ufvjcfdfkc^ vpfl fhbfy lfbyf[jy kblthb^<br />
hjvtkcfw uf/.dt,bfy lf hjvtkbw vfs ertstc w[jdht,fc vjenfyc& fctsb kblthb mdt.ybc<br />
ufyf[kt,bc bltbc ufycf[btht,fl bmwtdf [jkvt&<br />
cf,zjsf ht;bvbcfufy itoe[t,ekb mfhsdtkj,f^ hjvtksfw eyljlfs tw[jdhfs lfvjerblt,tk<br />
lf ltvjrhfnbek cfmfhsdtkjib sbsmvbc thscekjdyfl uf/.df pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbfc&<br />
cfghtpbltynj fhxtdyt,ib vfy [vfsf 87) vjfuhjdf& ufvcf[ehlbfv^ vbe[tlfdfl bvbcf^ hjv<br />
cfv[tlhj >fkbc ufvj.tyt,bs vfktdt lffv[tc^ itbyfhxeyf vhfdfkb v[fhlfvzthb lf ufcekb<br />
cfgfhkfvtynj fhxtdyt,bc lhjcfw sbsmvbc .dtkf ofv.dfyb gfhnbf fy ,kjrb wlbkj,lf sfdbc<br />
hbut,ib /.jkjlf @sfdbcb# pdbflbcnt,b&<br />
/fhbpvfnekb kblthbc cf[bs lf,heylf cfmfhsdtkjib tlefhl itdfhlyf>Tw& vfhsfkbf bc<br />
cfmfhsdtkjib eahj rjveybcneh vvfhsdtkfl f[cjdlfs^ vfuhfv lfcfdktsib bub wyj,bkb<br />
b.j sfdbcb ltvjrhfnbekb bvb]bs& itdfhlyf>Bcfufy vjtkjlyty lfcfdktssfy rfdibhehsbthsj,t,bc<br />
ufqhvfdt,fc^ mdt.ybc lfvjerblt,kj,bc ufyvnrbwt,fc^ ltvjrhfnbekb cfpjufljt,bc<br />
itmvyfc& fh itdelut,bs bvbc itafct,fc^ se hjujh uffhsdf sfdb itdfhlyf>Tv fv<br />
fvjwfyfc& lhjbsb lbcnfywbblfy tc eahj vrfabjl ufvjxylt,f&<br />
sevwf itdfhlyf>bc 12-okbfyb vvfhsdtkj,bc gthbjlb lfvjerblt,tk cfmfhsdtkjib<br />
[fk[c mdt.ybc nthbnjhbekb vskbfyj,bc lfhqdtdbs^ rjheawbbc f.dfdt,bs lf cjwbfkehtrjyjvbrehb<br />
ufzbhdt,bs lffvf[cjdhlf& itdfhlyf>tv fdnjhbntnb fhf vfhnj mdt.ybc ibuybs^<br />
fhfvtl lfcfdktstk vtuj,ht,ibw lfrfhuf&<br />
dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc ufvfjuyt,tkb ofhvfnt,f lf itdfhlyf>bc vidblj,bfyb uflf.tyt,f<br />
fb[cyt,f itdfhlyf>bc ht;bvbc chekb ufrjnht,bs mdt.ybc ibuybs lf vbc afhukt,c ufhts&<br />
flfvbfyt,c vjcojylfs fhf bvltyfl cffrfidbkb^ hfvltyflfw fqfh itt>kjs itdfhlyf>bc<br />
vvfhsdtkj,bc gbhj,t,ib w[jdht,f& itdfhlyf>Bc uflf.tyt,fv rbltd eahj ufpfhlf cffrfidbkbc<br />
fdnjhbntnb lf v[fhlfzthf& 4 bfydhbc cfghtpbltynj fhxtdyt,ib 96)-bfyb itltub fvbc<br />
lfcnehbf&<br />
cffrfidbkc lqtc vjkjlbybs it/.eht,c cfpjufljt,f& vjv[htt,b sfdbfysb bvtlt,bc<br />
ufvfhskt,fc tkbfy^ vjobyffqvltutyb rb vbc itwljvt,c ewlbfy& sfdfl cffrfidbkbc<br />
ufyw[flt,bs^ vfc rfhufl tcvbc^ se hf gfce[bcvut,kj,fc frbcht,c vfc fctsb lblb v[fhlfzthf&<br />
cffrfidbkb cfrvfjl hsek vlujvfhtj,fibf& ghj,ktvt,b efqhtcfl hsekbf^ vbcufy rb erdt<br />
ef[kjtc vjvfdfkib tkbfy fv ghj,ktvt,bc uflfo.dtnfib htfkehb itltut,bc xdtyt,fc&<br />
obyffqvltu itvs[dtdfib^ vbc vfqfk htbnbyuc itvwbht,f tvemht,f&<br />
cfpjufljt,bc fv ufyo.j,bc ufvj.tyt,fc erdt lqtc wlbkj,ty ufhrdtekb >fkt,b&<br />
vfufkbsfl^ fmnbehj,ty hectsib ]th rbltd 1995 otkc uflf[dtobkb eibihjt,bc .jabkb<br />
itabc bujh ubjhuf>Bc vjv[htt,b& bcbyb fw[flt,ty^ hjv bujhb cfmfhsdtkjib lf,heylt,f lf<br />
vfhskfw uflfo.dtnc mdt.ybc obyfit vlufh ghj,ktvt,c^ hfcfw cffrfidbkb dth vjf[th[t,c& fv<br />
itvs[dtdfib yfrkt,b vybidytkj,f fmdc it>kt,c se fhf bujh ubjhuf>t mfhsek gjkbnbrfib<br />
xfhsdfc& eahj cfdfhfeljf^ hjv hectsbc cgtwcfvcf[eht,sfy ufbubdt,ekb gbhjdyt,f fvfc dth<br />
vjf[th[t,c&<br />
84
ubjhuf>bc vjv[htt,bc fmnbehj,fpt xdty bvbc ufvj ufdfvf[dbkts .ehflqt,f^ hjv bcbyb<br />
lqtc^ cffrfidbkbc gjkbnbreh ptybnib .jaybc lhjc itmvyfy f[fkb v[cytkbc bvb]b&<br />
cfpjufljt,fib lfythujy f[fkb mfhbpvfnekb kblthbc vjkjlbyb&<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc ths-thsb ghj,ktvf cojhtl tcff& mdt.fyfv sfdb eylf lffqobjc fv vfyrbth<br />
ohtc^ hjltcfw [fk[b fcts uflfzfh,t,ek bvtlt,c fv.fht,c kblthpt& ,jkjc lf ,jkjc bct<br />
eylf vjto.jc cf[tkvobaj^ hjv veifj,lyty bycnbnent,b lf mdt.ybc gbhdtkb gbht,bc wdkf<br />
xdtekt,hbdb vjdktyf b.jc lf fhf htdjkewbf^ seylfw [fdthljdfyb^ hjvtkbw vcjakbjc<br />
.ehflqt,bc wtynhib tmwtdf& c]j,c cfmfhsdtkj cek c[df res[bs ufbwyjc vcjakbjv&<br />
o ghtpbltynb lf vbcb ufhtvjwdf<br />
sfyfvtlhjdt cfmfhsdtkj fhct,j,bc 15 otkc bsdkbc^ hfw lfvjerblt,kj,bc fqlutybc<br />
itvltuff ufcekb& sevwf^ fv vjrkt bcnjhbek vjyfrdtsib erdt ufvjdkbylf lqtdfyltkb<br />
mfhsekb gjkbnbrbcsdbc lfvf[fcbfst,tkb rfyjypjvbtht,fyb^ hfw [fhbpvfnekj,fpt<br />
ghtntypbbc vmjyt kblthbc fqptdt,fc^ vbc ufhtvjwdfcsfy lf jgjpbwbfcsfy ehsbthsj,fc lf<br />
fvfcsfy lfrfdibht,bs itmvybk ghj,ktvt,c t[t,f&<br />
mfhsek gjkbnbrfib ofhvfnt,fc [fhbpvfnekb kblthb fqotdc& fctsb b.j lfvjerblt,kj,bc<br />
fqlutybc itvltu mdt.ybc cfsfdtib vjcekb cfvbdt ghtpbltynb& cffrfidbkc [ibhfl<br />
fvcufdct,ty lf gfhfktkt,c fdkt,ty hjujhw pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbfcsfy^ fctdt itdfhlyf>tcsfy&<br />
vfufkbsfl^ jgjpbwbbc ofhvjvflutykt,b fqybiyfdty^ hjv cffrfidbkb @f[fkufphlf lf<br />
fuhtcbekb itdfhlyf>tf#^ c[dt,b vbesbst,ty^ hjv itdfhlyf>T ufwbkt,bs eahj ufojyfcojht,ek<br />
gjkbnbrfc fnfht,lf lf fvbnjvfw ufc>kj lbl[fyc^ cffrfidbkbc vvfhsdtkj,f rb<br />
>fkptl cohfafl tvcufdct,f itdfhlyf>bc vvfhsdtkj,bc ,jkj gthbjlc& hfw itt[t,f gfhfktkt,c<br />
pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbfcsfy^ fvfc rfntujhbekfl efh.jac vbcb df;b rjycnfynbyt<br />
ufvcf[ehlbf& tc erfyfcrytkb fmnbehfl thsdt,f mfhsek gjkbnbrfib lf gbhdtk hbuib<br />
cffrfidbkc offhsvtdc t&o& @pdbflbcneh# tktmnjhfnc&<br />
[fhbpvfnek kblthc ofhvfnt,t,b czbhlt,f lf serb fvudfhb hfv fqfh fhbc^ ghtpbltynbc<br />
htbnbyub itvwbht,fc bo.t,c lf ervf.jabkjsf hbw[db bphlt,f& cfmfhsdtkjc vtcfvt<br />
ghtpbltync^ gbhdtkbc vcufdcfl^ cthbjpekb ghj,ktvt,b fmdc jgjpbwbfcsfy ehsbthsj,fib^<br />
hflufyfw^ vfsb cnbkb fuhtcbekj,bs ufvjbhxtdf lf jgjpbwbfcsfy hfbvt htfkeh lbfkjuc<br />
afmnj,hbdfl ufvjhbw[fdc&<br />
ghtpbltynbc obyffqvltu ervf.jabkj >fkt,bc ufthsbfyt,f t&o& @ytufnbehb gkfnajhvbc#<br />
ufhitvj [lt,f ghbywbgbs @.dtkfyb vbyec thsb#& pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbfc obyffqvltu ,H>Jkbc<br />
evsfdhtcb kjpeyub b.j @cfmfhsdtkj ufvcf[ehlbfc ufhtit#^ itdfhlyf>Bc vvfhsdtkj,f^<br />
cf,jkjj ]fvib^ itbobhf kjpeyuvf @cfmfhsdtkj itdfhlyf>bc ufhtit#& fv ufhtvjt,fpt lqtc<br />
erdt cffrfidbkbc jgjpbwbf fvf[dbkt,c .ehflqt,fc& @cffrfidbkvf dth ufbfphf thsb hfv%<br />
[fk[b^ hjvtkbw c[dflfc[df res[tt,blfy xfvjdblf lf fm s,bkbcib itbrhf^ thsb kjpeyubc<br />
mdti ufthsbfylf _ @cfmfhsdtkj itdfhlyf>bc ufhtit!# lf fhf fctsb ibyffhcbc kjpeyubc mdti<br />
_ @cfmfhsdtkj cffrfidbksfy thsfl!#& fct b.j fzfhfibw& bm cfrbs[b fct bluf _ @fzfhf<br />
f,fib>bc ufhtit#^ _ fqybiyfdc htcge,kbrtkb lfdbs ,th>tybidbkb& vbcbdt smvbs^ @cffrfidbkb<br />
vfiby fveifdt,ekvf vtmfybpvvf sfdbcb lbyt,bs vjb.dfyf [tkbceakt,bc cfsfdtib lf se bc<br />
[fk[c bvtlc ufewhet,c^ fctsb mvtlt,f bctd [fk[bc vbth fhbc lfc]flb#& 167<br />
ofvj.tyt,ekb bmyt,f se fhf kjpeyub @cfmfhsdtkj cffrfidbkbc ufhtit#( hjujhw xfyc^<br />
jgjpbwbbc ufthsbfyt,f rdkfd ytufnbehb ghjuhfvbc ufhitvj [lt,f& ghbywbgib^ fvfib rfhub<br />
fhfathbf^ vfuhfv tc htfkj,ff lf ]th]thj,bs^ mfhsekb gjkbnbrbc ufhrdtekb<br />
rfyjypjvbtht,f& @ytufnbehb gkfnajhvbc# cfae>dtkpt ufthsbfyt,ek chekbfl c[dflfc[df<br />
gjkbnbreh ]ueat,cf lf flfvbfyt,c^ sfy[vj,f v[jkjl fhct,ekbc itwdkfcsfy lfrfdibht,bs<br />
fmds vbqotekb^ vfuhfv hjujhb bmyt,f vjvfdfkb^ fvbc sfj,fpt ,eyljdfyb lf chekbfl<br />
ufyc[dfdt,ekb ofhvjlutyt,b fmds&<br />
167 @fkbf#^ 16-17&:::&2006<br />
85
hjltcfw fhct,ek ghtpbltyncf lf jgjpbwbfc ijhbc ehsbthsj,t,b b>f,t,f^ rhbnbrbc<br />
vybidytkjdfyb yfobkb jgjpbwbbc v[hblfy vbvfhsekbf fhf ghtpbltynbc^ fhfvtl vbcb<br />
ufhtvjwdbc vbcfvfhsbs& ghtpbltynbc vbth lfidt,ekb itwljvt,b vbc ufhtvjwdfc ,hfklt,f&<br />
fv sdfkcfphbcbc sfyf[vfl^ cojhtl ufhtvjwdf cfhut,kj,c ghtpbltynbc cf[tkbs lf sfdbc<br />
cfmvtt,c fudfht,c^ ufhtvjwdf ,kjrfdc ghtpbltynbcsdbc itmvybkb dbsfht,bc itcf[t,<br />
j,btmnehb byajhvfwbbc vbojlt,fc lf ghtpbltynbc htfmwbf fhffltrdfnehb [lt,f& fctsb<br />
,hfklt,t,b cffrfidbkbc vbvfhs erdt ufbcvbc&<br />
ghtpbltync jgjpbwbf^ hjujhw otcb^ vjeojlt,c uftvb]yjc sfdbc ufhtvjwdfc lf fvbs<br />
uflfbhxbyjc cfresfhb sfdb lf mdt.fyf rhbpbcblfy ufvjb.dfyjc& fv vblujvbc sfyf[vfl^<br />
ghtpbltynvf eylf uffwyj,bthjc^ hjv bc fhf vfhnj sfdbcb ufhtvjwdbc fy vvfhsdtkb<br />
gfhnbbc^ fhfvtl vstkb mdt.ybc^ vfs ijhbc jgjpbwbehb gfhnbt,bcf lf vbc obyffqvltu<br />
cfghjntcnj fmwbt,bc vjyfobktt,bc ghtpbltynbw fhbc&<br />
bcbw rfyjypjvbtht,ff^ hjv ghtpbltync ezbhc sfdbcb ufhtvjwdbc xfvjwbkt,f lf<br />
sfdbcsfy lff[kjt,ek gbht,c ufycfresht,ekb vjyljt,bs bwfdc& tc rfhufl ufvjxylf<br />
vthf,bidbkbc ufhitvj fnt[bkb crfylfkbc lhjc& cf,jkjj ]fvib^ ghtpbltynvf itb>kt,f<br />
vjbwbkjc pjubthsb abuehf^ vfuhfv gfhfktkehfl^ dbsfht,bc ufvodfdt,fcsfy thsfl^<br />
ghtpbltynbc ufhtvjwdfib bphlt,f esfy[vjt,f lf ehsbthslfgbhbcgbht,f& hfw vsfdfhbf^ tc<br />
.dtkfathb rtslt,f rekbct,ib lf cfpjufljt,f yfrkt,flff byajhvbht,ekb vbvlbyfht<br />
vjdktyt,bc itcf[t,&<br />
vsfdfhb lfcrdyf^ hfw mfhsek gjkbnbrfpt cfe,hbcfc itb>kt,f ufvjdbnfyjs^ bcff^ hjv<br />
fhfdbsfh itvs[dtdfib fh eylf bmytc lfidt,ekb 1991-1992 okt,bc nhfubrekb vjdktyt,bc<br />
ufvtjht,f^ hfw mdt.fyf erfy lfcotdc lf rbltd vhfdfk f[fk ghj,ktvfc itemvybc& cf[bafsjf<br />
fctdt f[fkb htdjkewbbc itcf[t, byntycbehb cfe,ht,bw& fvudfh dbsfht,fc hjv ,jkj vjtqjc^<br />
fvbcfsdbc cfzbhjf fhxtdyt,bc bycnbnenbc htfkehb fveifdt,f& fv rbs[dfpt gfce[bc ufwtvf rb<br />
erdt itvjlujvfpt^ flubkj,hbdb sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc fhxtdyt,bc lhjc bmyt,f&<br />
o udzbhlt,f se fhf ghtpbltynbc bycnbnenb(<br />
vb[tbk cffrfidbkc uflfo.dtnbkfl vbfxybf^ hjv ghtpbltynj,f vtjht dflbsfw vjeotdc lf<br />
cfe,hj,c [jkvt bvbc sfj,fpt^ se hfc uffrtst,c sfdbcb ghtpbltynj,bc gbhdtk dflfib&pjubthst,b<br />
sdkbfy^ hjv vtjht dflbs ghtpbltynj,fc cffrfidbkb dtqfh vjf[th[t,c lf<br />
wlbkj,ty ufvjbwyjy ghtpbltynj,bc cfdfhfelj rfylblfnehf& fvfdt lhjc^ fhbfy bcbybw^<br />
dbcfw mdt.fyfib ptlvtnfl vbfxybf ghtpbltynbc bycnbnenb lf cfgfhkfvtynj htcge,kbrbc<br />
vjltkpt uflfcdkfc ezthc v[fhc& 168<br />
@fv mdt.fyfib vbif cffrfidbkb ,jkj ghtpbltynbf& ufhoveyt,s^ vtnb ghtpbltynb cfmfhsdtkjc<br />
fh t.jkt,f! mdt.fyf cfgfhkfvtynj htcge,kbrfl eylf ufhlfbmvyfc#^ _ fqybiyfdc<br />
nhflbwbjyfkbcnb ue,fp cfybrb>t& 169 vbcbdt smvbs^ [fk[c tc nthvbyb fahs[j,c lf /ujybf^<br />
hjv @gfhkfvtynb bmyt,f vvfhsdtkb#& cbyfvldbktib cfgfhkfvtynj htcge,kbrf eahj<br />
fltrdfnehb lf vjmybkb cbcntvff& @dbyw fhxtdyt,ib ufbvfh]dt,c^ rtsbkc byt,t,c^ uf[lt,f<br />
mdt.ybc ghtvbth-vbybcnhb^ htajhvt,c uffnfht,c^ se otcbthfl fh vjbmwtdf^ uflff.tyt,ty&<br />
fvbnjv fhbfy cfgfhkfvtynj htcge,kbrt,b eahj fltrdfnehyb lf vjmybkt,b#& 170<br />
bubdt fphbcff tmcgthnb ybrj jhdtkfidbkb& vbcb smvbs^ @se xdtyb mdt.ybcsdbc<br />
gthcgtmnbdfib cbrtst udbylf lf yjhvfkehb w[jdht,f^ gjkbnbrehb vvfhsdtkj,bc cbcntvf<br />
>bhtekfl eylf itbwdfkjc&&& lqtc ghtpbltynbc bycnbnenb fhbc bc vf]kf]eyf^ hjvtkbw<br />
168 2006 okbc 8-11 vfbcc cjwbjkjubehvf rdktdbsvf ]ueavf @tv-]b-tv#-vf s,bkbcib 500 htcgjltynbc<br />
cfntktajyj ufvjrbs[df xffnfhf& lfcvekb b.j rbs[df% @smdtyb fphbs^ uffvfhskf se fhf<br />
cfmfhsdtkjib cfghtpbltynj vvfhsdtkj,fv(# gfce[t,b itvltuyfbhfl ufyfobklf% fh uffvfhskf _<br />
46^6) ~fye fct vbbxytdc 233 htcgjltynb`* uffvfhskf _ 35) ~175`* gfce[bcufy sfdb itbrfdf _ 18^4)<br />
~92` ~@mhjybrf#^ 15-21&|&2006`&<br />
169 @mhjybrf#^ 17-23&:|&2006<br />
170 @mhjybrf#^ 17-23&:|&2006<br />
86
vstk mfhsek cfpjufljt,fcf lf cf[tkvobajc fh f>ktdc cekbc vjsmvbc cfiefkt,fc&<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc .dtkfpt lblb ceksfv[esfdb ghtpbltynbc bycnbnenbf bv cf[bs^ hfw fv]thfl<br />
fhbc& hjujhw xfyc^ mfhsekb cfpjufljt,f fh fqvjxylf vpfl bvbcsdbc^ hjv cfahs[tt,b<br />
lfbyf[jc lhjekfl lf fbwbkjc sfdblfy#& cfgfhkfvtynj htcge,kbrbc cbcntvfpt uflfcdkf<br />
itcf>kt,tkc uf[lbc @gjkbnbrehb ghjwtct,b uflfdbltc ]fycfqb rjyrehtywbbc ht;bvib#& fv<br />
itvs[dtdfib gjkbnbrjct,b @ghtpbltynbc vjojyt,fpt rb fh babmht,ty^ fhfvtl [fk[bc<br />
ufyo.j,fpt tmyt,fs cfabmhb#& 171<br />
o gfhkfvtynbc thsb otkb<br />
sfdb \:& gfhkfvtynb<br />
gfhkfvtynbc fdnjhbntnb lqtc >fkptl lf,fkbf lf [tkbceakt,bc vbvfhs lfuhjdbkb<br />
ervf.jabkt,f gfhkfvtynbc vbvfhs rhbnbrek ufyo.j,bkt,fib ufvjb[fnt,f& lqtdfyltkb<br />
gfhkfvtynb ewyfehbf sfdbcb itvflutykj,bs _ gfhkfvtynbc vf;jhbnfhekb yfobkb _ 75<br />
gfhkfvtynfhb _ 2003 okbc 2 yjtv,thc fbhxbtc& dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc itvltu erfyjyjl<br />
fhxtekfl v[jkjl gfhnbekb cbt,bs fhxtekt,b vbbxybtc^ vf;jhbnfht,c rb eakt,fvjcbkt,f<br />
lfelfcnehtc& ,tdhvf tc vfibydt uffrhbnbrf^ eghbywbgj lf fhfkjubreh uflfo.dtnbkt,fl<br />
xfsdfkf^ vfuhfv f[fkb [tkbceakt,f fv yf,b]pt bvbnjv ofdblf^ hjv fh cehlf ufyfo.tyt,f<br />
ufdktybfyb flfvbfyt,bcf^ hjvtksfw fhwse vwbht sfy[f lfe]lfs vf;jhbnfhbc cfdfh>kbc<br />
vjgjdt,f& lqtdfyltkb gfhkfvtynbc 150 otdhb rb 2004 okbc 28 vfhnc xfnfht,ekb<br />
ghjgjhwbekb fhxtdyt,bc yf.jac ofhvjflutyc&<br />
ufhlf fvudfhb fhfjhlbyfkehb itvflutykj,bcf^ 28 vfhnbc gfhkfvtync obyfvjh,tlbcufy<br />
ufyc[dfdt,ek rjycnbnewbeh ht;bvib vjeobf veifj,bc lfo.t,fv& 2004 okbc st,thdkbc<br />
lfcfo.bcib 1999 okbc vjodtdbc gfhkfvtynvf^ hjvkbc veifj,fw uf[fyuh>kbdlf dfhlt,bc<br />
htdjkewbbc itvltu^ v[fhb lfezbhf f[fkb [tkbceakt,bc vbth itsfdfpt,ek cfrjycnbnewbj<br />
wdkbkt,t,c& fv wdkbkt,t,bc itltufl itvjqt,ekb bmyf ghtvbth-vbybcnhbc bycnbnenb^ ghtpbltynvf<br />
rb vbbqj gfhkfvtynbc lfs[jdybc eakt,f& flubkj,hbdb lf ew[jtkb tmcgthnt,bc<br />
itafct,bs^ cfrjycnbnewbj wdkbkt,t,vf ufvjbodbf cfrfyjyvlt,kj jhufyjc lfcecnt,f& vbcb<br />
rjynhjkbc itcf>kt,kj,t,b fqvfchekt,tk [tkbceakt,fpt itvwbhlf&& tdhjgbc cf,zj lf<br />
dtytwbbc rjvbcbf cfmfhsdtkjc [tkbceakt,fc rjycnbnewbbs cf[tkbceakj injt,bc erts<br />
lf,fkfyct,fc ehxtdc&<br />
28 vfhnbc fhxtdyt,bc itltut,pt uflfvo.dtnb ufdktyf vjf[lbyf dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc<br />
itvltu fhct,ekvf tbajhbfv& htdjkewbbc itvltu >dtkb cf[tkbceakj gfhnbt,b _<br />
@vjmfkfmtsf rfdibhb# lf @fqjh>byt,f# afmnj,hbdfl fqfh fhct,j,lyty& [fk[bc sdfkib .dtkf<br />
bc gfhnbf^ hjvtksfw vjyfobktj,f fh vbbqtc htdjkewbfib lbcrhtlbnt,ekb b.j& vjmfkfmtsf<br />
vybidytkjdfyb yfobkb v[fhc ezthlf vb[tbk cffrfidbkbc @yfwbjyfkeh vj>hfj,fc# lf<br />
vbcufy vjtkjlf vjrkt lhjib sfdbcb ghj,ktvt,bc uflfo.dtnfc&^ 28 vfhnbc fhxtdyt,bc itvltu<br />
[tkbceakt,fv cfrfyjyvlt,kj jhufyjib cfrjycnbnewbj evhfdktcj,f itflubyf&<br />
ufhlf fv ewyfehb sfdct,flj,bcf^ hjltcfw gfhkfvtynib htdjkewbfvltkb lf htdjkewbbc<br />
itvltu fhxtekb ltgenfnt,bf ofhvjlutybkb^ fhct,ekb gfhkfvtynb qbhcitcfybiyfdbf<br />
bvbsfw^ hjv fvudfhb cf[bc gfhkfvtynb vtnb fqfh itbrhb,t,f& gfhkfvtynfht,vf vbbqtc<br />
uflfo.dtnbkt,f^ hjv cfrfyjyvlt,kj jhufyjc itvflutykj,f 235 otdhblfy 150 otdhfvlt<br />
itvwbhlt,f& fctdt^ vbqt,ekb cfrjycnbnewbj wdkbkt,t,bc sfyf[vfl^ cfmfhsdtkjc vjvfdfkb<br />
gfhkfvtynb jhgfkfnbfyb bmyt,f lf mdtlf ~ghjgjhwbekb otcbs` lf ptlf ~vf;jhbnfhekb<br />
otcbs` gfkfnt,bc fhxtdyt,b c[dflfc[df lhjc xfnfhlt,f& fh ufvjhbw[fdty bvfcfw^ hjv ght-<br />
171 @f[fkb sfj,f#^ 17&:|&2006<br />
87
pbltynvf vskbfyfl gfhkfvtynb^ fylf vbcb vf;jhbnfhekb rjhgecb dflfpt flht lfbs[jdjc&<br />
fk,fs^ cfrfyjyvlt,kj jhufyjib [tkbceakt,bc fvudfhb vnrbwt gjpbwbt,bc ufvj^ ufcekb<br />
thsb otkb^ gfhkfvtynbc vbth vbqt,ekb rfyjyt,bc hfjltyj,bc vb[tldbs se dbvc]tkt,s^<br />
.dtkfpt yf.jabthb b.j mfhsekb gfhkfvtynfhbpvbc bcnjhbfib& vbqt,ekb bmyf ,tdhb<br />
vybidytkjdfyb rfyjyb^ vfs ijhbc cfuflfcf[flj rjltmcbw& jgjpbwbf cf[tkbceakj rfyjyitvjmvtlt,fc<br />
rhbnbrekfl fafct,c^ vfuhfv tc erdt^ hjujhw bn.dbfy^ @utvjdyt,bc cfrbs[bf# lf<br />
lhj udbxdtyt,c^ se fv lfdfib dbc v[fhtptf cbvfhskt&<br />
jgjpbwbbc cbcecnt 28 vfhnbc fhxtdyt,bcf lf lqtdfyltkb gfhkfvtynbc ths-thsb<br />
lfvf[fcbfst,tkb ybifybf& dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc itvltu vjcekb [tkbceakt,f fvf.j,lf<br />
sbsmvbc thscekjdfyb cf[fk[j v[fhlfzthbs^ vfuhfv fvfc sfdbcb efh.jabsb v[fhtw fmdc lf<br />
bvfdt [tkbceakt,bc ofhvjvflutytksf >fKBC[VTDBS^ OTKC ST,THDFKIB VBQT,EK TDHJGBC<br />
CF,ZJC HTPJKEWBFIB CFMFHSDTKJC ITCF[T, ITCOJHT,F BMYF ITNFYBKB _ @JGJPBWBBC<br />
FHFHCT,J,BC# YFWDKFL @CECNB JGJPBWBBC# FHCT,J,F BMYF LFABMCBHT,EKB& lfcfdktstkb<br />
tmcgthnt,b [tkbceakt,bcfufy rjycnbnewbfib wdkbkt,bc itnfyfc vjbs[jdty^ hjvkbc<br />
>Fkbsfw cffhxtdyj ,fhbthb 7)-lfy 5)-vlt itvwbhlt,f& sevwf^ fv yf,b]bc uflfluvbcfufy<br />
[tkbceakt,f sfdc brfdt,c&<br />
lqtc [tkbceakt,bc vbcfvfhsbs rhbnbrf eahj [ibhfl ufbcvbc^ dblht v[fhlfzthf&<br />
[tkbceakt,bc itwljvt,bc se fhfhtfkehb vjkjlbyt,bc ufvj vrdtshfl ufbpfhlf bv<br />
flfvbfyt,bc hfjltyj,f^ hjvkt,bw rhbnbrekfl fhbfy ufyo.j,bkyb [tkbceakt,bc vbvfhs&<br />
vfuhfv lqtdfyltkb dbsfht,bc sfdbct,eht,f bcff^ hjv [tkbceakt,bc htbnbyubc itvwbht,fcsfy<br />
thsfl^ fh ufphlbkf jgjpbwbehb ufthsbfyt,t,bc htbnbyub& hjujhw fqbybiyt,f^<br />
jgjpbwbf ]th rbltd ajhvbht,bc cnflbfibf& vfhskfw^ f[fk cfgfhkfvtynj fhxtdyt,fvlt ]th<br />
rbltd ijhbf& sevwf^ dbsfht,f bctsbf^ hjv dth ufvjdhbw[fds dflfvltkb fhxtdyt,bc xfnfht,bc<br />
itcf>kt,kj,fcfw&<br />
dflfvltkb cfgfhkfvtynj fhxtdyt,b rb bvbsfw bmyt,f rfhub^ hjv fhct,ekb gfhkfvtynbc<br />
itvflutykj,f erdt fqfh ittcf,fvt,f cfpjufljt,bc ufyo.j,fc& htdjkewbbbc itvlujvvf tbajhbfv<br />
ufbfhf lf cfpjufljt,fib uhjdlt,f rhbnbrbcf lf bvtlufwhet,bc ve[nb [tkbceakt,bc<br />
vbcfvfhsbs& lhjsf ufyvfdkj,fib tc ufyo.j,f rbltd eahj ufbphlt,f&<br />
sevwf^ cftzdjf^ hjv ghtpbltynb gfhkfvtynbc lfs[jdyfpt ofdbltc^ hflfufyfw fvfpt<br />
eahj @thsuek# gfhkfvtytnc f[fkb fhxtdyt,bc itltufl dth vbbqt,c& htdjkewbehb tbajhbf<br />
erdt erfy lfhxf lf [tkbceakt,bc vbvfhs cfpjufljt,bc rhbnbrekb ufyo.j,f sdfkcfxbyjf&<br />
fvltyfl^ f[fkb fhxtdyt,bc itvs[dtdfib @thsgfhnbek-cf[tkbceakj# gfhkfvtync cffrfidbkb<br />
dtqfh vbbqt,c&<br />
lqtdfyltkb gfhkfvtynbc aeymwbjybht,bc lfo.t,fc oby ecoht,lf obyf vjodtdbc<br />
gfhkfvtynbc vbth vbqt,ekb cfrjycnbnewbj wdkbkt,t,b^ hjltcfw vybidytkjdyfl itbpqelf<br />
gfhkfvtynbc eakt,fvjcbkt,f& ghtpbltynvf gfhkfvtynbc lfs[jdybc eakt,fw vbbqj^ hfw<br />
ufvjhbw[ekb b.j itdfhlyf>Bc lhjc&<br />
vbe[tlfdfl eakt,fvjcbkt,bc itrdtwbcf^ gfhkfvtynb byfhxeyt,c vsfdhj,bc cfmvbfyj,bc<br />
rjynhjkbc aeymwbfc^ vfuhfv gfhkfvtynfht,b fv aeymwbfc yfrkt,fl fchekt,ty& cfgfhkfvtynj<br />
evhfdktcj,f vjhxbkfl fchekt,c bv vbsbst,t,c^ hfcfw vsfdhj,bcfufy qt,ekj,c&<br />
fvbc sdfkcfxbyj vfufkbsb b.j gfhkfvtynbc vbth cfvb sdbc oby fvjmvtlt,ek cfuflfcf[flj<br />
rjltmcib wdkbkt,bc itnfyf lf rth>J fh,bnhf;bc ufemvt,f& gfhkfvtynb fctdt lftvjhxbkf<br />
vsfdhj,bc v[hblfy ofvjcek c[df vjs[jdyt,c^ hfvfw rehbjpekb cf[t vbbqj& vfufkbsfl^<br />
@vtvfh]dtytt,c# [tkib xfedfhlfs @igfhufkrf#^ hjvtkibw evhfdktcj,bc otdht,bcsdbc<br />
vbsbst,ekb b.j bc w[hf rfylblfnehf ~ofhvjlutybkb 18-lfy`^ hjvkbcsdbcfw [vf eylf<br />
vbtwfs cfpjufljt,hbdb ntktdbpbbc cfvtsdfk.ehtj cf,zjc ajhvbht,bc lhjc& itltufl^<br />
evhfdktcj,bc yfobkc @ithw[df# lf lfcf[tkt,ekb cbblfy v[jkjl 6 @cfcehdtkb# rfylblfnbc<br />
fhxtdf vj[th[lf&<br />
hfc fqfh eojlt,ty lqtdfyltk gfhkfvtync% @qbhct,flfrfhuekb# ~rth>j fh,bnhf;bc<br />
ufemvt,bc ufvj`^ @rjveybcnehb# ~vsfdhj,bcflvb ecbn.dj vjhxbkt,bcf lf vf;jhbnfhsf<br />
yfobkbc ofhcekbc ufvj`^ @vsfdhj,bc fldjrfnb# ~vsfdhj,blfy ofvjcekb vbsbst,t,bc itchekt,bc<br />
ufvj` lf f&i& sevwf^ ,tdhc uflfzfh,t,ekfl vbfxybf gfhkfvtynbc vbvfhs fhct,ekb<br />
88
hbnbrekb gfsjcb& @vt dtsfy[vt,b vjcfpht,fc^ hjv gfhkfvtynbc cfmvbfyj,f fv thsb okbc<br />
ufyvfdkj,fib ofhvfnt,ekb b.j _ xdty 150-pt vtnb rfyjyb vbdbqts& ufhlf fvbcf^ gfhkfvtynvf<br />
lffvnrbwf vybidytkjdfyb ufyw[flt,t,b hectsbc ,fpt,sfy lfrfdibht,bs^ fctdt erhfbyfib lf<br />
,tkjhecbfib vbvlbyfht vjdktyt,sfy lfrfdibht,bs#^ _ fqybiyfdc gfhkfvtynfhb uehfv<br />
df[nfyubidbkb& 172<br />
gfhkfvtynbc htbnbyub vjcf[ktj,bc sdfkib cfrvfjl lf,fkbf& hbubsb flfvbfyb dth<br />
uh>yj,c cfrfyjyvlt,kj jhufyjc cbrtstc& fvfdt lhjc gfhkfvtynbc veifj,f^ c[df cf[tkbceakj<br />
cnhemneht,bcufy ufyc[dfdt,bs^ eahj qbff cfpjufljt,bc v[hblfy sdfk.ehbc<br />
ltdyt,bcfsdbc lf hfcfw [tlfdc^ fhwse cfcbrtsjl vjmvtlt,c gfhkfvtynbc fdnjhbntnbc<br />
phlfpt& sevwf^ hjujhw gfhkfvtynfhb lfdbs pehf,bidbkb fqybiyfdc^ gfhkfvtynbc lf,fkb<br />
htbnbyub fb[cyt,f fhf vbcb vtnb uf[cybkj,bs^ fhfvtl gbhbmbs^ qbfj,bc yfrkt,j,bs& @fv<br />
gfhkfvtynbc ths-thsb vsfdfhb ghj,ktvf bcff^ hjv vbcb cfmvbfyj,bc 80 ghjwtynb<br />
rekefht,ib^ [fk[bcufy lfafhekfl vbvlbyfhtj,c#^ _ fqybiyfdc lfdbs pehf,bidbkb& 173 vbcb<br />
smvbs^ rekefht,ib cfgfhkfvtynj evhfdktcj,f cekfw fh fhbc @vjhxbkb# lf ,tdh hfvtib<br />
trfvfst,f vsfdhj,fc^ vfuhfv tc @qbf# c[ljvt,pt fh v;qfdylt,f lf fvbnjvfw gfhkfvtynb<br />
@vjhxbkfl# lf @vsfdhj,bc fldjrfnfl# ofhvjlut,f&<br />
lf vfbyw^ cf,jkjj ]fvib^ [fk[b [tkbceakt,bc lf rjyrhtnekfl gfhkfvtynbc vbqotdt,pt<br />
sfdbcb w[jdht,bc gbhj,t,bc vb[tldbs bvc]tkt,c& serb^ vfufkbsfl^ ufyfskt,bc rfyjyb fy<br />
cfuflfcf[flj rjltmcb cfsfyfljl dth bveifdt,c^ vfiby ervf.jabkt,f cfdct,bs cfvfhskbfyfl<br />
cfrfyjyvlt,kj jhufyjc obyffqvltufw bmyt,f ofhvfhsekb& vfuhfv oby gfhkfvtynbc veifj,bc<br />
cfvb otkbf lf jgnbvbpvb gfhkfvtynbc veifj,fcsfy lfrfdibht,bs ufwbkt,bs czfh,j,c<br />
crtgnbwbpvc<br />
o gfhkfvtynbc f[fkb gthcgtmnbdt,b<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc gfhkfvtynvf vbbqj cfrjycnbnewbj itcojht,f 203 [vbs thsbc obyffqvltu^<br />
hjvkbc >fkbsfw vjvfdfkb gfhkfvtynb lqtdfyltkb 235 otdhbc yfwdkfl 150 rfwbcufy bmyt,f<br />
itvlufhb& fmtlfy 100 gfhnbekb cbt,bs bmyt,f fhxtekb^ 50 rb vf;jhbnfhekb ghbywbgbs&<br />
vjhbub cfgfhkfvtynj fhxtdyt,b 2008 otkc eylf itlutc^ vf;jhbnfht,b rb itb>kt,f 2009<br />
otkc fbhxbjy lf fvbs gfhkfvtynbc ptlf gfkfnfc _ ctyfnc xft.ht,f cfae>dtkb& sevwf^ fh<br />
ufvjhbw[fdty dflfvltkb fhxtdyt,bc xfnfht,bc itcf>Kt,kj,fcfw&<br />
ghtpbltynvf cffrfidbkvf gfhkfvtynbc uflfo.dtnbkt,fc cfresfhb hbut,bc cfvjvfdkj<br />
itvwbht,bc itcf[t, bcnjhbekb eojlf lf dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc ths-ths evsfdhtc<br />
vjyfgjdhfl vbbxybf& fv uflfo.dtnbkt,bs gfhkfvtynvf itfchekf 2003 okbc 2 yjtv,hbc<br />
fhxtdyt,bc lhjc ufvfhsekb htathtylevbc itltut,bw^ cflfw sbsmvbc vstkvf fvjvhxtdtksf<br />
rjhgecvf thscekjdyfl lfezbhf v[fhb gfhkfvtynfhsf hfjltyj,bc itvwbht,fc&<br />
vsfdfhb ghj,ktvf vf;jhbnfhsf hfjltyj,bc ufycfpqdhf b.j& lqtc cfmfhsdtkjib<br />
fhct,ekb hfbjyt,blfy 85 vf;jhbnfhbc fhxtdff ufsdfkbcobyt,ekb ~8 vf;jhbnfhbc flubkb<br />
fa[fptsblfy lf 2 vf;jhbnfhbc flubkb w[bydfkbc htubjyblfy lqtdfyltk gfhkfvtynib<br />
sfdbceafkbf`& cfvjvfdkjl vf;jhbnfhsf hfjltyj,f 50-vlt vwbhlt,f& pjubthst,b<br />
cfgfhkfvtynj htajhvfc mdt.ybc nthbnjhbekb vjo.j,bc ufhrdtdfc erfdibht,lyty& tc fhwse<br />
bjkb cfmvtf& vfuhfv^ hjujhw f[kf fqbybiyt,f^ vf;jhbnfht,c v[fhtt,bc vb[tldbs^ eahj<br />
vc[dbkb cffhxtdyj jkmt,blfy fbhxtdty lf fvbcfsdbc vybidytkj,f fh tmyt,f^ lfhxt,f<br />
lqtdfyltkb 85 hfbjyb^ se vfs uffvc[dbkt,ty&<br />
gfhkfvtynfhsf hfjltyj,bc itvwbht,f c[df wdkbkt,t,bc fewbkt,kj,fcfw ufyfgbhj,t,c&<br />
vfufkbsfl gfhkfvtynfhb ubuf ,jrthbf .ehflqt,fc fmwtdc itvltu afmnc% gfhnbf^ hjvtkbw 7-<br />
ghjwtynbfy ,fhbthc uflfkf[fdc^ gfhkfvtynib v[jkjl 7 rfwc ufb.dfyc^ fhct,ekb<br />
htukfvtynbs ahfmwbbc xfvj.fkb,t,f 10 gfhkfvtynfhc ite>kbf& ,jrthbf cfzbhjl vbbxytdc<br />
172 @f[fkb sfj,f#^ 25&:|&2005<br />
173 @f[fkb sfj,f#^ 25&:|&2005<br />
89
htukfvtynib wdkbkt,t,bc itnfyfc^ hjvkbc sfyf[vfl 7-rfwbfyb ahfmwbbc itmvyf bmyt,f<br />
itcf>kt,tkb& 174<br />
gfhkfvtynfhsf hfjltyj,bc itvwbht,bc sfj,fpt uflfo.dtnbkt,bc htfkbpt,f vjvfdfkb<br />
fhxtdyt,bc lhjc eylf vj[ltc^ hjvtkbw otcbs^ 2008 otkc eylf xfnfhltc^ vfuhfv erdt<br />
fkfgfhfrlyty dflfvltkb cfgfhkfvtynj fhxtdyt,bc itcf>Kt,kj,fpt& hbub fyfkbnbrjct,b lf<br />
gjkbnbrjct,b fh ufvjhbw[fdty^ hjv ghtpbltynvf gfhkfvtynb lfbs[jdjc& tc itb>Kt,f<br />
vj[ltc bv itvs[dtdfib^ serb lfrfhufdc cfrjycnbnewbj evhfdktcj,fc^ fylf^ serb cfzbhjl<br />
xfsdkbc @ufysfdbceakltc# bv ndbhsbcfufy^ hfw gfhkfvtynib /.fdc 2 yjtv,hbc fhxtdyt,blfy<br />
itvjhxtybkb vf;jhbnfht,bcf lf dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc lhjc lfvcf[eht,t,bcfsdbc cffhxtdyj<br />
cbfib it.dfybkb vhfdfkb gbhbc cf[bs^ hjvtksfw thsb okbc ufyvfdkj,fib fhfahbs<br />
ufvjextybfs sfdb&<br />
vpflt,f f[fkb fhxtdyt,bcfsdbc erdt lfbo.j lf tc jgjpbwbbc v[hblfy 7)-bfyb ,fhbthbc<br />
itvwbht,bc vjs[jdyfib ufvjb[fnt,f& gfhkfvtynbc otdht,bc hfjltyj,bc itvwbht,bc<br />
uflfo.dtnbkt,bc vbqt,bc itvltu @f[fkb vtvfh]dtytt,bc# bybwbfnbdbs lfbo.j gfhkfvtynfhsf<br />
[tkvjotht,bc ituhjdt,f^ hfsf lqbc otchbuib lflutc lqtc fhct,ekb 7-ghjwtynbfyb<br />
,fhbthbc 5-ghjwtynfvlt itvwbht,f& ,fhbthbc lfotdf tdhjcf,zjc ths-thsb htrjvtylfwbff&<br />
fvfc ehxtdlyty hjujhw obyf [tkbceakt,fc^ bct f[kfyltk [tkbceakt,fcfw^ vfufkbsfl^ 28<br />
vfhnbc cfgfhkfvtynj fhxtdyt,bc oby tdhjcf,zjc ltktufwbf vfsbfc bjhibc [tkv>qdfytkj,bs^<br />
,fhbthbc lfotdfc rfntujhbekfl bs[jdlf^175 vfuhfv lqtvlt fv vjs[jdyfc<br />
buyjhbht,fc f[ltyty&<br />
1999 okbc cfgfhkfvtynj fhxtdybc oby rjycnbnewbbs ufsdfkbcobyt,ekb 5)-bfyb<br />
,fhbthbc 7)-vlt ufphlbc bybwbfnbdbs ufvjdblf thjdyek-ltvjrhfnbekb gfhnbbc kblthb<br />
bhbyf cfhbidbkb& vfibyltkvf vvfhsdtkvf gfhnbfv _ @vjmfkfmtsf rfdibhvf# fv bybwbfnbdfc<br />
v[fhb lfezbhf^ sevwf bv fhxtdyt,bc itvltu sfdfl cfhbidbkbc gfhnbf dth vj[dlf<br />
gfhkfvtynib& lqtc cfhbidbkb fw[flt,c^ hjv ,fhbthbc 7)-vlt ufphlbc bybwbfnjhb bc fh<br />
.jabkf^ fvfcsfy lqtcfw v[fhc ezthc 7)-bfyb ,fhbthbc ityfhxeyt,fc& vfqfkb ,fhbthbc<br />
fhct,j,bc vjv[htyb fqybiyfdty^ hjv tc [tkc eo.j,c gfhnbt,bc ufvc[dbkt,fc^ vfuhfv<br />
htfkehfl^ [lt,f v[jkjl obyfcffhxtdyj ,kjrt,bc ajhvbht,f^ hjvkt,bw gfhkfvtynib<br />
itvflutytk yfobkt,fl bikt,bfy&<br />
,fhbthbc 5)-vlt lfotdbc vjv[htyb fqybiyfdty^ hjv fvbs gfhkfvtynib jgjpbwbbc<br />
ofhvjvflutykj,bc hfjltyj,f ufbphlt,f lf cfrfyjyvlt,kj jhufyjib eahj chek.jabkfl<br />
bmyt,f ofhvjlutybkb mdt.ybc gjkbnbrehb cgtmnhb& ufhlf jgjpbwbehb ahfmwbt,bcf^<br />
obyfcofhb rjyceknfwbt,bc lhjc^ ,fhbthbc itvwbht,fc evhfdktcj,bc hbuvf<br />
ofhvjvflutykt,vfw lfezbhtc v[fhb^ bltbcflvb rtsbkufyo.j,f rb ybyj ,eh]fyf>tvfw<br />
ufvj[fnff& lqtdfyltkb evhfdktcj,bc yfobkbc rtsbkufyo.j,f cffhxtdyj ,fhbthbc<br />
itvwbht,bcflvb pjubthsvf fv flfvbfyt,bc cfvjvfdkj cffhxtdyj bynthtct,bsfw f[cyf% erdt<br />
ufcfut,bf^ hjv itvwbht,ek gfhnbek cbfib ,tdhbcsdbc flubkb fqfh vjb>t,yt,f^ fvbnjv bcqf<br />
lfhxtybfs^ fy gjkbnbrblfy ofdblyty^ fylf sfdbfysb gfhnbbc itmvyfpt babmhjy^ vbcb<br />
ofhvfnt,bc ifycb rb 5)-bfyb ,fhbthbc itvs[dtdfib eahj vtnb bmyt,f&<br />
sevwf^ cffhxtdyj ,fhbthbc itvwbht,fc evhfdktcj,bc wfkrtekb gfhkfvtynfht,bc vbth<br />
lfabmcbht,ekb v[fhlfzthf dth eidtkbc& gfhkfvtynbc c[ljvfpt cfrbs[bc ufnfyfc 118 [vf<br />
czbhlt,f^ vbqt,fc rb 157 ltgenfnbc sfy[vj,f& fvbc ufrtst,f v[jkjl evhfdktcj,bc v[hblfy<br />
vbqt,ekb gjkbnbrehb uflfo.dtnbkt,bc itvs[dtdfib bmyt,f itcf>Kt,tkb&<br />
174 @cfmfhsdtkjc htcge,kbrf#^ 18&::&2005<br />
175 @[dfkbyltkb lqt#^ 18&::&2005<br />
90
o cfgfhkfvtynj htrjhlb _ 453 rfyjyb ths otkboflib<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc gfhkfvtynvf 2005 otkc htrjhlb lffv.fhf lf 453 rfyjyb vbbqj& okbc<br />
,jkjc gfhkfvtynvf lfxmfht,ekb ntvgbs bveifdf lf @rfyjyitvjmvtlt,fib# lfcf[ekb utuvf<br />
itfchekf& gfhkfvtynbc ctcbbc ,jkj lqtc^ 28 ltrtv,thc^ 60 rfyjyb vbbqtc&<br />
lfxmfht,ekb ntvgbs lf vjrkt dflt,ib efvhfdb rfyjyt,bc vbqt,f cfrfyjyvlt,kj<br />
cfmvbfyj,fib [fhdtpt,cfw ufyfgbhj,t,c^ vfuhfv cfgfhkfvtynj evhfdktcj,bc fphbs^ rfyjyt,bc<br />
vbqt,bc ufzbfyeht,fc eahj efh.jabsb itltut,b vj/.dt,jlf& @bc dbsfht,f eylf ufdbsdfkbcobyjs^<br />
hf dbsfht,fibw xdtyb mdt.fyf fhct,j,c& tc fhbc ufhlfvfdfkb gthbjlbc<br />
cfpjufljt,f^ hjvtkcfw cohfab lf jgthfnbekb cfrfyjyvlt,kj htuekbht,f czbhlt,f&<br />
fmtlfy ufvjvlbyfht^ fv tnfgpt fctsb jgthfnbekj,f ufvfhskt,ekbf lf cfpjufljt,hbdfl<br />
fewbkt,tkb vjs[jdyt,blfy ufvjvlbyfhtj,c#^ _ fqybiyfdc gfhkfvtynbc behblbekb<br />
rjvbntnbc sfdv]ljvfht ktdfy ,t;fidbkb& 176<br />
2005 otkc vbqt,ek rfyjyt,c ijhbc ktdfy ,t;fidbkb ufvj.jac rfyjyc @evfqktcb<br />
ufyfskt,bc itcf[t,#^ cbc[kbc cfvfhskbc cfghjwtcj rjltmcib itcek wdkbkt,t,c^ hfw<br />
phlbc flfvbfybc eakt,t,bc lfwdbc [fhbc[c lf rfyjyc @jhufybpt,ekb lfyfifekbcf lf<br />
htrtnbc itcf[t,#& tc rfyjyb lffhtuekbht,c t&o& @rfyjybthb mehlt,bc# obyffqvltu ,h>jkbc<br />
vtsjlt,c&<br />
gfhkfvtynbc fmnbehb rfyjyitvjmvtlt,bsb cfmvbfyj,f 2006 otkcfw ufuh>tklt,f& thsthsb<br />
gbhdtkb bmyt,f @ihjvbc rfyjysf rjltmcb#^ hjvtkbw^ ,t;fidbkbc smvbs^ bmyt,f<br />
@kb,thfkeh ihjvbsb ehsbthsj,t,bc ghbywbgt,pt lfv.fht,ekb#& 177<br />
ufyc[dfdt,bs cfgfhkfvtynj evhfdktcj,bcfufy^ jgjpbwbf gfhkfvtynbc cfmvbfyj,fc<br />
rhbnbrekfl elut,f lf fw[flt,c^ hjv cfrfyjyvlt,kj jhufyj dth lufc vjojlt,bc<br />
cbvfqktpt^ vbcb hjkb mdt.fyfib itvwbht,ekbf lf dth f[th[t,c sfdbcb aeymwbt,bc chekfl<br />
ufy[jhwbtkt,fc& @tc eo.t,f dth fchekt,c mdt.ybc evfqktcb cfrfyjyvlt,kj jhufyjc<br />
aeymwbt,c^ pju]th cfrvfjl yfxmfhtdfl bqt,c rfyjyt,c^ .dtkfathc ufycfpqdhfdc hfvltybvt<br />
flfvbfyb& cfvoe[fhjf^ hjv gfhkfvtynbc sfdv]ljvfht dth lufc vjojlt,bc cbvfqktpt^ dth<br />
fchekt,c vtjht gbhbc aeymwbfc mdt.fyfib& gfhkfvtynb fh itb>kt,f b.jc ghtpbltynbc<br />
yjnfhbecb#^ _ fqybiyfdc @f[fkb vtvfh]dtytt,bc# ths-thsb kblthb rjrf ueywf>t& 178<br />
o cfrfyjyvlt,kj veifj,bc vbqotdt,b lf [fhdtpt,b<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc gfhkfvtynb >Fkptl vfqfkb rfyjyitvjmvtlt,bsb fmnbdj,bs ufvjbhxtdf& tc<br />
ufcfut,bwff& vbvlbyfhtj,c f[fkb cf[tkvobajc vityt,kj,f lf hbc itcfmvytkflfw c[df<br />
mdt.yt,c vhfdfkb otkb lfczbhlfs^ cfmfhsdtkjib vjrkt lhjib eylf vj[th[ltc& @xdty<br />
cnf,bkeh mdt.fyfc dfityt,s lf cnf,bkehb cfrfyjyvlt,kj ,fpf cohfafl eylf xfvj-<br />
.fkb,ltc& fvbnjv cbxmfht lf rfyjyghjtmnt,bc cbzfh,t ,eyt,hbdb ghjwtcbf#^ _ fqybiyfdlf<br />
fvfcsfy lfrfdibht,bs gfhkfvtynbc dbwt-cgbrthb vb[tbk vfzfdfhbfyb& 179<br />
vbqt,ekb rfyjyt,bc hfjltyj,bs lqtdfyltkvf gfhkfvtynvf sfdbc obyfvjh,tlt,cfw<br />
itb>Kt,f uflfecohjc& ufcekb okbc ,jkjc^ okbc rfyjyitvjmvtlt,bsb utuvf hjv<br />
itchekt,ekb.j^ gfhkfvtynfht,vf efqhtcfl lfxmfht,ekb otcbs^ ths,fifl hfvltybvt<br />
fstek rfyjyc e.fhtc rtyzb&<br />
w[flbf^ fctsb ntvgbc gbhj,t,ib cfrfyjyvlt,kj ,fpf rb bdct,f^ vfuhfv^ hbu itvs[dtdt,ib^<br />
tc [lt,f rfyjybc [fhbc[bcf lf fhfchek.jabkt,bc [fh]pt& yfxmfhtdfl [lt,f cfrjvbntnj<br />
vjcvtyt,b& gfhkfvtynfht,b fhwse bidbfsfl cfrjvbntnj ufy[bkdfpt bct vblbfy^ hjv rfyjyb<br />
176 @htpjyfycb#^ 30&\::&2005<br />
177 @htpjyfycb#^ 30&\::&2005<br />
178 @cfmfhsdtkjc htcge,kbrf#^ 29&\::&2005<br />
179 @fkbf#^ 22-23&\::&2005<br />
91
obyfcofh fh fmds ofrbs[ekb& rfyjyitvjmvtlt,bsb ghjwtcbc [fhdtpt,pt fmnbehfl cfe,hj,ty<br />
jgjpbwbbc ofhvjvflutykt,b& fv [fhdtpt,pt bcbw vtn.dtkt,c^ hjv fhwse bidbfsfl<br />
f[fkvbqt,ek rfyjyib wdkbkt,t,b lf lfvfnt,t,bf itcfnfyb&<br />
jgjpbwbehb @ltvjrhfnbekb ahjynbc# ofhvjvflutykbc rf[f rerfdfc smvbs^<br />
thslhjekfl lf xmfhjcyekb otcbs ufnfybkbf mdt.ybcfsdbc evybidytkjdfytcb rfyjyt,b&<br />
f[fkb cffhxtdyj rjltmcb ths rdbhfib bmyf vbqt,ekb cfvbdt vjcvtybs^ hfw jhufyekb rfyjybs<br />
frh>Fkekbf& xmfhjcyekb otcbs vbbqtc @cfmfhsdtkjc ltlfmfkfmbc itcf[t,# rfyjyb^ hjvtkbw<br />
rdtwfdc cfrht,ekjc aeymwbt,c lf phlbc vthbc eakt,t,c&<br />
cbxmfhtib lf vhfdfkb rfyjybc thslhjekfl vbqt,bc gbhj,t,ib gfhkfvtynfht,vf pju]th<br />
fh bwbfy^ se hf dfhbfync e.hbfy rtyzc& bcbw eylf bsmdfc^ hjv gfhkfvtynfhsf fhwse vwbht<br />
yfobkb yfrkt, bynthtcc bxtyc rfyjyitvjmvtlt,bsb cfmvbfyj,bcflvb lf sfdbc hjkc v[jkjl<br />
[vbc vbwtvbc ghjwtlehbs itvjafhukfdc^ ufycfresht,bs cfgfhkfvtynj evhfdktcj,blfy&<br />
gfhkfvtynbc vbth ufvjdktybkb efqhtcfl vfqfkb rfyjyitvjmvtlt,bsb fmnbdj,f<br />
chekbflfw fh ybiyfdc^ hjv mdt.ybc gjkbnbreh w[jdht,fib gfhkfvtynbc hjkb vfqfkbf&<br />
cojhtlfw hjv gbhbmbs& gfhkfvtynbc vbth vbqt,ekb rfyjyt,bc lblb yfobkb vsfdhj,bc<br />
vbthff itvjnfybkb& gfhkfvtynib vvfhsdtk gfhnbfc @yfwbjyfkeh vj>hfj,fc#<br />
cfrjycnbnewbj evhfdktcj,f /.fdc& tc ybiyfdc^ hjv vbcsdbc rfyjybc vbqt,f ghj,ktvf fh<br />
fhbc& hfw fh eylf obyffqvltuj,f ufeobjc jgjpbwbfv^ cfgfhkfvtynj evhfdktcj,fc sfdbcb<br />
yt,bc ufnfyf ufhfynbht,ekb fmdc& sevwf^ tc yt,f gfhkfvtynib^ evhfdktc itvs[dtdfib^<br />
ufhtlfyff yfrfhyf[tdb& cfgfhkfvtynj evhfdktcj,f ghtpbltynbc fy vsfdhj,bc cf[tkbs<br />
itvjcek rfyjyghjtmnt,c qt,ekj,c&<br />
cfgfhkfvtynj jgjpbwbf vvfhsdtk gfhnbfc itsfy[vt,ekb dfhbfynt,bc sdbsyt,eh<br />
xfcojht,fibw flfyfifekt,c& sevwf^ fv v[hbd cf.dtleht,c evhfdktcj,bc otdht,bw<br />
ufvjsmdfvty& @cfcjakj-cfvtehytj lfybiyekt,bc vbobc ghbdfnbpfwbbc itcf[t, rfyjyb fhbc<br />
chekb ghjwtleht,bc lfhqdtdbs vbqt,ekb& vtcfvt htlfmnbht,ekb vjcvtybc itvltu<br />
wdkbkt,t,b fqfh eylf itcekb.j& vbqt,ekb b.j cek c[df rfyjyb lf c[ljvfpt cek c[df<br />
rfyjyb ofhvjflubytc& 5-rbkjvtnhbfyb cfcfpqdhj pjyf^ hjvtkbw .dtkf mdt.fyfc fmdc^<br />
lfb.dfytc ]th yekfvlt^ [jkj vtht^ ewt, yf,tzl dfhbfynib xffvfntc 500-vtnhbfyb pjkb& fh<br />
b.j ghjwtleht,b rfyjybc lfwdbs ufdkbkb#^ _ fqbiyfdlf gfhkfvtynfhb vb[tbk recbfyb& 180<br />
gfhkfvtynbc cfrfyjyvlt,kj veifj,bc [fhbc[bc fvfqkt,fc vybidytkjdyfl iteo.j,c [tkc<br />
htukfvtynbs lflutybkb ghjwtleht,bc chekb lfwdf& fv v[hbd^ gfhkfvtynbc [tkv>qdfytkj-<br />
,bc ghbywbgekj,fpt ,tdhb hfvff lfvjrblt,ekb& ybyj ,eh]fyf>bc lf pehf, ;dfybfc [tkv>qdfytkj,bs<br />
vjmvtlb gfhkfvtynt,bc itlfht,bcfc^ pju]th fqybiyfdty^ hjv ;dfybf ufwbkt,bs<br />
eahj vnrbwt b.j vsfdhj,fcsfy ehsbthsj,fib& sevwf^ bcbw eylf bsmdfc^ hjv ;dfybfc<br />
gfhkfvtynib sfdbcb vnrbwt ueylb /.fdlf^ ybyj ,eh]fyf>Tc rb fctsb cf.hltyb fh uffxybf&<br />
cfrfyjyvlt,kj veifj,bc [fhbc[pt fctdt lflt,bsfl bvjmvtlt,lf jgjpbwbehb ahfmwbt,bc<br />
gjpbwbbc uf>Kbtht,f& vfs [vt,pt lfvjrblt,ekb hjv b.jc rfyjyt,bc vbqt,f-fhvbqt,f^<br />
evhfdktcj,bc ofhvjvflutykt,b eahj .ehflqt,bs vjtrblt,jlyty vfs vbth ufvjsmvek<br />
itybidyt,c&<br />
]th]thj,bs rb gfhkfvtynb @xdtek ht;bvib# vjmvtlt,c^ cohfab ntvgbs bqt,c rfyjyt,c lf<br />
itvltu^ fctdt cfcohfajl itfmdc fv rfyjyt,ib wdkbkt,t,b^ hflufyfw xfbsdfkf^ hjv<br />
f[fkvbqt,ekvf rfyjyvf dth uffvfhskf&<br />
o jhgfkfnbfyb gfhkfvtynbc rjyneht,b<br />
gfhkfvtynfhsf hfjltyj,bc itvwbht,fcsfy thsfl^ uf[lt,f se fhf cfmfhsdtkjc<br />
gfhkfvtynb jhgfkfnbfyb( rjycnbnewbbc vb[tldbs^ eylf itbmvyfc ptlf gfkfnf _ ctyfnb^<br />
hjvtkibw itdkty cfmfhsdtkjc nthbnjhbekb thstekt,bc ofhvjvflutykt,b& vf;jhbnfht,b<br />
ctyfnbc itmvybc cfrbs[c lqbc otchbuib f.tyt,ty& fvbc ufy[jhwbtkt,fc rb vybidytkjdfyb<br />
180 @fkbf#^ 22-23&\::&2005<br />
92
wdkbkt,t,b itb>Kt,f vj/.dtc cfmfhsdtkjc gjkbnbreh cgtmnhib&<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc vjvfdfkb gfhkfvtynb 100 rfwbs vwbhlt,f lf 150 otdhbcufy bmyt,f<br />
itvlufhb& fmtlfy 50 otdhb vf;jhbnfhb bmyt,f& vf;jhbnfhsf hfjltyj,f lqtdfyltksfy<br />
itlfht,bs^ 35-bs vwbhlt,f^ hfw vrdtshfl ufphlbc rjyrehtywbfc vf;jhbnfhj,bc vcehdtksf<br />
ijhbc&<br />
vf;jhbnfht,b cfmfhsdtkjc gfhkfvtynib ufdktybfy lf vfnthbfkehfl it>Kt,ekb<br />
gbhjdyt,t,bcfufy itlut,f& fqcfybiyfdbf^ hjv 2003 okbc itvjlujvfpt^ hjltcfw fhxtdyt,bc<br />
uf.fk,t,bc ufvj dfhlt,bc htdjkewbf vj[lf^ ufemvlf v[jkjl ghjgjhwbekb fhxtdyt,bc<br />
itltut,b^ vf;jhbnfht,b rb [tke[kt,tkyb lfhxyty lf sfdbfysb flubkt,b itbyfhxeytc f[fk<br />
gfhkfvtynibw&<br />
vf;jhbnfht,bc yfobkvf uflfzhbs vjbs[jdf^ hjv vjvfdfkb gfhkfvtynb jhgfkfnbfyb<br />
b.jc lf vf;jhbnfht,vf ptlf gfkfnfib _ ctyfnib lfbrfdjy flubkb& gfhkfvtynfh dfkthb<br />
utk,f[bfybc smvbs^ vf;jhbnfhb ltgenfnt,bc fhxtdbc otcb vb,vekb b.j uflfo.dtnbkt,fcsfy^<br />
hjvkbc cfae>dtkptw 2008 otkc jhgfkfnbfyb gfhkfvtynbc fhxtdf eylf vj[ltc^ vfuhfv<br />
gfhkfvtynbc dbwt-cgbrth vb[tbk vfzfdfhbfybc vbth itvjnfybk rfyjyghjtmnib fvbc itcf[t,<br />
fhfathbf yfsmdfvb& 181<br />
ctyfnbc ajhvbht,bc sfj,fpt cfe,fhb b.j vf;jhbnfht,bc ghtpbltyn cffrfidbksfy<br />
it[dtlhbc lhjcfw b.j cfe,fhb^ vfuhfv hjujhw ufbhrdf^ [tkbceakt,f fv vbvfhsekt,bs<br />
yf,b]t,bc uflfluvfc fh xmfhj,c& vf;jhbnfht,sfy it[dtlhfpt cffrfidbkvf fqybiyf^ hjv<br />
ctyfnbc itmvyf^ dblht hjvtkbvt uf.byekb rjyakbmnb fh vjudfhlt,f^ cfcehdtkb fh fhbcj&<br />
sevwf^ ufdhwtkt,ekb byajhvfwbbc sfyf[vfl^ ghtpbltynb vf;jhbnfht,c itgbhlf^ hjv 2006<br />
okblfy ctyfnc fewbkt,kfl lfythufdty& cffrfidbkbc smvbs^ ctyfnb^ hjvtkbw abknhfwbfc<br />
ufeotdc rfyjyt,bc vbqt,fc^ vbcsdbc ufycfresht,ekfl cfcehdtkbf& 182<br />
jhgfkfnbfyb gfhkfvtynbc itmvyf vybidytkjdyfl itwdkbc @sfvfibc otct,c# mfhsek<br />
gjkbnbrfib& ptlf gfkfnfib uflfcekb vf;jhbnfht,bc @gjkbnbrehb ojyf# rbltd eahj<br />
ufbphlt,f& lqtc fhct,ek gfhkfvtynib rb jhgfkfnbfyb gfhkfvtynbc itmvyfc ufhrdtekb<br />
obyffqvltuj,f it[dlt,f& mfhsek vtlbfib bcbw fqbybiyt,f^ hjv uflfo.tnbkt,f jhgfkfnbfyb<br />
gfhkfvtynbc itmvybc sfj,fpt .dtkfpt vtnfl gfhkfvtynbc lqtdfyltk sfdv]ljvfhtc ybyj<br />
,eh]fyf>tc @lffpfhfkt,c#& vbcb [tkbceakt,f erdt vstk gfhkfvtynpt dtqfh ufdhwtklt,f&<br />
lqtc ybyj ,eh]fyf>T vf;jhbnfhbf mesfbcblfy& hjujhw vf;jhbnfhb^ serb ptlf gfkfnfib<br />
lfvrdblhlt,f^ vfiby ptlf gfkfnbc sfdv]ljvfhtj,bc ufhfynbfw fh tmyt,f<br />
ybyj ,eh]fyf>T lqtdfyltkb vvfhsdtkb gfhnbbc @yfwbjyfkehb vj>hfj,bc# otdhb fh fhbc&<br />
;dfybfc gfhnbf @ufthsbfyt,ekb ltvjrhfnt,b# yfwbjyfkeh vj>hfj,fc ittho.f& cf[tkbceakj<br />
ueylib wfkrt hxt,f ybyj ,eh]fyf>t lf vbcb vwbhthbw[jdfyb ueylb^ hjvtkcfw vjvfdfk<br />
fhxtdyt,ib v.fhb flubkbc vjgjdt,f czbhlt,f& fvbnjvfw rdkfd dhwtklt,f byajhvfwbf ybyj<br />
,eh]fyf>Bc jgjpbwbfib uflfcdkbc sfj,fpt& gfhkfvtynbc lqtdfyltkb sfdv]ljvfhbc<br />
vbcfqt,fl vpfl fhbfy jgjpbwbehb gfhnbt,b& vfuhfv tc .dtkfathb ]th]thj,bs dthcbt,bc<br />
ljytpt hxt,f lf fhw ybyj ,eh]fyf>T fh xmfhj,c fvudfhb yf,b]bc uflfluvfc&<br />
ctyfnbc itmvyfc fhct,ekb vf;jhbnfht,bcfufy^ itcf>kjf c]j,ltc vf;jhbnfht,bc<br />
fhxtdyt,bc lfybidyf^ hflufyfw serb jhgfkfnbfyb gfhkfvtynbc itmvybcrty bmyt,f uflfluvekb<br />
yf,b]b^ gfkfnt,bc fhxtdyt,b thsvfytsbcufy lfvjerblt,kfl lf ufyc[dfdt,ekb otcbs eylf<br />
nfhlt,jltc&<br />
2006 okbc itvjlujvfpt cfmfhsdtkjib flubkj,hbdb sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc jhufyjt,bc<br />
fhxtdyt,b nfhlt,f& vf;jhbnfht,bc fhxtdbc otcbc sfj,fpt rfyjybc vbqt,bc itvs[dtdfib^<br />
itcf>kt,tkbf vf;jhbnfhekb fhxtdyt,bc xfnfht,fw& vfuhfv itlbc se fhf [tkbceakt,bc<br />
bynthtct,ib fvbc ufrtst,f^ >ytkb cfsmvtkbf&<br />
181 @fkbf#^ 15-16&\::&2005<br />
182 @fkbf#^ 17-18&\::&2005<br />
93
o 50 vf;jhbnfhbcufy itvlufhb ctyfnb<br />
2008 okbc cfgfhkfvtynj fhxtdyt,bcfsdbc cfmfhsdtkj 50 vf;jhbnfhc fbhxtdc&<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc gfhkfvtynvf cffhxtdyj rjltmcbc vb[tldbs rjycnbnewbehb yjhvf ufyvfhnf lf<br />
50 ltgenfnbc _ ctyfnjhbc fhxtdbc otcb ufycfpqdhf& cfmfhsdtkjib bmvyt,f 19<br />
vhfdfkvfylfnbfyb cffhxtdyj jkmb& cfgfhkfvtynj evhfdktcj,bc otdht,b^ hjvtksfw<br />
fqybiyekb rfyjyghjtmnb itbveifdtc^ fw[flt,ty^ hjv vhfdfkvfylfnbfy cffhxtdyj jkmt,ib<br />
vfylfnt,bc uflfyfobkt,f fvjvhxtdtksf hfjltyj,bc vb[tldbs vj[lf& 183<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc gfhkfvtynvf 136 [vbs 11-bc obyffqvltu 23 ltrtv,thc cffhxtdyj rjltmcib<br />
wdkbkt,t,bc ghjtmnb vtcfvt vjcvtybs lffvnrbwf& vf;jhbnfhekb fhxtdyt,b ufyc[dfdt,ekb<br />
ghbywbgbs xfnfhlt,f^ hfw uekbc[vj,c^ hjv sbsjtek hfbjyc cfresfhb vf;jhbnfhb fqfh<br />
t.jkt,f& hfbjyt,b ufhrdtekb rhbnthbevbs sbsj cffhxtdyj jkmib ufthsbfylt,f& cek<br />
bmyt,f 19 cffhxtdyj jkmb& jkmt,c rb^ vfcib fvjvhxtdtksf hbw[dbc vb[tldbs^ c[dflfc[df<br />
hfjltyj,bc vf;jhbnfhbc .jkbc eakt,f tmyt,fs&<br />
gfhkfvtynvf fh ufbpbfhf ahfmwbf ltvjrhfnbekb ahjynbc fknthyfnbekb dfhbfynb^<br />
hjvtkbw ptvj bvthtsbcf lf iblf mfhskbc jkmbcsdbc sbsj vfylfnbc lfvfnt,fc<br />
bsdfkbcobyt,lf& ltvjrhfnt,b vbbxytdty^ hjv vjcf[ktj,bc hfjltyj,bc v[hbd fv jkmt,bcfsdbc<br />
vbybzt,ekb vfylfnt,bc hfjltyj,f jkmt,ib fvjvhxtdtksf hfjltyj,bc ghjgjhwbekb fh<br />
fhbc& sevwf^ tc dfhbfynb gfhkfvtynvf fh vbbqj& 184<br />
cffhxtdyj jkmt,b lf sbsjtekpt vfylfnt,bc hfjltyj,f itvltuyfbhfl xfvj.fkb,lf%<br />
cffhxtdyj jkmb<br />
fa[fptsbc fdnjyjvbehb htcge,kbrf% m&cj[evb^ ufuhbc^<br />
ufkbc^ uekhbaibc^ jxfvxbhtc lf n.dfhxtkbc hfbjyt,b<br />
fzfhbc fdnjyjvbehb htcge,kbrf% ,fsevb^ mtlbc^<br />
mj,ektsbc^ ief[tdbc lf [tkdfxfehbc hfbjyt,b<br />
w[bydfkB^ ]fdfcf lf kbf[dbc [tj,f<br />
kfyx[esbc^ jpehutsbc^ xj[fnfehbc hfbjyt,b<br />
mesfbcb^ dfybc^ o.fkne,jc^ cfvnhtlbbc^ [jybc hfbjyt,b<br />
ptcnfajybc^ [fhfufekbc^ sth]jkbc^ cfx[thbc^ n.b,ekbc<br />
lf zbfsehbc hfbjyt,b<br />
f[vtnf^ stkfdb^ cfufht]j^ kfujlt[b lf .dfhtkb<br />
ueh]ffyb^ ltljakbco.fhj lf cbqyfqb<br />
f[fkujhb^ leitsb^ sbfytsb^ vw[tsf lf .fp,tub<br />
peulblb^ x[jhjo.e^ ofkty]b[f lf [j,b<br />
ajsb^ vfhndbkb lf ctyfrb<br />
flbutyb^ fcgby>f^ f[fkwb[t lf ,jh]jvb<br />
f[fkmfkfmb lf ybyjovbylf<br />
m& hecsfdb^ ,jkybcb^ lvfybcb^ stshbo.fhj lf ofkrf<br />
ufhlf,fyb lf vfhytekb<br />
ujhbc^ rfcgbc^ mfhtkbc lf [fiehbc hfbjyt,b<br />
ktynt[bcf lf vtcnbbc hfbjyt,b<br />
fv,hjkfehbc^ jybcf lf wfuthbc hfbjyt,b<br />
s,bkbcb<br />
fcfhxtdb gfhkfvtynfht,bc<br />
hfjltyj,f<br />
5 ltgenfnb<br />
5 ltgenfnb<br />
3 ltgenfnb<br />
2 ltgenfnb<br />
3 ltgenfnb<br />
2 ltgenfnb<br />
2 ltgenfnb<br />
2 ltgenfnb<br />
2 ltgenfnb<br />
3 ltgenfnb<br />
2 ltgenfnb<br />
2 ltgenfnb<br />
2 ltgenfnb<br />
2 ltgenfnb<br />
2 ltgenfnb<br />
2 ltgenfnb<br />
2 ltgenfnb<br />
2 ltgenfnb<br />
5 ltgenfnb<br />
183 @[dfkbyltkb lqt#^ 24&\::&2005<br />
184 @[dfkbyltkb lqt#^ 24&\::&2005<br />
94
o vf;jhbnfht,b rfhufl veifj,fc dth f[th[t,ty<br />
vf;jhbnfh gfhkfvtynfht,c sfdbfys fvjvhxtdkt,sfy cbcntvfnbehb rjynfmnb fh fmds&<br />
fvbc vbptpb hjujhw sfdfl vf;jhbnfht,bc v[hblfy cfsfyflj vjyljvt,bc fhmjyff^ bct<br />
vhfdfkb j,btmnehb vbptpb^ hfw vf;jhbnfht,c fvjvhtdkt,sfy ehsbthsj,fib [tkc eikbc&<br />
fcts lfcrdyfvlt vbdblf @cfvfhskbfyb fhxtdyt,bcf lf ltvjrhfnbbc cfthsfijhbcj cfpjufljt,f#<br />
~ISFED`^ hjvtkbw cfmfhsdtkjc .dtkf hfbjyib vf;jhbnfhb ltgenfnt,bc<br />
cfmvbfyj,bc itcofdkbc vbpybs .jdtkrdfhnfkeh ufvjrbs[dfc fnfht,c& ufvjrbs[dbc gbhdtk<br />
hfeylib vjyfobktj,f vbbqj 58 vf;jhbnfhvf^ vtjhtib _ 53-vf vf;jhbnfhvf^ vtcfvt hfeylb<br />
rb 15 bdybcc lfbo.j& 185<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc gfhkfvtynib fhxtekb 235 gfhkfvtynfhblfy^ fvjvhxtdkt,c ehsbthsj,bc<br />
ufhrdtdf^ htfkehfl v[jkjl vf;jhbnfht,sfy ite>Kbfs^ hjvtksf hfjltyj,fw lqtc 75-c<br />
itflutyc& ufvjrbs[df fxdtyt,c^ hjv fvjvhxtdkt,b dth f[th[t,ty sfdbfys vf;jhbnfht,sfy<br />
cbcntvfnbeh it[dtlht,c&<br />
vf;jhbnfhb gfhkfvtynfht,b cfresfh yfrkt,tatmneh cfmvbfyj,fc hfvltybvt vbptpbs<br />
[cybfy% vf;jhbnfhsf ervf.jabkt,fc bodtdc gfhkfvtynbc cfctcbj lf cfrjvbntnj veifj,bc<br />
obyfcofh lfeutuvfdb cfveifj ufyhbub^ hfw hfbjyt,ib ufcdkbc lfutuvdbc cfiefkt,fc fhsvtds*<br />
lblb hfjltyj,bc rfyjyghjtmnt,b lf vfs ufycf[bkdtkfl cfsfyflj lhjbc emjykj,f*<br />
vf;jhbnfhb ltgenfnt,bc flubkj,hbd ,behjt,ib fh fhct,j,c yjhvfkehb cfveifj<br />
gbhj,t,b _ evtntc itvs[dtdfib _ fh fmds rjvgbenthb^ utythfnjhb^ [ibhfl o.fkb lf ufpb*<br />
vf;jhbnfht,c ezbhs cf]fhj lfotct,ekt,t,blfy bv byajhvfwbbc vjgjdt,f^ hjvtkbw vfs<br />
fvjvhxtdkt,bc rbs[dt,pt gfce[bc ufwtvfib lft[vfht,f&<br />
cfsfyflj vjyljvt,bc itvs[dtdfib^ vf;jhbnfht,c fvjvhxtdkt,sfy ufwbkt,bs eahj<br />
vzblhj rjynfmnbc lfv.fht,f ite>Kbfs^ dblht lqtc fhbc^ vfuhfv vfs fvfib vfhskfw ,tdhb<br />
ghj,ktvf eikbc [tkc& rth>jl^ ISFED-bc fqvfchekt,tkb lbhtmnjhb sfvfh ;dfybf fqybiyfdc^<br />
hjv bc 250 kfhb^ hjvtkbw vf;jhbnfhsf ,behjt,bcfsdbcff ufvj.jabkb^ ,behjc<br />
cfmvbfyj,bcsdbc cfrvfhbcb fh fhbc lf cf[tkvobajv fvbcfsdbc ufwbkt,bs vtnb sfy[f eylf<br />
ufvj.jc& .dtkf vf;jhbnfhc eylf /mjyltc lhj vjmfkfmtt,bc vbcfqt,fl& vf;jhbnfht,bc<br />
fvjvhxtdkt,sfy htue`kfhekb ehsbthsj,bc [tkitcfo.j,fl rb fewbkt,tkbf ufy[bkek<br />
bmyfc gfhkfvtynbc veifj,bc uhfabrb&<br />
@cfvfhskbfyb fhxtdyt,bc# otdht,b bvfcfw fqybiyfdty^ hjv mdt.ybc evfqktc cfrfyjyvlt,kj<br />
jhufyjc lf vskbfyfl^ mdt.ybc [tkbceakt,fc chekfl fh fmdc ufwyj,btht,ekb vf;jhbnfhsf<br />
cfmvbfyj,bc vybidytkj,f& 186<br />
o hfc itwdkbc hbuufhtit cfgfhkfvtynj fhxtdyt,b<br />
cfgfhkfvtynj fhxtdyt,bc dflfvltkb xfnfht,bc bltf gthbjlekfl xylt,f [jkvt<br />
hjvtkbvt jgjpbwbehb gjkbnbrjcbc se gjkbnbrehb fyfkbnbrjcbc ufvjcdfib& fctsb<br />
ufyw[flt,bc vsfdfhb fhuevtynb bcff^ hjv fhct,ekb gfhkfvtynb sfdbcb itvflutykj,bs fqfh<br />
ittcf,fvt,f cfpjufljt,bc ufyo.j,fc^ hjvtkbw lblb [fybf ufvjdblf htdjkewbehb<br />
tbajhbblfy& fvltyfl^ gjcnhtdjkewbehb gfhkfvtynb erdt fyfmhjybpvbf lf fvudfhb<br />
dbsfht,bc ityfhxeyt,fv mdt.fyf itb>Kt,f f[fkb htdjkewbbc obyfit lff.tyjc& dflfvltkb<br />
fhxtdyt,bc bltfc^ w[flbf^ rfntujhbekfl efh.jaty [tkbceakt,bc ofhvjvflutykt,b&<br />
vjekjlytkfl^ dflfvltkb cfgfhkfvtynj fhxtdyt,bc bltf afhsj ufy[bkdbc cfufyb uf[lf^<br />
sfyfw ghtpbltynbc cfmfhsdtkjib fh.jaybc lhjc& cfgfhkfvtynj rekefht,ib fqybiyekb<br />
byajhvfwbf 10 fghbkc lbkblfy ufdhwtklf& fv byajhvfwbbc sfyf[vfl^ ghtpbltynb fgbht,c<br />
lfbs[jdjc vsfdhj,fw lf gfhkfvtynbw& gfhkfvtynbc dbwt-cgbrthvf vb[tbk vfzfdfhbfyvf<br />
@f,cehlekb# eojlf lf efh.j fvudfhb itcf>kt,kj,f& sevwf^ fvfc fqybiyek stvfpt<br />
185 @f[fkb sfj,f#^ 18&|:&2005<br />
186 @24 cffsb#^ 18&|:&2005<br />
95
jvtynfht,bc ufrtst,f fh iteo.dtnbf&<br />
jgjpbwbf^ w[flbf^ vjojyt,bs it[dlf vsfdhj,bc uflf.tyt,bc lf gfhkfvtynbc lfs[jdybc<br />
bltfcfw& vfuhfv ufyc[dfdt,ekb vjcfpht,t,b ufvjbsmvbc bvfcsfy lfrfdibht,bs^ se hfv<br />
itb>kt,f e,b>ujc ghtpbltync fv yf,b]bc uflfluvbcfrty& thsyb dfhfelj,ty^ hjv fvbs<br />
ghtpbltync itcf>kt,kj,f tmyt,f xfvjbwbkjc bc flfvbfyt,b^ hjvkt,bw gfhkfvtynib<br />
vj[dlyty @htdjkewbehb lfvcf[eht,t,bc#^ fye @lhjit,bc ahbfkbc# ufvj& vtjhtyb rb<br />
fw[flt,ty^ hjv dflfvltk fhxtdyt,pt cffrfidbkb cojhtl fv [fk[bc uflfcfhxtyfl itb>kt,f<br />
ofdbltc& vjhbu fhxtdyt,fvlt lfhxtybkb jhb okbc ufyvfdkj,fib vvfhsdtkb gfhnbbc<br />
htbnbyub rbltd eahj lftwtvf lf fvbnjv fhxtdyt,bc xfnfht,f lqtc ehxtdybfs& 187<br />
fqvjxylf^ hjv gfhkfvtynbc lfs[jdybc bltfc cfgfhkfvtynj evhfdktcj,bc yfobkbw<br />
bojyt,c& gfhkfvtynbc htubjyekb gjkbnbrbc^ sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bcf lf vfqfkvsbfyb<br />
htubjyt,bc rjvbntnbc sfdv]ljvfhbc vjflubkt fktmcfylht ifkfv,thb>t vbbxytdc^ hjv bv<br />
itvs[dtdfib^ se cfmfhsdtkjc ghtpbltynb gjkbnbrehb rhbpbcbc lfcf>ktdfl rjycnbnewbeh<br />
eakt,fc ufvjb.tyt,c lf gfhkfvtyncf lf vsfdhj,fc lfbs[jdc^ mdt.fyfib yfvldbkb<br />
gjkbnbrehb w[jdht,f @gfhkfvtynbcf lf vsfdhj,bc lfs[jdyf ltvjrhfnbekb mdt.yt,bcsdbc<br />
,eyt,hbdb ghjwtcbf^ fvbs cfmfhsdtkjc vjcf[ktj,fc rbltd ths[tk vbtwtvf ifycb^ fbhxbjc<br />
bctsb gfhkfvtynb lf vsfdhj,f^ hjvtkbw vfc lf vbc vjvfdfkc ufvjflut,f# 188<br />
gfhkfvtynfh ,tcj ]eqtkbc smvbs^ @serb ghtpbltynb gfhkfvtync lfbs[jdc^ rfhub bmyt,f<br />
lf vt gbhflfl v[fhc lfdezth^ hflufy tc fhbc mvtlbseeyfhj jhufyj lf sfdbc aeymwbfc<br />
yfvldbkfl dth fchekt,c#& 189<br />
sevwf^ cfgfhkfvtynj evhfdktcj,bc lblb yfobkb gfhkfvtynbc lfs[jdyfc lf vbs evtntc<br />
vfcsfy thsfl vsfdhj,bc lfs[jdyfc f,cehlekfl vbbxytdc^ hflufyfw tc tobyffqvltut,f<br />
mdt.ybc rjycnbnewbfc lf vfcib lflutybk otct,c^ se hf itvs[dtdfib itb>kt,f gfhkfvtynbc<br />
lfs[jdyf fy vsfdhj,bc uflf.tyt,f&<br />
mfhsekb vtlbf fvnrbwt,c^ hjv [vt,b gfhkfvtynbcf lf vsfdhj,bc cfdfhfelj lfs[jdybc<br />
itcf[t, sfdfl [tkbceakt,bc vbthff ufdhwtkt,ekb lf tc zjht,b hfvltybvt vbpfyc bcf[fdc&<br />
]th thsb^ vjbcby]f cfpjufljt,bc ufyo.j,f^ vtjhtw^ ghtpbltync cehc cfpjufljt,bc<br />
.ehflqt,bc wtynhib f[fkb cfrbs[t,b vjfmwbjc lf vtcfvtw^ fvudfhb gthcgtmnbdbc lfcf[dbs<br />
itfibyf gfhkfvtynb lf vsfdhj,fw&<br />
hectssfy efqhtcfl ufvodfdt,ekb ehsbthsj,bc gbhj,t,ib^ >ytkb cfdfhfeljf^ hjv<br />
[tkbceakt,f dflfvltkb cfgfhkfvtynj fhxtdyt,bc lfybidyfpt ofdf& dflfvltkb fhxtdyt,b<br />
cekfw fhff @dbsfht,bc ufyve[ndbc# cfiefkt,f^ hjujhw fvfc pjubthsb fyfkbnbrjcb cf[fdc&<br />
fhxtdyt,b fcts hjkc bv itvs[dtdfib itfchekt,lf^ serb sfdfl fhxtdyt,bc bycnbnenbc<br />
aeymwbjybht,f eghj,ktvj bmyt,jlf& cfmfhsdtkjc lqtdfyltk gbhj,t,ib rb jgjpbwbfc fhw<br />
cffhxtdyj rfyjyb vjcojyc lf fhw wtynhfkeh cffhxtdyj rjvbcbfc tylj,f^ hjvtkcfw<br />
@thsgfhnbekfl# vbbxytdc&<br />
187 @htpjyfycb#^ 11&:|&2006<br />
188 @cfmfhsdtkjc htcge,kbrf#^ 11&04&2006<br />
189 @htpjyfycb#^ 11&:|&2006<br />
96
sfdb \::& gfhnbt,b lf cfpjufljt,hbdb jhufybpfwbt,b<br />
o 2005 otkb% f[fkb gfhnbt,b lf cfvjmfkfmj jhufybpfwbt,b<br />
becnbwbbc cfvbybcnhjc cf[tkvobaj htubcnhfwbbcf lf kbwtypbht,bc ltgfhnfvtynvf<br />
2005 okbc ufyvfdkj,fib htubcnhfwbfib uffnfhf 4 gjkbnbrehb gfhnbf^ 82<br />
vfrjynhjkt,tkb jhufyj^ 775 rfdibhb lf rfdibhbc abkbfkb^ 98 ajylb lf ajylbc abkbfkb<br />
lf ew[j mdt.ybc fhfcfvtofhvtj behblbekb gbhbc 16 ofhvjvflutykj,f& 190<br />
cf[tkvobaj htubcnhfwbbcf lf kbwtypbht,bc ltgfhnfvtynbc eahjcbc ubjhub ujub,thb-<br />
>bc byajhvfwbbs^ 2005 otkc htubcnhbht,ekb gjkbnbrehb gfhnbt,bf% gjkbnbrehb ufthsbfyt,f<br />
@mfhsekb vj>hfj,f#^ @cfmfhsdtkjc rjycthdfnbekb gfhnbf#^ @cfmfhsdtkjc<br />
trjyjvbrehb ufydbsfht,bcf lf cbqfhb,bc lf>ktdbc gfhnbf# lf @cfmfhsdtkjc ltvjrhfnsf<br />
yfwbjyfkehb gfhnbf#&<br />
fhfcfvsfdhj,j jhufybpfwbt,bc htubcnhfwbf becnbwbbc cfvbybcnhjc rjvgtntywbfib<br />
2005 okbc vfhnblfy itdblf& vfyfvlt fctsb jhufybpfwbt,b cfcfvfhskjib htubcnhbhlt,jlyty&<br />
lqtbcfsdbc cfmfhsdtkjib 185 gjkbnbrehb gfhnbf^ 8355 fhfcfvsfdhj,j<br />
jhufybpfwbf lf 1198 ajylb vjmvtlt,c&<br />
o vtvfh]dtytj,f vtvfhw[tyt kjpeyut,bc mdt.fyfib<br />
cfmfhsdtkjib lqtc ,bpytcvtyt,bc jhb gjkbnbrehb ufthsbfyt,f fhct,j,c% @f[fkb<br />
vtvfh]dtytt,b# lf @vhtodtkt,b#& fqcfybiyfdbf^ hjv fv ufthsbfyt,t,ib ofhvjlutybkb<br />
,bpytcvtyt,b fcfrbs ufyc[dfdlt,bfy thsfytsbcfufy% vhtodtksf gfhnbfib itlfht,bs eahjcb<br />
fcfrbc flfvbfyt,b zfh,j,ty^ f[fk vtvfh]dtytt,ib rb f[fkb sfj,bc ,bpytcvtyt,b& jhbdt<br />
ufthsbfyt,f cfsfdtc 1999 okbc cfgfhkfvtynj fhxtdyt,blfy bqt,c cfsfdtc& vfiby vtofhvtsf<br />
yfobkvf^ hjvtksf kbltht,bw cf,zjsf gthbjlbc cfvtehytj [tkv>qdfytkj,bc ufvjwlbkt,bc<br />
vmjytyb b.dyty^ itmvytc gfhnbf @vhtodtkj,f uflffhxtyc cfmfhsdtkjc# ujub sjaf>bc<br />
[tkv>qdfytkj,bs& gfhnbbc itmvyf itdfhlyf>tcsfyfw b.j itsfy[vt,ekb lf @vhtodtkt,c# 7)-<br />
bfyb ,fhbthbw uflffkf[dbytc& gfhfktkehfl @vjmfkfmtsf rfdibhbc# cffhxtdyj cbfib^<br />
hjvtkbw vfiby vvfhsdtkb gfhnbf b.j^ vbbpbltc @f[fkb cf[tt,b# f[fkufphlf ,bpytcvtyt,bc<br />
cf[bs& cf,be]tnj rhbpbcbc ufvj vfs vsfdhj,bc gfce[bcvut,kj,bc lf.tyt,fc lfezbhtc v[fhb<br />
lf cf,jkjjl^ jgjpbwbfib uflfdblyty^ itmvytc @f[fkb vtvfh]dtytt,bc# ahfmwbf lfdbs<br />
ufv.htkb>bcf lf ktdfy ufxtxbkf>bc [tkv>qdfytkj,bs& f[fkb ahfmwbbc ,fpfpt 2001 okbc<br />
bdybcib xfvj.fkb,lf gfhnbf @f[fkb vtvfh]dtytt,b#& 191 2003 okbc 28 vfhnbc fhxtdyt,ib<br />
@vhtodtkt,b# lf @f[fkb vtvfh]dtytt,b# thsbfyb ,kjrbs ufvjlbjlyty&<br />
,bpytcvtyt,b ufdktybfy >Fkfc ofhvjflutyty mdt.fyfib^ vfuhfv vfs cecnb flubkbw fmds _<br />
ofhvfnt,ekb ,bpytcb mdt.fyfib [tkbceakt,bc rtsbk yt,fpt b.j lfvjrblt,ekb& jgjpbwbfib<br />
uflfcek ,bpytcvty-gjkbnbrjct,c rb [tkbceakt,f [ibhfl ,bpytcib fhfrfyjybthb upt,bc<br />
ufvj.tyt,fib clt,c ,hfkc& cojhtl fct vjbmwf ghtpbltynb cffrfidbkb^ hjltcfw<br />
@vtvfh]dtytsf# kblthc gfce[j,lf gfhkfvtynib sfdbcb .jdtkokbehb vj[ctyt,bs ufvjcdkbc<br />
lhjc& @fvudfhb ufyw[flt,t,bs^ vthoveyts^ bc flubkj,hbdb ,bpytcbc lfibyt,fc eo.j,c [tkc&<br />
tc xdtyc mdt.fyfc >fkbfy welfl itvje,heylt,f#^ _ fqybiyfdc vtvfh]dtytsf ahfmwbbc otdhb<br />
abmhbf xb[hf>t& 192<br />
f[fkb vtvfh]dtytt,b wlbkj,ty mdt.fyfib fhct,ek evodfdtc cjwbfkeh ghj,ktvt,c vtvfh-<br />
]dtyt gjpbwbblfy vjeyf[jy hbubsb flfvbfyt,bcfsdbc ufcfut,b lf vbcfqt,b ufvjcfdfkb& mdt.fyfib<br />
fhct,ekb evodfdtcb ghj,ktvf eveitdhj,ff& vbc lfcf>Ktdfl thsflthsb upf vtofhvtj,bcf-<br />
190 @f[fkb sfj,f#^ 4&:&2005<br />
191 @f[fkb 7 lqt#^ 18-24&::&2005<br />
192 @f[fkb 7 lqt#^ 18-24&::&2005<br />
97
sdbc [tkito.j,ff& eveitdhj,bc ghj,ktvf rbltd eahj vodfdlt,f cf[tkvobaj cnhemneht,blfy<br />
lfs[jdybkb flfvbfyt,bc [fh]pt& vtvfh]dtytsf fphbs^ Cf[tkvobajv eylf bpheyjc fv flfvbfyt,bc<br />
uflfvpflt,fpt lf vfssdbc eylf fhct,j,ltc rth>j ctmnjhib lfcfmvt,bc itcf>kt,kj,f&<br />
o rjyrehtywbf tdhjgbc cf[fk[j gfhnbfib itcfcdktkfl<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc ghtpbltynbc bnfkbfib dbpbnbc itvltu fqbybiyf^ hjv @yfwbjyfkehb<br />
vj>hfj,f# tdhjgbc cf[fk[j gfhnbbc otdhb uf[lf& fv ufyw[flt,fc fghjntcnt,ty @f[fkb<br />
vtvfh]dtytt,b#^ hjvkt,bw lblb [fybf wlbkj,ty tdhjgbc cf[fk[j gfhnbfib lfvrdbhdt,tkb<br />
otdhbc cnfnecbc vjgjdt,fc&<br />
tdhjgfib gjkbnbrehb gfhnbt,b cfv >bhbsfl ]ueafl b.jaf% vtvfhw[tyt-wtynhbcnekb^<br />
vtvfh]dty-wtynhbcnekb lf kb,thfkehb gfhnbt,b& tdhjrfdibhib fv gfhnbt,vf cfvb ptyfwbjyfkehb<br />
ufthsbfyt,f itmvytc& vtvfhw[tyt-wtynhbcnt,vf _ tdhjgbc cjwbfkbcnehb gfhnbf^<br />
kb,thfkehb vbvfhsekt,bc gfhnbt,vf _ tdhjgbc kb,thfkehb gfhnbf lf vtvfh]dtyt-wtynhbcnt,vf<br />
_ tdhjgbc cf[fk[j gfhnbf& lqtbcfsdbc tdhjgbc cf[fk[j gfhnbfc evhfdktcj,f<br />
fmdc tdhjgfhkfvtynib^ tdhjcf,zjc cfgfhkfvtynj fcfv,ktfib lf c[dflfc[df cfthsfijhbcj<br />
cnhemnehfib& 193<br />
@f[fkb vtvfh]dtytt,bc# ofhvjvflutytkb ubjhub vjcb>t fqybiyfdc^ hjv erfyfcrytkb cfvb<br />
okbc ufyvfdkj,fib vfs gfhnbfc cfrvfjl f[kj rjynfmnb fmds tdhjgbc cf[fk[j gfhnbfcsfy<br />
lf bvtljdyt,ty^ hjv fv gfhnbfib lfvrdbhdt,tkb otdhbc cnfnecc vbbqt,ty& sevwf^<br />
@vtvfh]dtytt,bcsdbc# vjekjlytkb lf ufvfqbpbfyt,tkb fqvjxylf bubdt ufyfw[flbs<br />
@yfwbjyfkehb vj>hfj,bc# ufvjxtyf& @xdty dtkjlt,jlbs^ hjv tdhjgbc cf[fk[j gfhnbbc<br />
ufvutj,bc c[ljvfpt st,thdkbc ,jkjc @f[fkb vtvfh]dtytt,bc# ufotdhbfyt,bc cfrbs[b<br />
ufyb[bkt,jlf^ vfuhfv bm chekbfl vjekjlytkfl lf xdtysdbc ufcfrdbhfl^ bfydhbc ,jkjc<br />
yfwbjyfekvf vj>hfj,fv lfvrdbhdt,tk otdhfl vbqt,bc itcf[t, ufyfw[flb itbnfyf& fvfy >fkbfy<br />
ufyudfwdbahf^ hflufy yfwvj>hfj,f vtvfh]dtyt wtynhbcnekb bltjkjubbc gfhnbf fh fhbc&<br />
ufhlf fvbcf^ tc gfhnbf lblb [ybc ufyvfdkj,fib kb,thfkeh cnhemneht,sfy b.j<br />
lfrfdibht,ekb lf tdhjgbc kb,thfkeh gfhnbfib ufotdhbfyt,fc wlbkj,lf& sevwf^ dbyfblfy<br />
yfwbjyfkehb vj>hfj,bc sfdv]ljvfht fhbc mdt.ybc ghtpbltynb^ tdhjgbc cf[fk[j gfhnbfib^<br />
tn.j,f^ efhb dth es[htc lf st,thdkbc ,jkjc vfsb cfrbs[bw lqbc otchbuib ufycf[bkdtkfl<br />
itbnfytc#^ _ fqybiyfdc ubjhub vjcb>t& 194<br />
23 st,thdfkc^ ,hbectkib^ tdhjgbc cf[fk[j gfhnbbc ufvutj,bc c[ljvfpt^ itluf<br />
cfmfhsdtkjlfy jhbdt gfhnbbc ufyfw[flbc ufy[bkdf& uflfo.lf^ hjv hflufy cfmfhsdtkjc<br />
cfrbs[b ]th rbltd ufehrdtdtkbf^ xdtyb mdt.yblfy gfhnbt,bc vbqt,f thsb okbs uflfbljc&<br />
tdhjgbc cf[fk[j gfhnbf fv cfrbs[c cfmfhsdtkjib flubkj,hbdb fhxtdyt,bc xfnfht,bc itvltu<br />
lfe,heylt,f& fvbc itvltu b.j tdhjgbc cf[fk[j gfhnbbc vt-17 rjyuhtcb hjvib^ cflfw ufhlf<br />
fv ufthsbfyt,bc otdht,bcf^ lfgfnb;tc bc gfhnbt,bw^ hjvkt,cfw itnfybkb fmds ufyfw[flb^<br />
vfuhfv vfsb cfrbs[b ]th rbltd uflfo.dtnbkb fh fhbc& rjyuhtcpt cbn.dbs ufvjdblf<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc ghtpbltynb vb[tbk cffrfidbkbw&<br />
tdhjgbc cf[fk[j gfhnbfib thsb mdt.yblfy hfvltybvt gfhnbbc vbqt,f itb>kt,f&<br />
vfufkbsfl^ bnfkbblfy js[b gfhnbff^ tcnjytsblfy jhb& vfuhfv^ @vtvfh]dtytt,b# >fkptl<br />
uffyfo.tyf @yfwbjyfkehb vJ>hfj,bc# vbth bubdt cnfnecbc >Bt,fv& @yfwbjyfkehb vj>hfj,f^<br />
afmnj,hbdfl^ itcekb b.j tdhjgbc kb,thfkeh gfhnbfib^ vfuhfv ob[kb /rhf vfc& cf[fk[j<br />
gfhnbf tdhjrfdibhib vvfhsdtkb gfhnbff^ fmtlfy ufvjvlbyfht^ tc cffrfidbkbc ghfuvfnekb<br />
ufsdkff lf fhfyfbhb vtvfh]dtyt-wtynhbcnekb bltjkjubbc thsuekt,fpt yfwvj>hfj,bc<br />
v[hblfy kfgfhfrb fh itb>kt,f#^ _ fw[flt,c ubjhub vjcb>t& 195<br />
193 @cfmfhsdtkjc htcge,kbrf#^ 12&:|&2006<br />
194 gjkbnbreh gfhnbfc bv mdt.yblfy^ hjvtkbw tdhjrfdibhbc otdhb fh fhbc^ tdhjgbc cf[fk[j gfhnbfib<br />
v[jkjl lfvrdbhdt,tkb otdhbc cnfnecbs bqt,ty&<br />
195 @cfmfhsdtkjc htcge,kbrf#^ 12&:|&2006<br />
98
o cfmfhsdtkjc vodfytsf tdhjgekb fqbfht,f<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc vodfytsf gfhnbf tdhjgbc vodfytsf gfhnbbc rjyuhtcvf sfdbc evfqktc<br />
vvfhsdtk jhufyjib _ tdhjgbc vodfytsf gfhnbbc rjvbntnib fbhxbf& rjyuhtcc tcoht,jlf 500<br />
ltktufnb tdhjgbc 30 mdt.ybc 33 gfhnbblfy^ vfs ijhbc tdhjgbc gfhkfvtynbc otdht,b<br />
vodfytsf ahfmwbt,blfy^ cnevht,b tdhjrfdibhbc [tkv>qdfytk jhufyjt,blfy lf fii-lfy&<br />
tdhjgbc vodfytsf gfhnbbc [tkv>qdfytkb jhufyj _ rjvbntnb itlut,f utythfkehb<br />
vlbdybcufy^ jhb cgbrthbcufy lf [esb mdt.ybc ofhvjvflutykt,bcufy& tdhjgbc vodfytsf gfhnbfc<br />
lblb ufdktyf fmdc tdhjgbc gjkbnbrfpt^ /.fdc ufdktybfyb ofhvjvflutykt,b tdhjgbc 17<br />
mdt.ybc yfwbjyfkeh gfhkfvtynt,ib^ lf hfw vsfdfhbf^ cblblbs vt-4 ahfmwbff tdhjgbc<br />
gfhkfvtynib^ hjvtkbw uflfo.dtnbkt,t,c v[jkjl tdhjgbc vodfytsf gfhnbbc rjvbntnsfy<br />
itsfy[vt,bs bqt,c&<br />
mfhsdtk vodfytsf gfhnbbc ofhvjvflutytksf ufyw[flt,bs^ vfsb gfhnbf fqbfht,ekb bmyf<br />
hjujhw ths-thsb .dtkfpt ghbywbgekb^ ghjatcbjyfkehb lf gthcgtmnbekb gjkbnbrehb<br />
jhufybpfwbf fqvjcfdkts tdhjgfib^ hjvtkcfw @lblb odkbkb fmdc itnfybkb htubjyfkehb<br />
ecfahs[jt,bc cfmvtib^ vbe[tlfdfl ltdyf-itdbohjt,bcf lf vtlbfib ,kjrbht,bcf#& 196<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc vodfytsf gfhnbfib fqybiyfdty^ hjv vfsb gfhnbbc cfthsfijhbcj fcgfhtppt<br />
fqbfht,f vybidytkjdfybf vskbfyfl cfmfhsdtkjcsdbcfw^ hflufyfw @lqtc^ mdt.fyfib fhct,ekb<br />
gjkbnbrehb cgtmnhblfy vodfytsf gfhnbf thsflthsbf^ hjvtkbw fct vzblhjlff lfrfdibht,ekb<br />
lfcfdkeh ufdktybfy gjkbnbreh ohtt,sfy lf mdt.fyfib fhct,ekb ghj,ktvt,blfy<br />
ufvjvlbyfht^ fmdc htfkehb nhb,eyf lf ,thrthtnb fv ghj,ktvt,bc vjcfudfht,kfl#&<br />
o fhfcfvsfdhj,j jhufybpfwbt,bc hbw[db bphlt,f<br />
becnbwbbc cfvbybcnhjc cf[tkvobaj htubcnhfwbbcf lf kbwtypbht,bc ltgfhnfvtynvf lf<br />
vbcvf htubjyekvf cfvcf[eht,vf 2005 okbc vfhnblfy^ vfc itvltu^ hfw fhfcfvsfdhj,j jhufybpfwbt,bc<br />
htubcnhfwbf becnbwbbc cfvbybcnhjc rjvgtntywbfib uflfdblf^ 920 fhfcfvsfdhj,j<br />
jhufybpfwbf lffhtubcnhbhtc& fv lhjbcfsdbc cfmfhsdtkjib 8501 fhfcfvsfdhj,j<br />
jhufybpfwbff htubcnhbht,ekb& 197<br />
2005 okbc vfhnfvlt fhfcfvsfdhj,j jhufybpfwbt,bc htubcnhfwbf cfthsj cfcfvfhskjt,bc<br />
aeymwbf b.j& cfrfyjyvlt,kj wdkbkt,bc itvltu^ becnbwbbc cfvbybcnhjc cf[tkvobaj<br />
htubcnhfwbbcf lf kbwtypbht,bc ltgfhnfvtynvf hfbjyek cfcfvfhskjt,ib uf,ytekb<br />
fhfcfvsfdhj,j jhufybpfwbt,bc cfhtubcnhfwbj ljrevtynt,c sfdb vje.fhf lf thsbfyb<br />
httcnhb itmvyf& cojhtl fvbc itvltu uf[lf itcf>kt,tkb fhfcfvsfdhj,j jhufybpfwbt,bc<br />
pecnb fqhbw[df lf vfsb vj>t,yf c[dflfc[df htrdbpbnt,bc vb[tldbs&<br />
o cfkjvt pehf,bidbkbc @mfhsekb upf#<br />
cfmfhsdtkjib^ cflfw jabwbfkehfl lfhtubcnhbht,ekbf 200-vlt gjkbnbrehb gfhnbf<br />
lf jhufybpfwbf^ rbltd ths f[fk gfhnbfc t.ht,f cfae>dtkb& .jabkb cfufhtj cfmvtsf<br />
vbybcnhb cfkjvt pehf,bidbkb gfhnbfc mvybc lf fvbcfsdbc flubkj,hbdb ghfmnbrbcfsdbc<br />
jhbubyfkeh upfc bhxtdc _ 2006 okbc 7 st,thdfkc cfkjvt pehf,bidbkvf gfhnbbc<br />
ghjuhfvekb vbpyt,bc ghtptynfwbf vjfo.j& f[fkb gfhnbbc lhjif fqvfhsekbf lf vbc<br />
kblthc bcqf lfhxtybf^ hjv gfhnbbc otdhj,bc vcehdtkt,c lftkjljc&<br />
cfufhtj cfmvtsf vbybcnhj,blfy uflflujvbc itvltu cfkjvt pehf,bidbkvf gjkbnbreh<br />
vj>hfj,fc xfe.fhf cfae>dtkb& gfhnbbc itmvybc fewbkt,kj,f rb flubkj,hbdb sdbsvvfhsdt-<br />
196 @f[fkb sfj,f#^ 9&|&2006<br />
197 @f[fkb sfj,f#^ 16&:::&2006<br />
99
kj,bc jhufyjt,bc fhxtdyt,ib vjyfobktj,bc cehdbkvf ufyfgbhj,f& @cfmfhsdtkjib fewbkt,tkbf<br />
lfv.fhltc flubkj,hbdb ltvjrhfnbf& ltvjrhfnbf fh bo.t,f ptvjlfy lf fh xfvjlbc<br />
mdtvjs^ bo.t,f mdtvjlfy lf eylf fdbltc ptvjs lf hflufy lqtc^ ltvjrhfnbbc v[hbd^ udfmdc<br />
cfrvfjl welb cbnefwbf^ fewbkt,tkbf^ hjv uf>Kbthltc mdtlf cfat[eht,b#^ _ ufyfw[flf<br />
cfkjvt pehf,bidbkvf gfhnbbc ghjuhfvekb lt,ekt,t,bc ghtptynfwbbc lhjc& hjujhw<br />
wyj,bkbf^ flubkj,hbdb sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc fhxtdyt,b itvjlujvbcsdbcff uflfnfybkb&<br />
jhb fctekb gfhnbbc fhct,j,bc gbhj,t,ib >fkptl >ytkbf f[fkb gfhnbbcfsdbc c[dt,bcufy<br />
ufyc[dfdt,ekb lf vbvpbldtkb cf[tkojlt,bc gjdyf& thsb gbhj,f cfkjvt pehf,bidbkb<br />
fw[flt,lf^ hjv gfhnbbc cf[tkojlt,f @cfkjvt pehf,bidbkbc gfhnbf# bmyt,jlf& fv<br />
cf[tkojlt,bs gfhnbf sfdblfy fbwbkt,lf cf[tkojlt,fib @bltjkjubehb lfndbhsdbc#<br />
ofhvjxtyfc^ vfuhfv fctsb cf[tkb^ ghbywbgib tobyffqvltut,f cfkjvt pehf,bidbkbc vtjht<br />
ufyfw[flc _ eylf lfbhqdtc nhflbwbf^ hjv gfhnbf fvf se bv gbhbc bhudkbd .fkb,lt,f& fv<br />
nhflbwbbc lfcfhqdtdfl vjto.j GFhnbbc ghjuhfvbc ghtptynfwbf& 198 f[fkb gfhnbbc<br />
cf[tkojlt,fl lfcf[tklf ckjufyb @xdtyb upf _ mfhsekb upff#&<br />
cfkjvt pehf,bidbkb cf[tkojlt,fc frjyrhtnt,c lf fw[flt,c^ hjv tcff bubdt ofhcekbc<br />
wyj,bkb mfhsdtkb cfpjuflj vjqdfobc ybrj ybrjkf>Bc upf _ @ltvjrhfnbekb^ sfyfvtlhjdt<br />
lf tdhjgekb lf mfhsekb upf#& 199<br />
flubkj,hbd tmcgthnsf fphbs^ cfkjvt pehf,bidbkbc gfhnbbc cf[bs gjkbnbreh fhtyfpt<br />
vtvfh]dtyt vbvfhsekt,bc gjkbnbrehb >fkf itvjlbc&cfkjvt pehf,bidbkbc gfhnbf<br />
lff[kjt,bs bv gjkbnbreh ybifc lfbrfdt,c^ hjvtkbw f[fk vtvfh]dtytt,c erfdbfs^ fye<br />
vtvfh]dtyt-rjycthdfnbekc& fmwtynb ltvjrhfnbfcf lf cf,fphj trjyjvbrfcsfy thsfl thjdyek<br />
qbht,ekt,t,ptw ufrtslt,f& vfsufy ufyc[dfdt,bs htcge,kbrehb gfhnbf vtvfh]dtytkb,thfkehb<br />
vbvfhsekt,bcff& 200<br />
gjkbnbrehb cgtmnhbc vtvfh]dtyt ahsfpt lblb cbvhfdktf^ vfuhfv serb mdt.fyfib<br />
fhct,ek vfcj,hbd trjyjvbreh cble[zbhtc ufdbsdfkbcobyt,s^ vtvfh]dtyt tktmnjhfnb fhwse<br />
bct lblbf& fvbnjv flubkj,hbdb sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc fhxtdyt,bc lhjc se vtvfh]dtyt jgjpbwbf<br />
ufthsbfyt,fc dth vjf[th[t,c^ vfc cfrvfjl vjrh>fkt,ekb itltubs lfrvf.jabkt,f vjeotdc&<br />
sevwf^ sfdfl cfkjvt pehf,bidbkb gfhnbt,bc bltjkjubehb ybiybs lf.jafc<br />
vj>dtkt,ekfl vbbxytdc& @hfw itt[t,f bvfc^ se hjvtk ybifc lfbrfdt,c gfhnbf _ vtvfh]dtytc^<br />
vtvfhw[tytc se wtynhbcnekc^ cfzbhjt,bclf vb[tldbs^ fk,fs^ cfvbdtc^ hflufy tc tgbstnt,b<br />
wjnf vj>dtkt,ekfl vtxdtyt,f#^ _ fqybiyfdc pehf,bidbkb& 201 vbc vbth ltrkfhbht,ek<br />
gfhnbekb ghjuhfvbc >bhbsfl lt,ekt,t,c ,tdhb c[df gfhnbfw ecbn.djl vjfothc [tkc _<br />
v.fhb ltvjrhfnbekb uf>kbtht,f^ cjwbfkehb uf]fycfqt,f^ trjyjvbrehb fqvfdkj,f^<br />
[tkbceakt,bc cojhb ufyfobkt,f c[dflfc[df cf[tkbceakj injt,c ijhbc^ cfcfvfhskjc<br />
lfvjerblt,kj,bc epheydtk.jaf lf F&i&<br />
cf.ehflqt,jf cfkjvt pehf,bidbkbc trjyjvbrehb ghjuhfvf& vbcb smvbs^ trjyjvbrfc^<br />
seylfw kb,thfkehc^ czbhlt,f vfhsdf lf gjkbnbrbc xfvj.fkb,t,f& yfvldbkb kb,thfkbpvbc<br />
lf ufhfynbf flfvbfybc sfdbceakt,bc^ hjujhw mdt.ybc lfvjerblt,kj,bc^ fhbc rth>J<br />
cfresht,f& sevwf^ bmdt fw[flt,c^ hjv rth>J cfresht,f fh ybiyfdc .dtkfahbc ghbdfnbpfwbfc^<br />
hfcfw [ibhfl ehtdty thsvfytsib& @ghbdfnbpfwbbc gjkbnbrf eylf b.jc f[cybkb^ uf[cybkb lf<br />
vbqt,ekb cfpjufljt,bcfufy chekb byajhvfwbbc vbojlt,bc cfae>dtkpt& c[df vblujvf ,flt,c<br />
tzdc^ eylj,kj,fc lf cfpjufljt,bc uf.jafc#^ _ fqybiyfdc pehf,bidbkb& 202 sevwf^<br />
cfpjufljt,fib rth>j cfresht,bc gfnbdbcwtvbc lfcfvrdblht,kfl fewbkt,tkbf^ hjv rth>j<br />
cfresht,f /mjyltc flfvbfyt,bc evhfdktcj,fc&<br />
pehf,bidbkbc gfhnbf^ w[flbf^ [tkbceakt,bc hflbrfkeh jgjybht,fc fgbht,c& vbcb<br />
kblthbc smvbs^ gfhnbbc vbpfybf fhct,ekb [tkbceakt,bc ,jkitdbrehb vtsjlt,bc<br />
198 @[dfkbyltkb lqt#^ 7&::&2006<br />
199 @f[fkb sfj,f#^ 8&::&2006<br />
200 @[dfkbyltkb lqt#^ 7&::&2006<br />
201 @[dfkbyltkb lqt#^ 7&::&2006<br />
202 @f[fkb sfj,f#^ 8&::&2006<br />
100
wbdbkbpt,ekb gjkbnbrehb vtsjlt,bs itwdkff& 203 htfkj,f bcff^ hjv jgjpbwbeh gfhnbfc<br />
ofhvfnt,fc vjenfyc [tkbceakt,fcsfy hflbrfkehb lfgbhbcgbht,f& jgjpbwbehb<br />
tktmnjhfnb gjpbnbeh ghjuhfvt,c yfrkt,fl fmwtdc .ehflqt,fc^ vbcsdbc vsfdfhbf fhct,ekb<br />
[tkbceakt,bcufy ufsfdbceakt,f& fqbmdfvc se fhf pehf,bidbkbc gfhnbfc cfpjufljt,f<br />
[tkbceakt,bc .dtkfpt hflbrfkeh jgjpbwbfl fvfpt bmyt,f lfvjrblt,ekb pehf,bidbkbc<br />
gfhnbbc itvlujvb ofhvfnt,t,bw&<br />
o fynbukj,fkehb bltjkjubbc >bt,f<br />
@fynbukj,fkbpvb# hjujhw blteh-gjkbnbrehb vbvfhsekt,f cfmfhsdtkjib lqtc fh<br />
ufxtybkf& ukj,fkbpfwbbcfufy vjvlbyfht yfvldbkb se vjxdtyt,bsb cfahs[tt,bc sfj,fpt<br />
flhtw ,tdhb botht,jlf^ vfuhfv ,jkj gthbjlib fynbukj,fkehb bltjkjubbc >Bt,f lf vbcb<br />
ghjgfufylf ufycfresht,bs sdfkibcfwtvb [lt,f& tc yfrkt,fl buh>yj,f tktmnhjyek vtlbfib^<br />
hjvtkcfq afmnj,hbdfl [tkbceakt,f frjynhjkt,c^ cfvfubthjl sdfkibcfwtvbf ghtcfib^<br />
cflfw cojhtl ,jkj gthbjlib ufvjxylf ufptst,bc vstkb lfcnf^ hjvtksf ofv.dfyb stvf<br />
cojhtl fynbukj,fkbcnehb fhuevtynt,bc >bt,f-lfcf,est,f lf ghjgfufylff&<br />
fynbukj,fkehb ghjntcnb .dtkf mdt.fyfib tv.fht,f thjdyek^ cjwbfkeh lf trjkjubeh<br />
vjnbdt,c& fynbukj,fkbpvb ufvj[fnfdc itiajst,fc fv cathjt,ib vbvlbyfht fhfcfcehdtk<br />
ghjwtct,sfy lfrfdibht,bs^ vfuhfv mfhsek fynbukj,fkbpvib ufycfresht,bs vrfabjl xfyc<br />
@jhbtynfwbekb# lfndbhsdf& itb>kt,f bsmdfc^ hjv mfhsek cbyfvldbktib fynbukj,fkbcnehb<br />
ufyo.j,bc cnbvekbht,f cojhtl jhbtynfwbekb vjnbdt,bs [lt,f&<br />
fynbukj,fkbpvb lqtc^ pjuflfl^ fynbfvthbrfybpvc ybiyfdc& cojhtl tc vjnbdbf lqtc<br />
mfhsek fynbukj,fkbpvib vybidytkjdfyb& bcbyb^ dbyw fmnbehfl mflfut,c fynbukj,fkbpvc^<br />
hjujhw otcb^ vbc fknthyfnbdfl lf @mdt.ybc uflfhxtyfl# hectspt jhbtynfwbfc vbbxytdty<br />
qbfl fy itafhdbs& hfcfrdbhdtkbf^ fhbfy bctsb fynbukj,fkbcnt,bw^ hjvkt,bw lfcfdktsblfy<br />
vjvlbyfht cfahs[tc hectspt jhbtynfwbfc fh erfdibht,ty^ vfuhfv tc ptvjsfqybiyek<br />
rfyjypjvbtht,fc fh wdkbc&<br />
hjujhbf mfhsekb fynbukj,fkbpvbc >bhbsflb ybiyt,b(<br />
gbhdtk hbuib tcff fynbcjhjcbpvb& itb>kt,f bsmdfc^ hjv fynbukj,fkbpvbc bltjkjubbc<br />
vityt,kj,bc lhjc fmwtynb cjhjcbcf lf vbc cf[tksfy lfrfdibht,ekb cfmvbfyj,bc rhbnbrfpt<br />
rtslt,f& cjhjcbc vbth lfabyfyct,ekb fhfcfvsfdhj,j jhufybpfwbt,b^ hjvtksf<br />
ofhvjvflutykt,bw dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc itvltu [tkbceakt,bc c[dflfc[df titkjyibw<br />
bv.jat,bfy^ t,h>dbfy vfhskvflblt,kj,fc^ vtwybtht,fc^ reknehfc cfmfhsdtkjib& cjhjcpt<br />
bthbic bc ufhtvjt,f ffldbkt,c^ hjv sfdfl cjhjcb crfylfkehb abuehff lf fhwse<br />
gjpbnbehb bvb]bs cfhut,kj,c fhf vfhnj cfmfhsdtkjib& ufhlf fvbcf^ flubkj,hbdb<br />
@cjhjctkt,b# fhwse bidbfsfl @vtnbcvtnfl ltvjrhfnj,ty# lf thjdyekb afctekj,t,bc<br />
vbvfhs ufhrdtek yb/bkbpvc fdktyty& tc rb rhbnbrbc cfae>dtkc mvybc&<br />
fynbcjhjcbpvb ,eyt,hbdfl erfdibhlt,f @vcjakbj vfcjyehb itsmvekt,bc# stjhbfc&<br />
bcbw eylf bsmdfc^ hjv vfcjyj,bc stvf cfmfhsdtkjib jhbubyfkehj,bs fh ufvjbhxtdf lf fv<br />
v[hbd gbhlfgbh [lt,f @vfcjyj,bc vfv[bkt,tkb# hecekb kbnthfnehbc uflvjnfyf&<br />
vc]tkj,t,b vfcjyj,bc ofhcekbcf lf sfyfvtlhjdtj,bc itcf[t, bdct,f hbub mfhsdtkb<br />
gjkbnbrjct,bc vfcjyt,fl ufvjw[flt,bs& w[flbf^ fv cnfnecbs bc gjkbnbrjct,b<br />
ufyb[bkt,bfy^ hjvtksf vjqdfotj,fw lfcfdkeh jhbtynfwbfc erfdibhlt,f&<br />
vfcjyeh itsmvekt,fcsfy vzblhj rfdibhibf vcjakbj trjyjvbrehb jhufybpfwbt,bc _<br />
vcjakbj ,fyrbc^ cfthsfijhbcj cfdfkenj ajylbc rhbnbrf^ hjvtksfw ,hfkfl tlt,fs<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc trjyjvbrbc vbpfyvbvfhsekb ufyflueht,f^ flubkj,hbdb ofhvjt,bc vjcgj,f^<br />
hfcfw vjcf[ktj,bc ufqfnfrt,f^ ew[jtsib vfcj,hbdb uflf[dtof lf ltvjuhfabekb rfnfcnhjaf<br />
vjcltdc&<br />
cjhjcbc^ vfcjyj,bc^ cfthsfijhbcj cfabyfycj jhufybpfwbt,bc rhbnbrf lfcfdktsbcfufy<br />
203 @cfmfhsdtkjc htcge,kbrf#^ 8&::&2006<br />
101
ufew[jt,fc lf fynbfvthbrekb ufyo.j,bc ajhvbht,bc cfmvtc tvcf[eht,f& hf cfahs[tc itbwfdc<br />
tdhjgf cfmfhsdtkjcsdbc( tcff sehmb-vtc[t,bc vfcj,hbdb xfvjcf[kt,bc vjs[jdyf^ rfyjyb<br />
thjdyekb evwbhtcj,t,bc lf vfsb tyt,bc lfwdbc itcf[t,^ hfw cfmfhsdtkjc nthbnjhbekb<br />
vskbfyj,bc obyffqvltu itb>Kt,f bmytc ufvj.tyt,ekb&<br />
fynbukj,fkbcnt,bc vsfdfhb rhbnbrf rb fii-bc obyffqvltu fhbc vbvfhsekb& @fii fh<br />
bsdfkbcobyt,c cfmfhsdtkjc bynthtct,c#^ @cfmfhsdtkj fii-c rjkjybfl bmwf#^ @fii-c bynthtct,bc<br />
uf.jkfv cfmfhsdtkj hectssfy lffgbhbcgbhf#^ @fii-c vbth ofvjo.t,ek fynbnthjhbcnek<br />
jgthfwbfib vjyfobktj,fv cfmfhsdtkj itb>kt,f vecekvfyehb aeylfvtynfkbpvbc<br />
lfhn.vbc mdti lff.tyjc#^ @cfmfhsdtkjib vbvlbyfhtj,c ghbvbnbekb fvthbrfybpfwbf# _ fb bc<br />
>bhbsflb stpbct,b^ hfw mfhsekb fynbfvthbrfybpvbc ajhvbht,fc bcf[fdc vbpyfl&<br />
fynbfvthbrekb ufyo.j,bc ajhvbht,fcsfy lfrfdibht,bs ufcfsdfkbcobyt,tkbf rbltd thsb<br />
vjvtynbw% dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc itvltu vjcekb [tkbceakt,f fqbmvt,f ghjfvthbrekfl lf<br />
vbc itwljvt,pt gfce[bcvut,kj,fw^ cf,jkjj ]fvib^ fii-bc trbcht,f& cffrfidbkbc [tkbceakt,f<br />
rb fynbukj,fkbcnehb jgjpbwbbc v[hblfy ,hfklt,ekbf thjdyekb bynthtct,bc<br />
qfkfnib^ mfhsekb sdbsv.jaflj,bc^ mfhsekb vtwybtht,bc^ ufyfskt,bc yuhtdfib&<br />
ptvjsmvekc se ufdbsdfkbcobyt,s^ itb>kt,f bsmdfc^ hjv fynbukj,fkbcnehb bltjkjubbc<br />
mfhsekb dfhbfynbc ajhvbht,f afmnj,hbdfl lfvsfdht,ekbf^ hfw itt[t,f vbc<br />
lfvrdblht,fc cfpjufljt,fib^ tc ufwbkt,bs eahj hsekb cfmvtf& lffyf[j cfpjufljt,fc<br />
vnthb lfcfdktsbc cf[bs^ vfiby hjltcfw mdt.ybc ghj,ktvfsf evtntcj,f hectsbc vbthff<br />
itmvybkb^ cfrvfjl hsek cfmvtc ofhvjflutyc& hectsvf okt,bc vfy>bkpt cfmfhsdtkjc vbvfhs<br />
sfdbcb fuhtcbekb gjkbnbrbs afmnj,hbdfl cfae>dtkb vjecgj vtn-yfrkt,fl ufdktybfyb<br />
hectspt jhbtynbht,ekb gjkbnbrehb >fkt,bc ajhvbht,fc xdtyc mdt.fyfib&<br />
ghbvbnbekb fvthbrfybpfwbbc lf>Ktdf^ cjwbfkeh-trjyjvbrehb vlujvfhtj,bc ufev]j,tct-<br />
,f^ fii-bc mvtlbsb lf[vfht,f mdt.ybc nthbnjhbekb vskbfyj,bc fqlutyfib^ _ bc afmnjht,bf^<br />
hfw fynbukj,fkbcnehb bltjkjubbc obyffqvltu bveifdt,c lf^ gbhbmbs^ fhct,ekb<br />
dbsfht,bc ytufnbehb v[fhtt,bc ityfhxeyt,f fynbukj,fkbpvbc lfvrdblht,fc iteo.j,c [tkc&<br />
sfdb \::: cfmfhsdtkj f[fkb cffhxtdyj wbrkbc oby<br />
2005 okbc 1 jmnjv,thc cfmfhsdtkjib xfnfhlf iefktlehb fhxtdyt,b 5 vf;jhbnfhek<br />
jkmib& fv fhxtdyt,bc itltut,b f,cjkenehfl fhfathc wdkblf gfhkfvtynib >fksf sfyfafhlj,bc<br />
sdfkcfphbcbs^ cflfw ufye.jakfl ljvbybht,c lqtdfyltkb vvfhsdtkb ,kjrb lf vbcb<br />
v[fhlfvztht,b& vbe[tlfdfl fvbcf^ fhxtdyt,b vodfdt lfgbhbcgbht,bc cfufyb uf[lf [tkbceakt-<br />
,fcf lf jgjpbwbfc ijhbc& vvfhsdtkb gfhnbf wlbkj,lf lftvnrbwt,byf^ hjv byfhxeyt,c vfqfk<br />
htbnbyuc^ jgjpbwbfc rb cehlf txdtyt,byf^ hjv cfpjufljt,bc rtsbkufyo.j,f vbc cfcfhut,kjl<br />
bwdkt,f& vfuhfv fv fhxtdyt,c gfce[b eylf uftwf rbltd eahj vybidytkjdfy rbs[dfpt<br />
_ hjujh veifj,c fhxtdyt,bc bycnbnenb mdt.fyfib^ cflfw [fdthljdfyb htdjkewbf vj[lf<br />
fhxtdyt,bc uf.fk,t,bc ufvj lf cflfw 2006 f[fkb cffhxtdyj wbrkb ~2006 otkc flubkj,hbdb<br />
sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc^ 2008 otkc _ cfgfhkfvtynj lf 2009 otkc _ cfghtpbltynj` bo.t,f&<br />
o gjcnhtdjkewbehb fhxtdyt,bc sfdbct,eht,fyb<br />
hjujh nfhlt,f fhxtdyt,b mdt.fyfib vfc itvltu^ hfw >dtk [tkbceakt,fc htdjkewbehb<br />
upbs wdkbfy fhxtdyt,bc uf.fk,t,bc ufvj( w[flbf^ [tkbceakt,bc cfsfdtib vjcek >fkt,c<br />
ufycfresht,ekb gfce[bcvut,kj,f trbcht,fs bvbcfsdbc^ hjv cfvjvfdkjl epheydtk.jy<br />
102
cfvfhskbfyb lf j,btmnehb fhxtdyt,bc xfnfht,f& fvfdt lhjc^ hbub j,btmnehb lf ce,btmnehb<br />
vbptpt,bc ufvj^ fv fvjwfybc uflfo.dtnf bjk cfmvtc fh ofhvjflutyc&<br />
hjwf mdt.fyfib [fdthljdfyb htdjkewbf [lt,f uf.fk,t,ekb fhxtdyt,bc itvltu^ tc<br />
ltvjrhfnbekb >fkt,bc cb>kbthtptw vtn.dtkt,c lf cbcecntptw& thsb v[hbd^ mdt.fyfib<br />
fhxtdyt,bc uf.fk,t,f bcts v>kfdh ghjntcnc bodtdc^ hjv fvfib ,hfklt,ek [tkbceakt,fc<br />
ofcdkf e[lt,f^ vtjht v[hbd^ w[flbf bcbw^ hjv fv mdt.fyfib fh veifj,c bctsb aeylfvtynehb<br />
ltvjrhfnbekb bycnbnenb^ hjujhbw fhxtdyt,bf&<br />
[fdthljdfyb htdjkewbf fhff jhlbyfhekb vjdktyf lf vfc yt,bcvbthb uf.fk,t,ekb<br />
fhxtdyt,bc itvltu dth ufyf[jhwbtkt,& [fdthljdfyb htdjkewbf vfiby [lt,f^ hjltcfw<br />
vjcf[ktj,fc f,cjkeneh evhfdktcj,fc fhct,ekb [tkbceakt,f vj,tpht,ekb fmdc lf<br />
ertstcb vjvfdkbc bvtlb v[jkjl vbc ofcdkfc erfdibhlt,f& fye @uf,hfpt,ekb fvjvhxtdtkb#<br />
mexfib ufvjlbc fhf bvltyfl sfdbcb ltvjrhfnbekb eakt,t,bc lfcfwfdfl^ hfvltyflfw<br />
fhct,ekb [tkbceakt,bc sfdblfy vjcfwbkt,kfl& uf.fk,t,ekb fhxtdyt,b [fdthljdfyb<br />
htdjkewbbc vbptpb rb fhff^ fhfvtl cf,f,b&<br />
[fdthljdfyb htdjkewbbc itvltu cfpjufljt,bc lblb yfobkb ertstcb vjvfdkbc bvtlbs<br />
fhbc fqcfdct^ gjcnhtdjkewbehb tbajhbf rb hfwbjyfkehb fhxtdfybc ufrtst,bc cfiefkt,fc<br />
fh b>ktdf& htdjkewbbc [tkv>qdfytkt,b fhxtdyt,ib uflfvo.dtn ufvfh]dt,fc fqotdty&<br />
fvjvhxtdkt,b gjkbnbreh cgtmnhib v[jkjl htdjkewbbc nhbevafnjht,c fvxytdty lf<br />
v[fhlfzthbc cfyfwdkjl cfcofekbc vj[ltyfc vjtkbfy _ vfs cohfafl eylf itwdfkjy<br />
w[jdht,f ertstcj,bcfrty& erhfbybcufy ufyc[dfdt,bs^ cflfw gjcnhtdjkewbehb tbajhbbc<br />
gbhj,t,ib v[jkjl cfghtpbltynj fhxtdyt,b xfnfhlf^ cfmfhsdtkjib htdjkewbehb >fkt,bc<br />
vbth vjgjdt,ekb egbhfntcj,f ufwbkt,bs eahj isfv,tzlfdbf^ hflufyfw fm 2004 okbc 4<br />
bfydfhc ufvfhsekvf cfghtpbltynj fhxtdyt,vf isfv,tzlfdb ufvfh]dt,f vjenfyf vb[tbk<br />
cffrfidbkc^ bvfdt okbc 28 vfhnc rb cfgfhkfvtynj fhxtdyt,ib fctdt lfvf]tht,kfl ufbvfh]df<br />
dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc kbltht,bc ,kjrvf&<br />
[fdthljdfyb htdjkewbf tv.fht,f cfthsjthjdyek rjyctycecc bvbc sfj,fpt^ hjv<br />
fhct,ekb [tkbceakt,bc ufhtit ufwbkt,bs erts bw[jdht,ty& cfmfhsdtkjc itvs[dtdfib tc<br />
ufvjb[fnt,jlf ajhvekfib @cfmfhsdtkj itdfhlyf>bc ufhtit#& vfuhfv sfdbfysb vjvfdfkb<br />
itdfhlyf>tc ufhtit .dtkfc c[dflfc[dfyfbhfl ofhvjtlubyf lf sfyfw^ hjujhw erdt fdqybiyts^<br />
.dtkf cohfafl dfhfelj,lf htdjkewbbcfufy lbdbltylt,bc vbqt,fc& fhwse bct lblb lhjbc<br />
itvltu fv flfvbfyt,bc evhfdktcj,f fqvjfxtyc^ hjv w[jdht,f ertstcj,bcfrty fhw bct<br />
cohfafl bwdkt,f^ hjujhw vjtkjlyty^ [jkj htdjkewbbc itvltu ofhvjmvybkb lblb<br />
vjkjlbyt,bc ajypt vbqotdt,b itlfht,bs evybidytkj lf @sfdbcsfdfl yfuekbc[vtdb# xfyc&<br />
cojhtl fvbnjv dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc vtjht okbcsfdpt s,bkbcib xfvjcekb ew[jtkb<br />
cnevht,b ths[vfl kfgfhfrj,lyty bvbc sfj,fpt^ se hjujh cohfafl itbwdfkf fct vjrkt<br />
lhjib cfmfhsdtkj ertstcj,bcfrty^ mfhsekb cfpjufljt,bc fhwse vwbht yfobkb lf<br />
jgjpbwbf rb vbesbst,c [tkbceakt,bc vbth [tkblfy ufidt,ek efvhfd itcf>kt,kj,fpt lf<br />
itwljvfpt^ hjvtksf sfdblfy fwbkt,fw mdt.ybc obycdkfc vybidytkjdyfl lffxmfht,lf&<br />
vb[tbk cffrfidbkb lf vbcb gfhnbf bvfpt vfqfk itltuc dtqfh fxdtyt,ty^ hfw vbbqtc 4<br />
bfydhbc cfghtpbltynj lf 28 vfhnbc cfgfhkfvtynj fhxtdyt,bc lhjc& vfi hf bmyt,f vfsb<br />
vjqdfotj,bc .dtkfpt lblb ofhvfnt,f( hfw fh eylf ewyfehb b.jc _ vfsb .dtkfpt lblb<br />
ofhvfnt,f vfs vbthdt jhufybpt,ek cfvfhskbfy lf ltvjrhfnbek fhxtdyt,ib lfvfhw[t,f lf<br />
[tkbceakt,blfy ofcdkf bmyt,f& tc bmyt,f bvbc vfxdtyt,tkb^ hjv mdt.fyfib fveifdlf<br />
ltvjrhfnbekb fhxtdyt,bc bycnbnenb lf cfmfhsdtkj hjujhw ltvjrhfnbekb mdt.fyf<br />
cf,jkjjl itluf& fvbs uflfo.dtnbkb bmyt,f bc evsfdhtcb ghj,ktvf^ hfvfw mdt.fyf<br />
[fdthljdfy htdjkewbfvlt vbb.dfyf&<br />
[fdthljdfyb htdjkewbf v>kfdhb cnbvekbf mdt.ybc ltvjrhfnbekb ufydbsfht,bc upfpt^<br />
vfuhfv bvfdlhjekfl itvfath[t,tkb afmnjhbw& [fdthljdfyb htdjkewbbc nhbevafnjht,b<br />
lbl[fyc hxt,bfy htdjkewbeh tbajhbfib lf ghj,ktvt,bc htdjkewbehb ~fye rfyjyt,bc udthlbc<br />
fdkbs fy rfyjyt,bc cfresfh @[tldfpt# vjhut,bs` upbs uflfo.dtnbc wleyt,bc<br />
n.dtj,fib&<br />
hjujh e.eht,c sfdbc gjkbnbreh vjvfdfkc dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc itvltu<br />
103
[tkbceakt,bc cfsfdtib vjcekb vvfhsdtkb gjkbnbrehb gfhnbf( ghtpbltynb cffrfidbkb<br />
[ibhfl cfe,hj,c bvbc sfj,fpt^ se hfc uffrtst,c sfdbc vtjht cfghtpbltynj dflfib^ fye<br />
fghbjhekfl buekbc[vt,f^ hjv ufbvfh]dt,c 2009 okbc cfghtpbltynj fhxtdyt,ib&<br />
@yfwbjyfkehb vj>hfj,bc# bltjkjut,vf rb erdt vjbidtkbtc bv mdt.yt,bc ~vfufkbsfl<br />
sehmtsbc` ufvjwlbkt,f^ cflfw vvfhsdtkb gfhnbf fsoktekt,bc vfy>bkpt bv.jat,f mdt.ybc<br />
cfsfdtib& fye dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc itvltu vjcekb [tkbceakt,f lbl[fyc fgbht,c mdt.ybc<br />
cfsfdtib lfhxtyfc lf chekbflfw fhff ufyo.j,bkb bvbcfsdbc^ hjv [tkb iteo.jc jgjpbwbbc<br />
uf>kbtht,fc& fvfdt lhjc gjcnhtdjkewbehb tbajhbbc lfvsfdht,bc itvltu vvfhsdtkb<br />
gfhnbbc htbnbyub vybidytkjdyfl itvwbhlf& fcts gbhj,t,ib ,eyt,hbdfl xylt,f wleyt,f<br />
rdkfd ffvjmvtljy t&o& @flvbybcnhfwbekb htcehcb# fhxtdyt,ib ufcfvfh]dt,kfl&<br />
pjuc itb>kt,f [tkbceakt,fib lbl[fyc lfhxtyf ltvjrhfnbekb fqvityt,kj,bc cf[tkbs<br />
cehc lf ufnfwt,ekbf cjwbfkehb by;bythbbs^ vfuhfv ufcfsdfkbcobyt,tkbf bcbw^ hjv<br />
dfhlt,bc htdjkewbfc^ bctdt hjujhw yt,bcvbth c[df htdjkewbfc^ mjyt,bc uflfyfobkt,fw<br />
vj/.df lf gjkbnbrehb ufvfh]dt,f ,tdhbcsdbc trjyjvbrehb rtsbklqtj,bc epheydtk.jafcfw<br />
lferfdibhlf& tc ufhtvjt,f fv flfvbfyt,c chekbflfw fh ufyfo.j,c hfqfw @cffhxtdyj<br />
ghjwtleht,bc# ufvj [tkbceakt,bc lfcfsvj,fl&<br />
jgjpbwbbc ofhvjvflutykt,b fw[flt,ty^ hjv f[fk cffhxtdyj rfyjyc [tkbceakt,f bctd<br />
sfdbc gfhnbek bynthtct,c fhut,c^ bctdt hjujhw erdt vjbhuj ghjatcbekb ybiybs<br />
lfrjvgktmnt,ekb wtynhfkehb cffhxtdyj rjvbcbf& lqtvlt fh fhct,j,c fvjvhxtdtksf<br />
chek.jabkb cbf& [tkbceakt,f fvfc fy fh^ fy dth epheydtk.jac& fvjvhxtdtksf fhfchekb<br />
cbf rb fhxtdyt,bc itltut,pt ptvjmvtlt,bc rfhu ,thrtnc ofhvjflutyc& hjujhw pjubthsb<br />
flubkj,hbdb tmcgthnb fqybiyfdc^ serb flht fvjvhxtdtksf cbf vrdlfhb cekt,bs b.j cfdct<br />
lf fhxtdyt,bc itltut,bc ufcf.fk,t,kfl rfhectkt,b lf @egfnhjyjl# lfhxtybkb cffhxtdyj<br />
,bektntyt,bc htcehcb ufvjb.tyt,jlf^ lqtc obyfcofhb htubcnhfwbbc cfdfklt,ekj gbhj,bc<br />
itvjqt,bs^ jgjpbwbehfl ufyo.j,bkb fvjvhxtdkbc itpqeldt,bc vtmfybpvb fvjmvtllf& 204<br />
vjvfdfkb fhxtdyt,bc cfvfhskbfyfl xfnfht,bcflvb eylj,kj,bc ufvj^ cek eahj [ibhfl<br />
bcvbc ufyw[flt,t,b f[fkb htdjkewbbc ufhledfkj,bc itcf[t,& fmfw jgjpbwbbcfsdbc lf<br />
cfpjufljt,bcfsdbc >fkptl isfv,tzlfdbf dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc ufvjwlbkt,f& >fkfeyt,ehfl<br />
lut,f vfwlehb rbs[df% serb itb>kt,jlf vfiby^ hfnjv fh itb>kt,f rbltd ths[tk( sevwf^<br />
bcbw w[flbf^ hjv htdjkewbbcfrty vjojlt,f ltcnfkbpfwbbc cthbjpek cfahs[tc itbwfdc lf<br />
cekfw fh veifj,c ltvjrhfnbbc ufyvnrbwt,bc cfcfhut,kjl&<br />
ufcfsdfkbcobyt,tkbf bcbw^ hjv lqtc cfmfhsdtkjib^ gbhj,bsfl hjv dsmdfs^ jhb<br />
thsvfytsbcufy hflbrfkehfl ufyc[dfdt,ekb jgjpbwbf fhct,j,c& dfhlt,bc [tkbceakt,bcflvb<br />
jgjpbwbfib v.jab gjkbnbrehb >fkt,bc yfobkb lfcfdkehb jhbtynfwbbcf lf [tkbceakt,fc<br />
@eahj vtnb ltvjrhfnbbc# ufvj tlfdt,f& vfsb v[hblfy fhwse bidbfsfl ufbcvbc<br />
ufvfahs[bkt,tkb ufyw[flt,t,b @htdjkewbbc ufhledfkj,bc# itcf[t,& jgjpbwbbc vtjht<br />
yfobkb rb lfcfdktsbcufy lbcnfywbht,fc f[ltyc lf mdt.ybc vjvfdfkc hectssfy rfdibhib<br />
[tlfdc& cfmfhsdtkjc vbvfhs hectsbc gjkbnbrbc ufvj^ ghjhecekb jgjpbwbbc bvtlb<br />
fhxtdyt,ib ufvfh]dt,bcf vbpthekbf^ fvbnjv ufcfut,bf^ hjv fmwtynb cjwbfkehb fatsmt,bc<br />
ufvjodtdfcf lf f[fk htdjkewbfpt rtslt,f&<br />
htdjkewbbs ufnfwt,f mdt.ybcfsdbc cfibib [lt,f& rfhub bmyt,f^ hjv @thjdyekb rjyctycecbc#<br />
ljrevtynib^ hjvtkbw cf[tkbceakj evhfdktcj,bc bybwbfnbdbs vpfllt,f<br />
gfhkfvtynib^ ths-ths evybidytkjdfytc geymnfl vjvfdfkb fhxtdyt,bc ltvjrhfnbekfl lf<br />
cfvfhskbfyfl xfnfht,f xfbothjc^ itvltu rb mvtlbsb yf,b]t,b uflfblufc vbcb htfkbpt,bcfsdbc&<br />
205<br />
204 @24 cffsb#^ 16&\:&2005<br />
205 dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc itvltu^ hjvtkbw lfbo.j hjujhw ghjntcnb fhxtdyt,bc uf.fk,t,fpt^ thsb<br />
it[tldbs^ sfdbcsfdfl eylf buekbc[vt,jltc^ hjv fhxtdyt,bc cfvfhskbfyj,f epheydtk.jabkb<br />
bmyt,f lf uf.fk,t,ekb fhxtdyt,bc stvf ofhcekc xf,fhlf& vfuhfv tc fct fh fhbc lf fhxtdyt,bc<br />
bycnbnenbcflvb ylj,f fh fhct,j,c& .jdtk itvs[dtdfib sfdbfys eylj,kj,fc vjvfdfkb fhxtdyt,bc<br />
j,btmnehj,bcf lf cfvfhskbfyj,bcflvb jgjpbwbehb gjkbnbrehb gfhnbt,b sbsmvbc thscekjdyfl<br />
fabmcbht,ty&<br />
104
o htdjkewbehb tbajhbbc itvltu<br />
dfhlt,bc htdjkewbfv >bhtekfl itwdfkf mdt.ybc gjkbnbrehb cgtmnhb lf fvfcsfy^ lblb<br />
[ybs lfcnjdf sfvfiufht vlujvfhtj,fib .dtkf bc gjkbnbrehb >fkf^ hjvtkbw htdjkewbfib<br />
fh vjyfobktj,lf& tdhjcf,zj mdt.fyfib cecnb jgjpbwbbc fhct,j,fc lbl yfrkfl vbbxytdc lf<br />
fv dbsfht,bc lfcf>ktdfl [tkbceakt,fc ths-ths yf,b]fl 7-ghjwtynbfyb cffhxtdyj ,fhbthbc<br />
5-ghjwtynfvlt itvwbht,fc csfdfpj,c&<br />
[tkbceakt,f^ w[flbf^ fh fhbc lfbynthtct,ekb jgjpbwbbc uf?kbtht,bs lf bub<br />
.dtkfathc bqjyt,c bvbcfsdbc hjv itbyfhxeyjc sfdbcb vfqfkb htbnbyub& @yfwbjyfkehb<br />
vj>hfj,f# itcf>kjf cojhtl fv htbnbyubc sfdbct,ehb vc[dthgkb fqvjxyltc& bubdt itltut,bc<br />
ufvtjht,f^ hfw fv gfhnbfv thsb okbc oby xfnfht,ek fhxtdyt,pt fxdtyf^ vjvfdfk fhxtdyt,ib<br />
ite>Kt,tkbf& eahj yfrkt,b itltubc xdtyt,f rb gfhnbbc lfvfhw[t,bc njkafcfl itb>Kt,f<br />
itafcltc&<br />
jgjpbwbfc lblb ,h>Jkbs vjeotdc @vpbc mdti flubkbc# vjgjdt,f& fvfib vfc htajhvt,bc<br />
cb>ytktt,b lf [tkbceakt,bc itwljvt,b lft[vfht,f& htajhvt,b bctlfw vnrbdytekb<br />
cjwbfkehb ghjwtcbf lf fhwse [tkcf.htkb [tkbceakt,bc cfsfdtib v.jab gjkbnbrjct,bcf<br />
se gjkbnbrehb jhufybpfwbt,bc vfqfkb htbnbyubc itcfyfhxeyt,kfl& ufhlf fvbcf^<br />
[tkbceakt,bc vbth lfidt,ekb itwljvt,b hbu itvs[dtdt,ib gbhlfgbh veifj,c vbcb<br />
htbnbyubc cfobyffqvltujl&<br />
cjwbjkjubehb rdktdt,bc wtynhbc @ujh,bc# vbth xfnfht,ekb rdktdbc sfyf[vfl^ 2003<br />
okbc fudbcnjib^ dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc oby ufvjrbs[eksf 84) fw[flt,lf^ hjv vjdktyt,b<br />
mdt.fyfib fhfcojhb vbvfhsekt,bs dbsfhlt,jlf& cfobyffqvltujib v[jkjl 5) b.j lfhoveyt,ekb&<br />
dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc itvltu dbsfht,f hflbrfkehfl bwdkt,f lf 2003 okbc ltrtv,thib<br />
ufvjrbs[eksf v[jkjl 14 ghjwtynb fw[flt,lf^ hjv mdt.fyf fhfcojhb vbvfhsekt,bs<br />
vblbjlf^ 68)-c rb c]thjlf^ hjv ufydbsfht,f cojhb vbvfhsekt,bs [lt,jlf& fctsb ufyo.j,f<br />
sbsmvbc ewdktkfl ityfhxeylf vstkb 2004 okbc ufyvfdkj,fib& 2005 okbc lfvltublfy<br />
rb ufvjbrdtsf bvfsb hfjltyj,bc vrdtshfl itvwbht,bc ntyltywbf^ hjvkt,bw lfhoveyt,ekyb<br />
b.dyty^ hjv vjdktyt,b mdt.fyfib cojhb vbvfhsekt,bs dbsfhlt,jlf& fctsbdt ntvgbs<br />
bphlt,jlf bvfsb hfjltyj,f^ hjvkt,bw fw[flt,ty^ hjv vjdktyt,b fhfcojhb vbvfhsekt,bs<br />
dbsfhlt,f& 2005 okbc vfhnib erdt 39) lfhoveyt,ekbf^ hjv mdt.fyf fhfcojhb<br />
vbvfhsekt,bs dbsfhlt,f lf v[jkjl 31) fw[flt,c^ hjv mdt.fyf cojhb upbs vblbc&<br />
[fk[bc ufyo.j,bc fctsb cohfab wdfkt,flj,f fh itb>kt,f vfhnj htajhvt,bc<br />
ufy[jhwbtkt,bs fb[cyfc& htajhvt,b^ hfw fh eylf vnrbdytekb b.jc^ vfbyw bcfhut,kt,c<br />
[fk[bc v[fhlfzthbs^ serb flfvbfyt,b lfhoveylt,bfy^ hjv htajhvbc itltufl vfsb<br />
vlujvfhtj,f ufev]j,tclt,f& [fk[bc bvtlufwhet,bc fctsb lblb vfxdtyt,tkb eylf fb[cyfc<br />
[tkbceakt,bc vbth lfidt,ekb itwljvt,bs lf htajhvt,bc cfsfyflj vjevpflt,kj,bs^<br />
gbhdtk hbuib^ trjyjvbrbc cathjib& cfpjufljt,f fqfhff ufyo.j,bkb bvbcfsdbc^ hjv f[fk<br />
[tkbceakt,fc^ itdfhlyf>bc vcufdcfl^ vstkb fsoktekb fwfkjc&<br />
htdjkewbehb tbajhbbc ufdkbc itvltu cfpjufljt,fib bphlt,f bvtlufwhet,f lf<br />
ervf.jabkt,f [tkbceakt,bc vbvfhs& fcts gbhj,t,ib jgjpbwbfc uffmnbeht,bcf lf gjkbnbreh<br />
cwtyfpt lf,heyt,bc ifycb t>ktdf&<br />
jgjpbwbf wlbkj,c ufvjb.tyjc [tkbceakt,bc itwljvt,b lf vbc obyffqvltu lfo.t,ekb<br />
cfghjntcnj fmwbt,b& fhbc c[dflfc[df ufthsbfyt,t,bc itmvybc vwltkj,t,bw& jgjpbwbfc<br />
sfdbcb >Fkt,bc itvjovt,bc itcf>Kt,kj,f vjvfdfk otkc flubkj,hbdb sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc<br />
jhufyjt,bc fhxtdyt,bc lhjc vbtwtvf&<br />
o dbc [tkibf fhxtdyt,bc ,tlb<br />
wtcrjc itvflutykj,f cfmfhsdtkjib .jdtksdbc lblb bynthtcbc cfufyb b.j^ hflufyfw fv<br />
jhufyjptf lfvjrblt,ekb fhxtdyt,bc xfnfht,fw lf vbcb itltut,bc it]fvt,fw& fhxtdyt,bcflvb<br />
105
ylj,fc ,tdhfl ufyfgbhj,t,c wtynhfkehb cffhxtdyj rjvbcbbcflvb cfpjufljt,bc lfvjrblt,ekt,f&<br />
,jkj okt,ib lfvrdblht,ekb nhflbwbbc sfyf[vfl^ cfmfhsdtkjib wtynhfkehb<br />
cffhxtdyj rjvbcbf gfhnbt,bc ofhvjvflutykt,bcufy rjvgktmnt,jlf [jkvt& gfhnbt,b^ hjujhw<br />
fhxtdyt,bc >bhbsflb ce,btmnt,b^ fv ghbywbgc tzdmdti fh f.tyt,lyty^ vfuhfv lblb ,h>jkf<br />
vblbjlf wtcrjc gthcjyfkeh lfrjvgktmnt,bc otcpt& [tkbceakt,f wlbkj,lf wtcrjib<br />
evhfdktcj,bc epheydtk.jafc^ hfcfw fqotdlf rbltw^ jgjpbwbf rb eitltujl wlbkj,lf<br />
[tkb ittifkf fvbcsdbc& 206<br />
f[kb cffhxtdyj wbrkbc oby wtynhfkehb cffhxtdyj rjvbcbbc lfrjvgktmnt,bc cfrbs[b<br />
rdkfd ufy[tsmbkt,bc vbptpb uf[lf [tkbceakt,fcf lf jgjpbwbfc ijhbc& [tkbceakt,bc vbth<br />
wtcrjc lfrjvgktmnt,bc ghbywbgbc itwdkfv lf fhfgfhnbekb _ t&o&ghjatcbekb ghbywbgbs<br />
lfrjvgktmnt,fv jgjpbwbbc thscekjdfyb ervf.jabkt,f ufvjbodbf&<br />
wtcrjc lfrjvgktmnt,bc ghbywbgbc itwdkbcfc [tkbceakt,bc fhuevtynt,b itvltubf%<br />
wtcrjc itvflutykj,fib gfhnbt,bc ofhvjvflutykt,b rb fhf^ lfvjerblt,tkb ghjatcbjyfkt,b<br />
eylf itlbjlyty& cffhxtdyj flvbybcnhfwbf ghjatcbekb ybiybs lfrjvgktmnlf lf tc b>ktdf<br />
ifycc^ hjv vjvfdfkib fhxtdyt,b gjkbnbrehb dfzhj,bc cfufyb fqfh bmyt,f&<br />
ghjatcbjyfkt,bcufy lfrjvgktmnt,ekb wtynhfkehb cffhxtdyj rjvbcbf rb fhxtdyt,bc<br />
j,btmnehj,bc ufhfynb bmyt,f& _ fctsbf [tkbceakt,bc fhuevtynb& 207<br />
wtcrjc lfrjvgktmnt,bc tc otcb 208 jgjpbwbbcfsdbc rfntujhbekfl vbeqt,tkb fqvjxylf<br />
lf vbfxybf^ hjv [tkbceakt,bc vbth itvjnfybkb vjltkb dth epheydtk.jac fhxtdyt,bc<br />
cfvfhskbfyj,fc& jgjpbwbbc fhuevtynt,b itvltubf% wtcrjc otdht,bc^ vfs ijhbc sfdv]ljvfhbc<br />
ithxtdbc eakt,fvjcbkt,f v[jkjl ghtpbltync fmdc^ hjvtkbw vvfhsdtkb gfhnbbc<br />
sfdv]ljvfhtf& gfhkfvtynib rb evhfdktcj,f /.fdc bv gfhnbfc^ hjvkbc sfdv]ljvfhtw<br />
ghtpbltynbf& fvbnjv jgjpbwbf dfhfelj,c^ hjv wtcrjc .dtkf otdhb fy cf[tkbceakj<br />
gfhnbbc otdhb bmyt,f^ fylf vbcb v[fhlfvzthb& jgjpbwbbc ofhvjvflutykt,b dfhfelj,ty^ hjv<br />
sfdblfy wtcrjc otdhj,bc vcehdtksf itepqelfdb htubcnhfwbf ltvjrhfnbekj,bc bkepbbc<br />
itcfmvytkfl ufrtslf^ sjhtv [tkbceakt,fc wtcrjc itvflutykj,f itb>Kt,f sfdblfydt<br />
ufycfpqdhekb mjylf& jgjpbwbf thscekjdyfl fw[flt,c^ hjv mdt.fyfv thsgfhnbekb wtcrj<br />
vbbqj^ hfw gbhlfgbhb ufyfw[flbf vjvfdfkb fhxtdyt,bc uf.fk,t,fpt& 209<br />
206 cfrvfhbcbf ufdb[ctyjs^ se hjujhb ,h?jkf vblbjlf 2003 okbc 2 yjtv,hbc fhxtdyt,bc oby wtcrjc<br />
lfrjvgktmnt,bc otcsfy lfrfdibht,bs& cfmvtib fii-bc .jabkb cf[tkvobaj vlbdfyb ]tbvc ,tbrthbw rb<br />
xfthsj^ hjvtkbw cgtwbfkehfl xfvjdblf s,bkbcib& itdfhlyf>bc [tkbceakt,fv vfbyw vjf[th[f<br />
epheydtkt.j v[fhlfvzthb evhfdktcj,f vbc itvflutykj,fib& vfibyltkb jgjpbwbf fvbs<br />
ervf.jabkj b.j^ sevwf dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc itvltu wtcrjc lfrjvgktmnt,bc otcb f[fkvf [tkbceakt,fvfw<br />
itbyfhxeyf^ evhfdktcj,f wtcrjib [jv f[kf erdt vbc [tkib uflfdblf&<br />
207 2005 okbc 22 fghbkc cfmfhsdtkjc cffhxtdyj rjltmcib itdblf wdkbkt,f^ hjvkbc sfyf[vflfw<br />
wtcrj gfhnbekb otcbc yfwdkfl ghjatcbekb ybiybs eylf lfrjvgktmnltc& @cfmfhsdtkjc<br />
wtynhfkehb cffhxtdyj rjvbcbf 7 rfwbs eylf lfrjvgktmnltc& wcr-c sfdv]ljvfhtc lf 6 otdhc<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc ghtpbltynbc ofhlubyt,bs bhxtdc cfmfhsdtkjc gfhkfvtynb& wcr-c sfdv]ljvfhbcf lf<br />
otdht,bc rfylblfneht,bc ithxtdf [lt,f qbf rjyrehcbc upbs#& rfyjybc sfyf[vfl^ wcr-c otdhj,bc<br />
rfylblfnb eylf b.jc egfhnbj^ evfqktcb ufyfskt,bc vmjyt gbhb^ hjvtkbw sfdbceakfl akj,c<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc cf[tkvobaj tyfc^ cfhut,kj,c cfpjufljt,fib lflt,bsb htgenfwbbs^ uffxybf<br />
fhfyfrkt, cfvb okbc ihjvbsb ufvjwkbkt,bcf lf cffhxtdyj flvbybcnhfwbbc vj[tkbc cthnbabrfnb&<br />
rfyjybc tc erfyfcrytkb vjs[jdyf lqtc ite>Kt,tkbf itchekltc bv e,hfkj vbptpbc ufvj^ hjv<br />
itcf,fvbcb cthsbabrfnbc ufvwtvb cnhemnehf ]th fh fhct,j,c& ~@f[fkb 7 lqt#^ 3-9&|:&2005`<br />
208 wtcrjc lfrjvgktmnt,bc f[fkb vtmfybpvb itvltuyfbhfl veifj,c& vbcb otdhj,bc fy sfdv]ljvfhtj,bc<br />
.dtkf vcehdtkb ufyw[flt,bs vbvfhsfdc cf[tkvobaj rfywtkfhbfc& fv eakt,bs ,tdhvf bcfhut,kf lf<br />
cf,jkjj ]fvib fqvjxylf^ hjv wtynhfkehb cffhxtdyj rjvbcbbc sfdv]ljvfhbc flubkbc lfrfdt,f 32-<br />
vf flfvbfyvf vjbyljvf^ [jkj wtcrjc otdhj,bc 6 dfrfyneh flubkpt 483-vf& ~@htpjyfycb#^ 28&|&2005`&<br />
cgtwbfkehvf rjvbcbfv^ hjvtkcfw ubub euekfdf [tkv>qdfytkj,lf^ ghtpbltync ofhelubyf 30<br />
rfylblfnehf wtcrjc otdht,bc dfrfyneh flubkt,pt lf hfvltybvt rfylblfnehf wtcrjc<br />
sfdv]ljvfhtj,fpt& 30 vfbcc ghtpbltynvf gfhkfvtync wtcrjc sfdv]ljvfhtj,bc rfylblfnehf lf<br />
wtcrjc 12 otdhbc rfylblfnehf ofhelubyf& hjujhw otcb^ wtcrjc otdhbc ths flubkpt vfy jhb<br />
ghtntyltynb eylf ofhflubyjc& gfhkfvtynvf rb fv 12 rfylblfnblfy 6 eylf itfhxbjc&<br />
209<br />
jgjpbwbfv ~@htcge,kbrtkt,vf#^ @rjycthdfnjht,vf#^ @vhtodtkt,b-f[kt,bc# ufthsbfyt,fv lf<br />
gjkbnbrehvf ufthsbfyt,f @sfdbceakt,fv#` [tkbceakt,fc wtcrjc lfrjvgktmnt,bc otcpt<br />
thsj,kbdb it]tht,ekb [tldf lf fknthyfnbekb dfhbfynb itcsfdfpf& vfsb ghjtmnbs^ ghjatcbekb<br />
106
@j,btmnehj,bc bkepbf fqfhfdbc eylf /mjyltc^ hflufy cfgfhkfvtynj evhfdktcj,fv<br />
bctsb cffhxtdyj rjltmcb vbbqj^ hjvtkbw .jdtkudfh j,btmnehj,fc ufvjhbw[fdc#^ _<br />
fqybiyfdc vtvfh]dtyt jgjpbwbbc ofhvjvflutytkb gfhkfvtynfhb abmhbf xb[hf>T& 210<br />
rjycthdfnjhsf ths-thsb kblthb pdbfl >b>buehb fw[flt,c^ hjv fctsb ghbywbgbs wtcrjc<br />
lfrjvgktmnt,f mdt.fyfib f[fk htdjkewbfc ufvjbodtdc& @f,cjkenehfl .dtkf fhxtdyt,c^<br />
hjvtkibw @yfwbjyfkehb vj>hfj,f# vbbqt,c vjyfobktj,fc^ uff.fk,t,ty^ cfyfv mdt.fyfib<br />
fhtekj,fc lf ltcnf,bkbpfwbfc fh vbbqt,ty#^ _ fqybiyfdc >b>buehb& 211 @lqtdfyltkb wtcrjc<br />
fhxtdf fhbc fyjycb vjvfdfkb @dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbcf#& fv [tkbceakt,fc tc rjvbcbf czbhlt,f<br />
bvbcfsdbc^ hjv fhxtdyt,b uff.fk,jc^ hflufy [tkbceakt,bc htbnbyub >fkbfy lf,fkbf&<br />
firfhff^ hjv vvfhsdtkb gfhnbf vjvfdfk fhxtdyt,c dth vjbut,c& xdtybc v[hbd dfw[flt,s^ hjv<br />
fv itdtuet,bs fhxtdyt,bc uf.fk,t,fc lf [fk[c ufvjdb.dfys mexfib lf cffrfidbkcfw<br />
ufdbcnevht,s bm^ cflfw ufdbcnevhts itdfhlyf>t& tc fhbc pecnfl bctsb cffhxtdyj rjvbcbf^<br />
hjujhcfw ybiyfdc kerfityrj fy ybfpjdb#^ _ fqybiyf^ vfufkbsfl^ rjycthdfnjht,bc thsthsvf<br />
kblthvf^ gfhkfvtynfhvf rf[f rerfdfv& 212 fyfkjubehb b.j jgjpbwbbc c[df<br />
ofhvjvflutykt,bc ufyw[flt,t,bw&<br />
jgjpbwbbc ,hfklt,fc thsgfhnbekb cffhxtdyj rjvbcbbcf lf fhxtdyt,bc cfvjvfdkj<br />
uf.fk,t,bc sfj,fpt^ evhfdktcj,f itvltub fhuevtynbs gfce[j,c% @tc vjltkb gfce[bcvut,kj,fc<br />
vskbfyfl xdty^ [tkbceakt,fc udfrbcht,c lf gbhj,fc dlt,s^ hjv fhxtdyt,bc<br />
cfthsfijhbcj cnfylfhnt,c lfdfvrdblht,s#^ _ fqybiyfdc cf[tkbceakj evhfdktcj,bc thsthsb<br />
fmnbehb ofhvjvflutytkb gfhkfvtynfhb ubuf ,jrthbf& 213 vbcbdt smvbs^ tc wtcrjc bc<br />
vjltkbf^ hjvtkcfw v[fhc ezthlf .dtkf fhfcfvsfdhj,j jhufybpfwbf ]th rbltd itdfhlyf>bc<br />
vvfhsdtkj,bc gthbjlib& @Hjujhw xfyc^ jgjpbwbf lfhoveyt,ekbf fhxtdyt,ib lfvfhw[t,fib<br />
lf wlbkj,ty^ hjv fv afmnc cfpjufljt,f itfuejy#^ _ fqybiyfdc ,jrthbf& 214<br />
2005 okbc 3 bdybcc gfhkfvtynvf^ eahj cojhtl rb cfgfhkfvtynj evhfdktcj,fv<br />
wtynhfkehb cffhxtdyj rjvbcbf lffvnrbwf& rtyzbc.hfib jgjpbwbfv vjyfobktj,f fh vbbqj lf<br />
c[ljvfsf lfh,fpb lfnjdf& vfs vtnfl vrfwhb ufyw[flt,t,b uffrtstc wtcrjc<br />
thsgfhnbekj,fcf lf vjvfdfkb fhxtdyt,bc ufhledfkb uf.fk,t,bc sfj,fpt&<br />
wtcrj lfrjvgktmnt,ekbf lf bcqf lfudhxtybf^ hjv dtyljs [tkbceakt,bc cbn.dfc^ hjv<br />
fhxtdyt,bc uf.fk,t,fc fqfh lfeidt,c& sevwf^ bcbw afmnbf^ hjv f[fkb otcbs<br />
lfrjvgktmnt,ekb wtcrj obyfvjh,tlsfy itlfht,bs vtn eylj,kj,fc bodtdc& tc rb fhwse<br />
rfhub lfcfo.bcbf fv jhufyjcfsdbc& 2005 okbc 1 jmnjv,thc xfnfht,ekb hfvltybvt<br />
vf;jhbnfhbc fhxtdyt,b f[fkb wtcrjc gbhdtkb ufvjwlf b.j&<br />
o iefktlehb fhxtdyt,bc itltut,b<br />
2005 okbc 1 jmnjv,thc xfnfht,ekb iefktlehb fhxtdyt,b 215 [es vf;jhbnfhek jkmib<br />
fhfathc wdkblf gfhkfvtynib fhct,ek >Fksf sfyfafhlj,fib^ vfuhfv vfc ufycfresht,ek<br />
vybidytkj,fc fybzt,lf [tkbceakt,fw lf jgjpbwbfw cfpjufljt,fib fhct,ekb v[fhlfzthbc<br />
ltvjycnhbht,bc sdfkcfphbcbs& fvbnjv obyfcffhxtdyj ,h>jkfc efqhtcfl lf>f,ekb [fcbfsb<br />
mjylf& vbc itltut,c [tkbceakt,fw lf jgjpbwbfw ufyc[dfdt,ek bynthghtnfwbfc f>Ktdc lf<br />
cfvjvfdkj lfcrdyt,bw ufyc[dfdt,ekb ufvjfmdc&<br />
rhbnthbevt,bc lfrvf.jabkt,bc itvltu wtcrjc otdhj,bc rfylblfnsf ofhlutybc eakt,f^ cf[tkbceakj<br />
gfhnbbc ufhlf^ eylf /mjyjlfs c[df gjkbnbreh jhufybpfwbt,cfw& fcts gjkbnbreh jhufybpfwbfsf<br />
rjyrhtnbrf rb obyf fhxtdyt,bc itltut,c eylf lfae>yt,jlf& ~@f[fkb 7 lqt#^ 3-9&|:&2005`<br />
210 @htpjyfycb#^ 30^|&2005<br />
211 @htpjyfycb#^ 30^|&2005<br />
212 @[dfkbyltkb lqt#^ 4&|:&2005<br />
213 @24 cffsb#^ 4&|:&2005<br />
214 @htpjyfycb#^ 30^|&2005<br />
215 fhxtdyt,c [es ufvjsfdbceakt,ek vf;jhbnfhek jkmib @iefktlehb fhxtdyt,b# tojlf^ sevwf<br />
eahj pecnb se dbmyt,bs^ tc bmyt,jlf vbcsdbc lfvfnt,bsb fhxtdyt,b&<br />
107
[esbdt vf;jhbnfhek jkmib cf[tkbceakj gfhnbbc @thsbfyb yfwbjyfkehb vj>hfj,bc#<br />
rfylblfnt,vf ufbvfh]dtc lf cfgfhkfvtynj evhfdktcj,f rbltd [esb otdhbs ufbpfhlf& vfuhfv<br />
[tkbceakt,bcfsdbc vsfdfhb vfbyw cfresfhb egbhfntcj,bc xdtyt,f b.j& ,fsevib v.javf<br />
ghtpbltynvf vb[tbk cffrfidbkvf fhxtdyt,bc itltut,ib [tkbceakt,bc vbth ufnfht,ekb<br />
gjkbnbrehb rehcbc v[fhlfzthf lfbyf[f& @xtvb fphbs^ ufvfh]dt,f b.j >fkpt lfvf]tht,tkb lf<br />
bvtlbcvjvwtvb& bv [fk[c^ dbyw thsb-jhb sdbc oby fv,j,lf^ pfa[ekib cffrfidbkbc<br />
[tkbceakt,f fqfh bmyt,fj^ rjdpb yfwfhib xfedfhlf& fv fhxtdyt,vf fxdtyf^ hjv xdtyb<br />
[tkbceakt,f fhfse cecnlt,f^ fhfvtl >kbthlt,f lf v.fhfl blufvc at[c mfhsek<br />
cfpjufljt,fib#^ _ fqybiyf cffrfidbkvf& 216<br />
cf[tkbceakj gfhnbbc ofhvfnt,bc [fpufcvfcsfy thsfl ghtpbltynvf itiajst,f ufvj[fnf<br />
jgjpbwbbc @rfnfcnhjaekb vfhw[bc# ufvj& cffrfidbkbc ufyw[flt,bs^ @iefktlehb fhxtdyt,b<br />
jgjpbwbeh fhxtdyt,fl bsdkt,f^ fv fhxtdyt,ib vfs eylf vjt[th[t,byfs^ hjv [esbdt jkmib<br />
fh oftujs gjpbwbfcsfy ,h>Jkf& tc ybiyfdc^ hjv lqtc cfmfhsdtkjib firfhfl cf[tptf<br />
jgjpbwbbc vrdtshb cbcecnt^ hfw sfdbcsfdfl fh fhbc rfhub#& cffrfidbkbc ufyw[flt,bs^ lfluf<br />
lhj^ hjltcfw jgjpbwbf eylf uf?kbthltc& ghtpbltynvf jgjpbwbfc vfhw[bc vbptpt,bw<br />
fe[cyf& cffrfidbkbc smvbs^ jgjpbwbbc rhf[b ufyfgbhj,f bcnthbekj,fv^ vfsvf vwltkj,fv<br />
.dtkfathib welb lfbyf[jy& vjcf[ktj,fc rb^ cffrfidbkbc smvbs^ bvtlb czbhlt,f&<br />
[tkbceakt,fv vjcf[ktj,fc tc bvtlb lffyf[df& cffrfidbkvf jgjpbwbfc c[dfyfbhb veifj,bcrty<br />
vjeojlf& vbcb ufyw[flt,bs^ .dtkfpt ofhvfnt,ek [tkbceakt,fcfw rb fewbkt,kfl czbhlt,f<br />
rjycnhemwbekb^ ufhrdtekb gjpbwbbcf lf gfce[bcvut,kj,bc jgjpbwbf& 217<br />
[tkbceakt,bc v[hblfy 1jmnjv,hbc fhxtdyt,bc itltut,bc fvudfh itafct,fc fh bpbfht,c<br />
jgjpbwbf& vfhsfkbf jgjpbwbbc rfylblfnt,b [esbdt jkmib lfvfhw[lf^ vfuhfv tc cekfw fh<br />
b.j jgjpbwbbc rhf[b& gbhbmbs^ fhxtdyt,b cfpjufljt,fib jgjpbwbehb ufyo.j,bc phlbc<br />
vfxdtyt,tkb uf[lf& @fv fhxtdyt,ib jgjpbwbf ofv.dfyb itvflutykj,bs fh ufvjcekf& vbc<br />
>BHBSFL RFYlblfnt,c fhxtdyt,ib vjyfobktj,f fh vbeqbfs& vbe[tlfdfl fvbcf^ 1 jmnjv,thc<br />
lflfcnehlf^ hjv mdt.fyfib [tkbceakt,fc lf,fkb htbnbyub fmdc& .dtkf ufvjrbs[dbc<br />
vb[tldbs^ vbcb vfxdtyt,tkb 25 ghjwtync fh fqtvfnt,f^ vfiby^ hjltcfw js[b ofv.dfyb gfhnbbc<br />
htbnbyubc ]fvb fv vfxdtyt,tkpt vtnbf#^ _ fqybiyfdc htcge,kbrehb gfhnbbc ths-thsb<br />
kblthb lfdbs ,th>tybidbkb& 218<br />
jgjpbwbfc vhfdfkb ghtntypbf fmdc fhxtdyt,bc j,btmnehj,fcsfy lf cfvfhskbfyj,fcsfy<br />
lfrfdibht,bsfw& vfsb ofhvjvflutykt,bc ufyw[flt,bs^ [tkbceakt,bc rfylblfnt,bc<br />
cfcfhut,kjl vj,bkbpt,ekb b.j cf,be]tnj cf[cht,b^ vfmcbvfkehfl ufvj.tyt,ekb bmyf<br />
flvbybcnhfwbekb htcehcb^ cffhxtdyj rfvgfybfib eiefkjl vjyfobktj,lyty ghtpbltynb lf<br />
ghtvbth-vbybcnhb& [tkbceakt,fv .dtkfathb uffrtsf bvbcsdbc^ hjv hjvtkbvt jkmib<br />
jgjpbwbbc rfylblfnbc ufvfh]dt,bc ghtwtltynb fh itmvybkb.j&<br />
vsfdfhb ghtntypbf jgjpbwbfc vfbyw cffhxtdyj cbt,sfy lfrfdibht,bs fmdc& fhxtdyt,bc<br />
lhjc fh .jabkf ufvj.tyt,tkb flht fghj,bht,ekb @rfhectkt,b#^ ,bektntyt,bc xf.hf^<br />
vfuhfv ufwbkt,bs tatmnehb b.j fvjvhxtdtksf cbt,blfy vhfdfkb flfvbfybc ufvjnjdt,f&<br />
jgjpbwbbc ufyw[flt,bs^ wtcrjv cbt,b [tkbceakt,bc lfrdtsbs uff.fk,f& 219 cbt,ib<br />
ituyt,ekfl fh itbnfytc fy fvjifktc bc flfvbfyt,b^ hjvkt,vfw jgjpbwbbc vbth xfnfht,ek<br />
ghfbvthib vbbqtc vjyfobktj,f^ fylf jgjpbwbbc cfcfhut,kj ufyo.j,fc fabmcbht,lyty& 220<br />
1 jmnjv,hbc fhxtdyt,bc fvudfhb itafct,bc itltufl^ jgjpbwbbc cfvjvfdkj utuvt,bw<br />
itcf,fvbcbf& se [tkbceakt,f jgjpbwbbc rhf[pt lf vjcf[ktj,bc vbth cf[tkbceakj rehcbc<br />
v[fhlfzthfpt kfgfhfrj,c^ jgjpbwbf vjvfdfk otkc sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc fhxtdyt,ib<br />
[tkbceakt,bc chek rhf[c obyfcofhvtn.dtkt,c^ serb tc fhxtdyt,b cfvfhskbfyfl xfnfhlt,f&<br />
[jkj bcbyb^ dbcfw fvfib tzdb tgfht,fs^ ufvjcfdfkc f[fk htdjkewbfib [tlfdty& @vidblj,bfyb<br />
vtsjlt,bs fhxtdyt,c dtqfh xfdfnfht,s& dibij,^ abpbrehb itnfrt,t,b vj[lt,f<br />
216 @f[fkb sfj,f#^ 3&\&2005<br />
217 @f[fkb sfj,f#^ 3&\&2005<br />
218 @24 cffsb#^ 3&\&2005<br />
219 @[dfkbyltkb lqt#^ 3&\&2005<br />
220 @f[fkb dthcbf#^ 3&\&2005<br />
108
[tkbceakt,fcf lf bv fvjvhxtdkt,c ijhbc^ hjvkt,bw e,yt,pt vbdkty^ vfuhfv [vfc fh<br />
vbfwtvbyt,ty& fcts tktmnjhfnc jgjpbwbf fewbkt,kfl lfbwfdc lf dbyfblfy [tkbceakt,f<br />
fvfc obyffqvltuj,fc ufeotdc^ 2003 okbc 23 yjtv,thb ufvtjhlt,f#^ _ fctsb rjycthdfnbekb<br />
gfhnbbc ths-thsb kblthbc^ gfhkfvtynfh rf[f rerfdfc ghjuyjpb& 221<br />
cffhxtdyj ghjwtcbc lf fhxtdyt,bc itltut,bc fctsb lbfvtnhekfl ufyc[dfdt,ekb<br />
itafct,t,b itvfiajst,tkbf& [tkbceakt,fcf lf jgjpbwbfc ijhbc lbfkjub rdkfd fh<br />
fhct,j,c& cffhxtdyj rjltmcpt lf cffhxtdyj cbt,pt rb cthbjpekb veifj,ff xfcfnfht,tkb& se<br />
lblb fqvjxylt,f bv flfvbfysf hbw[db^ dbcfw fhxtdyt,ib vjyfobktj,fpt efhc tn.dbfy _<br />
cbt,ib fh [fhsj^ tc fhxtdyt,bc ktubnbvehj,fc itemvybc cfahs[tc lf vfhskfw itbwfdc<br />
rjyahjynfwbbc lbl ve[nc& vjvfdfk fhxtdyt,pt [tkbceakt,fcf lf jgjpbwbfc ijhbc<br />
lfgbhbcgbht,f [jv rbltd eahj vrfwhb bmyt,f bctsb fhxtdyt,bc lhjc^ hjvkbc itltut,bw<br />
[tkbceakt,bc uflfyfobkt,fc fy itwdkfc ufyfgbhj,t,c&<br />
vbe[tlfdfl bvbcf^ hjv cfmfhsdtkjib [tkbceakt,f itbwdfkf lf^ sfyfw^ [tkbceakt,bc<br />
itwdkbc vjnbdb cfvfhskbfyb fhxtdyt,bc xfnfht,bc vjs[jdyf b.j^ f[fkb [tkbceakt,bcfufy<br />
@rfhub# fhxtdyt,bc xfnfht,fc jgjpbwbf bctd fh vjtkbc& jgjpbwbbc ofhvjvflutykt,b rdkfd<br />
sbsmvbc thscekjdyfl fw[flt,ty^ hjv f[fkb [tkbceakt,fw bctdt uff.fk,t,c fhxtdyt,c^<br />
hjujhw tc itdfhlyf>bc vvfhsdtkj,bc okt,ib rtslt,jlf& 1 jmnjv,hbc iefktlehb<br />
fhxtdyt,bcfufy ,tdhb jgjpbwbehb gfhnbf v[jkjl sfdbfysb tzdt,bc lflfcneht,fc vjtkjlf<br />
bvbc sfj,fpt^ hjv [tkbceakt,f fhxtdyt,bc itltut,c fewbkt,kfl uff.fk,t,lf fvudfh<br />
vjkjlbyc cffhxtdyj rjvbcbt,bc ajhvbht,bc f[fkb otcbw ufyfgbhj,t,lf^ hjvtkbw<br />
[tkbceakt,fv jgjpbwbbc ytufnbehb lfvjrblt,ekt,bc vbe[tlfdfl vbbqj& cfvoe[fhjl^<br />
itb>kt,f lfdfcrdyfs^ hjv [fdthljdfyb htdjkewbbc itvltu fhxtdyt,bc bycnbnenbcflvb ylj,f<br />
mdt.fyfib fh lfvrdblht,ekf lf tc >fkptl welbf mdt.ybc cfvjvfdkj ufydbsfht,bc<br />
sdfkcfphbcbs&<br />
o htbnbyuekb ,h>jkt,b<br />
cfvjvfdkj gthcgtmnbdt,bc lfcf[dfc [tkbceakt,fw lf jgjpbwbfw sfdbc vfqfkb<br />
htbnbyubc vjidtkbt,bs fvfhskt,c& sfdfl fv ufvjrdktdt,bc evtntcj,f rb cfpjufljt,fc<br />
sdfkbs fh eyf[fdc& hjujhw fv,j,ty ufvjrdktdt,c .jdtkb gfhnbf @iblf vj[vfht,bcsdbc#<br />
frtst,c& hjujhw xfyc^ cfresfhb itrdtsbs xfnfht,ek ufvjrdktdfib vjwtvekb gfhnbf<br />
kblthj,c^ fy itltubs rvf.jabkbf& sevwf .jdtkb gfhnbf c[df gfhnbt,bc vbth xfnfht,ek<br />
iblf ufvjrbs[dt,c fh tylj,f lf ntyltywbehfl fw[flt,c&<br />
cfmfhsdtkjib htbnbyut,b b.j lf hxt,f gjkbnbrehb ,h>Jkbc bycnevtynfl& @[fk[bc<br />
fphb# jabwbfkehfl ufvjmdt.yt,ek htbnbyut,ib gjkbnbrjct,c yfrkt,fl fbynthtct,s&<br />
vsfdfhbf fv htbnbyuib lfrfdt,ekb flubkb& itcf,fvbcbf ufvjmdt.yt,ekb ufvjrbs[dbcflvb<br />
lfvjrblt,ekt,fw& se flubkb lfvfrvf.jabkt,kfl vbbxytdf^ ufvjrbs[dbc itltut,c fqbfht,ty^<br />
se fhf _ bub .fk,fl lf @vjobyffqvltubc lfrdtsbkfl# w[fllt,f& lfcfvfkb fh fhbc bcbw^<br />
hjv fvudfhb @fyuf;bht,ekb# htbnbyut,bw fhwse bidbfsfl mdt.ylt,f& .dtkfpt mvtlbsb<br />
cfiefkt,f fctsb whe ufvjrbs[dt,bc fdnjhsf v[bkt,bcf c[df j,btmnehfl xfnfht,ek<br />
ufvjrbs[dfsf vjyfwtvt,sfy itlfht,ff^ vfuhfv cfmvt bcff^ hjv cfmfhsdtkjib cjwbjkjubehb<br />
ufvjrbs[dt,bs lfrfdt,ekb jhufybpfwbt,b wjnff^ ufvjrbs[dt,bw^ itcf,fvbcfl^ bidbfsfl<br />
nfhlt,f&<br />
cfpjufljt,hbdb fphbc ufvjrbs[dt,bs lfrfdt,ek ths-thsb cjkblehb jhufybpfwbff<br />
@ujh,b#^ hjvtkbw utkfgbc cfthsfijhbcj fcjwbfwbbc otdhbf cfmfhsdtkjib& fqcfybiyfdbf^<br />
hjv .jabk cf,zjsf cbdhwblfy fv fcjwbfwbfib ufotdhbfyt,f v[jkjl hectsbc^ erhfbybcf lf<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc rdktdbsvf bycnbnent,vf vjf[th[tc& bcbw eylf bsmdfc^ hjv @dfhlt,bc#<br />
htdjkewbbc gthbjlib @ujh,b# fh xfhtekf gjkbnbrehb htbnbyut,bc rdktdfib& @xtvb fphbs^<br />
bv gthbjlib jhbdt v[fhtc yfrkt,fl fbynthtct,lf htbnbyub^ .dtkfc sfdbcb vbpfyb /mjylf%<br />
221 @24 cffsb#^ 3&\&2005<br />
109
itdfhlyf>bc ht;bvc [tkbceakt,bc ityfhxeyt,f^ lqtdfyltk vsfdhj,fc _ fhct,ekbc itwdkf<br />
lf [tkbceakt,fib vjcdkf& htbnbyut,b fv itvs[dtdfib bycnhevtynb b.j#^ _ fqybiyfdc<br />
@ujh,bc# ghtpbltynb vthf, afxekbf& 222<br />
htbnbyut,bcflvb lfvjrblt,ekt,f fhw @dfhlt,bc# htdjkewbbc itvltu itwdkbkf lf<br />
gjkbnbrjct,c yfrkt,flff fmds ufwyj,btht,ekb bc afmnb^ hjv cjwbjkjubehb rdktdf<br />
mdt.ybc tatmnehb vvfhsdtkj,bc epheydtk.jabcfsdbc rtslt,f&<br />
htbnbyut,bc sfj,fpt lfdf erdt vodfdtl vbvlbyfhtj,c& jgjpbwbf fvnrbwt,c^ hjv<br />
[tkbceaKt,fv dth uffvfhskf dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc itvltu cfpjufljt,fib fq>Hekb lblb<br />
bvtlt,b lf vbcb htbnbyub vrdtshfl lftwf& bdybcbc ,jkjc ufvjmdt.ylf fvthbrekb<br />
htcge,kbrehb bycnbnenbc vbth xfnfht,ekb ufvjrdktdbc itltut,b^ hjvkbc sfyf[vfl<br />
yfwbjyfkehb vj>hfj,bc htbnbyub 60)-vlt fhbc itvwbht,ekb& vfuhfv jgjpbwbfv tc itltub<br />
cfyljl fh vbbxybf lf fw[flt,ty^ hjv @[tkbceakt,bc htbnbyub rfnfcnhjaekfl# lf,fkbf&<br />
sfdbc v[hbd^ [tkbceakt,fw fh bieht,c @nr,bk cbn.dt,c# jgjpbwbbc vbcfvfhsbs lf<br />
fhct,ek jgjpbwbfc chekbfl ufrjnht,ekfl fw[flt,c& vfufkbsfl^ [tkbceakt,bc ths-thsb<br />
cf[t ubuf ,jrthbf fw[flt,lf^ hjv hecsfdtkpt @vjzblfdtsf fmwbfcsfy# jgjpbwbbc itthst,fv<br />
vbcb htbnbyub chekbfl uffyfluehf&<br />
]th]thj,bs^ hbub tmcgthnt,b .ehflqt,fc fvf[dbkt,ty ths vfsb fphbs cfufyufij afmnpt<br />
_ [tkbceakt,bc htbnbyub vwbhlt,f^ vfuhfv fyfkjubehfl fh bphlt,f jgjpbwbehb<br />
gjkbnbrehb >fkt,bc htbnbyub& fye [tkbceakt,fpt uekfwhet,ekb flfvbfyt,b jgjpbwbfib<br />
dth gjekj,ty gfhnbfc^ hjvtkcfw sfdbcb bynthtct,bc ufvjv[fndtkfl vbbxytdlyty& fvudfhb<br />
dbsfht,bc cfibihjt,fc rb bc mvybc^ hjv ervf.jabkt,bc ufphlbc itvs[dtdfib^ vbcb ufvj[fndbc<br />
ajhvt,b erjynhjkj itb>Kt,f uf[ltc lf cjwbfkeh fatsmt,fvlt vbb.dfyjc mdt.fyf& htfkj,f<br />
rb bcff^ hjv [tkbceakt,bc htbnbyubc lfwtvf lblfl fh fbcf[t,f jgjpbwbbc htbnbyubc<br />
phlfpt& fye htdjkewbbc itvltu vjcek [tkbceakt,fpt uekfwhet,ekb flfvbfyt,b ]th dth<br />
gjekj,ty bv gjkbnbreh abueht,c^ hjvtksfw uf/.dt,bfy lf v[fhc lfezthty&<br />
2005 okbc bdkbcib fvthbrtksf lfrdtsbs xfnfht,ekb ufvjrbs[dbc itltut,b v[jkjl 1<br />
jmnjv,hbc iefktlehb fhxtdyt,bc itvltu vj[dlf mfhsek ghtcfib& 223<br />
gfhnbt,bc cfpfa[ekj htbnbyubc cehfsb itvltuyfbhfl ufvjb.eht,f%<br />
1& yfwbjyfkehb vj>Hfj,f _ 38^5)*<br />
2& vtvfh]dtyt jgjpbwbf _ 5^6)*<br />
3& rjycthdfnjht,b _ 4^1)*<br />
4& ktb,jhbcnt,b _ 3^6)*<br />
5& thjdyek-ltvjrhfnbekb gfhnbf _ 1^8)*<br />
6& ,kjrb @sfdbceakt,f# _ 1^5)*<br />
7& htcge,kbrtkt,b _ 1)*<br />
8& c[dt,b _ 1^1)&<br />
cf[tkbceakj gfhnbbc htbnbyub obyf ufvjrbs[dt,sfy itlfht,bs^ vfufkbsfl 2004 okbc<br />
st,thdfksfy itlfhtbs 20 ghjwtynbsff itvwbht,ekb^ vfuhfv vfbyw vybidytkjdyfl<br />
fqtvfnt,f jgjpbwbehb gfhnbt,bc vfxdtyt,kt,c^ seylfw thsfl fqt,ekc& ufvjrbs[dbc<br />
itltut,b fxdtyt,c^ hjv cfgfhkfvtynj fhxtdyt,bc vjwtvek vjvtynib xfnfht,bc itvs[dtdfib 7<br />
ghjwtynbfy ,fhbthc dthw thsb jgjpbwbehb gfhnbf wfkrt fqt,ekb dth uflfkf[fdlf&<br />
o cfmfhsdtkjib gjkbnbrjct,bcf lf gfhnbt,bc ltabwbnbf<br />
cfmfhsdtkjib ewyfehb dbsfht,f bmvyt,f% [tkbceakt,bc htbnbyub cohfafl twtvf^ fvfdt<br />
lhjc [tkbceakt,fpt uekfwhet,ekb flfvbfyt,b rhbnbrekfl fhbfy ufyo.j,bkyb<br />
jgjpbwbbc vbvfhs _ fhw jgjpbwbjythb gjkbnbrjct,b vjcojys lf fhw jgjpbwbfib v.jab<br />
vhfdfkhbw[jdfyb gfhnbt,b& cfmfhsdtkjc gjkbnbrehb cwtyf uflf>t>ubkbf gjkbnbrjct,bs<br />
222 @,fcnf#^ 24-30&|::&2005<br />
223 @fkbf#^ 11-12&\&2005<br />
110
lf gfhnbt,bs^ fcfhxtdb rb^ cfvoe[fhjl^ ,tdhb fhfathbf&&&<br />
cjwbjkjubehb rdktdt,bc cffutynjc @ujh,bc# vjyfwtvt,bc sfyf[vfl^ cf[tkbceakj<br />
gfhnbbc @yfwbjyfkehb vj>hfj,bc# v[fhlfvzthsf hbw[db yf[tdfhb okbc vfy>bkpt sbsmvbc<br />
jh]th itvwbhlf lf lqtc hjv cfgfhkfvtynj fhxtdyt,b xfnfhltc vvfhsdtk gfhnbfc<br />
fvjvhxtdtksf v[jkjl 34^7) lfezthlf v[fhc& fvfcsfy^ 7)-bfyb ,fhbthbc uflfkf[dbc bvtlb<br />
itb>kt,f mjyjlf v[jkjl jh gfhnbfc _ @ktb,jhbcnt,cf# ~7^2)` lf @f[fk vtvfh]dtytt,c#<br />
~4^3) cfmfhsdtkjib^ 6^8) s,bkbcib`& 1-lfy 2 ghjwtynfvlt htbnbyub fmds rj,f<br />
lfdbsfidbkbcf lf pdbfl >b>buehbc @rjycthdfnjht,c#^ @htcge,kbrtkt,c#^ hjvkbc<br />
[tkv>qdfytkflfw wjnf [ybc oby lfdbs eceafidbkb fbhxbtc lf ]ev,th gfnbfidbkbc<br />
@thsj,fc#& ufvjrbs[eksf 47^9) rb fw[flt,c^ hjv fh bwbc^ se dbc vbcwtc [vf&<br />
gfhnbt,bc >fkf cfmfhsdtkjib^ hjujhw otcb^ vbc kblthibf& cojhtl kblthbf bc<br />
kjrjvjnbdb^ hjvtkcfw gfhnbf [tkbceakt,bcfrty vb/.fdc& fct b.j @yfwbjyfkehb vj>hfj,bc#<br />
itvs[dtdfib& fvudfhb kblthb rb [fhbpvfnekb sdbct,t,bc vmjyt eylf b.jc& vfhsfkbf<br />
ghtpbltynb cffrfidbkb v[fhlfvztht,c rfhufdc^ vfuhfv lqtc hjv cfghtpbltynj fhxtdyt,b<br />
ufvfhsekb.j^ vfc fh ufezbhlt,jlf ufvfh]dt,f& vfc v[fhc lfezthlf fvjvhxtdtksf 38^2)<br />
~sevwf s,bkbcib v[jkjl 30)`& bub vrdtshfl ecoht,c vjvltdyj flubkt,pt v.ja ybyj<br />
,eh]fyf>tc ~7^1)` lf ifkdf yfstkfidbkc ~5^4)`& @se [tkbceakt,fc hfbvt htbnbyub fmdc^ tc<br />
v[jkjl ghtpbltynbc mfhbpvbc ufvjf&&& ghtpbltynbc ufhlf^ vsfdhj,f^ gfhkfvtynb lf c[df<br />
.dtkf cnhemnehf fynbgfsbfc bodtdc& se [tkbceakt,f rbltd lbl[fyc uf>kt,c^ v[jkjl<br />
ghtpbltynbc mfhbpvbc ufvj#^ _ fqybiyfdc gjkbnjkjub hfvfp rkbvbfidbkb& 224 hfvlty [fyc<br />
uf>kt,c ghtpbltynbc mfhbpvf >ytkb cfsmvtkbf^ hflufyfw vbc itcfyfhxeyt,kfl ofhvfnt,t,bf<br />
cfzbhj^ hjujhw cfibyfj^ bct cfufhtj gjkbnbrfib& ghtpbltynb >bhbsflfl cfufhtj fhtyfpt<br />
bqodbc^ mdt.ybc ibuybs fhct,ekb cb>ytktt,b lf itcf>kj ofhevfnt,kj,t,b rb ite>Kbf<br />
vsfdhj,fc lffrbchjc& 225<br />
sevwf^ cffrfidbkbc [tkbceakt,bc ith.tdfc pjub fhw sdfkcfobth vjvfdfkib tkbc&<br />
>fkpt isfv,tzlfdb b.j vfsb [tkbceakt,fib vjcdkf lf fvbcfsdbc vtlbfntmyjkjubt,bc<br />
ufvj.tyt,f& @fhxtdyt,bc vjf[kjt,bc lhjc f[fkb gbfhntmyjkjubt,b xfbhsdt,f lf^ se bmyt,f<br />
[esb yf,b]b erfy lf thsb yf,b]b oby^ [tkbceakt,f fubnfwbfc fv thsb yf,b]bc ufhitvj<br />
ufikbc lf [fk[c sdfkib yfwfhc itf.hbc& [tkbceakt,fc gbfhbc cfrbs[t,ib fhfathb tikt,f&<br />
xdtyb ghtpbltynb gbfhib utybjcbf#^ _ fw[flt,c gfhkfvtynfhb ubjhub wfyfdf& 226<br />
vtlbfntmyjkjubt,b^ hf smvf eylf^ lblb >fKff^ vfuhfv vfhnj fvbc bvtlfl lfhxtyf lblb<br />
dthfathb itqfdfsbf&<br />
jgjpbwbbc vsfdfhb cbcecnt bcff^ hjv dth f[th[t,ty ufthsbfyt,fc lf fhw bc bwbfy^ se hf<br />
kjpeyubs lfegbhbcgbhlyty [tkbceakt,fc& jgjpbwbfc fhw ufvjrdtsbkb mfhbpvfnekb<br />
abueht,b /.fdc& @>Kbthb jgjpbwbbc fhct,j,bcfsdbc mfhbpvfnekb kblthb vfhskfw<br />
fewbkt,tkbf#^ _ fqybiyfdc gjkbnjkjub ubf yjlbf& 227 jgjpbwbfc rb lqtc mfhbpvfnekb<br />
kbltht,b afmnj,hbdfl fh /.fdc&<br />
c[df jgjpbwbeh gfhnbt,sfy itlfht,bs @ktb,jhbcnsf# vfqfkb htbnbyub vbcb kblthbc<br />
ifkdf yfstkfidbkbc lfvcf[eht,ff& vfuhfv hjujhw ktb,jhbcnt,b^ bct vbkb kblthbw >ytkbf<br />
cfthsjthjdyekb kblthbc cnfnecbs ufvjdblyty& ifkdf yfstkfidbkbc ufvjcdkt,b eafcj<br />
cfvtlbwbyj vjvcf[ehtj,bc^ cofdkbc^ lf,fkb rjveyfkehb uflfcf[flt,bc sfj,fpt [fk[bc<br />
224 @f[fkb sfj,f#^ 1&:|&2005<br />
225<br />
gjkbnbrjcsf ijhbc cfmfhsdtkjc vjmfkfmtt,b rdkfd .dtkfpt vtnfl tylj,bfy ghtpbltyn<br />
cffrfidbkc^ sevwf vbcb ylj,bc htbnbyub itvwbht,ekbf& fctsb cehfsb ufvjdkbylf ufpts @rdbhbc<br />
gfkbnhfc# vbth jhufybpt,ek ufvjrbs[dbc lhjc& rbs[dfc @hjvtkb gthcjyf bvcf[eht,c smdtyc<br />
ylj,fc .dtkfpt vtnfl(# 801 htcgjltynvf egfce[f& htcgjltynt,c sbsjtekb gjkbnbrjcbcflvb<br />
ylj,f 1-lfy 10-mekfvlt eylf ittafct,byfs& ufvjbhrdf^ hjv gbhdtk flubkptf vb[tbk cffrfidbkb<br />
6^63 mekbs& vtjht flubkpt rb fqvjxylf wyj,bkb ,bpytcvtyb ,b>byf bdfybidbkb^ fvfcsfy<br />
htcgjltynsf 29)-vf vfc vfmcbvfkehb mekf vbfresdyf& bdfybidbkbc mekf 6^11 fqvjxylf& vjvltdyj<br />
flubkt,pt ufdblyty% 3& cfkjvt pehf,bidbkb ~5^81 mekf`^ 4&,flhb gfnfhrfwbidbkb ~5^66 mekf`^<br />
5&ybyj ,eh]fyf>t ~5^62`^ 6&bhfrkb jmhefidbkb ~5^03 mekf`^ 7&rj,f lfdbsfidbkb ~4^88 mekf`^ 8&<br />
rjycnfynbyt ufvcf[ehlbf ~2^78 mekf`^ 9&ifkdf yfstkfidbkb ~2^48 mekf`&<br />
226 @f[fkb sfj,f#^ 1&:|&2005<br />
227 @[dfkbyltkb lqt#^ 1&:|&2005<br />
111
dtkb rjveybcnehb lhjbc yjcnfkubfptf ufsdkbkb lf dthfcjltc bmwtdf mdt.ybc<br />
fqvityt,kj,bc gjpbnbehb ghjuhfvbc cfae>dkfl& ifkdf yfstkfidbkb @eahj ghjntcnsfy<br />
fcjwbhlt,f^ bpblfdc flfvbfyt,bc ]ueac^ hjvkt,bw velvbdfl hfqfwfc fghjntcnt,ty& xtvb<br />
fphbs^ [fk[c ezbhc ktb,jhbcnt,bc vvfhsdtk >fkfl ofhvjlutyf#^ _ fqybiyfdc ubf yjlbf& 228<br />
rbltd eahj cfbynthtcjf @f[fkb vtvfh]dtytt,bc# vlujvfhtj,f& cfthsjl^ vtvfh]dtytj,f<br />
hsek cfmvtc ofhvjflutyc mdt.fyfib^ cflfw vjcf[ktj,bc lblb evtntcj,f cbqfhb,bc pqdfhc<br />
mdtdbs fy wjnf ptdbs bv.jat,f& fcts gbhj,t,ib vtvfh]dtytsf htbnbyub mdt.ybc vfcinf,bs<br />
4^3)-bf^ s,bkbcib rb 7)-c ef[kjdlt,f& vfuhfv tc fhff gfhnbbc lqtdfyltkb kblthbc lfdbs<br />
ufv.htkb>bc lfvcf[eht,f^ hjvtkcfw lqtc cfghtpbltynj fhxtdyt,ib v[jkjl fvjvhxtdtksf<br />
1^2) lfezthlf v[fhc&<br />
]th]thj,bs fvfjl wlbkj,c mfhsek gjkbnbreh cwtyfpt lfvrdblht,fc ubjhub<br />
vfbcfidbkb^ hjvkbc gjkbnbrehb lf vbs evtntc trjyjvbrehb ghjuhfvf cfpjufljt,bcfsdbc<br />
ufeut,fhb hxt,f& ]th]thj,bs ewyj,bf^ se hjujhb bmyt,f rjycnfynbyt ufvcf[ehlbfc flubkb&<br />
vfhsfkbf vfc vfvbcfufy vjcltdc cfzbhj mfhbpvf^ vfuhfv gjkbnbrfib afmnj,hbdfl ufvjewltkbf&<br />
vbc ufvjxtyfc mfhsek gjkbnbreh cwtyfpt^ fk,fs^ vjhbub cfgfhkfvtynj fhxtdyt,bc<br />
vjf[kjt,bc lhjc eylf dtkjljs&<br />
ofhcekbc ufvjwlbkt,fc se ufdb[ctyt,s^ [tkbceakt,bcfsdbc .dtkfpt cfibib vjobyffqvltut<br />
sfdfl [tkbceakt,bc ibuybs .fkb,lt,jlf [jkvt^ jgjpbwbfib uflflbjlf lf<br />
egbhbcgbhlt,jlf vfc& cojhtl tc upf ufbfhf lqtdfyltkvf [tkbceakt,fvfw& lqtc cf[tkbceakj<br />
,fyfrib .dtkfpt @lblb htpthdb# jgjpbwbbcfsdbc ybyj ,eh]fyf>tf& gfhkfvtynbc<br />
sfdv]ljvfht dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc itvltu xhlbkibf uflfcekb& htfkehb [tkbceakt,f<br />
ghtpbltyncf lf vbc ufhtvjwdfc fmdc& cfvfubthjl^ gfce[bcvut,kj,fw vfsdt trbcht,fs& c[df<br />
cfrbs[bf^ vjbyljvt,c se fhf ,eh]fyf>T sfdbcb lqtdfyltkb sfyfueyltkt,bc jgjybht,fc&<br />
o 2006 okbc vfbcb% cfpjufljt,bc cffhxtdyj ufyo.j,f<br />
mfhsekb cfpjufljt,f ufyt,bdht,ekb fh fhbc cjwbjkjubehb rdktdt,bs^ hjvtksf<br />
cfiefkt,bsfw fyfkbnbrjct,c^ gjkbnbrjct,c lf cfthsjl^ gjkbnbrbs lfbynthtct,ek<br />
vjmfkfmtt,c cfiefkt,f tmyt,fs bvc]tkjy vjwtvek vjvtynib cfpjufljt,fib fhct,ekb<br />
ufyo.j,bcf lf gjkbnbrehb ntyltywbt,bc sfj,fpt& fvudfhb ufvjrdktdt,bc itltut,b lblb<br />
lhjbsb bynthdfkt,bs [lt,f [jkvt cfpjufljt,bcfsdbc wyj,bkb lf vfibydt lut,f<br />
ufvjmdt.yt,ekb vjyfwtvt,bc cfyljj,bc cfrbs[b& fvudfhb tzdt,bc ufvjhbw[df v[jkjl bv<br />
itvs[dtdfib bmyt,jlf itcf>kt,tkb^ serb hfvltybvt thsvfytsbc rjyrehtynb rdktdbsb<br />
cfvcf[ehb bfhct,t,lf^ hjvkt,bw cbcntvfnbehfl vbfodlblyty cfpjufljt,fc sfdbfysb<br />
rdktdt,bc itltut,c& sevwf^ vbe[tlfdfl cfyljj,bc sfj,fpt erdt ufvjsmvekb tzdt,bcf^<br />
ufvjmdt.yt,ekb rdktdbc itltut,b ufhrdtekb lfcrdyt,bc ufrtst,bc cfiefkt,fc b>ktdf mdt.ybc<br />
iblfgjkbnbreh w[jdht,fib vbvlbyfht ghjwtct,bc sfj,fpt&<br />
ufvjrbs[df^ hjvkbc itltut,bw mfhsek vtlbfib ufvjmdt.ylf 2006 okbc 1-15 vfbcc<br />
xffnfhf fyfkbnbreh-cfrjyceknfwbj ]ueavf @Prime Time#-vf cfmfhsdtkjc 9 mfkfmib lf 3<br />
fsfcb htcgjltynb vjbwdf& ufvjrbs[dbc vbpfyb cfmfhsdtkjib fhct,ekb cjwbfkehgjkbnbrehb<br />
cbnefwbbc itafct,f b.j& @xdty itdbcofdkts cfmfhsdtkjib fhct,ek ufyo.j,fsf<br />
vstkb cgtmnhb& ufvjbrdtsf mdt.fyfib fhct,ekb >bhbsflb ntyltywbt,b lf fv ntyltywbt,bc<br />
ajypt ewyfehfl vtxdtyt,f xdtyb gjkbnbrjct,bc lfvjrblt,ekt,f tktmnjhfnsfy&&&vfs vbth<br />
ufrtst,ekb ufyw[flt,t,b [fk[ib fhct,ek vjkjlbyt,cf lf vjs[jdyt,c cfthsjl fh tvs[dtdf&<br />
gjkbnbrehb gfhnbt,bc kbltht,vf fh bwbfy hbcb vpfj,ff [fk[ib#^ _ fqybiyfdc @Prime Time#-<br />
bc ]ueabc [tkv>qdfytkb sfrj a[frf>t& 229<br />
fqybiyekb ufvjrdktdbc itltut,bc ufvjmdt.yt,bc itvltu ghtcfib vfibydt ufxylf<br />
byajhvfwbf ufvjrdktdbc lfvrdtsbc sfj,fpt& @crfylfkehb itltut,bc ufvjmdt.yt,bc itvltu vfc<br />
228 @[dfkbyltkb lqt#^ 1&:|&2005<br />
229 @f[fkb dthcbf#^ 5-6&|:&2006<br />
112
.jdtksdbc vjeotdc lffrjyrhtnjc^ dby lferdtsf lf dby lffabyfycf rdktdf( gjkbnbrjct,b<br />
erdt fkfgfhfrlyty& vfufkbsfl^ yfwbjyfkt,b fvnrbwt,ty^ hjv tc ]ueab gfnfhrfwbidbkbc<br />
abyfyct,bs itbmvyf^ jgjpbwbf evhfdktcj,bcrty bidthc sbsc#^ _ fqybiyfdc vfufkbsfl ufptsb<br />
@mhjybrf#& 230 ufvjrbs[bc itltut,bc j,btmnehj,fc sfdfl fqybiyekb ufptsbw tzdmdti f.tyt,c&<br />
sevwf^ fvudfhb vfcfkbc yfrkt,j,bcf lf bvfdlhjekfl lblb bynthtcbc ufvj lfodhbkt,bs<br />
ufyb[bkfdc ufvjrbs[dbc itltut,c&<br />
@Prime Time#-bc ufvjrdktdbc vb[tldbs ufvjdktybkb >bhbsflb ntyltywbt,b rb fctsbf%<br />
cfpjufljt,f fqfh fhbc htdjkewbeh yjnfpt^ [fk[b cbnefwbfc htfkehfl fafct,c&<br />
cfpjufljt,fib ufvjbrdtsf hfvltybvt >kbthb kblthb& vvfhsdtkb gfhnbbcf lf ghtpbltynbc<br />
htbnbyuvf cfrvfjl lfbobf& jgjpbwbfc ifycb fmdc^ hjv thsb kblthbc ufhitvj ufthsbfyltc lf<br />
ofv.dfyb gjpbwbf lfbrfdjc& ufvjrbs[dbc sfyf[vfl^ ufthsbfyt,ek jgjpbwbfc<br />
[tkbceakt,fcsfy itlfht,bs htcgjltynsf eahj lblb yfobkb ezthc v[fhc& fqcfybiyfdbf<br />
bcbw^ hjv tktmnjhfnb rdkfd kblthptf jhbtynbht,ekb lf kblthbc ufhtit dth wyj,c<br />
gfhnbfc& mfhsek tktmnjhfnc fh fbynthtct,c fhw gfhnbf lf fhw vbcb cffhxtdyj ghjuhfvf<br />
lf bcbyb kblthc vb/.dt,bfy& 231<br />
ufvjrbs[dbc vb[tldbs^ mdt.fyfib fhct,ekb cbnefwbbs lqtc vjcf[ktj,bc lff[kjt,bs<br />
yf[tdfhb fhbc rvf.jabkb& ufvjrbs[eksf 42^6) vbbxytdc^ hjv mdt.fyfib gjkbnbrehb<br />
cbnefwbf ufev]j,tclf^ 7^1)-bc fphbs rb vybidytkjdyfl ufev]j,tclf& ufvjrbs[eksf 15)-bc<br />
fphbs cbnefwbf ufefhtclf^ 18^4)-bc fphbs vybidytkjdyfl ufefhtclf^ 13^8)-bc fphbs rb<br />
bubdt lfhxf& serb gjkbnbrbc cathjib vjcf[ktj,bc yf[tdfhb byfhxeyt,c jgnbvbpc^<br />
cfufyufijf trjyjvbrehb vlujvfhtj,bc itafct,f& ufvjrbs[eksf 2^6) fv,j,c^ hjv vfc<br />
itvjcfdfkb cfiefkjpt vfqfkb fmdc& 49^3) fw[flt,c^ hjv vbcb itvjcfdfkb cfiefkjpt<br />
lf,fkbf^ 47^2)-bc fphbs rb vfc cfiefkj itvjcfdfkb fmdc& fm cfmvt bcff^ se hf buekbc[vt,f<br />
@cfiefkj# itvjcfdfkib& fvfib^ cfdfhfeljl^ htcgjltynt,b cffhct,j vbybvevpt ptdbs .jayfc<br />
lf gbhdtkb vj[vfht,bc cfuyt,bc it>tybc itcf>kt,kj,fc uekbc[vj,lyty& 232<br />
ufvjrbs[eksf 41^6)-bc fphbs^ cfmfhsdtkjib fhw bct rfhub gbhj,t,bf ,bpytcbc<br />
ufydbsfht,bcfsdbc^ 36^6)-bc fphbs rb gbhj,t,b welbf lf [tkc eikbc ,bpytcbc ufydbsfht,fc&<br />
fctsb itafct,f [tkbceakt,bc trjyjvbrehb gjkbnbrbcflvb cfpjufljt,fib fhct,ek<br />
rhbnbrek lfvjrblt,ekt,fpt vtn.dtkt,c&<br />
gjkbnbreh kblthsf ijhbc^ vfhsfkbf vybidytkjdyfl itvwbht,ekb htbnbyubs^ vfuhfv<br />
vfbyw vb[tbk cffrfidbkb kblthj,c& [dfk hjv cfghtpbltynj fhxtdyt,b xfnfhltc vb[tbk<br />
cffrfidbkc ufvjrbs[eksf 33^3) lfezthlf v[fhc& vfc vybidytkjdyfl xfvjhxt,bfy jgjpbwbbc<br />
rfylblfnt,b% rj,f lfdbsfidbkb ~7^7)`^ cfkjvt pehf,bidbkb ~7^5)`^ ifkdf yfstkfidbkb<br />
~7^3)`& sevwf^ .dtkfpt vfqfkb htbnbyub vb[tbk cffrfidbkbc itvltu fmdc sfdlfwdbc vbybcnh<br />
bhfrkb jmhefidbkc ~8^9)`^ fctdt vfqfkbf ybyj ,eh]fyf>bc htbnbyubw ~6^8)`& lqtc<br />
gjkbnbrfib fmnbehfl vjmvtl lfdbs ufv.htkb>tc v[jkjl ufvjrbs[eksf 2^8) ezthc v[fhc^<br />
[jkj bujh ubjhuf>tc 1^1)& sfdbfys fvudfh itltut,c^ w[flbf bcbyb tzdmdti lff.tyt,ty<br />
ufvjrbs[dbc itltut,c&<br />
vjf[kjt,ekb flubkj,hbdb fhxtdyt,bc oby .dtkfpt cfbynthtcjf s,bkbcbc vthbc fhxtdbc<br />
cfrbs[b& vbs evtntc^ hjv mfkfmbc vthb^ ,tdhbc vbth ghtpbltynj,bc .dtkfpt htfkeh<br />
rfylblfnfl ufyb[bkt,f& ufvjrbs[eksf 90^2) fw[flt,c^ hjv s,bkbcbc vthb [fk[bc vbth<br />
gbhlfgbh eylf b.jc fhxtekb& fh ufvjhbw[fdty^ hjv [tkbceakt,f fv cfrbs[ib lfsvj,fpt<br />
ofdbltc^ vbs evtntc serb sfdbcb rfylblfnbc ufvfh]dt,bc ifycb tmyt,f& ]th]thj,bs rb<br />
s,bkbcbc vthbc gjcnpt .dtkfpt vfqfkb ifycb cfv gbhjdyt,fc fmdc% ubub euekfdfc ~22^0)`^<br />
cfkjvt pehf,bidbkc ~20^0)` lf ktdfy ufxtxbkf>tc ~18^4)`& itvltu vjlbc ifkdf<br />
yfstkfidbkb ~11^3)`^ lfdbs ufv.htkb>t ~4^8)` lf rj,f lfdbsfidbkb ~3^2)`& otcbs^ serb<br />
jgjpbwbf thsbfyb rfylblfnbs ufvjcdkfc vjf[th[t,c^ vfs ufvfh]dt,bc htfkehb ifycb<br />
tmyt,fs&<br />
230 @mhjybrf#^ 5-11&|:&2006<br />
231 @f[fkb dthcbf#^ 5-6&|:&2006<br />
232 @f[fkb dthcbf#^ 5-6&|:&2006<br />
113
sfdb \:|& [tkbceakt,f lf jgjpbwbf<br />
o [tkbceakt,f lf jgjpbwbf% ehsbthsj,bc rjyahjynfwbekb vjltkb<br />
2005 okbc bfydfhib tdhjcf,zjc vbth vbqt,ek htpjkewbfib cfmfhsdtkjc itcf[t,<br />
cfufyut,jl vbsbst,ekbf mdt.fyfib jgjpbwbbc cbcecntpt& tc vbxytekbf cthbjpek cfahs[tl<br />
mdt.ybc ltvjrhfnbekb ufydbsfht,bcfsdbc& fqcfybiyfdbf^ hjv htpjkewbbc ghjtmnib<br />
sfdlfgbhdtkfl kfgfhfrb b.j jgjpbwbbc fhfhct,j,fpt^ vfuhfv itvltu cfmfhsdtkjc [tkbceakt,bc<br />
ofhvjvflutytksf >fkbc[vtdbs jgjpbwbc @fhfhct,j,f# itbwdfkf @cecnb jgjpbwbbc#<br />
fhct,j,bc fqybidybs& 233 fye sfdfl [tkbceakt,ff lfbynthtct,ekb mdt.fyfib jgjpbwbbc<br />
fhct,j,fpt vbsbst,bs^ obyffqvltu itvs[dtdfib bub sfdbc ltvjrhfnbekj,fc ,tdhb<br />
dthfahbs lfflfcneht,c&<br />
dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc itvltu vjcekb [tkbceakt,bc ofhvjvflutykt,b jgjpbwbbc<br />
cbcecntcsfy lfrfdibht,bs v[ht,c bxtxfdty _ hf xdtyb ,hfkbf^ [fk[vf xdty lfudbzbhf v[fhbj&<br />
cffrfidbkvf ufyfw[flf rbltw^ hjv [tkbceakt,f jgjpbwbbc rkjyc dth itmvybc& dfhlt,bc<br />
htdjkewbfv vfhskfw vybidytkjdyfl itwdfkf gjkbnbreh fhtyfpt vjmvtlb ce,btmnt,b%<br />
ufmhf .jabkb cf[tkbceakj gfhnbt,b @vjmfkfmtsf rfdibhb# lf @fqjh>byt,f#^ hjvkt,bw<br />
vfyfvlt ljvbybht,lyty gjkbnbreh fhtyfpt& vrdtshfl lftwf .dtkf bv gfhnbbc htbnbyub^<br />
hjvkt,vfw vjyfobktj,f fh vbbqtc dfhlt,bc htdjkewbfib& @f[fk vtvfh]dtytt,c# rb bv afmnc^<br />
hjv bcbyb itdfhlyf>bc gfhkfvtynbc ,jkj c[ljvc lftcohyty^ rbltd ,tdh]th ofvjf>f[t,ty&<br />
htdjkewbehb tbajhbbc gbhj,t,ib xfnfht,ekvf 2004 okbc 28 vfhnbc cfgfhkfvtynj<br />
fhxtdyt,vf lfvf]tht,tkb ufvfh]dt,f htdjkewbbc itltufl vjcek [tkbceakt,fc vjenfyf&<br />
@dfhlt,bc ijrbc# itvltu^ hjltcfw [fk[bcsdbc ths,fifl ufmhf v[tldtkj,bc fhtlfy<br />
jgjpbwbehb cgtmnhb lf vstkb bvtlb [tkbceakt,fib vjcek >Fkt,pt lffv.fhtc^ dbsfht,f<br />
itcfvxytdfl itbwdfkf& jgjpbwbf uffmnbeht,fc v[jkjl f[kf bo.t,c lf wlbkj,c [tkbceaKt,fc<br />
sfdbcb >fkf lffyf[jc& [tkbceakt,bc ltvjrhfnbekj,bc bvb]b rb lfvjrblt,ekb<br />
bmyt,f bvfpt^ se hjujh ffut,c jgjpbwbfcsfy ehsbthsj,fc<br />
jgjpbwbfc sfdbcb >Fkt,bc itvjovt,bc itcf>kt,kj,f gbhdtk hbuib 2006 okbc<br />
flubkj,hbdb sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc jhufyjt,bc fhxtdyt,bc lhjc vbtwtvf& cfmfhsdtkjib<br />
flubkj,hbd fhxtdyt,ib^ nhflbwbekfl^ jgjpbwbf fqotdc [jkvt vybidytkjdfy ofhvfnt,t,c&<br />
.jdtk itvs[dtdfib^ fct b.j itdfhlyf>Bc vvfhsdtkj,bc lhjc 1998 lf 2002 okt,ib& fv]thflfw<br />
[tkbceakt,fc ufezbhlt,f 2004 okbc 28 vfhnc lfabmcbht,ekb itltut,bc ufvtjht,f&<br />
jgjpbwbehb gjkbnbrehb gfhnbt,b lf ]ueat,b lqtc v[fhlfvztht,bc >Bt,fib fhbfy&<br />
gfhnbt,bc ths-thsb evsfdhtcb yfrkb cfmfhsdtkjib vfsb vwbhthbw[jdyt,f lf htfkehb<br />
flubkj,hbdb jhufybpfwbt,bc fhmjyff& gfhnbt,b >bhbsflfl fhxtdyt,bc gthbjlib<br />
ffmnbeht,ty sfdbcb htubjyekb cnhemneht,bc veifj,fc&<br />
jgjpbwbbc cbcecntc bcbw ufyfgbhj,t,c^ hjv vfs fh bwbfy se lqtc @dby hfc<br />
ofhvjflutyc#& fh fhbc ufhrdtekb @vsfdfhb jgjpbwbehb >Fkbc# cnfnecb& dbc ufyb[bkfdc<br />
[tkbceakt,bc vsfdfh jgjytynfl tktmnjhfnbc bc yfobkb^ hjvtkbw @[tkbceakt,bc<br />
obyffqvltu# lffgbht,c [vbc vbwtvfc& fv v[hbd hjujhw cfgfhkfvtynj^ bct fhfcfgfhkfvtynj<br />
jgjpbwbf thsvfytsc vrfwh rjyrehtywbfc ufeotdc& rjyrehtynt,c^ gbhdtk hbuib^ @.fk,b<br />
jgjpbwbbc# bfhkb.bs lffvidtyt,ty& fv lfdbc sfdbct,ehb it]fvt,f rb flubkj,hbdb<br />
sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc jhufyjt,bc fhxtdyt,b bmyt,f&<br />
jgjpbwbf ]th xfvj.fkb,t,bcf lf uflf]ueat,bc cnflbfibf& vsfdfhb rb bcff^ hjv<br />
[tkbceakt,fcf lf jgjpbwbfc ijhbc rdkfd ehsbthsj,bc rjyahjynfwbekb vjltkbf&<br />
[tkbceakt,bc ofhvjvflutytksf v[hblfy jgjpbwbbcflvb lfvjrblt,ekt,f^ hjujhw otcb^<br />
wbybrehb lf lfvwbyfdbf& vfufkbsfl^ ghtpbltynbc lf[fcbfst,bs ufv.htkb>tv @.dtkfpt vtnfl<br />
uffxvf[f#^ vtvfh]dtytt,b @itdfhlyf>bc [tkbceakt,bc yfhxtyt,b# fhbfy lf vfs @sfdbc vewtkpt<br />
lf cfresfh rtsbklqtj,fpt pheydbc ufhlf^ fhfathpt eabmhbfs#& 234 sevwf^ [tkbceakt,fc<br />
233 @f[fkb dthcbf#^ 2-3&::&2005<br />
234 @24 cffsb#^ 11&::&2005<br />
114
fhw jgjpbwbf hxt,f dfkib& se ufv.htkb>t wlbkj,lf sfdbcb ufvjcdkbcfsdbc gfhkfvtynib<br />
rhbnbrek-rjycnhemwbekb [fcbfsb vbtwf^ fhfcfgfhkfvtynj jgjpbwbf cffrfidbkc dfkib fh<br />
lfhxtybf lf lfvwbyfdb tgbstnt,b fh lferkbf& hjujhw xfyc^ [tkbceakt,f lf jgjpbwbf<br />
ehsbthsj,fc bvfdt cnbkib uffuh>tkt,c^ sevwf bvfcfw dthfdby efh.jac^ hjv tc lblfl dth<br />
eo.j,c [tkc mdt.fyfib ltvjrhfnbekb gjkbnbrehb reknehbc ajhvbht,fc lf<br />
ltcnf,bkbpfwbbc cthbjpek cfahs[tc itbwfdc&<br />
[tkbceakt,bc v[hblfy lfvjrblt,ekt,f fuhtcbekb lf wbybrehbf& [tkbceakt,fc dfkib<br />
fhw jgjpbwbf hxt,f& >kbthb rjycnhemwbekb jgjpbwbbc fhct,j,bc ufhtit ltvjrhfnbf cfmfhsdtkjib<br />
dth itlut,f& jgjpbwbbc rjycnhemwbekj,f [tkbceakt,fptw fhbc lfvjrblt,ekb&<br />
[tkbceakt,fcf lf jgjpbwbfc ijhbc ehsbthsj,bc erdt nhflbwbfl mwtekb rjyahjynfwbekb<br />
vjltkb rb ltcnf,bkbpfwbbc cfahs[tc itbwfdc lf [tkcf.htk gbhj,t,c mvybc<br />
ufhtit >Fkt,bc xfhtdbcfsdbc&<br />
tmcgthnt,b fh ufvjhbw[fdty 2006 okbc flubkj,hbdb sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc fhxtdyt,bcfsdbc<br />
hbub jgjpbwbehb gfhnbt,bc thsbfy cffhxtdyj ,kjrfl ufthsbfyt,fc^ vfuhfv bcbw<br />
ufcfsdfkbcobyt,tkbf^ hjv flubkj,hbdb fhxtdyt,b thsudfhb ntcnbc hjkc fchekt,lf [jkvt<br />
>kbthb lf cecnb jgjpbwbehb gfhnbt,bc ufvjcfdktyfl& 235 fvltyfl^ vfs wfk-wfkrt itb>kt,f<br />
cwfljy flubkj,hbdb fhxtdyt,bc lhjc fhct,ekb 4)-bfyb ,fhbthbc uflfkf[df& sevwf^ fv<br />
itvs[dtdfib hbcrb >fkptl lblbf& fhfdby bwbc^ htfkehfl^ hf htbnbyub uffxybfs jgjpbwbeh<br />
gfhnbt,c^ bcbw >ytkb cfsmvtkbf^ se hjujh xfnfhlt,f flubkj,hbdb fhxtdyt,b& flubkj,hbd<br />
fhxtdyt,ib wfk-wfkrt ufvjcdkbs jgjpbwbeh gfhnbt,c cfiefkt,f tmyt,fs itfvjovjy<br />
sfdbfysb >fkf^ sevwf lblb ifycbf bodybjy lfvfhw[t,bc cbvofhtw&<br />
fct hjv [tkbceakt,bc htbnbyubc lfwtvf fh ybiyfdc fdnjvfnehfl jgjpbwbehb gfhnbt,bc<br />
htbnbyubc phlfc& gjkbnbreh gfhnbt,pt uekbc fwhet,f sfyfvtlhjdt cfpjufljt,hbdb<br />
ufyo.j,bc lfvf[fcbfst,tkb ybifybf& @fhw [tkbceakt,bc lf fhw jgjpbwbbc bvtlb fh vfmdc&<br />
thsbw vfbveybf lf vtjhtw& fh ofdfk fhxtdyt,pt^ hjlbc /mjylf fhxtdyt,c fphb#^ _ ufyew[flf<br />
ths-thsvf htcgjltynvf ;ehyfkbcnc^ hjltcfw tc erfyfcrytkb wlbkj,lf ufvjthrdbf^ se hfc<br />
abmhj,ty hbubsb flfvbfyt,b vjf[kjt,ekb iefktlehb fhxtdyt,bc itcf[t,&<br />
fv ufyo.j,fc fcf[fdc flubkj,hbd vtlbfib ufdhwtkt,ekb ths-thsb vjcfpht,f^ hjvkbc<br />
sfyf[vfl @cfmfhsdtkjib gjkbnbrehb cgtmnhb fh fhct,j,c# lf @gjkbnbrehb cgtmnhb<br />
vjrdlf#^ hjvtkbw @[tkf[kff itcfmvytkb#& sevwf^ fvudfh vjcfpht,t,c jgjpbwbehb gfhnbt,bc<br />
ofhvjvflutykt,b rfntujhbekfl efh.jaty lf fw[flt,ty^ hjv tc dthcbf [tkbceakt,bc<br />
lfrdtsbs dhwtklt,f& @ufyw[flt,t,b bvbc itcf[t,^ hjv cfmfhsdtkjib gjkbnbrehb cgtmnhb<br />
fh fhct,j,c^ ijhc fhbc htfkj,bcufy& [tkbceakt,bc cehdbkbf^ cfmfhsdtkjib gjkbnbrehb<br />
gfhnbt,b fh fhct,j,lyty#^ _ fqybiyfdc thjdyek-ltvjrhfnbekb gfhnbbc kblthb ,fxerb<br />
mfhlfdf& 236<br />
bubdtc bvtjht,c @21-t cfereybc# ths-thsb kblthb fypjh f,hfkfdf& vbcb smvbs^<br />
@[tkbceakt,f ituyt,ekfl totdf ghjgfufylfc^ gjkbnbrehb cgtmnhb fh fhbcj& [tkbceakt,f<br />
abmhj,c^ hjv bc lblb [ybs fhbc vjcekb lf fvnrbwt,c^ xdtyb vvfhsdtkb gfhnbbc ufhlf<br />
fhfdby fhct,j,c fy^ se fhct,j,c^ bvfc xdty d]j,bdfhsj#& f,hfkfdfc smvbs^ tc cfibib<br />
ghjgfufylff lf afmnj,hbdfl ybiyfdc bvbc vnrbwt,fc^ hjv xdtyib thb lf cfpjufljt,f fh<br />
fhct,j,c& bct^ cfmfhsdtkjib b.j gthbjlb^ hjwf thsb gfhnbf fhct,j,lf^ bc gfhnbf<br />
fw[flt,lf^ hjv [fk[bc bynthtct,c chekfl ufvj[fnfdc lf c[df gfhnbt,b fhfse cfzbhj fhff^<br />
@[fk[bcf lf mdt.ybc vnht,c# ofhvjflutylyty& kfgfhfrb b.j @iblfgfhnbek ltvjrhfnbfptw#^<br />
vfuhfv itvltu .jdtkbdt fvfc njnfkbnfhbpvb tojlf&<br />
jgjpbwbbc cbcecntc lfcfdktstkb vtuj,ht,b cfmfhsdtkjib ltvjrhfnbbc cbcecnbc thsths<br />
ybiyfl vbbxytdty& [tkbceakt,f v[ht,c bxtxfdc lf fw[flt,c _ hf xdtyb ,hfkbf^ sfdfl<br />
fhbfy cecnt,b^ [fk[c fh vjcojycj& bcbw w[flbf^ hjv [tkbceakt,f fh fgbht,c<br />
jgjpbwbbcfsdbc @cfcfs,eht gbhj,t,bc# itmvyfc& eahj gbhbmbs^ jgjpbwbf cfe,hj,c<br />
[tkbceakt,bc v[hblfy itdbohjt,bc gjkbnbrfpt&<br />
235 @f[fkb sfj,f#^ 8&|:&2005<br />
236 @f[fkb sfj,f#^ 5&|:::&2005<br />
115
gjcnhtdjkewbehb tbajhbbc ufdkf^ [tkbceakt,bcflvb rhbnbrekb ufyo.j,bc phlf^<br />
cf[fk[j fmwbt,b^ hjvkbc cfae>dtkb cjwbfkeh-trjyjvbrehb vjs[jdyt,bf^ fhxtdyt,bc<br />
vjf[kjt,f _ tc .dtkfathb jgjpbwbeh gjkbnbreh cgtmnhc uffmnbeht,bcrty e,b>ut,c&<br />
o [tkbceakt,bc htbnbyub itvwbhlf^ vfuhfv jgjpbwbf<br />
rjyrehtywbfc vfbyw dth eotdc<br />
cfmfhsdtkj ufyt,bdht,ekb fhff htbnbyut,bs^ fvbnjv cfpjufljt,hbdb fphbcf lf<br />
vfhrtnbyuekb rdktdt,bc fcjwbfwbf @ujh,bc# vbth 15 ltrtv,thc ufvjmdt.yt,ekvf gjkbnbrjct,bcf<br />
lf gfhnbt,bc htbnbyuvf vfibydt vbbmwbf vtlbbcf lf gjkbnbrjct,bc .ehflqt,f lf vodfdt<br />
rhbnbrbc j,btmnflfw bmwf& tc ufcfut,bwff^ @ujh,bc# vbth xfnfht,ekb ufvjrbs[dbc sfyf[-<br />
vfl^ ghtpbltyn cffrfidbkbcf lf vbcb gfhnbbc @yfwbjyfkehb vj>hfj,bc# htbnbyub cfuh>Yj,-<br />
kfl itvwbhlf^ vfuhfv vfbyw vrdtshfl fqtvfnt,f c[df gjkbnbrjct,bcf lf gfhnbt,bc htbnbyuc&<br />
@ujh,bc# rdktdt,b cfmfhsdtkjc vfcinf,bs ~rjyakbmnehb pjyt,bc ufhlf` ltrtv,hbc<br />
lfcfo.bcib xfnfhlf& ufvjbrbs[f 1000 phlfchekb htcgjltynb& ufvjrbs[dbc itltufl ufbhrdf^<br />
hjv ghtpbltyn cffrfidbkbc cfmvbfyj,fc lflt,bsfl fafct,c ufvjrbs[eksf 63)& tc<br />
vfxdtyt,tkb vwbht fh fhbc lf fqtvfnt,f^ vfufkbsfl^ erhfbybcf lf fii-bc ghtpbltynt,bc<br />
fyfkjubeh vfxdtyt,kt,c sfdbfys mdt.yt,ib^ vfuhfv cfmvt bcff^ hjv cffrfidbkbc cfmvbfyj,fc<br />
ifhify lflt,bsfl fafct,lf ufvjrbs[eksf 87)& fye ths otkboflib vbcb @lflt,bsb<br />
cfmvbfyj,bc htbnbyub# 24 )-bs itvwbhlf&<br />
cfuekbc[vjf [tkbceakt,bc c[df gbhdtkb gbht,bc cfmvbfyj,bc itafct,bc htbnbyubw%<br />
gfhkfvtynbc sfdv]ljvfhbc ybyj ,eh]fyf>bc cfmvbfyj,fc lflt,bsfl fafct,c ufvjrbs[eksf<br />
52)^ [jkj ghtvbth-vbybcnhbc pehf, yjqfbltkbc cfmvbfyj,fc lflt,bsfl vbbxytdc v[jkjl<br />
29)^ efh.jabsfl rb 47)& 237 tc ybiyfdc^ hjv mdt.fyfib fhct,ek cjwbfkeh-trjyjvbreh<br />
dbsfht,fpt gfce[bcvut,tkb [fk[bc sdfkib ghtvbth-vbybcnhbf& vfhsklt,f dfhfelb bvbc sfj-<br />
,fpt^ hjv ghtvbth-vbybcnhb sfdbct,ehb @vt[fvhblbc# hjkc itfchekt,c ghtpbltynbcsdbc lf<br />
sfdbc sfdpt vbbqt,c ervf.jabkt,fc cjwbfkeh-trjyjvbreh cfrbs[t,sfy lfrfdibht,bs&<br />
@ujh,bc# vbth xfnfht,ekb ufvjrbs[dbc sfyf[vfl^ [dfk hjv cfghtpbltynj fhxtdyt,b<br />
xfnfhltc^ cffrfidbkb rdkfd efknthyfnbdjf& ufvjrbs[eksf 60) fv,j,c^ hjv vb[tbk<br />
cffrfidbkc vbcwtvc [vfc& ghtpbltynj,bc c[df cfdfhfelj rfylblfnt,b vfc ijhc /.fdc<br />
xfvjnjdt,ekb% rj,f lfdbsfidbkc ufvjrbs[eksf 5) vbcwtvlf [vfc^ 4-4 ghjwtynb v[fhc<br />
lfezthlf v[fhc^ gfhkfvtynbc sfdv]ljvfhbc @cfghtpbltynj# htbnbyub v[jkjl 3)-c itflutyc&<br />
itvltu rb vjlbc 1)-bfyb v[fhlfzthbc vmjyt ghtpbltynj,bc rfylblfnt,b% ]ev,th<br />
gfnbfidbkb^ bujh ubjhuf>t^ rjycnfynbyt ufvcf[ehlbf lf lfdbs ufv.htkb>t& ufvjrbs[eksf<br />
5) c[df rfylblfnt,bc v[fhlfzthfc fv]j,byt,c^ [jkj 15 ghjwtynb fhw ths gjkbnbrjcc fh<br />
vbcwtvlf [vfc&<br />
cfbynthtcjf gjkbnbrehb gfhnbt,bc htbnbyubw& rdkfd kblthj,c @yfwbjyfkehb vj>hfj,f#&<br />
[dfk hjv cfgfhkfvtynj fhxtdyt,b b.jc vfcib ufvjrbs[eksf 75) vbbqt,lf<br />
vjyfobktj,fc^ [jkj @yfwbjyfkeh vj>hfj,fc# vfsufy 48) vbcwtvlf [vfc& c[df gfhnbt,b rb<br />
fhct,ek 7)-bfy ,fhbthc dth uflfkf[fdlyty% .dtkfpt vfqfkb htbnbyub fmdc rjycthdfnbek<br />
gfhnbfc^ hjvtkcfw ufvjrbs[eksf 6)-vf lfezbhf v[fhb^ itvltu vjlbc ktb,jhbcnekb<br />
gfhnbf ~5)`^ htcge,kbrehb gfhnbf ~4)`^ f[fkb vtvfh]dtytt,b ~3)`^ ,kjrb @ufthsbfyt,ekb<br />
ltvjrhfnt,b# ~3)` lf @vhtodtkj,f uflffhxtyc cfmfhsdtkjc# ~2)`& fhbc fctdt 1)-bfyb v[fhlfzthbc<br />
vmjyt gfhnbt,b% @sfdbceakt,f#^ @cfkjvt pehf,bidbkbc vj>hfj,f# lf @ltvjrhfnbekb<br />
ahjynb#& cfvfubthjl fvjvhxtdtksf 26) fhwths gjkbnbreh gfhnbfc fh vbcwtvlf [vfc&<br />
ufvjrdktdf rbltd ths[tk fxdtyt,c^ hjv 7)-bfyb ,fhbthb >Fkptl vfqfkbf lf<br />
thsgfhnbekb gfhkfvtynbc vbqt,bc >fkptl lbl hbcrc itbwfdc& fqybiyekb cfahs[bc<br />
itcfvwbht,kfl fy gfhnbt,vf eylf vjf[th[jy ufthsbfyt,f ~hfw cfmfhsdtkjc gbhj,t,ib bjk<br />
237 @htpjyfycb#^ 23&\::&2005<br />
116
cfmvtc fh ofhvjflutyc`^ fy eylf itvwbhltc ,fhbthb 5)-vlt^ hfw sfdblfy ufsdfkbcobyt,ekb<br />
b.j 1995 okbc rjycnbnewbbs& sevwf^ cfdct,bs itcf>kt,tkbf 4)-bfyb ,fhbthbc fhct,j,fw&<br />
tdhjcf,zj lblb [fybf ehxtdc cfmfhsdtkjc [tkbceakt,fc ,fhbthbc itvwbht,fc^ vfuhfv<br />
]th]thj,bs fvfc itltub fh vj/.jkbf&<br />
@ujh,bc# itcfybiyfd idbltekib itlbfy bc flfvbfyt,b^ hjvkt,bw^ ufvjrbs[eksf fphbs^<br />
it>kt,ty rjheawbfcsfy ,h>jkfc lf htfkehb gjkbnbrehb lf trjyjvbrehb htajhvt,bc<br />
ufnfht,fc& fv idbltekib cffrfidbkbc ghjwtynekvf vfxdtyt,tkvf 2004 otksfy itlfht,bs<br />
cfuh>yj,kfl lfbobf^ vfuhfv idbltekbc cfsfdtib hxt,f& ufvjrbs[eksf 42) abmhj,c^ hjv<br />
ghtpbltync ite>kbf rjheawbbc obyffqvltu ,h>Jkf lf htajhvt,bc ufnfht,f& lfyfhxtyb cbf<br />
rb fct ufvjb.eht,f% bhfrkb jmhefidbkb ~20)`^ ybyj ,eh]fyf>t ~19)`^ rj,f lfdbsfidbkb<br />
~13)`^ cfkjvt pehf,bidbkb ~11)`^ ktdfy ,th>tybidbkb ~6)`& idbltekib vj[dlf^ fctdt<br />
wyj,bkb ,bpytcvtyb ,flhb gfnfhrfwbidbkb ~7)`& 238<br />
@ujh,bc# ufvjrbs[df fxdtyt,c^ hjv dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc itvltu cffrfidbkbcf lf vbcb<br />
gfhnbbc vbth vjgjdt,ekb ljvbybht,ekb vlujvfhtj,f mfhsek gjkbnbrfib lqtcfw ityfhxeyt,ekbf<br />
lf jgjpbwbfc fh ite>Kbf fhw wfkrtekb gjkbnbrjct,bcf lf fhw gfhnbt,bc<br />
ljytpt vfcsfy rjyrehtywbf& stpbcb @cecnb jgjpbwbbc# itcf[t, ufvjrbs[dbs rdkfd<br />
lfcnehlt,f^ vfuhfv cfmvt bcff^ hjv sfdfl @ujh,bc# ufvjrbs[dfc fh tylj,bfy jgjpbwbehb<br />
gfhnbt,b& fv v[hbd^ nhflbwbekfl^ .dtkfpt [vfvfqfk ufyw[flt,t,c ktb,jhbcnekb gfhnbbc<br />
kblthb ifkdf yfstkfidbkb frtst,c&<br />
ifkdf yfstkfidbkb cjwbjkjubehb rdktdt,bc wtynh @ujh,bc# gjkbnbrjct,bcf lf<br />
gjkbnbrehb gfhnbt,bc htbnbyut,bc uf.fk,t,fib flfyfifekt,c& fqybiyeksfy lfrfdibht,bs<br />
yfstkfidbkvf ufyw[flt,bs vcjakbjc cfbyajhvfwbj cfiefkt,t,c vbvfhsf& yfstkfidbkb<br />
fvnrbwt,c^ hjv @ujh,bc# uf.fk,t,ekb htbnbyut,bc ufvjmdt.yt,f ghtpbltynvf vb[tbk cffrfidbkvf<br />
lferdtsf& fvbc vbptpb ltrtv,hbc lfcfo.bcib lfvjerblt,tkb cjwbjkjubehb rdktdbc<br />
]ueabc vbth ufdhwtkt,ekb itltut,b uf[lf^ hjvkbc sfyf[vflfw cffrfidbkbcf lf vbcb<br />
gjkbnbrehb ueylbc htbnbyub 16)-c fh fqtvfnt,jlf& 239 yfstkfidbkbc ufyw[flt,bs^ .fk,b<br />
ufvjrbs[dbc xfccfnfht,kfl #50-50 fsfcb fii ljkfhb uflfb[fltc rf[f ,tyleMb>tv^ >vt,vf<br />
,t;efidbkt,vf^ ybyj ,eh]fyf>tv lf [tkbceakt,bc c[df afdjhbnt,vf#& 240<br />
rfhub bmyt,f^ hjv mdt.fyfib vcufdcb rdktdt,bc itltut,b eahj [ibhfl [lt,jltc wyj,bkb<br />
cfpjufljt,bcsdbc lf b.jc hfvltybvt thsvfytsbc rjyrehtynb rdktdbsb wtynhb^ hfw<br />
itltut,bc uflfvjovt,fc uf[lbc itcf>kt,tkc lf ufvjmdt.yt,ekb htbnbyut,bc vbvfhs<br />
ylj,fcfw ffvfqkt,c&<br />
o jgjpbwbf ]th rbltd xfvj.fkb,t,bc cnflbfibf<br />
gtycbt,sfy lfrfdibht,bs gfhkfvtynib ufvfhsekvf lt,fnt,vf lf gtycbjythsf fmwbt,vf<br />
rbltd ths[tk fxdtyf^ hjv jgjpbwbf rdkfd cecnb lf lfmcfmcekbf& htdjkewbehb tbajhbbc<br />
ufdkbcf lf [tkbceakt,bc htbnbyubc lfwtvbc vbe[tlfdfl jgjpbwbfv dth vjf[th[f t&o&<br />
cfghjntcnj tktmnjhfnbc v[fhlfzthbc vjgjdt,f& [tkbceakt,bs bvtlufwhet,ekb<br />
flfvbfyt,bc evhfdktcj,f f[fkb [fhbpvfnekb kblthbcf lf f[fkb gjkbnbrehb ufthsbfyt,bc<br />
ufvjxtyfc tkbc& fvudfhb vjs[jdybkt,f ufycfresht,bs vrfabj vjvfdfkb cfgfhkfvtynj<br />
fhxtdyt,bc oby uf[lt,f&<br />
cfmfhsdtkjib jgjpbwbehb gjkbnbrehb cgtmnhbc cbcecntpt lblb [fybf vblbc cfe,fhb&<br />
vfhsfkbf htdjkewbehvf tbajhbfv ufbfhf lf [tkbceakt,bc htbnbyubw lfqvfdfk upfc<br />
lffluf^ vfuhfv jgjpbwbfc cthbjpekb ghj,ktvt,b fmdc uflfcfkf[b&<br />
gbhdtk hbuib^ jgjpbwbf rdkfd lfmcfmcekbf lf ufthsbfyt,fc dth f[th[t,c& tc<br />
ufycfresht,bs vrfabjl thsvfytssfy bltehfl lf gjkbnbrehfl f[kj vlujvb ]ueat,bc<br />
238 @htpjyfycb#^ 23&\::&2005<br />
239 @htpjyfycb#^ 23&\::&2005<br />
240 @f[fkb sfj,f#^ 23&\::&2005<br />
117
itvs[dtdfib ufycfresht,bs sdfkcfxbyjf& vfufkbsfl^ cf[tkbceakj @yfwbjyfkehb vj>hfj,bc#<br />
.jabkb sfyfvt,h>Jkt,b _ @htcge,kbrtkt,b# lf @rjycthdfnjht,b# thsbfyb gjpbwbbs<br />
ufvjcdkfc dth f[th[t,ty^ hjv fqfhfathb dsmdfs bltehfl vfssfy f[kj vlujv @f[fk<br />
vtvfh]dtytt,pt#& eahj vtnbw^ fv hfvltybvt [ybc oby @vhtodtkt,vf# efhb smdtc @vtvfh-<br />
]dtytt,sfy# ufthsbfyt,fpt lf lfvjerblt,tkb gfhnbekb cnhemneht,b fqflubytc&<br />
ufhlf lfmcfmcekj,bc xdtekb ctybcf^ itdfhlyf>bc vvfhsdtkj,bc gthbjlbcfufy ufyc[dfdt,bs^<br />
lqtdfyltk jgjpbwbfc fh .fdc vjrfdibht [tkbceakt,fib& vfiby jgjpbwbfib uflfcek<br />
;dfybfcf lf cffrfidbkbc ueylt,c vhfdkfl /.fdlf afhekb se firfhf v[fhlfvztht,b cf[tkbceakj<br />
ueylib& fvfy [tkb iteo.j dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc ufvfh]dt,fcfw& lqtc cffrfidbkbc<br />
[tkbceakt,f eahj vjyjkbsehbf lf jgjpbwbfcsfy sfyfvihjvkj,fc fhfdbc fgfnbt,c&<br />
ufhlf fvbcf^ lqtdfyltkb [tkbceakt,f eahj @vrfwhfl# fltdyt,c sdfkc ,bpytcvtyt,c lf<br />
vfsb v[hblfy jgjpbwbbc lfabyfyct,fc fh itehbult,f& hjujhw jgjpbwbbc ofhvjvflutykt,b<br />
exbdbfy^ bc ,bpytcvtyt,b^ hjvkt,bw vfssfy sfyfvihjvkj,ty^ ghj,ktvt,c fo.lt,bfy<br />
cfuflfcf[flj cfvcf[ehbc v[hblfy& ufhlf fvbcf^ @abyfycehvf rjynhb,ewbt,vf# cthbjpekfl<br />
itfh.bf^ fy cfthsjl mdt.yblfy uffmwbf >dtkb [tkbceakt,bc .jabkb vfqfkxbyjcyt,b^<br />
hjvtksfw sfdbfysb aekb jgjpbwbbc lfcfabyfyct,kfl itb>kt,f ufvjt.tyfs&<br />
lqtdfyltk jgjpbwbfc yfrkt,fl vbeodlt,f [tkb ntktdbpbfpt& ofv.dfyb ntktfh[t,b fy<br />
gbhlfgbh rjynhjklt,f [tkbceakt,bc vbth^ fylf vbclfvb kjbfkehfl fhbc ufyo.j,bkb&<br />
.dtkfcsdbc rfhuflff wyj,bkb^ se hf hjkb itfchekf dfhlt,bc htdjkewbfib @hecsfdb-2#-<br />
vf& lqtdfyltk jgjpbwbfc fvudfh cfntktdbpbj v[fhlfzthfpt jwyt,fw rb fh ite>Kbf& 241<br />
@it>kt,eK# jgjpbwbeh gfhnbt,c _ @vhtodtkt,cf# lf @f[fk vtvfh]dtytt,c# cojhtl bvbc<br />
ufvj^ hjv bm ,bpytcvtyt,b fhbfy ufthsbfyt,ekyb^ cojhtl sfdbcb ,bpytcbc ufvj e[lt,fs<br />
fyufhbib ufeobjy [tkbceakt,fc lf vfcsfy @hflbrfkehfl lfgbhbcgbht,ekyb# dth bmyt,bfy&<br />
jgjpbwbehb gfhnbt,bc cthbjpek yfrkfl bcbw vbbxytdf^ hjv vfs >Kbthb gfhnbekb<br />
jhufybpfwbt,b fh uffxybfs lf fmnbehlt,bfy v[jkjl fhxtdyt,bc vjf[kjt,fcsfy thsfl^ fylf<br />
rhbpbcek cbnefwbt,ib& fye jgjpbwbeh gfhnbt,c^ hjujhw otcb^ fh uffxybfs uh>Tkdflbfyb<br />
cfvjmvtlj cnhfntubf lf bvtlc [tkbceakt,bc itwljvt,pt fv.fht,ty&<br />
fhct,ekb jgjpbwbehb gfhnbt,bc ofhvfnt,bc ifycc bcbw fvwbht,c^ hjv tktmnjhfnb vfs<br />
rfhufl bwyj,c lf vfs vbvfhs gjpbnbehb ufyo.j,bc cohfab phlf vjcfkjlytkb fh fhbc&<br />
fvfpt vtn.dtkt,c bcbw^ hjv cf[tkbceakj gfhnbbc htbnbyubc lfwtvbc gfhfktkehfl^ fh<br />
itbybiyt,f jgjpbwbehb gfhnbt,bc htbnbyubc itcf,fvbcb phlf& [tkbceakt,fpt uekfwhet,ekb<br />
@ghjntcnekb tktmnjhfnb# f[fkb [fhbpvfnekb kblthbcf lf f[fkb gjkbnbrehb<br />
gfhnbbc ufvjxtyfc ewlbc& tc rfhufl ufvjxylf cfkjvt pehf,bidbkbc jgjpbwbfib uflfcdkbc<br />
gbhdtk [fyt,ib& it>kt,c se fhf cfkjvt pehf,bidbkb f[fkb cfthsjthjdyekb mfhbpvfnekb<br />
kblthbc hjkbc itchekt,fc^ tc erdt c[df cfrbs[bf&<br />
jgjpbwbfpt cfe,hbc lhjc fh eylf lfdbdbo.js^ hjv fhct,j,c jhb^ thsvfytsbcufy<br />
ghbywbgekfl ufyc[dfdt,ekb jgjpbwbehb lf]ueat,f& jgjpbwbbc yfobkb lfcfdktsbcrty<br />
b.eht,f lf [tkbceakt,fc eahj sfyvbvltdhekb ghjlfcfdkehb rehcbcf lf htajhvt,bc<br />
ufnfht,bcfrty vjeojlt,c& jgjpbwbbc vtjht yfobkb rb ghjhecekb jhbtynfwbbcf lf<br />
htfkehfl^ mdt.ybc lfcfdktsbcfufy lbcnfywbht,fc wlbkj,c& fv v[hbd .dtkfpt hflbrfkehfl<br />
ghjhecekbf bujh ubjhuf>Bc @cfvfhskbfyj,f#^ hjvtkibw ]tvfk ujubnb>bc ufvjxtyfcsfy<br />
thsfl^ fckfy f,fib>Bc ufhtvjwdfw vjbfpht,f& fv ufthsbfyt,fc fhfyfbhb @cffhxtdyj<br />
gthcgtmnbdf# fhf fmdc^ fvbnjv ufsdkf gbhlfgbh rtslt,f f[fkb htdjkewbbc vjo.j,fpt^<br />
fv]thfl erdt hectsblfy ofvjcekb v[fhlfzthbsf lf abyfyct,bs&<br />
[tkbceakt,bcf lf jgjpbwbbc lfgbhbcgbht,bc vjhbub hfeylb erdt 2006 otkc^<br />
flubkj,hbdb sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc fhxtdyt,bc lhjcff vjcfkjlytkb& itb>Kt,f bsmdfc^ hjv fv<br />
lhjbcfsdbc jgjpbwbf sfdbc hbut,c @otchbuib vjb.dfyc# lf @yfwbjyfkeh vj>hfj,fcsfy#<br />
uflfvo.dtnb ,h>jkbcfsdbc vjtvpflt,f&<br />
241 @f[fkb sfj,f#^ 8&\::&2005<br />
118
o jgjpbwbbc vtvjhfylevb<br />
jgjpbwbf [tkc fothc cfufyut,j vtvjhfylevc^ hjvtkbw lfcfdktsbc .dtkf cftkxjc lf<br />
cfthsfijhbcj jhufybpfwbbc cfsfdj jabcc lftupfdyt,f& @jgjpbwbehb rjyctycecb# bv<br />
cfahs[bc fqothbc sfj,fpt itbmvyf^ hfw mdt.fyfib ltvjrhfnbbc vbqotdt,c [tkbceakt,bc<br />
v[hblfy tvemht,f& @cfthsfijhbcj cfpjufljt,hbj,bc .ehflqt,fc vbdfg.hj,s bv efqhtcfl<br />
itvfiajst,tk dbsfht,fc^ hfw mdt.fyfib itbmvyf#^ _ yfsmdfvbf vtvjhfylevib& 242 hjujhw<br />
mfhsek vtlbfib fqbybiyt,f& lbgkjvfnbehb rjhgecbc ofhvjvflutytksf rjvtynfht,b<br />
@lbgkjvfnbehb# b.j& bcbyb fw[flt,ty^ hjv cfmfhsdtkjv ltvjrhfnbbc ufydbsfht,bc cfmvtib<br />
vybidytkjdfy ofhvfnt,t,c vbfqobf^ sevwf fhbc ufhrdtekb ghj,ktvt,b^ hjvkt,bw^ bvtlbf^<br />
vfkt vjudfhlt,f& 243<br />
24 vfhnc vtvjhfylevc [esvf gfhnbfv _ ktb,jhbcnt,vf^ htcge,kbrtkt,vf^ rjycthdfnjht,vf^<br />
vtvfh]dtyt jgjpbwbfv lf @sfdbceakt,fv# vjfothf [tkb& 244 @xdty fv vtvjhfylevbs<br />
lbgkjvfnt,c lf cfthsfijhbcj sfyfvtuj,hj,fc des[fhbs^ hjv fct w[jdht,f fqfh itb>kt,f#^<br />
_ fw[flt,c ifkdf yfstkfidbkb& 245 vtvjhfylevc itethslyty fctdt fhfcfvsfdhj,j<br />
jhufybpfwbt,bc ofhvjvflutykt,bw& @tc gbhdtkb itvs[dtdff^ hjwf >bhbsflb vjmvtlb jgjpbwbehb<br />
gjkbnbrehb >fkf lf flfvbfybc eakt,fsf-lfwdbsb fhfcfvsfdhj,j jhufybpfwbt,b<br />
ths ljrevtynpt sfy[vlt,bfy#^ _ fqybiyfdc f[fkb vtvfh]dtytt,bc kblthb lfdbs<br />
ufv.htkb>t& 246<br />
@vtvjhfylevb# ufvj[fnfdc fhf vstkb jgjpbwbbc^ fhfvtl >bhbsflfl vbcb ghjlfcfdkehb<br />
yfobkbc gjpbwbfc& bcbw yfobkj,hbd^ hflufyfw vtvjhfylevbc itmvybc ths-thsvf bybwbfnjhvf<br />
cfkjvt pehf,bidbkvf vfc ghjntcnbc ybiyfl [tkb fh vjfothf& ltvjrhfnbekb jgjpbwbbc<br />
fphbs^ @cfmfhsdtkjc lqtdfyltkb [tkbceakt,f f.fkb,t,c ecfvfhskj^ cfresfhb<br />
vjcf[ktj,bc vj>ekt lf sfdbcb vjmfkfmtt,bcflvb .jdtkudfh njkthfynj,fc vjrkt,ek<br />
ht;bvc^ hfw vjcf[ktj,fib bvtlufwhet,fcf lf ecfvfhskj,bc ufywlfc ,flt,c#& itmvybkb v>bvt<br />
dbsfht,blfy ufvjcfdfkb rb cfvjmfkfmj cfpjufljt,bc afhsj cgtmnhbc^ rth>j ctmnjhbc^<br />
vfcvtlbbc^ jgjpbwbehb gjkbnbrehb lf fhfcfvsfdhj,j jhufybpfwbt,bc @thsbfyb^<br />
rjjhlbybht,ekb vjmvtlt,f [tkbceakt,bc erfyjyj lf htghtcbekb gjkbnbrbc obyffqvltu#&<br />
tc vjmvtlt,f eylf ufvjb[fnjc @cfthsj-cf[fk[j sfyflujvfcf lf cjkblfhj,fib mdt.ybcsdbc<br />
vybidytkjdfy .dtkf cfzbh,jhjnj cfrbs[pt#&<br />
ufhlf fvbcf^ ltvjrhfnbekb jgjpbwbbc fphbs^ itmvybk cbnefwbfib @efqhtcfl<br />
vybidytkjdfybf cfthsfijhbcj cfpjufljt,hbdb >fkbc[vtdf cfmfhsdtkjib ltvjrhfnbekb<br />
afctekj,t,bc lfwdbcf lf ufyvnrbwt,bc cfmvtib^ hfw itcf>kt,tkc uf[lbc fhfcfcehdtkb<br />
gjkbnbrehb ghjwtct,bc sfdblfy fwbkt,fc lf [tkc iteo.j,c cfmfhsdtkjc xfvj.fkb,t,fc<br />
lfcfdkeh qbht,ekt,t,pt jhbtynbht,ek cnf,bkeh mdt.yfl#& 247<br />
cojhtl fvbnjv jgjpbwbfv vtvjhfylevb cfmfhsdtkjib frhtlbnt,ek ew[jtsbc<br />
cftkxjt,bc ofhvjvflutykt,c uffwyj& vfuhfv jgjpbwbbc uflfo.dtnbkt,bs lf[ehek<br />
it[dtlhfpt vbodtekb fh b.j lcs-c mdt.yt,bc tkxt,b^ fii-bc tkxb fv lhjc fzfhfib<br />
bv.jat,jlf^ fct hjv jgjpbwbf v[jkjl tdhjgtk lbgkjvfnt,c it[dlf& 248 tc [jv >bhbsflfl^<br />
bc >fkt,bf^ hjvkt,bw dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc lhjc [tkbceakt,bc udthlbs bluyty& hjujhbf<br />
mdt.fyfib vbvlbyfht vjdktyt,bc jgjpbwbehb [tldf lf itafct,f(<br />
gbhdtk hbuib jgjpbwbf .ehflqt,fc fvf[dbkt,c flfvbfybc eakt,t,bc lfhqdtdbc vhfdfk<br />
afmnpt% cfvfhsfklfvwfdb jhufyjt,bc v[hblfy elfyfifekj flfvbfysf vrdktkj,f^<br />
lfrfdt,eksf ofvt,f lf abpbrehb itehfw[.jaf^ gjkbnbrehb ybiybs flfvbfysf htghtcbt,b^<br />
242 @cfmfhsdtkjc htcge,kbrf#^ 25&:::&2006<br />
243 @24 cffsb#^ 25&:::&2006<br />
244 @htpjyfycb#^ 25&:::&2006<br />
245 @f[fkb sfj,f#^ 25&:::&2006<br />
246 @f[fkb sfj,f#^ 25&:::&2006<br />
247 @cfmfhsdtkjc htcge,kbrf#^ 25&:::&2006<br />
248 @fkbf#^ 25-27&:::&2006<br />
119
vfcvtlbbc cfiefkt,t,bcf lf ;ehyfkbcnt,bc itdbohjt,f^ vjmfkfmtsf rth>j cfresht,bc<br />
eakt,fsf [tk.jaf^ vtofhvtj,bc ufydbsfht,bc itvfath[t,tkb gbhj,t,bc itmvyf&<br />
@vtvjhfylevib# efh.jabsflff itafct,ekb 2005 otkc ufy[jhwbtkt,ekb eibihjt,bc<br />
cfvbybcnhjc itho.vf ibyfufy cfmvtsf cfvbybcnhjcsfy^ hbsfw vbbqj ufevfhskt,kfl<br />
ufphlbkb lf ghfmnbrekfl erjynhjkj eakt,fvjcbkt,f& jgjpbwbbcsdbc itvfiajst,tkbf<br />
bcbw^ hjv fqybiyekb cnhemnehekb wdkbkt,t,bc itvltu cfmfhsdtkjc ghtpbltynvf lf<br />
ibyfufy cfmvtsf vbybcnhvf fhfths[tk vjeojltc cfvfhsfklfvwfdt,c cftzdj gbhsf flubkpt<br />
kbrdblfwbbcfrty& elfyfifekj,bc ghtpevawbbc^ rjycnbnewbehb eakt,bc euekt,tk.jabs<br />
lfbythuf t&o& erfyjyj lf lfecf,est,tkb mjyt,bc xfvjhsvtdbc ghjwtlehf<br />
flfvbfybc eakt,fsf vhfdfkhbw[jdfyb lfhqdtdt,blfy ufycfresht,bs ufvj.jabkbf<br />
ibyfufy cfmvtsf cfvbybcnhjc vfqfkxbyjcyt,bc vbth cfylhj udbhudkbfybc vrdktkj,f lf<br />
ewyj,b itbfhfqt,ekb ajhvbht,bc vbth gfhkfvtynfh dfkthb utkfidbkbc wtvf^ hfw vbc vbth<br />
ghtpbltynbc vbvfhs ufrtst,ek rhbnbrek ufyw[flt,t,c vj/.df&<br />
@vtvjhfylevib# fqybiyekbf [tkbceakt,bc ofhvjvflutytksf vbth mjyt,bc erfyjyj<br />
upbs lfuhjdt,bc ntyltywbfptw& rth>jl^ vhfdfkhbw[jdfybf itvs[dtdt,b^ hjltcfw<br />
[tkbceakt,bc vfqfkxbyjcyt,sfy lff[kjt,ekb gbht,bc vbth b>ekt,bs ifynf;bc upbs<br />
[jhwbtklt,f cfofhvjt,blfy vtofhvtsf resdybkb obkbc uflfajhvt,f lf vbcfresht,f& fctdt<br />
fqcfybiyfdbf^ hjv cf[tkvobaj cfresht,bc ghbdfnbpfwbbc ghjwtcb ufvzdbhdfktl fh<br />
vbvlbyfhtj,c^ [lt,f cftzdj htgenfwbbc rjvgfybt,bc kj,bht,f^ hfw bodtdc fhf]fycfqb<br />
cfbydtcnbwbj ufhtvjc itmvyfc^ ,fphbc vjyjgjkbpfwbfc^ afct,bc [tkjdyeh phlfc lf<br />
eveitdhj,fc& .jdtkbdt tc vybidytkjdyfl fath[t,c mdt.ybc trjyjvbrbc ufydbsfht,fc&<br />
vtvjhfylevib @firfhfl htfmwbek yf,b]fl# fhbc vbxytekb [tkbceakt,bc vbth<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc rjycnbnewbfib itnfybkb wdkbkt,t,b^ hbsfw lfbhqdf [tkbceakt,bc<br />
lfyfobkt,bc aeylfvtynehb ghbywbgb^ [jkj cbc[kbcf lf flvbybcnhfwbekb cfvfhskbc<br />
rfyjyvlt,kj,fib itnfybkb wdkbkt,t,bs vybidytkjdyfl bmyf buyjhbht,ekb cfcfvfhskj<br />
ghjwtct,pt v[fhtsf sfyfcojhj,f lf it]b,ht,flj,f&<br />
ltvjrhfnbekb jgjpbwbbc ufyw[flt,bs^ dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc itvltu cfmfhsdtkjc<br />
ghtpbltynb lf fqvfchekt,tkb [tkbceakt,f wlbkj,c vskbfyfl itbsfdcjc cfcfvfhskj lf<br />
cfrfyjyvlt,kj [tkbceakt,f lf aeymwbt,b^ hfw ufvjb[fnt,f cfcfvfhskj [tkbceakt,fpt<br />
firfhf lf gbhlfgbh ptojkfib^ [tkbceakt,bc vbth lfrdtsbkb gjkbnbrehb lf cfcfvfhskj<br />
ghjwtct,bc ofhvfhsdfib^ rdfkbabwbeh vjcfvfhsktsf cfcfvfhskj cbcntvblfy ufyltdyfcf lf<br />
itdbohjt,fib^ cfcfvfhskjsf aeymwbjybht,bc gfhfkbpt,fib&<br />
cfrfyjyvlt,kj jhufyjib [ibhbf itvs[dtdt,b^ hjltcfw [lt,f fqvfchekt,tkb [tkbceakt,bc<br />
vfqfkxbyjcyt,bcfsdbc lf vfssfy lff[kjt,ekb cfabyfycj ]ueat,bcfsdbc cfcehdtkb<br />
rfyjyt,bc vbqt,f^ hfw fctdt [tkc eikbc mdt.ybc ltvjrhfnbekb upbs ufydbsfht,fc&<br />
jgjpbwbf cfufyufijl vbbxytdc vfcvtlbbc cfiefkt,fsf itdbohjt,bc^ ufvjujybkb<br />
vbptpt,bs ;ehyfkbcnsf lfgfnbvht,bcf lf wtvbc afmnt,c^ hfvfw erfyfcrytkb thsb okbc<br />
ufyvfdkj,fib jh fstekc uflffzfh,f^ cfpjufljt,hbdb ntktdbpbblfy lf vfcvtlbbc c[df<br />
cfiefkt,t,blfy rb ;ehyfkbcnsf erfyjyj lfs[jdybc itvs[dtdt,vf hfvltybvt fctekc vbfqobf&<br />
vtvjhfylevib ufycfresht,ekb itiajst,ff ufvjsmvekb fhxtdyt,bc bycnbnenbc ufhitvj<br />
itmvybk dbsfht,fcsfy lfrfdibht,bs& cffhxtdyj rfyjyvlt,kj,fib itnfybkvf wdkbkt,t,vf<br />
vybidytkjdyfl itpqelf lf ghfmnbrekfl ufvjhbw[f ltvjrhfnbekb lf cfvfhskbfyb<br />
fhxtdyt,bc xfnfht,bc itcf>kt,kj,fw rb& vbe[tlfdfl tdhjcf,zjc fhfthsb htrjvtylfwbbcf^<br />
[tkbceakt,f ]benfl fv,j,c efhc cfgfhkfvtynj fhxtdyt,ib lqtbcfsdbc fhct,ekb 7)-bfyb<br />
,fhbthbc lfotdfpt^ gfhbntnekb cffhxtdyj rjvbcbbc itmvyfpt^ fvjvhxtdtksf ufvzdbhdfkt cbbc<br />
itlutyfpt^ ghtpbltynbcf lf [tkbceakt,bc vfqfkxbyjcyt,bc obyfcffhxtdyj fubnfwbfib<br />
vjyfobktj,bc lfeidt,kj,fpt lf f&i&<br />
cffhxtdyj rfyjyib itnfybkb wdkbkt,t,bc sfyf[vfl^ cfmfhsdtkjc hbubs vjmfkfmtc<br />
cfthsjl ofthsdf cfrfyjyvlt,kj jhufyjib cfresfhb rfylblfnehbc ofvj.tyt,bc rjycnbnewbehb<br />
eakt,f lf tc v[jkjl gjkbnbrehb gfhnbt,bc ghthjufnbdfl bmwf&<br />
ew[jtk lbgkjvfnt,sfy 24 vfhnc ufvfhsek it[dtlhfpt jgjpbwbbc ofhvjvflutykt,vf<br />
cffhxtdyj rfyjyvlt,kj,bc rhbnbrfcsfy thsfl bcbw ufyfw[fltc^ hjv yfwbjyfkt,b bvltyfl<br />
120
.dtkfathc frjynhjkt,ty^ hjv fhxtdyt,c itcf>kjf fphbw lftrfhujcj& jgjpbwbf hfvltybvt<br />
dfhbfync ufyb[bkfdc& ,jbrjnbc ufhlf^ ufyb[bkt,f vjmvtlt,bc c[df dfhbfynt,bw& vfufkbsfl^<br />
fhxtdyt,ib v[jkjl ltlfmfkfmib vjyfobktj,f& 249<br />
jgjpbwbf @vtvjhfylevib# wfkrt ufvj.jac flubkj,hbdb sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc vlujvfhtj,fc&<br />
rth>jl^ gfhkfvtynbc vbth vbqt,ekb cfrfyjyvlt,kj wdkbkt,t,bs vybidytkjdyfl<br />
bmyf itpqelekb flubkj,hbdb sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc^ cjakbcf lf stvbc ufvutj,fsf eakt,fvjcbkt,fyb&<br />
lfuvj,bkbf bcbw^ hjv [tkbceakt,f rfntujhbekb obyffqvltubf mfkfmt,bc vtht,bc<br />
gbhlfgbhb otcbs fhxtdbcf^ vbe[tlfdfl bvbcf^ hjv fhfthsb cjwbjkjubehb ufvjrbs[dbc<br />
sfyf[vfl fv cf[bc fhxtdyt,bc vjv[htf cfmfhsdtkjc vjcf[ktj,bc lblb evhfdktcj,f&<br />
o cfl vbudb.dfyc lfgbhbcgbht,bc tcrfkfwbf<br />
cfmfhsdtkjib gjkbnbrehb dbsfht,f cek eahj b>f,t,f& gjkbnbrehb ktmcbrjyblfy<br />
ufmhf wyt,t,b @lbfkjub#^ @rjyctycecb#^ @rjvghjvbcb#& cfvfubthjl cek eahj fmnbehfl<br />
vbvlbyfhtj,c >fkbc ltvjycnhbht,f& [tkbceakt,fw lf jgjpbwbfw thsvfytsbcufy vnhbc<br />
[fnc mvybfy lf sfdbfys cbvfhsktib lfhoveyt,ekt,b fhbfy& tc fhbc cf[bafsj gjkbnbrehb<br />
sfvfib^ hjvtkbw ths-thsb v[fhbc ufyflueht,bs eylf lfvsfdhltc& fhflf^ cfmvt mdt.ybc ,tlc<br />
t[t,f& fct mfhsdtkvf gjkbnbrjct,vf 15 okbc oby ths[tk erdt bsfvfitc& itltut,b<br />
rfnfcnhjaekb b.j mdt.ybcsdbc&<br />
jgjpbwbehb gfhnbt,b [tkbceakt,fc fynbltvjrhfnbekb gjkbnbrbc ufnfht,fib<br />
flfyfifekt,ty lf vfcsfy ehsbthsj,bc ufhrdtdf v[jkjl mexbc fmwbt,bs^ vfcj,hbdb<br />
cfghjntcnj nfkqbc vj,bkbpt,bs vbfxybfs itcf>kt,kfl& rdkfd uflfvo.dtnb [lt,f @[fk[bc<br />
afmnjhb# _ hfvltyb fsfcb flfvbfyb ufvjdf mexfib& gjkbnbrjct,b lf mfhsekb vtlbf pju]th<br />
bsdkbfy bv @rhbnbrek vfcfc#^ hfw [tkbceakt,bc lfsvj,t,pt ofcfcdktkfl fy<br />
[tkbceakt,bc itcfwdktkfl fhbc cfzbhj& vfufkbst,bcsdbc ijhc ofcdkf fh e[lt,fs& 2001<br />
okbc cfghjntcnj nfkqfc vfibyltkb ibyfufy cfmvtsf vbybcnhbc rf[f sfhufvf>bc uflflujvf<br />
vj/.df^ hjvtkbw sfdc @hrbybc rfwc# eojlt,lf lf sfdbc cbvnrbwtpt vbesbst,lf& 2003 otkc<br />
rb mexfib ufvjcekb flfvbfyt,b @dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc# obyfgbhj,fl bmwyty&<br />
lqtc pjubthsb jgjpbwbehb gfhnbf fmnbehfl cfe,hj,c f[fkb htdjkewbbc<br />
ufhledfkj,fpt^ jqjyl dth itsfy[vt,ekfy^ tc htdjkewbf rdkfd lfcfdkehb .fblbc bmyt,f^<br />
se xhlbkjehb tkathbc vfnfht,tkb& c[dt,b rb fqybiyfdty^ hjv f[fkb htdjkewbf<br />
lfvqegdtkb bmyt,f mdt.ybcfsdbc^ vbs evtntc^ hjv itcf>kjf^ bub erdt ecbc[kj fqfh b.jc&<br />
vbe[tlfdfl fvbcf^ jgjpbwbf cfghjntcnj fmwbt,pt vblbc lf vbfxybf^ hjv tcff thsflthsb<br />
upf^ hfw [tkbceakt,fv lfnjdf& 30 vfhnbc cfghjntcnj fmwbbcfsdbc jgjpbwbf cfufyut,jl<br />
tvpflt,jlf& vbc jhufybpfnjhfl jgjpbwbeh gfhnbfsf cfrjjhlbyfwbj cf,zj ufvjlbc^<br />
hjvtkibw gfhnbf sfdbceakt,f^ ktb,jhbcnt,b^ rjycthdfnjht,b^ f[fkb vtvfh]dtytt,b lf<br />
htcge,kbrtkt,b fhbfy ufthsbfyt,ekyb& serb htcge,kbrtkt,b sfdblfy vth.tj,lyty<br />
itthst,jlyty se fhf fv fmwbfc^ itvltu wb[tib vjv[lfhb lfh,tdbc itvltu bcbyb fmwbbc<br />
vjyfobktsf ijhbc fhbfy& @fv fmwbfc >fkflj,bc tcrfkfwbbs fqiajst,ekb vjcf[ktj,f<br />
itethslt,f& vfhsfkbf^ [tkbceakt,f vbybrhbpbcbs uflfafhjc fmwbbc ufyhbub lf jgjpbwbfc<br />
fvbs xbhmb vjcw[jc^ fmwbf vfbyw ufbvfhst,f#^ _ fqybiyfdc htcge,kbrehb gfhnbbc kblthb<br />
lfdbs eceafidbkb& 250 [tkbceakt,fc rb vbvlbyfht vjdktyt,bc c[df dthcbf fmdc ufvpflt,ekb&<br />
jgjpbwbfib rhbvbyfkt,bc vjrfdibhtt,b lf ew[j mdt.ybc bynthtct,bcfsdbc vjveifdtyb fhbfy<br />
_ lff[kjt,bs fct ;qthc cf[tkbceakj dthcbf&<br />
[tkbceakt,bcf lf jgjpbwbbc dthcbt,bcfsdbc uflfvo.dtnb vybidytkj,f fmdc 27 vfhnc<br />
wb[tt,ib ufydbsfht,ekb vjdktyt,bc itafct,fc& jgjpbwbbc ofhvjvflutytksf ufyw[flt,bs^<br />
[tkbceakt,fv ufyut, fh fqrdtsf wb[tt,ib vjdktyfsf nhfubrekb ufydbsfht,f^ hfsf<br />
cfpjufljt,bc .ehflqt,f c[df vbvfhsekt,bs uflftnfyf& @[tkbceakt,f cojhtl hjv<br />
249 @fkbf#^ 25-27&:::&2006<br />
250 @[dfkbyltkb lqt#^ 28&:::&2006<br />
121
hbpbcibf& tc erdt fhfthsb afmnbs lfcnehlt,f& fcts cbnefwbfib jgjpbwbbc ujybth<br />
yf,b]t,c ufycfresht,bs lblb vybidytkj,f tybzt,f& hjujhw xfyc^ [tkbceakt,f fgbht,c<br />
lqtcdt ufvjbodbjc fhtekj,t,b^ cfyfv dsdkbs^ hjv bc >kbthbf& [tkbceakt,f [tlfdc^ hjv<br />
c[dfudfhfl vjdktyt,c dth evrkfdlt,f#^ _ fqybiyfdc lfdbs ,th>tybidbkb& 251<br />
@wb[bc fv,j[t,f# rb [tkbceakt,bcfsdbc jgjpbwbbc rhbvbyfkt,sfy rfdibhbc<br />
lfvflfcneht,tkb afmnbc hjkib ufvjlbc& gfhkfvtynbc behblbek cfrbs[sf rjvbntnbc<br />
sfdv]ljvfhtv ktdfy ,t;fidbkvf 28 vfhnc ;ehyfkbcnt,c ufyew[flf^ hjv jgjpbwbbc<br />
gjkbnbrehb vjs[jdyt,b ,eynbc gjkbnbreh v[fhlfzthfpt vbesbst,c& vbcb smvbs^ pjuflfl<br />
jgjpbwbbc hjkb lqtvlt ufehrdtdtkb hxt,f mdt.fyfib^ sevwf^ ,jkj gthbjlib jgjpbwbf<br />
rhbvbyfkehb cfv.fhjc lfvwdtkfl udtdkbyt,f& @jgjpbwbfc cfresfhb hjkb ufsfdbct,ekb<br />
fmdc^ hjujhw gjkbnbrehb v[fhlfzthbc epheydtk.jaf wb[tib vbvlbyfht ghjwtct,sfy<br />
lfrfdibht,bs#^ _ fqybiyf ,t;fidbkvf& 252<br />
27 vfhnc cf[tkvobaj rfywtkfhbfib ufvfhsek eibihjt,bc cf,zjc c[ljvfpt<br />
ghtpbltynvf cffrfidbkvf fqybiyf^ hjv [tkbceakt,fv jhufybpt,ek lfyfifekc lf rfyjybth<br />
mehlt,c lfeylj,tkb ,h>jkf ufvjew[flf& @,jkj 15 okbc ufyvfdkj,fib mdt.fyfc itdfhlyf>t<br />
rb fhf^ rfyjybthb mehlt,f frjynhjkt,lyty& bcbyb frjynhjkt,lyty trjyjvbrfc^ xdtyc mext,cf<br />
lf tpjt,c#^ _ fqybiyf cffrfidbkvf& vbcb cbn.dt,bs^ rhbvbyfkt,bc ufqbpbfyt,f bvfy ufvjbodbf^<br />
hjv vfs [tkbceakt,fib lfcf.hltyb fqfh /mjylfs& cojhtl fv vbptpbs vj[lf vt-5<br />
cfg.hj,bktib gfnbvfhsf fv,j[t,f& @sevwf vfs fmds ufhrdtekb v[fhlfzthf ntkttrhfyblfy<br />
lf gfhkfvtynbc nhb,eyblfy& hjujhw xfyc^ vfs babmhtc^ hjv lfluf lhj^ hjltcfw fmnbeh<br />
mvtlt,t,pt eylf uflfcekb.dyty^ fvbs [tkbceakt,bc lfibyt,fc wlbkj,lyty#^ _ fqybiyfdc<br />
cffrfidbkb& 253<br />
ghtpbltynvf ufyfw[flf^ hjv [tkbceakt,f erjvghjvbcj bmyt,f rhbvbyfkt,bcf lf vfs<br />
v[fhlfvztht,sfy ,h>jkfib& jgjpbwbbc ofhvjvflutykt,b rb fqybiyfdty^ hjv gfnbvht,bc<br />
fv,j[t,bc cfcnbrb xf[ij,bs^ [tkbceakt,f jgjpbwbbcf lf cfpjufljt,bc lfibyt,fc wlbkj,c&<br />
@gjkbnbrehb ntvgthfnehf# cohfafl vfnekj,c& lfgbhbcgbht,bc tcrfkfwbf itcfxtht,tkbf&<br />
fewbkt,tkbf^ seylfw [tkbceakt,bc lbfkjub jgjpbwbbc bv yfobksfy^ hjvtkcfw fhwse<br />
bct lblb [ybc oby @thjdyekb rjyctycecbc# ljrevtynbc [tkvjothfc csfdfpj,lf&<br />
o lbfkjubc vjs[jdyf lfgbhbcgbht,bc upbs<br />
[tkbceakt,fcf lf jgjpbwbfc ijhbc lfgbhbcgbht,fv gfhkfvtynib gbrc vbfqobf dfkthb<br />
utkfidbkbcfsdbc cfgfhkfvtynj bveybntnbc xfvjhsvtdbc itvltu& evhfdktcj,bc vbth<br />
uflflvek fv yf,b]c jgjpbwbfv lfh,fpbc lfnjdt,bsf lf ,jbrjnbc ufvjw[flt,bs egfce[f&<br />
[tkbceakt,bcf lf jgjpbwbbc ofhvjvflutykt,b thsvfytsc lbfkjubc cehdbkbc fhmjyfib<br />
flfyfifekt,ty& cfgfhkfvtynj rhbpbcb rbltd eahj >f,fdc dbsfht,fc mdt.fyfib& cfuh>yj,b<br />
[lt,f itvjlujvbcsdbc lfutuvbkb flubkj,hbdb sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc fhxtdyt,bc vjf[kjt,f&<br />
itvfiajst,tkb v[jkjl bcff^ hjv [tkbceakt,bc vbth lfotct,ek gjkbnbreh @sfvfibc<br />
otct,c# jgjpbwbf vbeqt,kfl vbbxytdc lf^ itcf,fvbcfl^ lblbf f[fkb htdjkewbehb<br />
wdkbkt,t,bc ufy[jhwbtkt,bc wleyt,f&<br />
[tkbceakt,fc gfhkfvtynib cfrjycnbnewbj evhfdktcj,f .fdc lf jgjpbwbfcsfy<br />
sfyfvihjvkj,f ufhrdtekb rfyjyt,bc vbqt,bc sdfkcfphbcbs^ vfc fh czbhlt,f& lqtdfyltk<br />
gfhkfvtynib jgjpbwbbc thsflthsb lfybiyekt,f ltvjrhfnbekj,bc bvb]bc itmvyff&<br />
gfhkfvtynbc veifj,bc ,jbrjnbs jgjpbwbf cojhtl fv vbvfhsekt,bs fgbht,c<br />
[tkbceakt,bcfsdbc ghj,ktvt,bc itmvyfc lf fvbs ufhrdtek lfsvj,t,pt ofcdkfc& @xdty<br />
udbylf^ hjv cfthsfijhbcj sfyfvtuj,hj,fc lf ltvjrhfnbek mdt.yt,c dfxdtyjs^ hjv<br />
cfmfhsdtkjib fhbc thsgfhnbekb gfhkfvtynb& fv gfhkfvtynib fhfl lfubltdty htukfvtync^<br />
251 @f[fkb sfj,f#^ 28&:::&2006<br />
252 @f[fkb sfj,f#^ 28&:::&2006<br />
253 @htpjyfycb#^ 28&:::&2006<br />
122
fhfl lfubltdty otct,c^ cfvfhsfkc#^ _ fqybiyfdc fqybiyfdc ahfmwbf @ltvjrhfnbekb<br />
ahjynbc# sfdv]ljvfhbc vjflubkt pdbfl >b>buehb& 254<br />
[tkbceakt,bc ofhvjvflutykt,b jgjpbwbbc vbth ufvjw[flt,ek ,jbrjnc fh<br />
fvfhskt,ty& @tc vfhst,ekb mvtlt,f fh uf[kfds^ hflufy fvjvhxtdtkvf [vf bvbnjv vbcwf^ hjv<br />
fmnbehfl xf,vekb.dyty cfrfyjyvlt,kj ghjwtct,ib#^ _ fqybiyfdc gfhkfvtynfhb ybyj<br />
rfkfylf>t& 255 vbcb rjktuf^ fctdt cfgfhkfvtynj evhfdktcj,bc ofhvjvflutytkb tktyt<br />
stdljhf>T b[ctyt,c flhbyltk ufvjwlbkt,fc^ hjltcfw @fqjh>byt,f# sbsmvbc jhb okbc<br />
ufyvfdkj,fib fh tcoht,jlf gfhkfvtynbc c[ljvt,c^ vfuhfv fvbs fhfathb itwdkbkf&<br />
tdhjcf,zjib rb @fqjh>Byt,f# uffvn.eytc _ hjujh itb>kt,f gfhkfvtync ufvjew[flj<br />
,jbrjnbj& 256<br />
jgjpbwbbcfsdbc gfhkfvtynib .jayf cfgfhkfvtynj nhb,eybc ufvj.tyt,f lf fv upbs<br />
@fvjvhxtdkt,pt veifj,ff#& vjf[kjt,ekb fhxtdyt,bc oby cfgfhkfvtynj nhb,eybc lfrfhudf<br />
htbnbyubc fvfqkt,bc vybidytkjdfy fh[pt efhbc smvfc ybiyfdc^ vfuhfv ufvjw[flt,ekb<br />
,jbrjnb vtlbbcf lf cfpjufljt,bc .ehflqt,bc mdti vjtmwf^ hfw fctdt jgjpbwbbcfsdbc welb<br />
cffufnbwfj cfiefkt,f fhff&<br />
jgjpbwbf ,jbrjnbc ths-ths vbptpfl gfhkfvtynbc ,enfajhbekj,fc fcf[tkt,c&<br />
rhbnbrekb lf gbhlfgbh itehfw[v.jatkb ufyw[flt,t,b ufrtslf gfhkfvtynbc sfdv]ljvfhbc<br />
ybyj ,eh]fyf>bc vbcfvfhsbsfw& @gfhkfvtync^ afmnj,hbdfl^ ghtpbltynb sfdv]ljvfhtj,c^<br />
ybyj ,eh]fyf>t rb v[jkjl vbcb bvgthfnjhj,bsb elblt,ektcj,bc sbsbc lfmytdt,pt<br />
htfubht,c#^ _ fqybiyfdc ahfmwbf @ltvjrhfnbekb ahjynbc# sfdv]ljvfhbc vjflubkt pdbfl<br />
>b>buehb& 257<br />
dfkthb utkfidbkbc eakt,fvjcbkt,bc ito.dtnbc itvltu lfo.t,ekb ,jbrjnb gjkbnbreh<br />
vjs[jdyt,ib uflfbpfhlf& jgjpbwbehb ahfmwbt,b vtvjhfylevc fvpflt,ty^ cflfw<br />
[tkbceakt,bc vbvfhs vjs[jdyt,bf xfvj.fkb,t,ekb&<br />
vjs[jdyt,b pjuflb [fcbfsbcfwff lf rjyrhtnekbw& vfufkbsfl^ jgjpbwbf vjbs[jdc<br />
cffhxtdyj rfyjyvlt,kj,fib wdkbkt,t,bc itnfyfc^ vtht,bc fhxtdbsj,fc^ ibyfufy cfmvtsf<br />
vbybcnhbc uflf.tyt,fc lf f&i& sevwf^ pjubthsb vjs[jdyf hjv [tkbceakt,bcfsdbc chekbfl<br />
vbeqt,tkbf^ tc jgjpbwbfcfw rfhufl tcvbc lf vpflff efhb smdfc^ vfufkbsfl^ vthf,bidbkbc<br />
uflflujvfpt& fctsb vpfl.jayf fewbkt,tkbf lbfkjubc ufvfhsdf&<br />
se [tkbceakt,bc cnbkc ufdbsdfkbcobyt,s^ cftzdjf^ hjv jgjpbwbbc eknbvfnevb dbyvtv<br />
ufbsdfkbcobyjc& @ghtpbltync ehxtdybf ew[jehvf vtlbfv vbcb fhfltvjrhfnbekj,bc rbltd<br />
thsb ybifyb lffabmcbhjc^ dblht mfhsekvf ghtcfv ufyfw[fljc _ ghtpbltynb jgjpbwbbc<br />
eknbvfnevc lftvjhxbkf lf lfsvj,fpt ofdblfj& fvfc cffrfidbkb fh lfeidt,c^ .dtkfpt<br />
vtnfl cfresfhb cbcecnbc ufvjxtyf fh cehc#^ _ fqybiyfdlf fvfcsfy lfrfdibht,bs ths-thsb<br />
mfhsekb ufptsb& 258<br />
hfw itt[t,f jgjpbwbbc vjs[jdyt,c^ cfpjufljt,fib tc vjs[jdyt,b gjgekfhj,bsf lf<br />
v[fhlfzthbs cfhut,kj,c& [tkbceakt,bc vbth vfsb rbltd ths[tk buyjhbht,f bctd<br />
jgjpbwbbc obcmdbkpt lffc[fdc o.fkc&<br />
cflfvlt ufuh>tklt,f jgjpbwbbc v[hblfy cfgfhkfvtynj veifj,bc ,jbrjnb( fv cfrbs[ib<br />
jgjpbwbf thsbfyb fh fhbc lf tc jgjpbwbbc cthbjpek cbcecntpt vtn.dtkt,c& rth>jl^<br />
@vhtodtkt,c# vbeqt,kfl vbfxybfs cfgfhkfvtynj veifj,bc lblb [ybs ,jbrjnbht,f&<br />
tmcgthnsf fphbs^ cojhtl jgjpbwbfib fhct,ekb fphsf c[dflfc[dfj,fc ufvjb.tyt,c<br />
[tkbceakt,f lf c[dflfc[df lfgbht,t,bs jgjpbwbbc yfobkc vfbyw gfhkfvtynib lff,heyt,c&<br />
fvbc itvltu lfyfhxtyb jgjpbwbbc v[hblfy ,jbrjnbc ufuh>Tkt,fc fphb trfhut,f&<br />
254 @f[fkb sfj,f#^ 5&:|&2006<br />
255 @cfmfhsdtkjc htcge,kberf#^ 5&:|&2006<br />
256 @cfmfhsdtkjc htcge,kberf#^ 5&:|&2006<br />
257 @24 cffsb#^ 5&:|&2006<br />
258 @f[fkb sfj,f#^ 5&:|&2006<br />
123
sfdb \|& vtlbf lf cfpjufljt,hbdb fphb<br />
o sfdbceafkb vtlbf _ ltvjrhfnbbc evsfdhtcb vjyfgjdfhb^ hjvtkcfw<br />
lfwdf czbhlt,f<br />
cbn.dbc sfdbceakt,f lf sfdbceafkb vtlbf sfdbct,ehb cfcby]b mdff^ hjvkbsfw itb>kt,f<br />
itdfvjovjs^ se hfvltyfl ofbobf ltvjrhfnbbc upfpt fvf se bv mdt.fyfv& ltvjrhfnbfpt lf<br />
[fk[bc vvfhsdtkj,fpt lqtc .dtkfpt fdnjhbnfhekb ht;bvt,bw rb cfe,hj,ty^ vfuhfv<br />
hjltcfw cfmvt t[t,f vtlbbc lfvjerblt,kj,bc cfrbs[c^ fm vfibydt .dtkfathb w[flb [lt,f lf<br />
itb>kt,f lfyfvldbkt,bs bsmdfc^ se hfcsfy udfmdc cfmvt&<br />
tlefhl itdfhlyf>Tc sfdbcb [fyuh>kbdb 12-okbfyb vvfhsdtkj,bc lhjc gjcncf,zjsf<br />
gthbjlib^ .jdtksdbc e.dfhlf cfe,fhb ltvjrhfnbekb fqvityt,kj,bc itcf[t, lf .dtkfpt<br />
sdfkcfxbyj vfufkbsfl ltvjrhfnbbc phlbcf sfdbceafkb vtlbf cf[tklt,jlf& dfhlt,bc<br />
htdjkewbbc itvltu^ hjvtkbw ltvjrhfnbbc cf[tkbs vj[lf^ otcbs^ rbltd eahj eylf<br />
ufyvnrbwt,ekb.j vtlbbc sfdbceakt,f^ vfuhfv vj[lf gbhbmbs^ cfmfhsdtkjv gjpbwbt,b<br />
lfsvj& tc rfhufl xfyc bv jhufybpfwbt,bc vjyfwtvt,blfy^ hjvkt,bw vtlbbc sfdbceakt,bc<br />
[fhbc[c brdktdty& vcjakbjc 194 mdt.fyfc ijhbc cfmfhsdtkj cbn.dbc sfdbceakt,bc [fhbc[bs<br />
118-t flubkpt fqvjxylf& fctsbf jhufybpfwbf @ahbljv /fecbc# rdktdbc itltut,b& fyfkjubehb<br />
rdktdbc itltut,b wjnf [ybc oby @htgjhnbjht,b cfpqdht,c ufhtit# ufvjfmdt.yf&<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc 167 mdt.fyfc ijhbc cbn.dbc sfdbceakt,bc [fhbc[bs 99-t flubkb thuj& tc 2005<br />
otksfy itlfht,bs vstkb 26 geymnbs erfy lf[tdfc ybiyfdc&<br />
@ahbljv /fecbc# rdktdbc itltufl 259 fqvjxylf^ hjv 194 mdt.yblfy 73 mdt.fyfib vtlbf<br />
sfdbceafkbf^ 54 mdt.fyfib _ yfobkj,hbd sfdbceafkb lf 67 mdt.fyfib rb fhfsfdbceafkb&<br />
gkfytnbc vjcf[ktj,bc v[jkjl 17) w[jdhj,c bv mdt.yt,ib^ cflfw ghtcf f,cjkenehfl<br />
sfdbceafkbf^ vjcf[ktj,bc 45) w[jdhj,c @yfobkj,hbd sfdbceafkb vtlbbc# vmjyt mdt.yt,ib^<br />
[jkj 43) vjrkt,ekbf cbn.dbc sfdbceakt,fc& 260 rdktdfib yfsmdfvbf^ hjv ,jkj fsb okbc<br />
ufyvfdkj,fib 7-lfy 10-vlt ufbpfhlf bv gjcncf,zjsf mdt.yt,bc hbw[db^ cflfw ghtcf<br />
sfdbceafkb fh fhbc& cfmfhsdtkj vj[dlf @yfobkj,hbd sfdbceafkb# ghtcbc vmjyt mdt.yt,bc<br />
hbw[dib& 261<br />
dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc itvltu vtlbbc sfdbceakt,bcfsdbc itmvybk ghj,ktvt,pt lblb<br />
[fybf kfgfhfrj,ty fhfcfvsfdhj,j jhufybpfwbt,b& bcbyb vbesbst,ty [tkbceakt,bc firfhf<br />
ntyltywbfpt^ uffrjynhjkjy vtlbfcfiekt,t,b^ gbhdtk hbuib rb tktmnhjyekb& vtlbfpt<br />
wtypehbc lfotct,f [lt,f fy eiefkjl ;ehyfkbcnt,sfy ehsbthsj,bc^ fy vjwtvekb<br />
vtlbfcfiefkt,bc lfvae>yt,tkpt ptvjmvtlt,bc upbs& ufxylf bctsb atyjvtyb^ hjujhbwff<br />
sdbswtypehf^ hjltcfw ;ehyfkbcnt,b sfdfl fv,j,ty efhc ufhrdtek stvt,pt lf<br />
itafct,t,pt^ hjvtksf cf]fhj ofhvjlutyfw [tkbceakt,fc uffyfo.tyt,c&<br />
sevwf^ ,jkj lhjc^ eylf bsmdfc^ hjv vtlbfib [tkbceakt,bc vbvfhs rhbnbrekj,f<br />
ufbpfhlf& tc bsmvbc^ gbhdtk hbuib^ ghtcfpt^ vfuhfv ofv.dfy ntktfh[t,pt lf,heylf<br />
gbhlfgbhb tsthb lf gjkbnbrehb ijet,b^ hjvtkptlfw lblb vjs[jdyff& wyj,bkb<br />
259 htbnbyubc itlutybc lhjc rdktdbc fdnjht,b itvltub rhbnthbevt,bs [tkv>qdfytkj,lyty% ufvjcfrdktd<br />
mdt.yt,ib vtlbbc itcf[t, fhct,ekb rfyjyvlt,kj,bs ~vfufkbsfl^ hfvltyfl [tkvbcfodljvbf<br />
f[fkb ufptsbc ufvjidt,f fy ntktrjvgfybbc lfae>yt,f^ hjujh b[bkfdty vjcfvfhsktt,b<br />
vtlbfjhufybpfwbt,bc cfxbdht,c`^ gjkbnbrehb afmnjht,bs ~cf[tkvobajc v[hblfy vtlbfpt rjynhjkbc<br />
[fhbc[bs^ wtypehbc fhct,j,bs lf f&i&` lf vtlbbc trjyjvbrehb vlujvfhtj,bs ~vfufkbsfl^<br />
rjheawbbc ljybs ;ehyfkbcnt,c ijhbc^ cfbyajhvfwbj cfiefkt,t,bc trjyjvbrehb<br />
lfvjrblt,ekt,bc ljybs [tkbceakt,fpt fy gjkbnbreh gfhnbt,pt`&<br />
260 @ahbljv /fecbc# cfhtbnbyuj gbhdtk fstekib abytsb^ bckfylbf^ lfybf^ yjhdtubf^ idtltsb^ ,tkubf^<br />
kemctv,ehub^ yblthkfylt,b^ idtbwfhbf^ kb[ntyintbyb lf f[fkb ptkfylbf itlbfy& fii^ uthvfybfcf<br />
lf tcnjytssfy thsfl vt-17 flubkpt fqvjxylf^ 26-t flubkb ufb.dtc kbndfv lf rfyflfv^ [jkj<br />
kfndbfv 31-t flubkb lfbrfdf^ sehmtsb 103-t flubkpt fqvjxylf& xdtyb vtpj,kt,b ) cjv[tsb 137-t^<br />
fpth,fb]fyb rb 161-t fqvjxylf& ,tkjhecb 185-tf^ sehmvtytsb rb 190-t& cbn.dbc sfdbceakt,bc v[hbd<br />
.dtkfpt welb vlujvfhtj,f sehmvtytsib^ ,bhvfib^ re,fib^ kb,bfcf lf xhlbkjts rjhtfibf&<br />
261 @htpjyfycb#^ 2&|&2006<br />
124
,bpytcvtybc ,flhb gfnfhrfwbidbkbc jgjpbwbfib uflfcdkbc itvltu rb vbcb resdybkb<br />
ntktrjvgfybf @bvtlb# ufwbkt,bs eahj rhbnbrekb uf[lt,f [tkbceakt,bc vbvfhs&<br />
vtlbbc rhbnbrekj,bc phlfpt ptufdktyfc f[ltyc fhf vfhnj cbn.dbc sfdbceakt,bs<br />
itmvybkb itcf>kt,kj,t,b^ fhfvtl mdt.fyfib fhct,ekb dbsfht,f lf lfuhjdbkb ghj,ktvt,b&<br />
b.j lhj^ hjltcfw ,tdhb ;ehyfkbcnb abmhj,lf^ hjv [tkbceakt,bcsdbc eylf twkbf& f[kf^<br />
fvudfhb ufyo.j,f erdt ufvmhfkbf lf flubkj,hbdb sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc vjf[kjt,fcsfy thsfl^<br />
gjkbnbrehb lf>f,ekj,f cek eahj vfnekj,c& w[flbf^ tc fcf[dfc gjdt,c mfhsek vtlbfibw&<br />
vybidytkjdfybf bvbc ufut,fw^ hjv cbn.dbc sfdbceakt,f cekfw fh ybiyfdc rjyahjynfwbekj,fc&<br />
jgjytynt,sfy ehsbthsj,bc tc cnbkb lfvf[fcbfst,tkbf mfhsekb gjkbnbrbcfsdbc<br />
lf vrdblhlt,f vtlbfibw& fvudfhb vtlbf cthbjpek ghj,ktvt,c itemvybc mdt.ybc ltvjrhfnbbcrty<br />
obycdkfc&<br />
vtlbbc sfdbceakt,f vhfdfkb vfxdtyt,kbs bpjvt,f lf @ahbljv /fecbc# htbnbyuib<br />
vlujvfhtj,bc ufcfev]j,tct,kfl cthbjpekb >fkbc[vtdff cfzbhj vhfdfkb vbvfhsekt,bs&<br />
o cf[fk[j lfvwdtkb mfhsekb vtlbbc ghj,ktvt,bc itcf[t,<br />
cf[fk[j lfvwdtkb cjpfh ce,fhb fqybiyfdc [tkbceakt,bc vbvfhs mfhsekb vtlbbc<br />
rhbnbrekj,bc ljybc phlfc& fvbc itcf[t, yfsmdfvbf cffyufhbij vj[ctyt,fib @2005 okbc<br />
vtjht yf[tdfhib cfmfhsdtkjib flfvbfybc eakt,fsf lf sfdbceakt,bc lfwdbc vlujvfhtj,bc<br />
itcf[t,#^ hjvkbc ths-thsb sfdb mdt.fyfib cbn.dbc sfdbceakt,fc t[t,f& hjujhw wyj,bkbf^<br />
dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc itvltu mfhsekb vtlbbc lf ufycfresht,bs ntktdbpbt,bc rhbnbrekb<br />
lfvjrblt,ekt,f [tkbceakt,bcflvb vrdtshfl ith,bklf& @2005 okbc vtjht yf[tdfhib<br />
tktmnhjyekb vtlbf ufwbkt,bs rhbnbrekb uf[lf [tkbceakt,bc vbvfhs lf kjbfkehj,bc<br />
rdfkb afmnj,hbdfl fh itbybiyt,f^ ufptst,bc kjbfkehj,fpt rb cfe,fhb ptlvtnbf#^ _<br />
fqybiyfdc cjpfh ce,fhb& 262<br />
cf[fk[j lfvwdtkbc fyufhbiib fqybiyekbf^ hjv rdkfd fmnefkehbf vtlbfib cfhtlfmwbj<br />
lfvjerblt,kj,bc cfrbs[b& @;ehyfkbcnt,bcf lf htlfmnjht,bc lfvjerblt,kj,f vtlbfvakj-<br />
,tkt,bcfufy^ afmnj,hbdfl yekfvltf lfcekb^ sevwf^ ;ehyfkbcnt,b bidbfsfl cfe,hj,ty<br />
fvfpt [vfvfqkf#& ce,fhb ufvj.jac vtlbfib ihjvbsb rjynhfmnt,bc ghj,ktvfc^ hjvtkbw @fy<br />
fh fhct,j,c fy fhfchek.jabkbf#& ihjvbsb rjynhfmnb rb^ cf[fk[j lfvwdtkbc fphbs^ thsthsb<br />
vsfdfhb ,thrtnbf^ hjvtkbw vtlbfvakj,tkbcfufy lfbwfdc ;ehyfkbcncfw lf<br />
lfmbhfdt,ek htlfmnjhcfw&<br />
ce,fhbc fphbs^ rjynhfmnt,bc cbcntvbc fvjmvtlt,f erfdibhlt,f vtjht fhct,bs ghj,ktvfc<br />
_ vtlbfcbdhwbc chek ktufkbpt,fc^ fye .dtkf vtlbfcfiefkt,fib eylf lfabmcbhltc<br />
htfkehb [tkafct,b^ ufemvltc ifdb ,eqfknthbf lf vakj,tkt,vf uflfb[fljy rfyjybs<br />
ufsdfkbcobyt,ekb .dtkf uflfcf[flb&<br />
fyufhbiib bcbw fqybiyekbf^ hjv vtlbfcbdhwbc chekb ktufkbpt,f fewbkt,kfl ufvjbodtdc<br />
vtlbfcfiefkt,t,bc ufhrdtekb yfobkbc lf[ehdfc lf lfhxtybkb yfobkbc ufvc[dbkt,fc^<br />
tc rb lfrfdibht,ekbf vtlbfcbdhwtib cfveifj flubkt,bc vrdtsh itvwbht,fcsfy& fv ghjwtcc<br />
rb @ufe>kt,ty v[jkjl rjyrehtyneyfhbfyb ;ehyfkbcnt,b lf vtlbfcfiefkt,t,b#& 263 ce,fhb<br />
bvfcfw fqybiyfdc^ hjv dbyvtv fv cfrbs[bc ofvjotdfib itcf>kjf cbn.dbc sfdbceakt,bc<br />
itpqeldf lfbyf[jc&<br />
262 @htpjyfycb#^ 8&:|&2006<br />
263 @htpjyfycb#^ 8&:|&2006<br />
125
sfdb \|:& flubkj,hbdb sdbsvvfhsdtkj,f<br />
o cfmfhsdtkjc nthbnjhbekb vjo.j,bc cfrbs[b rdkfd fmnefkehbf<br />
mdt.ybc nthbnjhbekb vskbfyj,bc fqlutybc fvjwfybc lqbc otchbuib lf.tyt,f efqhtcfl<br />
fmnefkehc [lbc mdt.ybc nthbnjhbek-flvbybcnhfwbekb vjo.j,bc cfrbs[c^ hjvtkbw<br />
itdfhlyf>Bc 13-okbfyb vvfhsdtkj,bc gthbjlib cfthsjl @qbfl# b.j lfnjdt,ekb& 1995<br />
otkc vbqt,ek rjycnbnewbfib^ hjvtkbw lqtcfw vjmvtlt,c^ cfthsjl ufvjnjdt,ekbf sfdb^<br />
hjvtkibw mdt.ybc nthbnjhbekb vjo.j,f eylf .jabkb.j ufycfpqdhekb& vfiby ufhlfvfdfk<br />
lt,ekt,t,ib fqbybiyf^ hjv tc cfrbs[b jhb okbc dflfib ufbhrdtjlf^ hjlbcfw ctgfhfnbcnt,sfy<br />
vjkfgfhfrt,t,bc itltufl ufybcfpqdht,jlf w[bydfkbc htubjybcf lf fa[fptsbc<br />
cnfnecb& vfc itvltu vhfdfkb jhb otkb ufdblf^ vjkfgfhfrt,t,b ctgfhfnbcnekb htubjyt,bc<br />
[tkv>qdfytkt,sfy xb[ibf itcekb^ mdt.ybc nthbnjhbekb vjo.j,bc cfrbs[b rb ufehrdtdtkb&<br />
1995 otkc fqybiyekb cfrbs[bc qbfl lfnjdt,f vybidytkjdfyobkfl ufygbhj,t,ekb b.j<br />
mfhsek gjkbnbreh cgtmnhib t&o& @atlthfkbcnt,cf# lf @eybnfhbcnt,c# ijhbc ufikbkb<br />
,h>jkf& thsyb mdt.ybc atlthfwbek vjo.j,fc ctgfhfnbpvbc ghj,ktvbc uflfo.dtnfc<br />
erfdibht,lyty^ vtjhtyb rb gbhbmbs^ mdt.ybc atlthfkbpfwbfc cf[tkvobajc nthbnjhbekb<br />
lfikbc lfcfo.bcfl vbbxytdlyty&<br />
dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc ufuh>Tkt,fv fzfhfib lf fckfy f,fib>bc ht;bvbc vidblj,bfyvf<br />
ltvjynf;vf sfdbcsfdfl lff.tyf cfmfhsdtkjc fv res[bc cnfnecbc ufycfpqdhbc cfrbs[b&<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc gfhkfvtynbc vbth vbqt,ekb itcf,fvbcb rfyjyb jgjpbwbbc vbth ufrhbnbrt,ekb<br />
bmyf& pjub fqybiyfdlf^ hjv fzfhfv vbbqj @fhfchekafcjdfyb fdnjyjvbf# lf tc jct,cf lf<br />
fa[fpt,c lffahsj,c^ c[dt,b gbhbmbs^ ervf.jabkjyb b.dyty bvbs^ hjv cfthsjl fh ufemvlf<br />
fzfhbc fdnjyjvbf&<br />
fzfhbc fdnjyjvbbc cnfnecbc ufyvcfpqdhtkb rfyjybc vb[tldbs itb>kt,f dbvc]tkjs mdt.-<br />
ybc nthbnjhbekb vjo.j,bc bv ghbywbgbc itcf[t,^ hjvtkcfw lft.hlyj,f f[fkb [tkbceakt,f&<br />
fk,fs^ tc fh bmyt,f rkfcbrehb atlthfkbpvb lf cfmfhsdtkj lfflut,f htubjyfkbpvbc<br />
upfc^ hjujhw tc o.lt,f tcgfytsib fy bnfkbfib& cfmfhsdtkjc pjubths res[tt,c fzfhbc<br />
vcufdcfl tmyt,fs ufhrdtekb fdnjyjvbehb cnfnecb^ ufphlbkb eakt,fvjcbkt,t,bs& w[flbf^<br />
.dtkfpt fmnefkehbf fa[fptsbcf lf w[bydfkbc htubjybcfsdbc cnfnecbc ufycfpqdhf&<br />
w[bydfkbc htubjyib cfmfhsdtkjc behbclbmwbbc fqlutybcfrty uflfluvek c[df yf,b]t,sfy<br />
thsfl ghtpbltynvf cffrfidbkvf hfvltybvt ufyw[flt,f uffrtsf fv htubjybc cnfnecsfy<br />
lfrfdibht,bs& ]th thsb cffrfidbkb byntycbehfl [vfhj,c nthvby @cfv[hts jctsc#^ vtjhtw<br />
ufyfw[flf^ hjv cfv[hts jctsbc cnfnecb cfmfhsdtkjc itvflutykj,fib bmyt,f bvfpt vtnb^<br />
hfw uffxybf xhlbkjts jctsc hectsbc atlthfwbbc itvflutykj,fib&<br />
cffrfidbkbc fv gjpbwbfib hbub fyfkbnbrjct,b se vbcb v[fhlfvzthb gjkbnbrjct,b [tlfdty<br />
ghfuvfnek yf,b]c& vsfdfhbf fv htubjypt fqlutc cfmfhsdtkjc behbclbmwbf^ vbcb cf[tkojlt,f<br />
lf eakt,fvjcbkt,f erdt vtjht[fhbc[jdfybf& sfyfw thsvfytsbcufy eylf ufydfc[dfdjs<br />
mdt.ybc nthbnjhbekb vjo.j,bc cfrbs[b cf[tkvobajc nthbnjhbekb vskbfyj,bc fqlutybc<br />
gthbjlib lf bubdt ghj,ktvf erdt nthbnjhbekb vskbfyj,bc fqlutybc itvltu&<br />
cffrfidbkbc vjojlt,t,c rjrjbsbc ht;bvb fh ufvj[vfeht,bf& bcbyb rdkfd hectsbc itvflutykj,fib<br />
itcdkfpt kfgfhfrj,ty& sevwf cffrfidbkbc ufyw[flt,t,b cfv[hts jctsbc fdnjyjvbbc<br />
fqlutybc itcf[t, rhbnbrek lfvjrblt,ekt,fc offo.lf cfmfhsdtkjc gjkbnbrehb cgtmnhbcf<br />
lf mfhsekb cfpjufljt,bc thsb yfobkbc v[hblfy& vfssdbc cekthsb fh fhbc^ se hf<br />
thmvtdf fqybiyek htubjyc& cffrfidbkbc rhbnbrjcsf yfobkb obyffqvltub fhff fdnjyjvbbc fqlutybcf^<br />
vfuhfv vfc gjkbnbrehfl ytbnhfkehb cf[tkb^ dsmdfs^ @w[bydfkbc htubjyb# eylf<br />
tojlt,jltc^ c[dt,b vbeqt,kfl vbbxytdty hfbvt gjkbnbrehb fdnjyjvbbc fqlutyfc fv<br />
htubjyib&<br />
ufehrdtdtkb hxt,f fa[fptsbc cnfnecbc cfrbs[bw& itdfhlyf>bc vvfhsdtkj,bc gthbjlib<br />
ufthjc tublbs itveifdt,ekb bmyf t&o& @,jltybc ljrevtynb#^ hjvtkbw cfmfhsdtkjc<br />
itvflutykj,fib @cedthtyekb fa[fptsbc# fhct,j,fc bsdfkbcobyt,c& ljrevtynb >fkbfy<br />
pjuflbf^ sevwf vbc ltnfkbpt,fvlt cfmvt fhw vbcekf^ hflufyfw fh>By,fc ht;bvvf<br />
126
fntujhbekfl ufvjhbw[f ,jltybc ljrevtynbc vbqt,f vjkfgfhfrt,t,bc cfae>dkfl&<br />
fvfcj,fib mfhsek vtlbfib ufvjmdt.ylf ,jltybc ljrevtynbc cekbcrdtst,bs itlutybkb<br />
fa[fptsbc cnfnecbc ufyvcfpqdhtkb ljrevtynb^ hjvtkbw cfcnbrfl bmyf ufrhbnbrt,ekb<br />
jgjytynt,bc vbth lf vbeqt,kfl bmyf vbxytekb& ljrevtynb vfhskfw ,tdh itrbs[dfc ,flt,c^<br />
e,hfkjl ltvjrhfnbekb sdfkcfphbcbs se ufydb[bkfds& vfufkbsfl^ fa[fpt,bcfsdbc<br />
ufsdfkbcobyt,ekbf fhfghjgjhwbekfl lblb ofhvjvflutykj,f fa[fptsbc cf[tkbceakj<br />
cnhemneht,ib^ bctdt hjujhw bpqelt,f mfhsdtkt,bc lfcf[kt,bc itcf>Kt,kj,f fa[fptsib&<br />
w[flbf^ ufvjmdt.yt,ekb ghjtmnbc rhbnbrfcsfy thsfl^ xylt,f fknthyfnbekb<br />
ljrevtynt,bc itveifdt,bc bltfw& sevwf^ sfdfl dfhfelb bvbcf^ hjv vjcrjdblfy vfhsekb<br />
ctgfhfnbcnekb ht;bvb lfsfy[vlt,f hfbvt @ufycfresht,bs afhsj eakt,t,bc# vmjyt<br />
cnfnecpt cfrvfjl enjgbehfl ufvjb.eht,f&<br />
o @atlthfkbpfwbbc# fye cfmfhsdtkjc rjynhjkbcf lf lfyfotdht,bc utuvf<br />
jmnjv,hbc ,jkjc^ 2 yjtv,hbc cfgfhkfvtynj fhxtdyt,bc oby hfvltybvt mfhsek ufptsib<br />
ufvjxylf byajhvfwbf bvbc sfj,fpt^ hjv hectsib ths-thsvf fhfcfvsfdhj,j jhufybpfwbfv<br />
itbveifdf lf ghtpbltyn genbybc flvbybcnhfwbfc ofhelubyf cfmfhsdtkjc atlthfkehb<br />
vjo.j,bc utuvf^ hjvkbc ufy[jhwbtkt,bc ufhfynbw hectsb eylf b.jc^ [jkj ghjtmnb vfc<br />
itvltu ufvjmdt.ylt,f^ hfw genbyb vfc uftwyj,f& flhbyltkbcufy ufyc[dfdt,bs fv byajhvfwbfc<br />
mfhsek vtlbfcf lf gjkbnbreh ohtt,ib f;bjnf;b fh vj/.jkbf& sevwf^ ufrtst,ekb<br />
rjvtynfht,bc sfyf[vfl^ @cfmfhsdtkjc atlthfkbpfwbbc# hecekb utuvbc uf[vjdfyt,f itvs[dtdbsb<br />
fh eylf b.jc lf bub cfmfhsdtkjcflvb hecekb gjkbnbrehb ohtt,bc lfvjrblt,ekt,fpt<br />
vtn.dtkt,c&<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc atlthfkbpfwbbc utuvf itbveifdf hectsbc yfwbjyfkehb cnhfntubbc cf,-<br />
zjv^ hjvkbc utythfkehb lbhtmnjhb cnfybckfd ,tkrjdcrbf& fqcfybiyfdbf^ hjv fv hfvltybvt<br />
sdbc oby bub s,bkbcib bv.jat,jlf fm ufvfhsek hecek-mfhsek ehsbthsj,t,sfy<br />
lfrfdibht,ek ctvbyfhpt& >ytkb cfsmvtkbf cfmfhsdtkjc atlthfkbpfwbbc utuvf vfc<br />
ctvbyfhfvlt enhbfkt,lf sfdib% se vbc itvltu ufexylf^ vfuhfv utuvbc itveifdt,fc fhf vfhnj<br />
hectsbc bynthtct,bs ~@cfmfhsdtkjc ghj,ktvf hectsbc cfufhtj gjkbnbrbcsdbc ths-thsb<br />
evybidytkjdfytcbf#`^ fhfvtl cfmfhsdtkjc lf[vfht,bc cehdbkbsfw [cybc& 264<br />
,tkrjdcrbc utuvf fhct,bsfl cfmfhsdtkjpt hectsbc ufdktybc lfv.fht,fc lf<br />
cfthsfijhbcj fhtyfpt vbc behblbek lfabmcbht,fc bcf[fdc vbpyfl& ,tkrjdcrb rdkfd<br />
vjeojlt,c lfcfdktsc lf gbhdtk hbuib fii-c cfv[hts rfdrfcbf @otchbubc lfcfv.fht,kfl#<br />
hectsc lfesvjc& ,tkrjdcrb fw[flt,c^ hjv fdqfytsbcf lf thf.bc vjdktyt,bc itvltu v[jkjl<br />
fii-pt lf.hlyj,f lfeidt,tkbf^ hflufy fv vjdktyt,vf fxdtytc^ hjv dfibyunjyc fh ite>kbf<br />
ufhrdtekb nthbnjhbt,bc^ vfs ijhbc rfdrfcbbc htubjybc ecfahs[jt,bc epheydtk.jaf&<br />
fvbnjv^ ,tkrjdcrbc dfhfelbs^ fii b>ekt,ekb bmyt,f^ sfdbcb eakt,fvjcbkt,f cnhfntubek<br />
vjrfdibhtc _ hectsc uflfcwtc&<br />
,tkrjdrbc utuvbc sfyf[vfl^ cfmfhsdtkjc atlthfwbekb htcge,kbrf 7 ce,btmnbcufy<br />
bmyt,f itvlufhb _ bvthtsb^ rf[tsb^ mfhskb^ s,bkbcb ~hjujhw ltlfmfkfmb`^ fa[fptsb^<br />
jctsb^ fzfhf& fv utuvbc sfyf[vfl^ hectsb itb>kt,f cfmfhsdtkjc atlthfkbpfwbbc ufhfynb<br />
uf[ltc&<br />
,tkrjdrcrbc cfmfhsdtkjc atlthfkbpfwbbc utuvf mfhsekb cf[tkvobajc [fyuh>kbd<br />
nhfycajhvfwbfc bsdfkbcobyt,c& hecb gjkbnjkjub vbbxytdc^ hjv utuvbc htfkbpt,bc<br />
fewbkt,tk gbhj,fc ofhvjflutyc gjkbnbreh sfj,fsf itwdkf^ hjujhw cfmfhsdtkjib<br />
vskbfyfl lf fa[fptsib^ bct hectsib^ hfw itcf>kjf v[jkjl 2005 okbc itvltu lfbo.jc^<br />
hjltcfw cfmfhsdtkjib f[fk ghtpbltync fbhxtdty& ,tkrjdcrbc ufyw[flt,bs^ cfmfhsdtkjib<br />
2010 okbcfsdbc^ cf[tkvobaj vtmfybpvbc nhfycajhvfwbbc afhukt,ib cfghtpbltynj<br />
htcge,kbrf cfgfhkfvtynj eylf uf[ltc^ hfw @atlthfkehb vjo.j,bcsdbc eahj<br />
264 @f[fkb sfj,f#^ 27&\&2003<br />
127
itcfathbcbf#& atlthfkbpfwbbc utuvbs^ cfufhtj gjkbnbrf^ sfdlfwdf^ cgtwcfvcf[eht,b<br />
wtynhbcflvbf lfmdtvlt,fht,ekb^ vfiby hjltcfw trjyjvbrehb cfrbs[t,b^ cfpjufljt,hbdb<br />
otchbubc lfwdf^ fctdt ,eyt,hbdb htcehct,bc ufvj.tyt,f _ ce,btmnt,bc rjvgtntywbff& 265<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc nthbnjhbekb vskbfyj,bc @hecekb ufhfynbt,b# vtnfl cftzdj hfvtc<br />
ofhvjflutyc& hectsb lqtcfw fqbfht,c fvfc^ vfuhfv bvfdlhjekfl .jdtkyfbhfl fqdbdt,c<br />
ctgfhfnbpvc cfmfhsdtkjc htubjyt,ib^ [jkj cj[evbcf lf w[bydfkbc ctgfhfnbcnek ht;bvt,c<br />
afmnj,hbdfl hectsbc atlthfwbbc yfobkfl ufyb[bkfdc& cfmfhsdtkjib fhwse ecfae>dkjl<br />
tzdj,ty^ hjv vjcrjdc bubdt cehc uffrtsjc fzfhbc lf ]fdf[tsbc vbvfhsfw^ serb^ hf smvf eylf^<br />
tc ufvjedf& cedthtyekb cf[tkvobajc vbth c[df mdt.ybcfsdbc pjuflfl^ rjyrhtnekfl rb<br />
hectsbcfsdbc sfdbc nthbnjhbekb vjo.j,bc vbylj,f^ cedthtybntncf lf nthbnjhbek<br />
vskbfyj,fpt efhbc smvbc njkafcb bmyt,jlf&<br />
,tkrjdcrbc utuvfcsfy lfrfdibht,bs cfmfhsdtkjc eibihjt,bc cf,zjv uffrtsf ufyw[flt,f^<br />
hjv tc rth>j ]ueabc gjpbwbff lf fh fcf[fdc jabwbfkehb vjcrjdbc gjpbwbfc^ fvltyfl vfcpt<br />
htfubht,fw fhff cfzbhj& vfuhfv fvbc gfhfktkehfl mfhsek vtlbfib ufvjbsmdf tzdb^ hjv tc<br />
.jdtkbdt [jv fhff obyfcofhb uf[vjdfyt,f hfbvt afhekb itsfy[vt,bcf^ hfptw itdfhlyf>t<br />
genbysfy hjvtkbvt it[dtlhbc lhjc ofdblf& @,jkj lhjc tythutnbrfib vjv[lfhb afmnb^<br />
hjwf [tkbceakt,f @hfj ttc#-sfy .jdtkudfh rfdibhc efh.jalf lf^ cbyfvldbktib^ .dtkfathb<br />
lfevnrbwlf^ .dtkfyfbh tzdc upfc e[cybc#^ _ fqybiyfdlf fvfcsfy lfrfdibht,bs @lbkbc<br />
ufptsb#& 266<br />
[tkbceakt,f^ w[flbf^ fvudfhb afhekb vjkfgfhfrt,t,bc itcf>kt,kj,fc rfntujhbekfl<br />
efh.jac^ vfuhfv fctsb ufyw[flt,t,b^ ofhcekbc ufvjwlbkt,blfy ufvjvlbyfht^<br />
[tkbceakt,bcflvb ptvjs fqybiyek tzdt,c dth fmhj,c^ hfw sfdbcsfdfl^ [tkbceakt,bcflvb<br />
ylj,bc [fhbc[pt vtn.dtkt,c&<br />
mdt.ybc atlthfwbekb vjo.j,bc cfrbs[b cfmfhsdtkjibw ufyb[bkt,f& vbcb vjv[htt,b<br />
atlthfkbpfwbfib ctgfhfnbpvbc ghj,ktvbc uflfo.dtnfc [tlfdty^ vjobyffqvltutyb rb<br />
atlthfkbpfwbfc mdt.ybc nthbnjhbekb vskbfyj,bcsdbc elbltc cfahs[tl vbbxytdty&<br />
,tkrjdcrbc utuvf vjovj,c^ hjv atlthfkbpfwbfc mdt.ybc ufhts ufhrdtekb >fkt,b vfhskfw<br />
ufyb[bkfdty cfmfhsdtkjc lfmewvfwt,bc lf vbcb yfobk-yfobk ufrjynhjkt,bc upfl&<br />
o hjlbc bmyt,f chekafcjdfyb sdbsvvfhsdtkj,f<br />
fhfdby lfdj,c bvfpt^ hjv ltvjrhfnbf sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc ufhtit ofhvjelutytkbf& sevwf<br />
cfmfhsdtkjib ]th]thj,bs chekafcjdfyb sdbsvvfhsdtkj,f fh fhct,j,c lf jgjpbwbbc<br />
v[hblfy [tkbceakt,bc rhbnbrbc ths-thsb evsfdhtcb vbvfhsekt,f cojhtl<br />
sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc cathjib fhct,ekb vlujvfhtj,f [lt,f& stvbc fmnefkehj,fc bcbw<br />
ufyfgbhj,t,c^ hjv cfmfhsdtkjib vjvfdfk otkc sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc jhufyjt,bc fhxtdyt,b<br />
eylf xfnfhltc&<br />
gfhkfvtynvf gbhdtkb rfyjyb sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc itcf[t, 1997 otkc vbbqj& sevwf^<br />
rfyjyib .dtkf vybidytkjdfyb cfrbs[b fh b.j ufycfpqdhekb lf cfufyut,jl fqbybiyf^ hjv<br />
rfyjybc vbqt,blfy 6 sdbc ufyvfdkj,fib vbcb chek.jaf vj[lt,jlf& vfuhfv vfc itvltu<br />
vhfdfkb otkb ufdblf lf chek.jabkb rfyjyb sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc itcf[t, ]thfw fh fhct,j,c^<br />
vbe[tlfdfl bvbcf^ hjv tdhjcf,zj lf;byt,bs vjbs[jdc [tkbceakt,bc ltwtynhfkbpfwbfc&<br />
hjujhw jgjpbwbf fqybiyfdc^ tdhjgbc cf,zj cfmfhsdtkjc [tkbceakt,fc erdt<br />
rfntujhbekfl vjcs[jdc chekafcjdfyb flubkj,hbdb sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc xfvj.fkb,t,fc&<br />
f[fk [tkbceakt,fc sfdbcb vvfhsdtkj,bc otkboflyf[tdhbc itvltu tdhjcf,zjib<br />
ofhcflutyfl ]th]thj,bs sfdbc afhsj utuvt,b lf rtsbkb cehdbkt,b fmdc& vj[lf<br />
sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc tdhjgekb mfhnbbc hfnbabwbht,f^ itbmvyf sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc thjdyekb<br />
fcjwbfwbf^ gfhkfvtynvf vbbqj rfyjyb sdbsvvfhsdtkb thstekb mjyt,bc ufvb]dybc itcf[t, lf<br />
265 @f[fkb sfj,f#^ 27&\&2003<br />
266 @lbkbc ufptsb#^ 28&\&2003<br />
128
vbvlbyfhtj,bc veifj,f sdbsvvfhsdtkb thstekbc ,be]tnbc rfyjyghjtmnpt& itbmvyf<br />
tatmnbfyb vvfhsdtkj,bsb cbcntvbcf lf nthbnjhbekb vjo.j,bc cf[tkvobaj rjvbcbf^<br />
hjvtkbw [tkbceakt,bc ltwtynhfkbpfwbfcf lf sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc htajhvbht,fpt<br />
bveifdt,c& 267<br />
]th]thj,bs ewyj,bf se hjujhb bmyt,f mdt.ybc nthbnjhbekb vjo.j,f& f[fkb<br />
[tkbceakt,f^ fk,fs^ cfdct,bs vfhst,ekflfw^ chekbflfw fh bpbfht,c pjubthsb<br />
fhfcfvsfdhj,j jhufybpfwbbc tysepbfpvc mdt.ybc chek atlthfkbpfwbfcsfy lfrfdibht,bs&<br />
sevwf^ fv cfrbs[ib ufhrdtekj,bc itnfyf fewbkt,tkbf&<br />
vbe[tlfdfl bvbcf^ hjv flubkj,hbdb sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc jhufyjt,bc fhxtdyt,b f[kjdlt,f^<br />
fh fhct,j,c rfyjyb @flubkj,hbdb sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc fhxtdyt,bc itcf[t,#& fv rfyjyc^<br />
ghbywbgib^ dth bqt,ty mdt.ybc nthbnjhbekb vjo.j,bc ufycfpqdhbc ufhtit& vfufkbsfl^<br />
gfhkfvtynib vjvpflt,ekbf rfyjyghjtmnb^ hjvtkbw s,bkbcbc vthbcf lf hfbjybc<br />
ufvut,kt,bc fhfgbhlfgbh fhxtdyt,c bsdfkbcobyt,c ~vbcb fdnjhb gfhkfvtynfhb ,jrthbff`^<br />
vfuhfv hf fphb fmdc hfbjybc ufvut,kt,bc fhxtdbsj,fpt cfe,fhc^ serb mdt.ybc nthbnjhbekb<br />
vjo.j,bc itltufl hfbjyt,b ufvc[dbklt,f lf f[fkb nthbnjhbekb thstekt,b<br />
xfvj.fkb,lt,f&<br />
wfkrt lfdbc cfufybf s,bkbcbc vthbc fhxtdbsj,bc cfrbs[b& serb itdfhlyf>Bc<br />
vvfhsdtkj,bc lhjc lqtc [tkbceakt,fib v.jab >fkt,b ths[vfl ezthlyty v[fhc s,bkbcbc<br />
vthbc gbhlfgbh fhxtdyt,c^ [tkbceakt,fib vjcdkbc itvltu gjpbwbf itbwdfktc lf vthb<br />
v[jkjl cfrht,ekjc vbth fcfhxtdfl tcf[t,fl& cfvfubthjl^ lqtdfyltkb jgjpbwbf kfvbc<br />
thscekjdyfl vjbs[jdc s,bkbcbc vthbc [fk[bc vbth fhxtdfc&<br />
htfkeh sdbsvvfhsdtkj,fpt cfe,fhb .jdtkudfh fphc vjrkt,ekb bmyt,f^ serb<br />
sdbsvvfhsdtkb thstekt,bc [tkib mjyt,f lf sfdbcb ,be]tnb fh bmyt,f& fv wjnf [ybc oby<br />
lblb [vfehb vj/.df ghtpbltynbc cfrfyjyvlt,kj bybwbfnbdfc^ ghjvkbc >fkbsfw 2006<br />
okblfy vjut,bc uflfcf[flb flubkj,hbdb ,be]tnbc yfwdkfl^ vskbfyfl cf[tkvobajc<br />
,be]tnib xfbhbw[t,f& @wdkbkt,bc fewbkt,kj,f bvfy ufyfgbhj,f^ hjv ,tdhb rjvgfybbc<br />
htubcnhfwbbcf lf cfmvbfyj,bc flubkb thsvfytsc fh tvs[dtdf& [ibh itvs[dtdfib^ tcf se bc<br />
rjvgfybf ths hfbjyibf htubcnhbht,ekb^ cfmvbfyj,fc rb vtjht hfbjyib f[jhwbtkt,c#^ _<br />
fqybiyf fvfcsfy lfrfdibht,bs abyfycsf vbybcnhbc vjflubktv ubjhub ujlf,htkb>tv& 268<br />
lqtc vjut,bc uflfcf[flbc 40) flubkj,hbd ,be]tnib hxt,f^ 60) rb wtynhfkeh<br />
,be]tnib vbtvfhst,f& itltufl^ 2006 okblfy flubkj,hbd ,be]tnt,c cfdfhfeljl 245<br />
vbkbjyb kfhb lffrklt,f& 269 fv rfyjyghjtmnc gfhkfvtynib evhfdktcj,bc v[hblfyfw it[dlf<br />
obyffqvltuj,f& @flubkj,hbdb ,be]tnt,bcfsdbc vjut,bc uflfcf[fklbc ofhsvtdf<br />
sdbsvvfhsdtkj,t,c cbwjw[kbc ybifyo.fkc ufemhj,c#^ _ fw[flt,c gfhkfvtynbc htubjyekb<br />
gjkbnbrbcf lf sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc cfrbs[sf rjvbntnbc sfdv]ljvfht tldfhl cehvfyb>t& 270<br />
vbcb smvbs^ cfmfhsdtkjc [tkbceakt,fc sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc ufydbsfht,bc rjycnbnewbehb<br />
dfklt,ekt,f frbchbf& tc rb >Kbthb flubkj,hbdb ,be]tnt,bc ufhtit ofhvjelutytkbf&<br />
gfhkfvtynfh pehf, wmbnbidbkbc fphbs^ flubkj,hbdb ,be]tnt,bcfsdbc vjut,bc<br />
uflfcf[flbc vskbfyfl xfvjhsvtdbc itvs[dtdfib htubjyc ufhrdtekb rjvgtycfwbf eylf vbtwtc^<br />
vfufkbsfl ghjuhfvekb lfabyfyct,bc cf[bs& lqtc htubjyt,b itb>kt,f bsmdfc^ rfnfcnhjabc<br />
gbhfc fhbfy vbcekyb lf wtynhfkehb ,be]tnbc sbsjtek nhfycathc bvtlbc sdfkbs<br />
it/.eht,ty& vfsb ,tlb cojhtl wtynhblfy vbqt,ek sfy[t,ptf lfvjrblt,ekb&<br />
>ytkb cfsmvtkbf^ vjvfdfk flubkj,hbd fhxtdyt,fvlt vjf[th[t,c se fhf cfmfhsdtkjc<br />
[tkbceakt,f htfkehb sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc lfvrdblht,fc lf mdt.ybc flvbybcnhfwbeknthbnjhbek<br />
vjo.j,fib ufhrdtekj,bc itnfyfc& sevwf^ bc rb firfhff^ hjv<br />
sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc cfrbs[t,pt veifj,fc firfhfl lfxmfht,f czbhlt,f&<br />
267 @[dfkbyltkb lqt#^ 26&|&2005<br />
268 @24 cffsb#^ 26&|&2005<br />
269 @htpjyfycb#^ 25&|&2005<br />
270 @[dfkbyltkb lqt#^ 25&|&2005<br />
129
o upf tatmnehb sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bcfrty<br />
2006 otkc cfmfhsdtkjib flubkj,hbdb sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc jhufyjt,bc fhxtdyt,bf<br />
lfutuvbkb& ,eyt,hbdbf^ vfyfvlt eylf uflfo.ltc vhfdfkb bc cfrbs[b^ hfw lqtc ufehrdtdtkbf<br />
lf mdt.fyfib htfkehb sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc lfvrdblht,fc erfdibhlt,f& jgjpbwbf<br />
[tkbceakt,fc ,hfkc clt,c^ hjv vbpfyvbvfhsekfl ath[lt,f mdt.fyfib sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc<br />
ufydbsfht,f lf tc fhxtdyt,ib ufvfh]dt,bc epheydtkcf.jafl rtslt,f& [tkbceakt,bc<br />
ofhvjvflutytksf vnrbwt,bs rb sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc sfj,fpt >Bhbsfl rfyjyt,c gfhkfvtynb<br />
cfitvjlujvj ctcbfpt vbbqt,c&<br />
flubkj,hbdb sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc cfvfhskt,hbdb ,fpbc epheydtkcf.jafl cfmfhsdtkjc<br />
gfhkfvtynib vjvpfllf cfvb rfyjyghjtmnb% @flubkj,hbdb sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc thstekbc<br />
,be]tnbc#^ @flubkj,hbdb sdbsvvfhsdtkb thstekbc cfmvbfyj,fib vjmfkfmtsf vjyfobktj,bc#<br />
lf @flubkj,hbdb sdbsvvfhsdtkb thstekbc cfmvbfyj,fpt cf[tkvobaj ptlfv[tldtkj,bc<br />
itcf[t,#& [tkbceakt,bc ofhvjvflutytksf ufyw[flt,bs^ fv cfvfhskt,hbdb ,fpbc fvjmvtlt,f<br />
epheydtk.jac htfkehb sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc ufy[jhwbtkt,fc& fctdt vjvpflt,ekbf<br />
rjywtawbf mdt.ybc flvbybcnhfwbekb vjo.j,bc itcf[t,&<br />
[tkbceakt,f utuvfdc pfa[ekbc ufyvfdkj,fib fqybiyekb ljrevtynt,bc ghtptynfwbf<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc c[dflfc[df res[tib vjfo.jc& vfuhfv gfhkfvtynbc sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc rjvbntnbc<br />
ufcdkbsb c[ljvf mesfbcib [vfehbfyb ghjntcnbc ajypt ufbvfhsf& ghjntcnb f[fkufphlf<br />
trjyjvbcnsf fcjwbfwbbc mesfbcbc abkbfkbc ofhvjvflutykt,vf ufvjsmdtc& @eylf ufy[bkekb.j<br />
flvbybcnhfwbekb vjo.j,bc rjywtawbf^ hjvkbsfw lqtc mdt.fyfib fhct,ekb 900-vlt<br />
sdbsvvfhsdtkb thstekbc yfwdkfl hxt,f 100 thstekb^ ghfmnbrekfl^ bhbw[t,f cjatkb^<br />
lf,f lf stvb& fvfcsfy^ fhfathb fh bwdkt,f v[fhtcsfy lfrfdibht,bs% rdkfdfw hxt,f ue,thyfnjhbc<br />
bycnbnenb^ hjvtkcfw ybiyfdc ghtpbltynb lf fm fhfyfbhb sdbsvvfhsdtkj,f fh itvjlbc&<br />
fv rjywtawbbc ufy[bkdbc yfwdkfl^ fv rjvbntnbc otdht,vf ofhvjflubytc rfyjyghjtmnt,b^<br />
hjvkt,bw fv rjywtawbblfy ufvjvlbyfhtj,c lf htfkehfl ufvjbodtdc sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc<br />
rdkfcf lf ltwtynhfkbpfwbbc itxtht,fc#^ _ fqybiyf fcjwbfwbbc ofhvjvflutytkvf& 271<br />
ptvjsyfsmdfvb rfhub bkecnfwbff bvbcf^ se hf vodfdt ufy[bkdbc cfufybf flubkj,hbdb<br />
sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc cfrbs[t,b lf hjujhbf jgjpbwbbc lf hbub fhfcfvsfdhj,j jhufybpfwbbc<br />
lfvjrblt,ekt,f fv cathjib [tkbceakt,bc utuvt,bcflvb& lfgbhbcgbht,bc vbptpb<br />
fhfcfvsfdhj,jt,sfy bc uf[lf^ hjv ghtpbltynbc flvbybcnhfwbfv lfboeyf lf cfthsjl efhb<br />
ufyfw[flf ufyt[bkf fhfcfvsfdhj,j jhufybpfwbfsf rjfkbwbbc vbth vjvpflt,ekb<br />
@cfmfhsdtkjc flvbybcnhfwbek-nthbnjhbekb vjo.j,bc lf [tkbceakt,bc ljytt,c ijhbc<br />
flvbybcnhfwbekb^ abyfycehb^ mjyt,hbdb lf cfvfhskt,hbdb eakt,fvjcbkt,bc ufvb]dybc#<br />
fknthyfnbekb ghjtmnb& htubjyfkehb flvbybcnhfwbbc [tkv>qdfytkbc rj,f [f,fpbc<br />
ufyw[flt,bs^ fhfcfvsfdhj,jt,bc rfyjyghjtmnib lflt,bsb ntyltywbt,b xfyc^ sevwf<br />
efh.jabsb bvltyfl ,tdhbf^ hjv vbcb ufy[bkdf cfzbhjl fh vbbxybtc& 272<br />
cfvfubthjl sfdbc v[hbd fhfcfvsfdhj,jt,c fh vjcojys gfhkfvtynbc sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc<br />
rjvbntnbc vbth vjvpflt,ekb cfmfhsdtkjc nthbnjhbekb vjo.j,bc rjywtawbf& fhfcfvsfdhj,j<br />
jhufybpfwbt,bc ofhvjvflutykt,b fw[flt,ty^ hjv fv rjywtawbbc vb[tldbs sdbsvvfhsdtkj,f<br />
[tkbceakt,bc vtehdtj,blfy dth ufsfdbceaklt,f& fye c[df cbn.dt,bs hjv<br />
dsmdfs^ [tkbceakt,fc cfresfh uflfo.dtnbkt,t,pt vjhut,ekb sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc cbcntvbc<br />
itmvyf cehc& gfhkfvtynfh dfyj [e[eyfbidbkbc smvbs rb^ hjvtkbw fv rjywtawbbc ths-thsb<br />
bybwbfnjhbf^ fhfcfvsfdhj,jt,b^ e,hfkjl^ flvbybcnhfwbbc vbth vfsb rfyjyghjtmnbc lfoeyt,fv<br />
uffqbpbfyf&<br />
sdbsvvfhsdtkj,fcsfy lfrfdibht,ekb cfrbs[t,bc ufy[bkdbc lhjc gjkbnbrehb<br />
gfhnbt,bc vbth obyf hbuibf ofvjotekb ufvut,kt,bcf lf vtht,bc fhxtdbsj,bc cfrbs[b& vfuhfv<br />
bv gbhj,t,ib^ hjwf vtht,cf lf ufvut,kt,c fh uffxybfs itcf,fvbcb eakt,fvjcbkt,t,b^<br />
rjvgtntywbt,b^ mjyt,f lf abyfyct,b^ fhfyfbhb vybidytkj,f fhf fmdc vfs fhxtdbsj,fc& vsfdfhb<br />
271 @24 cffsb#^ 29&|::&2005<br />
272 @htpjyfycb#^ 28&|::&2005<br />
130
sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bcfsdbc _ abyfycehb ,fpbc epheydtk.jaff&<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc htubjyt,ib trjyjvbrehb dbsfht,f rbltd eahj v>bvtf s,bkbcsfy<br />
itlfht,bs^ w[jdht,bc ljyt lf,fkb& fvbnjv [fk[b s,bkbcbcfrty bcohfadbc& fvudfhb<br />
vlujvfhtj,bc vbptpb^ tmcgthnsf ufyw[flt,bs^ sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc fhfhct,j,ff& eahj<br />
cojhfl sdbsvvfhsdtkj,f hfqfw ljytpt fhct,j,c^ pju]th afhsj eakt,t,bw fmds<br />
vbwtvekb^ vfuhfv fv aeymwbt,bc htfkbpt,bcfsdbc abyfycehb htcehct,b fh uffxybfs&<br />
fhct,j,c itvs[dtdt,bw^ hjltcfw wtynhfkehb [tkbceakt,f flubkj,hbd sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc<br />
jhufyjt,c lfdfkt,fc f>Ktdc^ vfuhfv vbc ufycf[jhwbtkt,kfl nhfycathbc cf[bs abyfyceh<br />
cf[cht,c fh f>Ktdc& 273<br />
tmcgthnsf ufyw[flt,bs^ sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc thstekt,b bct eylf xfvj.fkb,ltc^ hjv<br />
sbsjtek vfsufyc vbc rjvgtntywbfib fhct,ekb cfrbs[t,bc uflfo.dtnf cfresfhb ,be]tnblfy<br />
itt>kjc& sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc thstekvf [tkb eylf iteo.jc sfdbc nthbnjhbfpt trjyjvbrbcf<br />
lf itcf,fvbcfl^ vjcf[ktj,bc rtsbklqtj,bc phlfc& tc fhbc vsfdfhb cnhfntubekb vbpfyb^<br />
hjvkbcsdbcfw [tkbceakt,fv .dtkfathb eylf bqjyjc lf hjvkbc lhjcfw kjpeyub @>kbthb<br />
sdbsvvfhsdtkj,f^ _ >kbthb cfmfhsdtkj# htfkj,fl bmwtdf&<br />
o gbhlfgbhb fhxtdyt,b _ jgjpbwbbc vsfdfhb vjs[jdyf<br />
vjvfdfkb flubkj,hbdb sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc fhxtdyt,bc oby jgjpbwbehb gfhnbt,b<br />
vtht,bcf lf ufvut,kt,bc gbhlfgbhb fhxtdyt,bc itvjqt,fc bs[jdty& [tkbceakt,f fw[flt,c^<br />
hjv tc cfrbs[b erdt uflfo.dtnbkbf lf sdbsvvfhsdtkj,t,bc gbhdtk gbht,c cfrht,ekjt,b<br />
fbhxtdty& jgjpbwbbcsdbc rb cfpjufljt,fib gjgekfhekb gbhlfgbhb fhxtdyt,bc vjs[jdyf<br />
cfresfhb htbnbyubc fvfqkt,bcf lf ufthsbfyt,bc cfae>dtkc ofhvjflutyc&<br />
vtht,bcf lf ufvut,kt,bc fhxtdyt,bc xfnfht,fc itdfhlyf>bc vvfhsdtkj,bc gthbjlib vfiby<br />
jgjpbwbfib v.jab lqtdfyltkb [tkbceakt,bc ofhvjvflutykt,bw vjbs[jdlyty&<br />
ufycfresht,ekb fmwtynb s,bkbcbc vthbc fhxtdbsj,fpt rtslt,jlf& vjcf[ktj,bc ufyo.j,bc<br />
vb[tldbs se dbvc]tkt,s^ lblbf ifycb bvbcf^ hjv s,bkbcbc vthbc gbhlfgbhb fhxtdyt,bc<br />
itvs[dtdfib fv sfyfvlt,j,fpt cojhtl jgjpbwbbc ofhvjvflutytkb fqvjxylt,f& s,bkbcbc<br />
gbhlfgbhb upbs fhxtekb vthb rb >fkptl @v>bvtojybfyb# lf fyufhbiufcfotdb abuehf bmyt,f<br />
[tkbceakt,bcfsdbc& cfrht,ekjc vbth vthbc fhxtdyt,bc itvs[dtdfib >fkptl vwbhtf<br />
fk,fsj,f bvbcf^ hjv vthb vvfhsdtkb gjkbnbrehb tkbnbc ufhtlfy vjdf&<br />
fvbnjv lqtc [tkbceakt,fib v.ja @yfwbjyfkeh vj>hfj,fcfw# e[lt,f vtht,bcf lf<br />
ufvut,kt,bc fhxtdyt,bc cfrbs[c cf[tkbceakj bynthtct,blfy it[tljc& hfw itt[t,f<br />
ltvjrhfnbekj,fcf lf lfgbht,fc^ tc cfrbs[b cfrht,ekjt,bc vbth sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc<br />
gbhdtkb gbht,bc fhxtdyt,bc itvjqt,fpt uflfcdkbs o.lt,f& fvudfhb vjltkb tdhjgtk<br />
tmcgthnt,cfw frvf.jabkt,s lf fw[flt,ty^ hjv tc ltvjrhfnbek cnfylfhnt,c ittcf,fvt,f^<br />
hfw itt[t,f lfgbht,fc fhxtdbsj,bc itcf[t,^ [tkbceakt,bc ofhvjvflutykt,b fqybiyfdty^ hjv<br />
tctw itchekt,ekbf^ hflufyfw vtht,cf lf ufvut,kt,c [fk[bc vbth fhxtekb cfrht,ekjt,b<br />
fbhxtdty& 1 bdkbcc gfhkfvtynvf jgjpbwbbc obyffqvltuj,bc ajypt vbbqj rfyjyb<br />
@ltlfmfkfmbc _ s,bkbcbc itcf[t,#^ hjvtkbw s,bkbcbc vthbc cfrht,ekjc vbth^<br />
fhfgbhlfgbhb upbs fhxtdfc bsdfkbcobyt,c& 274<br />
[tkbceakt,bc fvudfhb ufyw[flt,f jgjpbwbfc fh frvf.jabkt,c lf vtht,bcf lf<br />
ufvut,kt,bc gbhlfgbh fhxtdyt,c bs[jdc& thsb bthbib wtcrjv erdt vjbuthbf^ hjltcfw efhb<br />
bsmdf fv cfrbs[pt htathtylevbc xfnfht,bc bybwbfnbdfpt& fv]thfl jgjpbwbf [tkvjotht,bc<br />
ituhjdt,fc bo.t,c^ hfsf cfrbs[bc cfgfhkfvtynj c[ljvfpt ufy[bkdfc vbfqobjy& fv vbpybs 12<br />
ltrtv,thc itbmvyf gjkbnbreh gfhnbfsf lf cfpjufljt,hbd jhufybpfwbfsf rjfkbwbf^<br />
hjvtkibw itdblyty frfrb fcfsbfyb bybwbfnbdbs itmvybkb @cf[fk[j ajhevb#^ htcge,kbrehb<br />
gfhnbf^ vhtodtkt,b^ thjdyek-ltvjrhfnbekb gfhnbf^ [jkj ktb,jhbcnt,vf fv vj>hfj,fc<br />
273 @htpjyfycb#^ 28&|::&2005<br />
274 @[dfkbyltkb lqt#^ 13^\::&2005<br />
131
chekb v[fhlfzthf fqesmdtc& @tc cfrbs[b vybidytkjdfybf bvltyfl^ hfvltyflfw tc fhbc<br />
cfpjufljt,bc lfrdtsf^ .dtkf mfkfmc eylf /.fdltc fhxtekb vthb#^ _ fqybiyfdc vhtodtkb<br />
pehf, n.tvfkf>t& 275<br />
rjfkbwbbc cfbybwbfnbdj ]ueavf^ s,bkbcbc vthbc gbhlfgbhb otcbs fhxtdyt,bcf lf<br />
itcf,fvbc rfyjyib wdkbkt,bc itnfybc vjs[jdybs^ cfmfhsdtkjc gfhkfvtync 12 ltrtv,thcdt<br />
vbvfhsf& ufhlf fvbcf^ bo.t,f bvfdt vjs[jdybs [tkvjotht,bc ituhjdt,f bo.t,f& gfhkfvtynib<br />
cfrbs[bc ufy[bkdbc vbqotdbcfsdbc cfzbhj 30 fsfcb [tkvjothbc ituhjdt,f^ otcbs^ ghj,ktvf<br />
fh eylf b.jc&<br />
cfrbs[bc ufhitvj rdkfd f[fkb >fkbs ufbifkf lt,fnt,b& @cffrfidbkvf [tkbceakt,bc<br />
epehgfwbf vjf[lbyf lf mdt.ybc thsgbhjdyek vfhsdfc wlbkj,c& vtht,bcf lf ufvut,kt,bc<br />
gbhlfgbhb otcbs fhxtdf fhbc tatmnbfyb upf^ hjvtkbw ghtpbltynbc [tkib vstkb<br />
>fkfeakt,bc rjywtynhfwbfc [tkc iteikbc lf lff,fkfyct,c#^ _ fw[flt,c htcge,kbrehb<br />
gfhnbbc kblthb lfdbs eceafidbkb& 276<br />
gfhkfvtynbc dbwt-cgbrthb vb[tbk vfzfdfhbfyb fqybiyfdc^ hjv cfmfhsdtkjib lqtc^<br />
ajsbcf lf s,bkbcbc ufhlf^ .dtkf mfkfmib fhxtekb vthbf lf fvbs ,tdhb fhfathb rtslt,f&<br />
@lqtc hjv sdbsvvfhsdtkj,f fh dfhuf^ fvfc fh idtkbc fhxtekb vthb^ fvfc czbhlt,f cbcntvf^<br />
hjvtkbw fhbc ufhfynbf^ hjv fh itbmvyt,f gjkbnbrehb xb[b^ hjwf dth lfegbhbcgbhlt,f<br />
dthfahbs thsvfytsc gbhdtkb gbhb fye cfrht,ekjlfy fhxtekb vthb lf evhfdktcj,f&&& xdtyb<br />
vjltkb fhbc tdhjgekb sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc mfhnbbcf^ hjvkbc hfnbabrfwbfw vjf[lbyf<br />
gfhkfvtynvf#^ _ ufyvfhnfdc vfzfdfhbfyb& 277<br />
jgjpbwbf gfhkfvtynib cfrbs[bc ufy[bkdfc se vbfqotdc^ tc cfufpfa[ekj ctcbfpt<br />
vj[lt,f^ fye hjltcfw erdt rfhc bmyt,f vjvlufhb flubkj,hbdb sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc<br />
jhufyjt,bc fhxtdyt,b& w[flbf^ tc ufhtvjt,f rbltd eahj vodfdt [fcbfsc vbcwtvc lt,fnt,c&<br />
jgjpbwbbc lf [tkbceakt,bc ofhvjvflutytksf ufyw[flt,t,b eahj ntktvf.eht,kbcfsdbc<br />
ufrtslt,f& @se [tkbceakt,f vtht,bcf lf ufvut,kt,bc gbhlfgbhb otcbs fhxtdfpt efhc<br />
bn.dbc^ bc 2005 otkc lfybiyek flubkj,hbdb sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc fhxtdyt,c ufrjnht,ekb<br />
it[dlt,f#^ _ fqybiyfdc htcge,kbrtkb lfdbs ,th>Tybidbkb& 278<br />
[tkbceakt,f flubkj,hbdb sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc jhufyjt,bc fhxtdyt,bcfsdbc fhfyfrkt,<br />
fmnbehfl tvpflt,f& vbc [tksff vbc vbthdt vbqt,ekb cffhxtdyj rfyjyb lf t&o&<br />
@flvbybcnhfwbekb htcehcb#^ hfvfw @yfwbjyfkehb vj>hfj,bc# vjhbub lfvf]tht,tkb<br />
ufvfh]dt,f eylf epheydtk.jc& sevwf^ vsfdfhb vfbyw fhxtdyt,bc itltut,bc ktubnbvehj,bc<br />
sdfkcfphbcbs mdt.fyfib bv lhjbcfsdbc fhct,ekb cjwbfkeh-trjyjvbrehb ajyb bmyt,f&<br />
o sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc vjkjlbyb<br />
vjvfdfkb 2006 otkb cfmfhsdtkjib sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc okfl itb>Kt,f ufvjw[flltc& ]th<br />
thsb bvbnjv^ hjv itvjlujvfpt sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc fhxtdyt,bf lfutuvbkb^ vtjhtw bvbnjv^<br />
hjv vbqt,ekbf sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc f[fkb rfyjyb^ hjvtkcfw vybidytkjdfyb cbf[ktt,b itfmdc<br />
sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc jhufybpt,fib& fvfdt lhjc^ cjwbjkjubehb ufvjrbs[df bvfcfw fxdtyt,c^<br />
hjv vjcf[ktj,f vpflff fmnbehb vjyfobktj,f vbbqjc sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc fhxtdyt,ib^<br />
sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bcufy vjtkbc sfdbcb w[jdht,bc ufev]j,tct,fc^ sevwf evhfdktcj,fc<br />
fhct,ekb sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc jhufyjt,bcfsdbc cfthsjl fh vbevfhsfdc fhfcjltc lf fhw<br />
sdbsvvfhsdtkj,fcsfy lfrfdibht,bs vbqt,ekb wdkbkt,t,bc cfmvbc rehcib fh fhbc& fctsb<br />
lfcrdybc ufrtst,bc cfiefkt,fc b>ktdf cfvfhskbfyb fhxtdyt,bc lf ltvjrhfnbbc<br />
cfthsfijhbcj cfpjufljt,bc lf @ujh,bc# vbth xfnfht,ekb cjwbjkjubehb rdktdf^ hjvkbc<br />
itltut,bw fv wjnf [ybc oby uffwytc cfpjufljt,lfc&<br />
275 @fkbf#^ 13-14&\::&2005<br />
276 @cfmfhsdtkjc htcge,kbrf#^ 13&\::&2005<br />
277 @fkbf#^ 13-14&\::&2005<br />
278 @htpjyfycb#^ 13&\::&2005<br />
132
sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc jhufyjt,bc fhxtdyt,b cfmfhsdtkjib^ nhflbwbekfl^ vjcf[ktj,bc<br />
vfqfkb fmnbdj,bs ufvjbhxtdf& ufvjrbs[eksf 72 )-vf ufyfw[flf^ hjv vfs vjyfobktj,f<br />
vbbqtc 2002 okbc flubkj,hbd fhxtdyt,ib^ [jkj 79 ) fgbht,c vjyfobktj,f vbbqjc 2006<br />
okbc flubkj,hbd fhxtdyt,ib& 11 )-c rb ]thfw fhf fmdc uflfo.dtnbkb^ fhxtdyt,ib vbbqt,c se<br />
fhf vjyfobktj,fc& 279<br />
fhxtdyt,ib vfqfkb fmnbdj,bc ufvjxtyfcsfy thsfl^ vjcf[ktj,f vfqfk vjs[jdyt,c e.tyt,c<br />
sdbsvvfhsdtkj,fc& rdktdbc itltut,bc vb[tldbs^ vjcf[ktj,fc cehc^ hjv flubkj,hbdb<br />
sdbsvvfhsdtkj,f b.jc ufvzdbhdfkt^ fyufhbidfklt,ekb^ abyfycehfl epheydtk.jabkb^<br />
lfcfmvt,fpt jhbtynbht,ekb lf^ hfw vsfdfhbf^ gbhlfgbhb upbs fhxtekb&<br />
tcff bltfkb^ lqtc htfkehfl fhct,ek sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc jhufyjt,c rb vjcf[ktj,f<br />
cfrvfjl rhbnbrekfl e.eht,c lf vfc fafct,c^ hjuhw @ufhrdteobkfl^ lf[ehekc^ fctdt<br />
fhfcfrvfhbcfl tatmnehc#& vjcf[ktj,bc 40 )-c flubkj,hbdb sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc cfmvbfyj,f<br />
fh vbfxybf ufvzdbhdfktl^ fy vbfxybf @fhw bct ufvzdbhdfktl#& rdktdbc itltut,bc vb[tldbs^<br />
vjcf[ktj,f flubkj,hbndb sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc fhftatmnehj,bc cfv vsfdfh vbptpc ufvj.jac%<br />
abyfyct,bc emjykj,f ~84 ) cfrht,ekjt,bcfsdbc^ 56 ) ufvutj,t,bcsdbc lf vthbt,bcsdbc`^<br />
fhfrdfkbabwbehb gthcjyfkb ~33 ) cfrht,ekjt,bcfsdbc^ 21) ufvutj,bcfsdbc^ vthbbcsdbc`<br />
lf rjheawbff ~20 ) cfrht,ekjt,bcsdbc^ 12 ) ufvutj,t,bcsdbc^ vthbbcsdbc`& ufbhrdf bcbw^<br />
hjv ufvjrbs[eksf 76 )-c fhfcjltc fh vbevfhsfdc sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc jhufyjcfsdbc hfbvt<br />
ghj,ktvbc vjcfudfht,kfl^ 23)-c rb vbevfhsfdc& vbvfhsdbc vbptpb^ >bhbsflfl^ ]fylfwdbc<br />
ghj,ktvf b.j^ itvltu rb _ lfcfmvt,bc cfrbs[b& 280<br />
ufvjrbs[dfv ufvjfdkbyf fhct,ekb dbsfht,bc rbltd thsb gfhfljmcb& vbe[tlfdfl bvbcf^<br />
hjv vjcf[ktj,f lblb tysepbfpvbs fhbc ufyo.j,bkb sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bcflvb^ ufvjbhrdf^ hjv<br />
ufvjrbs[eksf 64 ) byajhvbht,ekb fh fhbc @sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc cathjib itvjsfdfpt,ek<br />
wdkbkt,t,bc sfj,fpt#& fvfdt lhjc^ vjcf[ktj,bc ofhvjlutyt,b sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc itcf[t,<br />
hbu ghbywbgek cfrbs[t,ib vybidytkjdyfl ufyc[dfdlt,f bvbcfufy^ hfw 2006 okbc 16 ltrtv,thc<br />
gfhkfvtynbc vbth vbqt,ek flubkj,hbdb sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc rfyjyibf lfabmcbht,ekb&<br />
rth>jl^ vjmfkfmtt,b vbbxytdty^ hjv sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc jhufyjt,ib fhct,ekb cnhemnehbc<br />
itwdkf fh uffev]j,tct,c vfs tatmnehj,fc& ufvjrbs[eksf 67) tobyffqvltut,f hfbjyt,bc^<br />
[jkj 55) cjakt,bc ufthsbfyt,fc ths flubkj,hbd sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc thstekt,fl&<br />
ufvjrbs[eksf evtntcj,bc _ 89)-bc fphbd^ vtht,b lf ufvut,kt,b gbhlfgbhb upbs eylf<br />
fbhxyty& fctdt vfsb fphbs^ cfrht,ekjt,bcf lf ufvut,kt,bc se vtht,bc fhxtdf eylf [lt,jltc<br />
hjujhw cjakt,bc^ stvbc^ mfkfmbc^ fctdt hfbjybc ljytpt&<br />
vjcf[ktj,bc ufyo.j,fc se ufdbsdfkbcobyt,s^ rfhub bmyt,jlf^ se sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc<br />
jhufyjt,bc fhxtdyt,fvlt^ rfyjyib bcts wdkbkt,t,c itbnfylyty^ hfw vjvfdfkb<br />
sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc jhufyjt,c vjcf[ktj,bc evhfdktcj,bc it[tlekt,t,bc itcf,fvbcfl<br />
xfvjf.fkb,t,c lf fhf bct^ hjujhw ufhrdtek gfhnbfc fy rfyjyvlt,tksf ]ueac cehc&<br />
sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc jhufyjt,bc vbth sfdbfysb aeymwbt,bc itcfchekt,kfl gbhdtk hbuib<br />
abyfyct,bf cfzbhj& fv v[hbd rb^ vjvfdfkb sdbsvvfhsdtkj,f cfrvfjl cecnb bmyt,f& vjut,bc<br />
uflfcf[flb^ hjvtkbw fmfvlt flubkj,hbd ,be]tnib itlbjlf^ f[kf wtynhfkehb ,be]tnbc<br />
resdybkt,f uf[lf& fvbnjv pjubthsb tmcgthnb vjbs[jdc vjut,bc uflfcf[flbc yfobkb vfbyw<br />
lfhxtc flubkj,hbd ,be]tnib& hfvltyfl vj[th[lt,f tc^ c[df cfrbs[bf& fqcfybiyfdbf bcbw^ hjv<br />
vjcf[ktj,bc yf[tdfhb sfyf[vff sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc tatmnehb veifj,bcsdbc lfvfnt,bsb<br />
abyfyct,b ufbqjc cfresfhb ]b,blfy& ufvjrbs[eksf 44) sdkbc^ hjv flubkj,hbdb sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc<br />
cfmvbfyj,bc ufcfev]j,tct,kfl lf vjvcf[eht,bc [fhbc[bc fcfvfqkt,kfl<br />
flubkj,hbd [tkbceakt,fc eylf /mjyltc flubkj,hbdb uflfcf[flt,bc itvjqt,bc eakt,f^<br />
ufvjrbs[eksf 47) rb sfyf[vff uflfb[fljc tc uflfcf[flt,b^ serb bub hfbjyc se cjakt,c<br />
vj[vfhlt,f& 281<br />
sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc htajhvf lqtc ghbjhbntnfl fhbc fqbfht,ekb cfmfhsdtkjib&<br />
279 @f[fkb sfj,f#^ 20&\::&2005<br />
280 @htpjyfycb#^ 20&\::&2005<br />
281 @htpjyfycb#^ 20&\::&2005<br />
133
sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc ufydbsfht,fc vjcf[ktj,bc fmnbdj,fw iteo.j,c [tkc& f[kf erdt vsfdfhbf<br />
bctsb cnhemneht,bcf lf cfrfyjyvlt,kj ,fpbc itmvyf^ hfw htfkehfl ffveifdt,c<br />
sdbsvvfhsdtkj,fc^ hfw .jdtkdsdbc ltvjrhfnbbc mdfres[tlfl ofhvjlut,f [jkvt&<br />
o s,bkbcbc vthbc fhxtdf _ jgjpbwbbc nhflbwbekb cfvbpyt<br />
s,bkbcbc vthbc fhxtdbc cfrbs[b wtynhfkehb [lt,f mfhsekb gjkbnbrbcfsdbc& jgjpbwbf<br />
thsbfylt,f lf [tkbceakt,bcfufy vthbc gbhlfgbhb fhxtdyt,bc upbs fhxtdfc vjbs[jdc&<br />
vbe[tlfdfl jgjpbwbbc thscekjdfyb ghjntcnbcf^ [tkbceakt,fv gfhkfvtynib gbhdtkb<br />
vjcvtybs erdt vbbqj s,bkbcbc rfyjyib wdkbkt,t,b^ hjvkbc vb[tldbsfw s,bkbcbc vthb<br />
mfkfmbc cfrht,ekjv eylf fbhxbjc^ cfrht,ekjc fhxtdyt,ib rb evhfdktcj,f gbhdtk flubkpt<br />
ufcek gfhnbfc tmyt,f& jgjpbwbehb gfhnbt,b fw[flt,ty^ hjv [tkbceakt,fv erdt chekfl<br />
ofhvjfxbyf cfresfhb sfdb^ erdt w[flbf^ hjv mdt.fyfib ltvjrhfnbekb fhxtdyt,b fh xfnfhlt,f<br />
lf itmvybk dbsfht,fib cfertstcj ufvjcfdfkb fhxtdyt,bc ,jbrjnbf&<br />
ltvjrhfnbf evhfdktcj,bc vvfhsdtkj,fc fh ybiyfdc^ ltvjrhfnbf gbhdtk hbuib evwbhtcj,bc<br />
eakt,t,bc lfwekj,ff^ hfw [tkbceakt,fcf lf jgjpbwbfc ijhbc lbfkjuibw dkbylt,f&<br />
ghbywbgib^ tc vfhnbdb ztivfhbnt,f rfhufl bwbfy lqtc [tkbceakt,fib v.javf @yfwbjyfkehb<br />
vj>Hfj,bc# ofhvjvflutykt,vf^ vfuhfv hfw lhj uflbc^ cek eahj yfrkt,b bvtlb<br />
hxt,f^ hjv [tkbceakt,fcf lf jgjpbwbfc ijhbc rjycnhemwbekb ehsbthsj,t,b lfv.fhlt,f&<br />
jgjpbwbehb gfhnbt,b _ nhflbwbjyfkbcnt,b^ htcge,kbrtkt,b lf rjycthdfnjht,b<br />
ufvjdblyty thsj,kbdb bybwbfnbdbs xfnfhltc htathtylevb vtht,bcf lf ufvut,kt,bc<br />
fhxtdbsj,fcsfy lfrfdibht,bs htathtylevbc xfnfht,bc sfj,fpt& vfs ufyphf[ekb fmds<br />
vjfuhjdjy 200 fsfcb [tkvjothf^ hbc itvltufw ghtpbltynvf htathtylevb eylf lfybiyjc&<br />
sevwf^ bvfcfw fqybiyfdty^ hjv [tkbceakt,f ittwlt,f obyffqvltuj,f ufeobjc fv utuvbc<br />
htfkbpt,fc& xfnfhlt,f se fhf htathtylevb^ _ yt,bcvbth itvs[dtdfib jgjpbwbbc [tkib<br />
vjvut,bfyb stvff [tkbceakt,bc ufcfrhbnbrt,kfl&<br />
jgjpbwbehb gfhnbt,bc vbth vjs[jdybk htathtylevpt^ serb itlut,f^ vjmfkfmtt,vf<br />
gfce[b eylf ufcwty thsflths rbs[dfc% @sfyf[vf [fh se fhf^ hjv .dtkf lfcf[kt,ekb<br />
geymnbc ~mfkfmbc^ stvbcf lf cjakbc` vthb ~ufvut,tkb` fbhxtc gbhlfgbhb rtyzbc.hbs fv<br />
lfcf[kt,ekb geymnt,bc vjcf[ktj,bc vbth(#& 282 htathtylevbc xfnfht,bc bybwbfnjht,b<br />
lfhoveyt,ekyb fhbfy^ hjv vjcf[ktj,f fv rbs[dfc lflt,bs gfce[c ufcwtvc& @yt,bcvbthb<br />
cjwbjkjubehb ufvjrbs[dbs vjcf[ktj,bc 98)-c vbfxybf^ hjv vthb gbhlfgbhb otcbs eylf<br />
b.jc fhxtekb#^ _ fw[flt,c nhflbwbjyfkbcnsf kblthb frfrb fcfsbfyb& 283<br />
vtht,bcf lf ufvut,kt,bc vjcf[ktj,bc vbth fhxtdfc lqtdfyltkb [tkbceafkybw ezthlyty<br />
v[fhc^ hjltcfw bcbyb jgjpbwbfib b.dyty lf itdfhlyf>Tc fhfltvjrhfnbekj,bcf lf<br />
flubkj,hbdb sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc buyjhbht,bcfsdbc frhbnbrt,lyty& sevwf^ [tkbceakt,fib<br />
vjcdkbc itvltu fv vbvfhsekt,bs yf,b]t,bc uflfluvfc fh xmfhj,ty& sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc ufydbsfht,bc<br />
fewbkt,kj,bc sfj,fpt cfmfhsdtkjc f[fkvf [tkbceakt,fvfw vbbqj tdhjcf,-<br />
zjcfufy itybidyf& bvbc ufsdfkbcobyt,bs^ hjv 2006 otkc flubkj,hbdb sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc<br />
jhufyjt,bc fhxtdyt,b eylf xfnfhltc^ sdbsvvfhsdtkj,fcsfy lfrfdibht,ekb cfrbs[t,b cek<br />
eahj fmnefkehb uf[lt,f&<br />
sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc ufydbsfht,bc obyffqvltu^ dfhlt,bc [tkbceakt,f^ w[flbf fh ofdf&<br />
sevwf vtht,bcf lf ufvut,kt,bc gbhlfgbh fhxtdyt,c vfbyw fh tv[hj,f& vfs cfdct,bs<br />
ltvjrhfnbekfl lf fvfcsfy vbpfyitojybkfl vbfxybfs^ hjv vthb lf ufvut,tkb cfrht,ekjv<br />
fbhxbjc& @t&o& bhb,b fhxtdyt,b f,cjkenehfl ltvjrhfnbekb bycnbnenbf lf mfkfmbc<br />
vfhsdfc ,tdhfl ufffldbkt,c& fm cfzbhjf fhf gjkbnbrehb abuehf^ hjvtkbw mdt.fyfib wfkrt<br />
gjkbnbrfc uffnfht,c^ fhfvtl flfvbfyb^ hjvtkbw mfkfmc vb[tlfdc& fvbnjv ev]j,tcb bmyt,f^<br />
282 @f[fkb sfj,f#^ 6&|:&2005<br />
283 @htpjyfycb#^ 6&|:&2005<br />
134
vthb cfrht,ekjc vbth b.jc fhxtekb#^ _ fqybiyfdc gfhkfvtynfhb rjnt uf,fidbkb& 284<br />
itb>kt,f cfmvbcsdbc vfhskfw cfrht,ekjc vbth fhxtekb vthb c]j,c^ hjvtkbw cfvtehytj<br />
cfmvtt,bs bmyt,f lfrfdt,ekb^ vfuhfv xdtyc gbhj,t,ib @gjkbnbrehfl ytbnhfkehb# vtht,b lf<br />
ufvut,kt,b^ ]th]thj,bs^ >ytkb ofhvjcflutybf&<br />
jgjpbwbbcfsdbc^ nhflbwbekfl^ vsfdfhb cfvbpyt s,bkbcbc vthbc cfdfh>Tkbf& fqcfybiyfdbf^<br />
hjv vb[tbk cffrfidbkb dfhlt,bc htdjkewbbc oby s,bkbcbc cfrht,ekjc sfdv]ljvfhtl<br />
b.j fhxtekb^ vfuhfv bmwtjlf hjujhw vthb& cfrht,ekjib .jayf lf s,bkbcbc cfmvtt,pt<br />
veifj,f rb afmnj,hbdfl ufyb[bkt,jlf hjujhw nhfvgkbyb mdt.ybc [tkbceakt,fib vjcfcdktkfl&<br />
se ufdbsdfkbcobyt,s ltlfmfkfmbc vybidytkj,fc cfmfhsdtkjcsdbc^ cflfw sfdvj.-<br />
hbkbf mdt.ybc vjcf[ktj,bc vtjs[tlpt vtnb^ s,bkbcbc fhxtekb vthb kfvbc dbwt-ghtpbltynfl<br />
itb>Kt,f ufydb[bkjs^ hjvtkbw fvfcsfy [tkbceakt,bc v[hblfy chekbfl erjynhjkj<br />
bmyt,f&<br />
[fk[bc vbth fhxtekb s,bkbcbc vthb^ seylfw hjv jgjpbwbjythb fh b.jc^ vfbyw fhfcfcehdtkfl<br />
vbbxytdf ghtpbltynbcfsdbc^ hflufyfw bmvyt,f vtnfl @v>bvtojybfyb# gjkbnbrehb<br />
abuehf& @ghtpbltync vbfxybf^ hjv yt,bcvbthb abuehf^ hjvtkbw [fk[bc vbth bmyt,f fhxtekb^<br />
cfghtpbltynj rfvgfybbc lhjc cthbjpek rjyrehtywbfc ufeotdc& ghtpbltynb .dtkfathc fv<br />
zhbkib e.eht,c^ hfw ltvjrhfnbekb fhfyfbhfl fh fhbc#^ _ fqybiyfdc htcge,kbrtkb lfdbs<br />
,th>tybidbkb& 285<br />
200 fsfcb [tkvjothbc vjuhjdt,fc jgjpbwbf^ fk,fs^ vjf[th[t,c& vfuhfv lfybiyfdc se fhf<br />
ghtpbltynb htathtylevc( bct^ rfyjybc sfyf[vfl^ htathtylevb mdt.ybc vstk nthbnjhbfpt<br />
eylf xfnfhltc& vfuhfv cf[tptf 2003 okbc 2 yjtv,hbc fhxtdyt,bc lhjc xfnfht,ekb<br />
htathtylevb^ cflfw vjcf[ktj,bc f,cjkenehb evhfdktcj,f lftsfy[vf bv fphc^ hjv<br />
gfhkfvtynib 150 otdhpt vtnb fh eylf b.jc& fv htathtylevbc itltut,bc vb[tldbs^ erdt<br />
uflfo.dtnbkbf^ hjv vjvfdfkb gfhkfvtynb fv f[fkb cnfylfhnbs bmyt,f fhxtekb&<br />
hfw itt[t,f^ vtht,bcf lf ufvut,kt,bc fhxtdbsj,fc^ [tkbceakt,f^ fk,fs^ sfdbc bltfc<br />
vjvfdfkibw lfbwfdc^ hjv lfcf[tkt,ekb sfyfvlt,j,bc gbht,b cfrht,ekjv fbhxbjc lf fhf<br />
eiefkjl vjcf[ktj,fv& fv itvs[dtdfib kfdbht,bcf lf rjynhjkbc eahj vtnb itcf>-<br />
Kt,kj,t,b fhct,j,c& sevwf^ hbubsb s,bkbctkbcfsdbc ufeut,fhb lfhxt,f^ se hfnjv fh<br />
fylj,ty mfkfmbc vthbc fhxtdfc&<br />
o dby fbhxtdc s,bkbcbc vthc<br />
s,bkbcbc vthb hjv fhxtdbsb uf[lt,f fvfpt fhfdby lfdj,c^ vfuhfv esfy[vjt,f [tkbceakt,fcf<br />
lf jgjpbwbfc ijhbc vthbc fhxtdbc otcsfy lfrfdibht,bs bo.t,f% [tkbceakt,f<br />
v[fhc ezthc vthbc fhxtdfc cfrht,ekjc vbth^ jgjpbwbf rb [fk[bc vbth vthbc gbhlfgbh<br />
fhxtdfc vjbs[jdc& lfdf fv cfrbs[sfy lfrfdibht,bs uflfvo.dtn afpfib itlbc^ hflufyfw<br />
gfhkfvtynvf itcf,fvbcb uflfo.dtnbkt,f eylf vbbqjc& @rjycthdfnjht,b# vthbc fhxtdbsj,fcsfy<br />
lfrfdibht,bs gkt,bcwbnbc xfcfnfht,kfl [tkvjotht,bc ituhjdt,fc bo.t,c&<br />
cfmfhsdtkjc gfhkfvtynib @s,bkbcbc rfyjyib# wdkbkt,t,bc hfvltybvt ghjtmnb vjvpfllf&<br />
cfgfhkfvtynj evhfdktcj,bc ghjtmnbs s,bkbcbc vthb mfkfmbc cfrht,ekjv eylf<br />
fbhxbjc^ [jkj @vtvfh]dtyt jgjpbwbbc# ghjtmnb s,bkbcbc vthbc gbhlfgbh fhxtdyt,c<br />
bsdfkbcobyt,c& fctsbdt gjpbwbf fmdc @cfmfhsdtkjc rjycthdfnbek gfhnbfcfw#^ hjvkbc otdht,bw<br />
fvfcsfy lfrfdibht,bs s,bkbcbc vjcf[ktj,bc gkt,bcwbnbc xfnfht,bc vbqotdfc twlt-<br />
,bfy& bcbyb lfhoveyt,ekyb fhbfy^ hjv fctsbdtf s,bkbcbc vjcf[ktj,bc gjpbwbfw& 286<br />
ufvjmdt.ylf @cfvfhskbfyb fhxtdyt,bc# vbth 1-7 vfhnc xfnfht,ekb s,bkbctksf ufvjrbs[dbc<br />
itltut,b& rbs[dfpt% smdtyb fphbs% dby eylf fbhxbjc s,bkbcbc vthb _ cfrht,ekjv<br />
se eiefkjl s,bkbctkt,vf^ 1000 htcgjltynblfy 75^4) sdkbc^ hjv vthb vjcf[ktj,fv eylf<br />
284 @htpjyfycb#^ 6&|:&2005<br />
285 @htpjyfycb#^ 6&|:&2005<br />
286 @[dfkbyltkb lqt#^ 6&:|&2005<br />
135
fbhxbjc^ cfrht,ekjlfy vthbc fhxtdfc rb v[jkjl 4^2) tv[hj,f^ gfce[bc ufwtvbcfufy sfdb<br />
itbrfdf 20^4)-vf& 287<br />
rjycthdfnjht,vf seylfw hjv vjfuhjdjy gkt,bcwbnbcfsdbc cfzbhj [tkvjotht,bc<br />
hfjltyj,f^ ghtpbltynbc sfy[vj,fc cftzdjf hjv vbfqobjy& cf[tkbceakj evhfdktcj,fc fv<br />
cfrbs[ib cfdct,bs xfvj.fkb,t,ekb gjpbwbf fmdc& vfsb fphbs^ cf.jdtksfj rtyzbc.hbs fhxtekb<br />
s,bkbcbc vthb @gjkbnbrehfl cfibib# itb>kt,f fqvjxyltc& @s,bkbcb vfhnj ltlfmfkfmb<br />
rb fh fhbc^ fhfvtl tc fhbc mfkfmb^ cflfw sfdvj.hbkbf mdt.ybc vstkb byahfcnhemnehf&<br />
s,bkbcbc fhxtekb vthb^ ghfmnbrekfl^ vtjht ghtpbltynbf^ hfw^ ghfmnbrekfl^<br />
jh[tkbceakt,bfyj,fc ybiyfdc& fv itvs[dtdfib vybidytkj,f fhf fmdc^ cffrfidbkbf ghtpbltynb<br />
se c[df gbhb& s,bkbcbc vthbc ufdktyf gbhlfgbhb fhxtdyt,bcfc >fkbfy lblb bmyt,f^ vfc dth<br />
vj[cyb#^ _ fqybiyfdc gfhkfvtynfhb lfdbs pehf,bidbkb& 288<br />
evhfdktcj,bc ofhvjvflutykt,b fw[flt,ty^ hjv vthbc fhxtdf cfrht,ekjc vbth cfdct,bs<br />
]lt,f ltvjrhfnbek cnfylfhnib lf fv sdfkcfphbcbs fhfyfbhb ghj,ktvf fh fhct,j,c&<br />
@ltvjrhfnbf fhw thsb vbc[fkbs fh bpqelt,f^ vbsevtntc^ hjv f[fkb ghjtmnbs hfvltybvt<br />
vybidytkjdfyb ufhfynbf itvjlbc% vfs ijhbc vthbcfsdbc eylj,kj,bc ufvjw[flt,bc cfrbs[b&<br />
xdty fh dlut,bs bv hbcrbc obyfit^ hjv fhxtekb bmyt,f >Fkbfy gjgekfhekb lf fhfmvtleyfhbfyb<br />
abuehf& lqtvlt fh vjvbcvtybf hfwbjyfkehb fhuevtynb bvbc sfj,fpt^ hjv vthb<br />
fewbkt,kfl gbhlfgbhb otcbs eylf b.jc fhxtekb#^ _ fw[flt,c behblbekb rjvbntnbc<br />
otdhb ybrf udfhfvbf& 289<br />
pjubthsb gfhkfvtynfhb^ vfufkbsfl^ dfkthb utk,f[bfyb vbbxytdc^ hjv fhxtdbsj,bc otcb<br />
~gbhlfgbhb se bhb,b` sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bc vsfdfhb ghbywbgb cekfw fh fhbc& vbcb fphbs^ vsfdfhbf<br />
abyfycehb^ mjyt,hbdb cfrbs[t,bc uflfo.dtnf^ rjvgtntywbt,bc ufvb]dyf lf flubkj,hbdb<br />
sdbsvvfhsdtkj,bcsdbc lf fhxtekb gbht,bcsdbc htfkehb eakt,t,bc vbybzt,f& 290<br />
gfhkfvtynfhb ktdfy ,th>Tybidbkb crtgnbrehflff ufyo.j,bkb s,bkbcbc vthbc fhxtdbsj,bcflvb&<br />
@s,bkbcc welb vthb t.jkt,f^ ubylf gbhlfgbh fbhxbt lf ubylf bhb,fl&<br />
s,bkbcb welb mfkfmbf^ welb mdt.fyff^ bvbnjv^ hjv fcts afpfib dfhs lf fvfc dbvcf[eht,s#^<br />
_ fqybiyfdc bub& ,th>tybidbkbc ghjuyjpbs^ s,bkbcbc vthfl hjvtkbvt vbkbjythb^ vfufkbsfl^<br />
,flhb gfnfhrfwbidbkb bmyt,f fhxtekb& ktdfy ,th>tybidbkb bpbfht,c bv fphc^ hjv<br />
[fk[bc vbth fhxtekb s,bkbcbc vthb cthbjpekb rjyrehtynb itb>kt,f fqvjxyltc mdt.ybc<br />
ghtpbltynbcfsdbc& @[tkbceakt,fc abueht,bc yfrkt,j,f fmdc lf vjeotds [fk[blfy cbvgfsbehb<br />
flfvbfybc gjdyf&&& xdtyc ghtpbltync qfvt fh >Byfdc bvbc ufvj^ hjv vthfl vfqfkb^<br />
f[jdfyb gbhjdyt,f fh lfybiyjc^ hjvtkbw gjgekfhj,fib itt]b,ht,f& tc >fkbfy cthbjpekb<br />
fhuevtynbf& [fk[bc vbth fhxtekb vthb bmyt,f cfmfhsdtkjc $ 2 ghtpbltynb#^ _ fqybiyfdc<br />
,th>tybidbkb& 291<br />
s,bkbcbc vthb rfhub vtyt]thb eylf b.jc^ mfkfmbc ghj,ktvt,bs lfrfdt,ekb& [fk[bc vbth<br />
fhxtekb vthb rb^ serb bc jgjpbwbbc ofhvjvflutytkb bmyt,f^ fv sfyfvlt,j,fc v[jkjl<br />
nhfvgkbyfl vbbxytdc gjkbnbreh rfhbthfib& fv itvs[dtdfib [tkbceakt,bc ofhvjvflutykt,b<br />
vfhsfkyb fhbfy& sfdfl cffrfidbkb^ s,bkbcbc cfrht,ekjc hjv [tkv>qdfytkj,lf^ s,bkbcbc<br />
cf[kt,bc cf[ehfdt,pt lf cf,fdij vjtlyt,pt htvjync bvbnjv fnfht,lf^ hjv eahj lblb<br />
gjkbnbrehb vbpyt,b /mjylf& 292<br />
287 @f[fkb sfj,f#^ 6&:|&2005<br />
288 @f[fkb sfj,f#^ 6&:|&2005<br />
289 @htpjyfycb#^ 6&:|&2005<br />
290 @f[fkb sfj,f#^ 6&:|&2005<br />
291 @htpjyfycb#^ 6&:|&2005<br />
292 ufpts @rdbhbc gfkbnhbc# ufvjrbs[dfib 665 htcgjltynvf gfce[b ufcwf rbs[dfc se @dby bmyt,jlf<br />
s,bkbcbc cfertstcj vthb#& vrbs[dtksf 27)-c vbfxybf^ hjv mfkfmc cfertstcj sfdrfwj,fc ,flhb<br />
gfnfhrfwbidbkb ufeotdlf& 6^61 mekbs ,bpytcvtysf atlthfwbbc sfdv]ljvfht gbhdtk flubkptf&<br />
vtjht flubkptf cfkjvt pehf,bidbkb^ hyjvtkcfw htcgjltynvf 18)-vf vfmcbvfkehb 9 mekf<br />
lffuhjdf^ vbcb cfiefkj mekf rb 6^48 fqvjxylf& itvltu flubkt,pt ufdblyty% 3& rj,f lfdbsfidbkb _<br />
6^24 mekf* 4& ujub sjaf>t _ 5^97 mekf* 5& ubub euekfdf _ 5^15 mekf* 6& ktdfy ufxtxbkf>t _ 4^30<br />
mekf* 7& lfdbs ufv.htkb>t _ 3^62 mekf* 8& ifkdf yfstkfidbkb _ 3^34 mekf* 9& lfdbs ,th>tybidbkb<br />
_ 3^30 mekf ~@rdbhbc gfkbnhf#^ 12-18&|:&2006`<br />
136
THE GEORGIAN POLITICS:<br />
GOVERNMENT AND POLITICAL PROCESSES<br />
THE PLAN OF THE SEMINAR<br />
Malkhaz Matsaberidze<br />
Introduction<br />
Topic 1. Europeazation of Georgian Political Thinking<br />
• Main stages of Europeazation of the Georgian Political Thinking<br />
• Volterianizm in Georgia<br />
• The Idea of United Georgian-Armenian State<br />
Topic 2. The Georgian Model of Democracy: the Constitution<br />
• The Political Conception of<br />
• State Organization According the Constitution of 1921<br />
• Comparative Analyses of the Constitutions of 1921 and 1995<br />
Topic 3. Georgia and the Problems of Building Democracy<br />
• The Attempts to Establish Democracy in Georgia<br />
• Number of Questions are Still Disputable<br />
• Discussion and Search <strong>for</strong> Causes of the Revolution. of 1991-1992<br />
• A Long Way of National Reconciliation<br />
Topic 4. Rose Revolution in Georgia<br />
• Three different viewpoints of the Rose Revolution<br />
• The Velvet Exam of CIS<br />
• The Georgian Democracy: Hardships and Supports<br />
• George Soros Refuses to be a supporter of Revolutions<br />
• 2004 – Tendencies of Development<br />
• How Georgia was ruled<br />
Topic V. The Problems of Georgian Constitutionalism<br />
• The Fate of Constitution in Georgia<br />
• Politicians and Institutions<br />
• The Governmental balance in Georgian Reality<br />
• Perspectives of the Re<strong>for</strong>ms of the Parliament<br />
Topic VI. Government and Opposition<br />
• The fate of opposition in Georgia<br />
• Government and Opposition: The Confrontational Model of Relationships<br />
• Different viewpoints around President’s annual speech<br />
• Right wing Policy in the Country of Left Wing Slogans<br />
Topic 7. The Ways of Conflict’s Resolution<br />
• South Caucasus be<strong>for</strong>e Great Changes<br />
• The Quest of Abkhazia: Who is Responsible <strong>for</strong> it’s Resolution<br />
• Three Years <strong>for</strong> Conflict’s Resolution<br />
• Who will be a Leader of the Russian Investments in Abkhazia<br />
• Uncontrolled Territories – the Base <strong>for</strong> Criminal Groups<br />
• Americans are Going to Solve the conflict of Abkhazia by means of various Economic<br />
Projects<br />
137
Topic 8. Georgia and the Modern World<br />
• The External Strategies of Georgia<br />
• Georgia’s Place in USA-Russia Relations<br />
• Aid is important <strong>for</strong> both Parties of Conflict<br />
• Bush has Mentioned Georgia <strong>for</strong> four times<br />
• CIS Faces an Inevitable Trans<strong>for</strong>mation<br />
• Putin Impends the Territorial Unity of Georgia<br />
• The Double Standard of Russia<br />
• A Deadlock of Georgian-Russian Negotiations<br />
• Perspectives of the Unpersprctive Relations<br />
• Georgia Would Announce the Military Bases of Russia Illegal<br />
• Where the Arterial Gas Pipeline Comes to<br />
• Georgia is Interested in Stability in the Near East<br />
INTRODUCTION<br />
Intensive Master’s Seminar gives participants an opportunity to use various research methods<br />
and knowledge in the analyses of the contemporary political processes in the country. This course<br />
enables students to improve their theoretical background and to become aware of various methods<br />
of researches.<br />
While dealing with the contemporary political processes it is necessary to overview past<br />
experience. This enables us to become aware with the tendencies of development and with the<br />
historical roots of modern problems, or the turning point in the political processes. Due to these<br />
factors, we’ll have a chance to compare past and present attitudes towards resolving of various<br />
problems.<br />
The seminar is based on the following approaches:<br />
1. Familiarization with the various analytical materials, connected with the particular<br />
problem;<br />
2. Content analyses of Mass-media;<br />
3. Expert’s inquiries.<br />
Each topic is followed by the major questions and problems, which are still the points of<br />
discussion and there is no general agreement around them. Familiarization with the different<br />
approaches, their comparison and the determination of once own opinion/viewpoint, the<br />
exploration of the concrete materials are the stages, which must be followed during the process of<br />
research. There is a high possibility of various viewpoints and conclusions during the discussions.<br />
It is a good chance to defend your opinion, to become familiar with different approaches and to<br />
make a valuable conclusion.<br />
EUROPEIZATION OF THE GEORGIAN POLITICAL THINKING<br />
Integration with Europe was one of the major goals of the late Prime Minister Zurab Zhvania, a<br />
fact cemented in history when he told the Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly in<br />
Strasbourg, "I am Georgian and there<strong>for</strong>e I am European."<br />
Nowadays these words have great political significance and express deliberate and strategic<br />
choices made by the government in its <strong>for</strong>eign and domestic policy. But Zhvania's statement has a<br />
deep historical and cultural basis that is also worthy of consideration by both Europe and Georgia's<br />
government, which seeks to emulate our western neighbors.<br />
A crossroads <strong>for</strong> both traders and armies of empires, century after century Georgia found itself<br />
sandwiched between two dueling worlds, one northern and Christian, and a second to the south,<br />
largely Muslim. For Georgia, Christian Europe was considered an ally and supporter, and envoys<br />
from Rome were welcomed in renaissance-era Georgia.<br />
The 18th century saw a particularly pronounced shift in Georgia towards Europe. After several<br />
centuries of internal turbulence, Georgian rulers began to look to the west and found inspiration <strong>for</strong><br />
138
e<strong>for</strong>m and improved governmental structures. During this time the country began to adopt its<br />
earliest models of European military and educational systems. This era also saw the introduction of<br />
the words: policy, party, Mason, and other European words into the Georgian language.<br />
Heavy traces of the enlightenment and humanism made their way to Georgia; it is noteworthy<br />
that nobleman Davit, the heir to the last king of Georgia Giorgi XIII, hung a picture of Voltaire on his<br />
room much to the ire of his father. The Georgian political treatise of that time "Oriental Wisdom,"<br />
written by Aleksandre Amilakhvari, reflects major European political influences and draws heavily<br />
from Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Montesquieu.<br />
The eventual conquest of the country by Russia and the loss of independence was a great<br />
tragedy <strong>for</strong> Georgia, but at the same time the process of European-ization of Georgia hastened.<br />
Occupation by Russia inspired a new brand of nationalists who looked to Europe <strong>for</strong> inspiration<br />
and even attempted an unsuccessful coup in 1832 in a failed bid to gain independence.<br />
By the end of the 19th century, Georgian political thought was oriented solely on European<br />
ideas. In Georgia as well as in Russia social ideologies and social political parties began to gain<br />
strength. In 1918-1921, when Georgia had fleeting liberty from Russian governance, Georgia<br />
became the first country in the world with a <strong>Social</strong>-Democratic ruling party. At the time the country<br />
faced a vivid moment of choice and in response sought European models of democracy.<br />
Marxism-Leninism soon squashed this movement and brought Georgia into the suffocating<br />
soviet family <strong>for</strong> 70 years. Zurab Zhvania's famous statement expresses the reality of postcommunist<br />
development. His words can be considered as a rallying-point <strong>for</strong> the post-Soviet<br />
countries still struggling to erect democracy.<br />
To be European gives Georgia higher standards: protection of human rights, establishment of<br />
a political plurality, constitutional order, balance of governmental powers, re<strong>for</strong>m of local<br />
governance, etc. Being European, as Zhvania stated, is not a choice of geography but rather one<br />
of ideology - a choice that now requires the establishment of an effective state so his legacy can be<br />
fulfilled.<br />
SEARCHING FOR THE GEORGIAN MODEL OF DEMOCRACY:<br />
THE CONSTITUTION OF 1921<br />
On February 21, Georgia celebrated the 84th anniversary of the adoption of the country's first<br />
constitution. This date is of great importance <strong>for</strong> the country, which is orientated towards<br />
democratic development.<br />
The Georgian constitution adopted in 1921 holds an important place not only in the history of<br />
Georgia, but in the history of world constitutionalism. Although the document, which expresses the<br />
ideas and aims of the Georgian leadership at the time, had little direct impact during that period, its<br />
influence on post-Soviet Georgia has been great, as it <strong>for</strong>med the basis of independent Georgia's<br />
Constitution.<br />
Georgia was a virtually unique country between 1918-21 in that it was led by <strong>Social</strong> Democrats<br />
seeking to find a third way between the limitations of bourgeois democracy in the West and the<br />
Bolshevik experiment of Soviet Russia. This attempt to find a third way was captured in the 1921<br />
constitution. Georgia's <strong>Social</strong>-Democrats rejected Bolshevism theory, arguing that socialism was<br />
only acceptable if it did not exclude democracy. Protecting the interests of the working class and<br />
overseeing the development of democratic structures were thus the two main goals of the political<br />
leaders of the country.<br />
The guiding principle of the 1921 constitution was to provide real security <strong>for</strong> the sovereignty of<br />
the people. Central to the political organization of the country was thus the parliament: while the<br />
power of parliament was limited by the need <strong>for</strong> referendums, it was only limited by the will of the<br />
people in that it combined both the legislative and executive branches of the government.<br />
Parliament was to be elected every three years: the architects of the constitution felt that any<br />
longer term would not give the population sufficient control over parliament, while any less would<br />
lead to indifference and absenteeism, as well as huge expense <strong>for</strong> the government.<br />
Providing <strong>for</strong> maximum democracy was also the main factor in declaring that the Chair of<br />
Parliament would also be the Head of State, and would be elected <strong>for</strong> a one year term by<br />
Parliament, with one person being able to be elected no more than twice. The 1921 constitution<br />
was based less on Western European practice and theory in arranging the executive<br />
139
administration, and more on Georgia's experience of that time.<br />
For the founders of the 1921 constitution it was doubtless that democracy demanded<br />
decentralization but they thought that this would create a danger of regionalism in Georgia.<br />
According to the constitution, a unitary, democratic republic was thus established and this was<br />
approved by the Georgian Federalists as well as other parties. The unitary principle was combined,<br />
however, with wide local governance and with autonomous authorities in outskirt regions.<br />
The 1921 constitution was one of the first where the social-economic rights of the population<br />
were asserted. So important did the authors of the constitution consider this issue that they<br />
devoted the first article to it, hoping through this to extend a bridge to the "future kingdom of<br />
socialism." While this constitutional guarantee of social-economic rights was considered at the time<br />
to be a socialist aspect of the document, today they are enshrined in the Declaration of Human<br />
Rights and considered as universal rather than socialist. The 1921 constitution was pioneering in<br />
several other respects, not least in its provision of rights <strong>for</strong> minority groups.<br />
Many of the issues which the authors of that first Georgian constitution sought to overcome are<br />
still a matter of discussion today. Whether Georgia should be a federal state, how much power<br />
parliament and other branches of the government should have, and so on, are still being<br />
considered by the government; and it is timely that the anniversary of the constitution's adoption<br />
comes in the same week that Parliament approved at first hearing changes to the constitution<br />
providing <strong>for</strong> the reduction of the number of MPs from 235 to 150.<br />
Eighty-four years on, Georgia is still seeking to perfect its constitution, and still wrestling with<br />
important questions which the <strong>Social</strong> Democrats hoped to resolve in the 1921 constitution.<br />
GEORGIA AND THE PROBLEMS OF BUILDING DEMOCRACY<br />
Media lockdown<br />
Georgian press interprets new rules as serious threat<br />
On Monday new rules <strong>for</strong> journalists in the State Chancellery were introduced creating a<br />
special pressroom <strong>for</strong> briefings and limiting journalists and camera crews from all but one floor of<br />
the government's central nervous system.<br />
While the rules present a needed level of control in comparison to the <strong>for</strong>mer system, Georgian<br />
press interpret them as a threat from a government that has demonstrated little respect <strong>for</strong> an<br />
independent, questioning media.<br />
The previous <strong>for</strong>mat, in which journalists camped out at the first floor elevator to pounce on<br />
every official as they stepped out of the lift, cannot be described as a system. The new rules, in<br />
contrast, mean that journalists will have to wait in a briefing room <strong>for</strong> press secretaries and highranking<br />
officials to supply them with in<strong>for</strong>mation. The government cites this move as an ef<strong>for</strong>t to<br />
establish "western, civilized standards," but the Georgian press expresses irritation and labels the<br />
new rule suppression of the freedom of the media.<br />
One widely acknowledged positive aspect of the Shevardnadze leadership was the freedom<br />
enjoyed by the press. When the new government tore down the gate surrounding the Chancellery<br />
in its first days in power, many were encouraged that the new authorities would strive to make the<br />
government even more transparent and that interaction between the authorities and the media<br />
would become more open and democratic. But today concern about the condition of the Georgian<br />
media is growing, something noted in January's Council of Europe resolution.<br />
The government has repeatedly maintained that nobody suppresses the free media in Georgia<br />
- on the contrary, everything is being done to establish western standards in the sphere. The<br />
authorities maintain that setting aside a separate room <strong>for</strong> journalists in the State Chancellery is<br />
based on the example of civilized countries, but at the same time journalists recall the last months<br />
of Shevardnadze's leadership. The newspaper Akhali Taoba points out that at that time, the<br />
administration attempted to introduce the exact same restrictions and also cited a desire to<br />
implement western standards, but this proposal caused the irritation not only of journalists, but also<br />
the then-opposition, who declared the rule a "restriction of democracy." Today the leaders of that<br />
protest are at the head of the government and imposing the same restrictions that they so harshly<br />
criticized of Shevardnadze.<br />
The fact that many in the media state that working conditions were better under Shevardnadze<br />
is very concerning. According to journalists it was even possible to have phone contact with<br />
140
ministers then, which is unimaginable now.<br />
During Shevardnadze's leadership, press-spokespersons were also at greater liberty during<br />
question and answer sessions, whereas today press-secretaries are considerably more limited.<br />
Journalists also say that the systems of the new government's press-centers, which are intended<br />
to disseminate in<strong>for</strong>mation on time, have so far been a failure. The newspaper Akhali Versia even<br />
remarked ironically that the chairs of the press-centers often do not have important in<strong>for</strong>mation and<br />
sometimes receive in<strong>for</strong>mation first from journalists.<br />
The media has also put <strong>for</strong>ward critical explanations as to why journalists have been "locked"<br />
in one room. The newspaper Akhali Taoba states: "Of course Saakashvili would suppress the<br />
media in the Chancellery as some journalists used to be there until late at night. They might see<br />
guests there that the president would not like seen." Akhali Versia, on the other hand, speculates<br />
that the president is not as afraid of journalists as of his own ministers. "The president, with this<br />
decision, insures himself against ministers behaving tactlessly and having confrontations with the<br />
media," the paper writes.<br />
Together with speaking about western standards, the local reality should also be<br />
acknowledged by the government. When the work of a governmental structure is not transparent,<br />
the media develops its own methods <strong>for</strong> gaining in<strong>for</strong>mation. This is considered a mark of<br />
democracy <strong>for</strong> society as well as <strong>for</strong> media. Until now, these methods were manifested in<br />
journalists tracking down ministers in elevators or on staircases in order to obtain in<strong>for</strong>mation.<br />
A room <strong>for</strong> briefings is a means of communication often used in the west and when used<br />
properly, is acceptable. But until it acts as an overarching solution to providing in<strong>for</strong>mation, and<br />
receiving and responding to questions and requests <strong>for</strong> in<strong>for</strong>mation, it will only be a symbol that<br />
Georgia's media is under attack.<br />
FOREIGN INTERESTS AND GEORGIAN DEMOCRACY<br />
The construction of democracy in Georgia is greatly influenced by both internal and <strong>for</strong>eign<br />
factors. Clearly, Georgia has many supporters in its quest to build a democratic state: the people's<br />
demands to uphold democratic standards, the financial and political support of <strong>for</strong>eign<br />
governments and non-governmental organizations all serve to foster a healthy democracy in<br />
Georgia.<br />
The Rose Revolution set an example <strong>for</strong> other CIS countries to follow. U.S. Secretary of State<br />
Condoleeza Rice commented in Italy last week that "[Democracy] is not an American project. This<br />
is a joint desire to see people who have been denied those aspirations finally achieve them." She<br />
went on to point to Georgian and Ukraine as examples of this aspiration. Following the events in<br />
Ukraine and Georgia, regional analysts are looking to see which CIS country might be the next to<br />
experience a velvet revolution as its population demonstrates this internal aspiration. The<br />
upcoming parliamentary elections in Kyrgyzstan on February 27 and in Moldova on March 6 have<br />
generated particular interest.<br />
Rice went on to say that "one does not impose democracy and freedom; one imposes<br />
tyranny." But on the other hand, it is clear that the support of the West was vital to the success of<br />
democratic advancements in Georgia and Ukraine. It is also clear that these two countries will<br />
continue to set a positive example only as long as their revolutions are seen to generate genuine<br />
change <strong>for</strong> the better in the <strong>for</strong>m of economic growth and democratic development: again, the<br />
support of the West is needed to bring about such change.<br />
This is one reason why assisting Georgia, and Ukraine, is an important aspect of U.S. <strong>for</strong>eign<br />
policy. In his recently unveiled 2006 state budget, President George Bush intends to give the most<br />
financial support to Georgia and Ukraine within the CIS countries. According to U.S. State<br />
Department data, the White House asked Congress to allot USD 105.2 million to Ukraine and USD<br />
80.2 to Georgia. Newspaper Akhali Taoba reports that, of the proposed aid <strong>for</strong> Georgia, USD 67<br />
million will be spent on economic assistance programs, USD 1.2 million on military training<br />
programs and USD 12 million on the import of military equipment from the United States.<br />
In contrast to assistance from the West, Russia continues to interfere in a non-constructive<br />
way in the internal processes of Georgia. Just as the example of Georgia <strong>for</strong> other CIS countries<br />
means America has a vested interest in seeing Georgia develop; so it means Russia has a vested<br />
interest in seeing the Rose administration fail. The velvet revolutions in Georgia and Ukraine<br />
141
epresented not only a movement away from authoritarianism towards democracy, but also away<br />
from Russia towards the West. It is thus understandable that Russia - itself becoming an<br />
increasingly authoritarian regime under President Vladimir Putin - feels its interests across post-<br />
Soviet space threatened by recent developments. Its antagonistic attitude towards Georgia,<br />
however, is counter-productive in <strong>for</strong>cing its South Caucasus to turn more and more to the West.<br />
This is particularly the case with regard to the ongoing South Ossetian and Abkhaz conflicts,<br />
which are an important factor hindering the development of democracy in Georgia. The existence<br />
of hundreds of thousands of refugees from these regions; the fact that hope <strong>for</strong> constructive<br />
negotiations to regulate the conflicts peacefully has been all but exhausted, leading to growing<br />
opinion that the conflicts can be resolved only by military means; and the large amount of<br />
contraband that enters Georgia from these regions, devastating the local economy - are all factors<br />
that impede the improvement of the socioeconomic situation in the country, while stalling the<br />
development of democracy in the country.<br />
Resolving Georgia's internal conflicts, developing the economy, and moving towards genuine<br />
democracy are all inextricably linked, and so if the West, and the United States in particular, is to<br />
see Georgia develop into a shining example <strong>for</strong> other CIS countries, its support is needed in<br />
addressing all three areas.<br />
GOVERNING WITH ROSE-TINTED GLASSES<br />
With post-revolutionary euphoria largely a thing of the past, not only are opponents of the Rose<br />
Revolution leaders becoming increasingly vocal in their criticism of the Saakashvili administration<br />
but also some of its allies in the fight against Shevardnadze's leadership as well.<br />
One particular issue that has come in <strong>for</strong> criticism is the way the country is governed. Critics<br />
complain that the administration continues to rule as a revolutionary party, instead of getting down<br />
in the dirt to govern the country in a normal manner. They argue that members of the Rose<br />
government are not ready <strong>for</strong> government, and that many were appointed not because of their<br />
experience, ability or knowledge of the field but because of their party affiliation.<br />
"It is necessary that the authors of the Rose Revolution should once and <strong>for</strong>ever end the<br />
revolution euphoria and it is time to start governing the country," the newspaper Rezonansi quotes<br />
political expert Paata Zakareishvili as saying.<br />
He adds: "Un<strong>for</strong>tunately President Mikheil Saakashvili's first annual address to Parliament<br />
showed us that this is not the case. It is obvious that the president is still affected by the euphoria<br />
and is looking at the country and its government through rose-tinted glasses … I am sorry to say<br />
but Georgia has not had a government yet which thinks of the country's development rather than<br />
itself."<br />
Analyst Davit Usupashvili agrees: "The government today has no idea how to behave while<br />
governing the country nor what the difference is between governing the country and wooing the<br />
electorate," as quoted by Rezonansi.<br />
Both Usupashvili and Zakareishvili were responding to the president's recent state of the<br />
nation address to Parliament, in which Saakashvili chose to highlight only the administration's<br />
successes. Critics argue that there should have been discussion of the country's problems, along<br />
with an outline of how the government intends to address those problems. Continual celebrations<br />
aim at maintaining the revolutionary euphoria but are out of synch with the enormous problems in<br />
the country, and the need still <strong>for</strong> major re<strong>for</strong>m in every sphere, including the government of the<br />
country.<br />
The <strong>for</strong>mer ambassador and current professor at Columbia University, Steven Sestanovich,<br />
was in Georgian recently and told the newspaper 24 Saati that consolidation is the key <strong>for</strong> the<br />
government. "Today the main thing <strong>for</strong> Georgia is to consolidate the gains made during the Rose<br />
Revolution," he is quoted as saying. "For this purpose the government should choose the right<br />
goals and needs to achieve concrete results felt by the whole of society. The people should be<br />
assured that the government is working."<br />
The trouble <strong>for</strong> the Rose government is, sadly, that with so many problems to solve they can at<br />
once appear to be addressing very serious issues and making progress, while a thousand other<br />
problems remain untouched.<br />
142
ELECTION CODE REFORM CENTRAL TO TURNING ROSE REVOLUTION INTO A<br />
"LANDMARK" OF LIBERTY<br />
OSCE criticisms of Sunday's parliamentary elections in Kyrgyzstan are a reminder that holding<br />
elections according to the democratic standards is not only an internal issue of the country, but<br />
also a subject of international discussion.<br />
Although Georgia's next major elections are some time away, the election in Kyrgyzstan,<br />
coming just a week be<strong>for</strong>e parliamentary elections in Moldova, is a timely reminder of the need <strong>for</strong><br />
Georgia to consider its own electoral system well in advance of elections.<br />
Independent Georgia has been unable so far to replace its president through an election; and it<br />
will not be possible to evaluate the Rose Revolution as one of several "landmark events in the<br />
history of liberty," as President George Bush described it last week, until parliamentary and<br />
presidential elections are held that are fully open, democratic and free.<br />
Changing governments through elections requires, of course, an efficient, impartial and<br />
independent electoral institution. There is little precedent <strong>for</strong> such an institution either in Georgia<br />
or, with the exception of the Baltic countries, other post-Soviet republics. Democracy in post-Soviet<br />
space has meant <strong>for</strong> the most part showpiece elections conducted by democratic-seeming<br />
institutions that in fact lack any real content.<br />
These showpiece elections may have worked <strong>for</strong> a long time, but in Georgia and Ukraine the<br />
disillusioned people, angry at the corruption and hypocrisy, have finally been able to overturn the<br />
government through peaceful means. But although this has generated a good deal of optimism,<br />
and not only in Georgia and Ukraine, regarding the possibility of democratic development in post-<br />
Soviet space, it remains to be seen whether the Rose and Orange revolutions lead to the true<br />
democracy that Saakashvili and Yushchenko spoke of in their January Carpathian Declaration. In<br />
the declaration they described the revolutions as at the leading edge of "a new wave of liberation<br />
that will lead to the final victory of freedom and democracy on the continent of Europe."<br />
In this new wave of liberation, the model <strong>for</strong> replacing autocratic regimes with liberal,<br />
democratic <strong>for</strong>ces across the <strong>for</strong>mer Soviet Union is Georgia's Rose Revolution, and there is talk<br />
this week of a possible Tulip revolution in Kyrgyzstan and Grape revolution in Moldova. But where<br />
do these countries that have experienced such change go from here? Velvet revolutions may be a<br />
model <strong>for</strong> one-off change, but cannot be a model <strong>for</strong> change every five years; but this will always<br />
be a threat as long as elections are tainted with the suspicion that they have been falsified or that<br />
the process was not entirely fair.<br />
This is not just a matter of "vote-buying, multiple voting, violations of secrecy and interference<br />
with the media," all of which were observed by the OSCE in Kyrgyzstan on Sunday, but also<br />
ensuring the existence of voters lists without errors, that government resources are not used to<br />
supplement the ruling party's campaign fund, and so on. To guarantee stability, and prevent<br />
demonstrations against perceived election fraud, it is vital that the Central Election Commission be<br />
seen to be absolutely neutral and impartial. A Commission where every member has been<br />
nominated by the president - as new amendments to the Election Code envisage - is unlikely to<br />
generate such trust.<br />
To introduce such changes will require a great deal of courage and lack of self-interest, of<br />
course, as a putting in place a truly democratic system overseen by a neutral, disinterested CEC,<br />
could well lead to the eventual loss of power of the current administration. For the Rose<br />
administration to one day be voted out of office would, however, be perhaps its greatest victory,<br />
ensuring that the Rose Revolution be not just a model <strong>for</strong> replacing a government but a "landmark<br />
event in the history of liberty."<br />
POLITICIANS AND INSTITUTIONS IN GEORGIA<br />
The sudden and unexpected death of Prime Minister Zurab Zhvania has caused a great deal<br />
of uncertainty and confusion in the Georgian government. The debate moves between who will be<br />
appointed prime minister in Zhvania's place to whether or not the post will be scrapped and this<br />
should surprise no one.<br />
In Georgia institutions are frequently created to be beneficial only <strong>for</strong> a certain politician, and in<br />
post Rose revolution Georgia, the post of prime minister was created <strong>for</strong> Zhvania: now that he has<br />
143
gone the need <strong>for</strong> a prime minister at all has been brought into question.<br />
Such a discussion, as to whether the post of prime minister should be kept or abolished, would<br />
never arise in developed countries where democracy has existed <strong>for</strong> a long time. Such countries<br />
have already passed through the stage of <strong>for</strong>mation and they do not have to worry about the<br />
country's arrangement: politicians adapt to their posts, rather than the other way round.<br />
But in Georgia the situation is quite different. Georgia is a country where the issue of building<br />
the government is talked about in the present tense, and such questions as whether the country<br />
should be arranged according to unitary or federal system, how many MPs there should be,<br />
whether Parliament should have two chambers or one, and so on, are still undecided. As a result,<br />
individual politicians often have their opinions which they seek to write into law, and it is notable in<br />
this regard that parliament is currently considering a second round of changes to the constitution<br />
since the Rose Revolution.<br />
Constitutional changes on an annual basis are understandable in a country that only achieved<br />
independence fifteen years ago. In that time Georgia has not only moved from Moscow-rule to<br />
Tbilisi-rule, but also from a communist system to a market economy and faltering democracy -<br />
faltering because despite regular presidential and parliamentary elections, the country has so far<br />
been unable to change presidents though fair elections. Furthermore, revolutions do not allow <strong>for</strong> a<br />
mere change of personnel - they require public doing away with the old and creation of the new,<br />
whether it be the national flag or the state constitution.<br />
It was <strong>for</strong> this reason that the institution of president was abolished following the removal of<br />
Georgia's first president Zviad Gamsakhurdia from office. After Gamsakhurdia, the institution of<br />
president was felt by his opponents to be similar to that of dictator and it was <strong>for</strong> this reason that<br />
Shevardnadze was not able to become president <strong>for</strong> some time. Instead, in 1992 during the<br />
parliamentary elections a new post of Chairman of Parliament was specially created <strong>for</strong><br />
Shevardnadze: Georgia may be unique in having had a parliamentary chairman elected by the<br />
general public.<br />
By 1995, however, Shevardnadze was able to introduce a new constitution to replace<br />
Gamsakhurdia's, and the post of president was reintroduced, although it should be noted that the<br />
president had fewer powers then than now, following Saakashvili's changes to the constitution last<br />
year. The creation of the post of prime minister was part of those February 2004 constitutional<br />
changes, and it was no secret that this institution was created specially <strong>for</strong> Zhvania and that the<br />
powers of prime minister were significantly defined by the balance of <strong>for</strong>ces which existed during<br />
the revolution period between Saakashvili and Zhvania.<br />
Zhvania's death creates a real gap in Georgian politics, and it is <strong>for</strong> this reason that speculation<br />
is growing that Saakashvili will do away with the institution, either immediately or later this year.<br />
The problem is that the post was exactly cut <strong>for</strong> Zhvania, and so his replacement must have all the<br />
power and influence that he possessed.<br />
It can thus be seen that <strong>for</strong> a variety of reasons Georgia remains a country dominated by<br />
individual politicians rather than institutions. That is why Zhvania's death is such a major blow. He<br />
was a politician of great stature, and any country would be affected by the loss of a prime minister;<br />
but the sudden death of a prime minister would have less impact in a country with fully developed<br />
institutions.<br />
Developing such institutions must be a major priority <strong>for</strong> the country. As long as constitutional<br />
changes are made so frequently, and the untimely death of a senior official leads to speculation<br />
whether the post occupied by him or her will be kept or abolished, Georgian politics will be<br />
characterized by uncertainty and instability.<br />
THE NEED FOR A BALANCE OF POWER<br />
Political analysts and politicians in Georgia see a need <strong>for</strong> a balance of power in the country,<br />
both between the different branches of government, and within the governing majority, saying that<br />
such a balance is vital <strong>for</strong> Georgia's future development. While a balance of power within the ruling<br />
majority may not always be necessary, however, the need <strong>for</strong> a strong Parliament and independent<br />
court is beyond doubt.<br />
The issue has been of importance ever since the Rose Revolution, with the dynamics between<br />
revolutionary leaders Saakashvili, Zhvania and Burjanadze <strong>for</strong>ming an important aspect of post-<br />
144
evolutionary politics. With Nino Burjanadze remaining as Chair of Parliament and Saakashvili<br />
standing <strong>for</strong> president, a new post was needed <strong>for</strong> Zurab Zhvania, and in February 2004 changes<br />
to the Constitution led to the creation of the post of prime minister. This meant a loss of some<br />
presidential power, and so Saakashvili was recompensed with the power to dismiss Parliament, a<br />
move that came in <strong>for</strong> criticism both at home and abroad.<br />
Among the critics of the constitutional changes was the respected Venice Commission, which<br />
complained that a balance of power between the different branches of government had been lost,<br />
with Parliament losing power at the expense of the government. Maintaining a balance between<br />
the revolutionary troika seemed to have taken precedence over the balance between the branches<br />
of government.<br />
A new round of constitutional changes put <strong>for</strong>ward in December were also criticized, the<br />
Venice Commission again leading the way, saying the attack on the independence of the court, in<br />
particular, was unacceptable. The changes were mentioned in the critical resolution adopted by the<br />
Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly in January 2005.<br />
Given Georgia's ambition to become a member of the European Union, it is clearly of<br />
importance that the government takes into account the opinions of the Venice Commission. It has<br />
already agreed to review the current proposed changes to the Constitution together with the<br />
Commission, and it is speculated that Zhvania's death, by potentially removing the need <strong>for</strong> the<br />
post of prime minister, may allow the government to review last year's amendments as well.<br />
Abolishing the recently-created post of prime minister is one option: the other would be to keep the<br />
post while redefining the powers of the president.<br />
If either of these are to happen, they are not going to happen immediately. In the meantime,<br />
the president has nominated Zhvania-ally Zurab Noghaideli <strong>for</strong> prime minister, and, one again,<br />
retaining balance may have been one of the factors taken into account when making the decision.<br />
Indeed, his nomination may have been <strong>for</strong>ced on the president, according to leader of the Right<br />
Wing Opposition Davit Gamkrelidze, who said on Wednesday that Saakashvili had intended to<br />
nominate Georgia's ambassador to Russia Valeri Chechelashvili, but was "<strong>for</strong>ced to compromise"<br />
by "Zhvania's wing."<br />
Certainly, if media speculation that Zhvania's team would eventually join the opposition is true,<br />
then calls <strong>for</strong> a Zhvania-ally to replace him as prime minister are understandable: even without<br />
Zhvania, his 'team' would certainly bolster the opposition. In appointing Noghaideli, Saakashvili has<br />
maintained the balance between the political <strong>for</strong>ces in the country, and perhaps this is a good<br />
thing; although choosing a candidate <strong>for</strong> prime minister on the grounds of preserving the status<br />
quo rather than on the skills and attributes possessed by that politician could prove foolhardy.<br />
It remains to be seen how Noghaideli per<strong>for</strong>ms as prime minister, and whether his appointment<br />
is the right decision or not. The decision to change the Constitution in order to preserve the political<br />
balance is a different matter, however: it is questionable whether it is so important to have a<br />
balance of power between the different factions of the ruling majority; but preserving the balance<br />
between the different branches of government is of the utmost importance.<br />
To achieve such a balance requires consideration of the remarks made by the Venice<br />
Commission, particularly regarding the need <strong>for</strong> a strong, effective parliament and an independent<br />
court. Their achievement does not only depend on the state Constitution, however.<br />
A strong parliament also requires a strong opposition, something which Georgia is currently<br />
lacking; while the independence of the court requires independent judges. Judges continue to be<br />
wary of offending the government, a cautiousness inherited from be<strong>for</strong>e the Rose Revolution:<br />
Saakashvili must do all he can to assure them that his administration will not seek to intervene in<br />
their decision-making, and will come down heavily on anyone that does.<br />
PARLIAMENT'S NEW PERSPECTIVES<br />
By 203 votes to one the Georgian Parliament has voted to downsize from 235 MPs to 150. The<br />
constitutional amendments have been approved at their first hearing, but other changes are<br />
expected be<strong>for</strong>e the next scheduled parliamentary elections in 2008, including the creation of a<br />
second house. President Mikheil Saakashvili described as historic Parliament's decision, saying<br />
that the reduction in the number of parliamentarians was one of the main achievements of the<br />
Rose Revolution.<br />
145
Georgians voted in a referendum on the issue held on November 2, 2003 to reduce the<br />
number of MPs, but defining how many majoritarian MPs there would be proved problematic.<br />
Currently there are 85 majoritarian MPs, although six out of eight seats from Abkhazia and 2 from<br />
Ossetia are currently empty. The constitutional amendment decrees that the number of<br />
majoritarians will be reduced to 50, but it is unclear how the map of Georgia will be redrawn so as<br />
to reduce the number of constituencies accordingly. Parliamentary re<strong>for</strong>m is thus connected with<br />
the problematic issue of the country's territorial arrangement; although it has been suggested that<br />
one way round this problem is to elect majoritarians not by individual constituencies but by regions.<br />
The reduction in the number of MPs will necessitate other changes. For example, MP Giga<br />
Bokeria notes that current laws state that a minimum of ten MPs is required to <strong>for</strong>m a<br />
parliamentary faction. But according to the new rules whereby the number of MPs elected from<br />
party lists is reduced to 100, any party just reaching the seven percent threshold needed to be<br />
represented in Parliament will have only seven MPs. New rules on the minimum number of MPs<br />
needed to <strong>for</strong>m a parliamentary faction are thus needed, Bokeria argues.<br />
The opposition has also called <strong>for</strong> a lowering of the seven-percent threshold. The Right Wing<br />
Opposition says the threshold should be set at five percent, and has begun collecting signatures to<br />
try and <strong>for</strong>ce through this change. While supporters of the seven percent threshold argue that it<br />
helps to enlarge the parties, those in favor of lowering the barrier to five percent state that this<br />
would increase the number of opposition MPs. Reducing the barrier, which was raised from five to<br />
seven percent be<strong>for</strong>e the 1999 parliamentary elections, has also been repeatedly recommended<br />
by Western commentators.<br />
Several members of the governing majority, as well as Speaker of Parliament Nino<br />
Burjanadze, have expressed support <strong>for</strong> the idea, but with 118 votes needed to consider the<br />
change, and 157 votes needed <strong>for</strong> its adoption, the electoral threshold will only be lowered if it gets<br />
the backing of the leadership of the governing majority.<br />
Given that the lack of a strong, viable opposition is considered by many observers, including<br />
the Council of Europe which highlighted this lack in its January resolution on Georgia, as one of the<br />
biggest problems faced by Georgia, it is to be hoped that government will back such an<br />
amendment.<br />
STATE MINISTRIES TO BE ANNULLED?<br />
It has been speculated in the local press that the positions of state minister could be annulled.<br />
This in<strong>for</strong>mation has not been confirmed in the state chancellery, but the Georgian media reports<br />
that annulling the state minister posts could be part of <strong>for</strong>thcoming government changes that would<br />
involve reorganization and further staff changes.<br />
The speculation follows Deputy Speaker of Parliament Mikheil Machavariani's statement, as<br />
reported by Rezonansi, that the prime minister will make a statement regarding the issue of<br />
government reorganization within a month.<br />
The abolition of state minister posts, along with the possibility of a cabinet reshuffle just weeks<br />
after Parliament approved a new cabinet headed by Zurab Noghaideli, has been categorically<br />
denied by government members, however, including State Minister <strong>for</strong> economic and structural<br />
re<strong>for</strong>m Kakha Bendukidze.<br />
Apart from Bendukidze, there are currently three state ministers in the Georgian government:<br />
Giorgi Baramidze is state minister <strong>for</strong> European integration, Goga Khaindrava minister <strong>for</strong> conflicts<br />
resolution, and Zinaida Bestaeva minister <strong>for</strong> civil integration.<br />
The current organization of the government has been criticized on the grounds that the state<br />
ministries seem to duplicate the activities of other members of the cabinet, and it is this that has led<br />
media to speculate that they will be abolished.<br />
Baramidze stated shortly after being appointed state minister <strong>for</strong> European integration, <strong>for</strong><br />
example, that he would be involved in issues of conflicts resolution, <strong>for</strong> which Khaindrava is<br />
responsible; and it was apparent when Bestaeva was appointed state minister that she too, as an<br />
ethnic Ossetian, would also be involved in this issue.<br />
The opposition has also attacked what they describe as the creation of a post with no<br />
responsibilities <strong>for</strong> Kakha Bendukidze, as well as argued more generally that all the state minister<br />
posts were created solely to provide jobs <strong>for</strong> Rose revolution participants. Khvalindeli Dge says<br />
146
that of all the state ministers only Bendukidze has grown into a statesman of any stature.<br />
The Georgian media speculates that abolishing the posts of state minister would be one way<br />
<strong>for</strong> the president to rid the government of members of the team of late prime minister Zurab<br />
Zhvania - Bendukizde, Khaindrava and Baramidze are all supposed 'Zhvania men.'<br />
That Zhvania's closest ally Zurab Noghaideli is now prime minister does seem to undermine<br />
this argument; but if there are indeed moves afoot to dismiss Zhvania team members through such<br />
reorganization, this will be an early indicator as to whether the new PM will be able to stand up to<br />
the president.<br />
The question arises, of course, that if changes to the government are planned, why were they<br />
not introduced when the new cabinet of ministers was put be<strong>for</strong>e Parliament recently? Should the<br />
speculation prove true, the president and prime minister will find it difficult to argue, as they did<br />
when presenting the new cabinet, that the government is characterized by continuity and stability in<br />
both policies and personnel.<br />
CONFRONTATIONAL RELATIONS BETWEEN RULING POWER AND OPPOSITION<br />
President Mikheil Saakashvili's annual report in Parliament on Thursday was a vivid illustration<br />
of the relationship between the ruling power and opposition. There was no dialogue and while the<br />
opposition's reaction to the speech was far from constructive, on the other hand the governing<br />
party's attitude towards the opposition was markedly aggressive and arrogant.<br />
The absence of a strong, constructive opposition is a fundamental barrier to the development<br />
of democracy in Georgia. The blame <strong>for</strong> this lack lies partly with the opposition parties themselves,<br />
of course, but also party with the government. It is certainly a cause <strong>for</strong> concern, as is the<br />
traditional model of confrontational relations between governing power and opposition in Georgia,<br />
which threatens instability in the country.<br />
Today post-revolutionary euphoria has dissipated, leaving more and more disappointed people<br />
critical of the government. Analysts believe that this increased dissatisfaction could be tapped into<br />
by a well-organized opposition, but the decreased rating of the government - it is notable that the<br />
president's rating remains high - is not reflected by an increase in the rating of opposition parties,<br />
meaning that those people frustrated with the government and its policies can find no opposition<br />
party to support and follow.<br />
The small parliamentary opposition is mostly represented by the Right Wing Opposition,<br />
consisting mostly of <strong>for</strong>mer businessmen. But they have been unable to garner increased support,<br />
partly because of their association with Shevardnadze and partly because of their wealth. The<br />
ruling party frequently mentions their luxury cars and dachas, and such criticisms prove very<br />
effective in Georgia, where so many people live beneath the poverty line.<br />
Populist and leftist slogans were highly exploited by Saakashvili himself be<strong>for</strong>e the Rose<br />
Revolution; and it was through such slogans that he was able to lure away many supporters of<br />
Shalva Natelashvili's Labor Party. Retaining this part of the electorate is becoming daily more<br />
difficult, however, as unemployment rises rather than falls, and it is likely that many voters will<br />
either turn back to Labor or to newly-emerging leftist parties, perhaps revolving around a reenergized<br />
Trade Union.<br />
One newly-<strong>for</strong>mer party is the Conservative Party founded by MPs Koba Davitashvili and Zviad<br />
Dzidziguri, who left Saakashvili's environment pretty soon after the Rose Revolution and moved<br />
into opposition. Although both MPs have been actively critical of the government, they suffer in part<br />
from blame common in Georgian politics - that they are in fact in league with Saakashvili and are<br />
thus a false opposition.<br />
On February 8 a new opposition union Tsin Sakartvelo - Forward Georgia - was officially<br />
founded. It unites politicians from Shevardnadze's environment, such as <strong>for</strong>mer MP Irakli<br />
Batiashvili and <strong>for</strong>mer Governor of Imereti Temur Shashiashvili. According to Akhali Taoba, <strong>for</strong>mer<br />
leader of the national democrats Irina Sarishvili is also thinking of cooperating with this alliance,<br />
stating that all opposition politicians should unite. Few politicians are prepared to affiliate<br />
themselves with this organization, however, owing to its association with Shevardnadze.<br />
It could be summed up, then, that the opposition is currently in the process of regrouping. The<br />
dominant characteristic of relations between ruling power and opposition, however, is that of<br />
confrontation. The ruling party's mocking attitude is beginning to backfire, however. 24 Saati<br />
147
eports that recent Saakashvili statements regarding the opposition, such as "jerking around,"<br />
"remnants of Shevardnadze administration," "thinking of their stomachs," and so on, are being<br />
quoted with a great deal of irritation by many ordinary Georgians. On the other hand, that<br />
opposition politicians, most notably Right Wing leader David Gamkrelidze, are deliberately<br />
provoking Saakashvili is also apparent.<br />
This is hardly the viable, constructive opposition that Georgia needs ; and it is to be hoped that<br />
a more serious opposition, and more constructive relationship between it and the government, will<br />
emerge in the country in the not-too-distant future.<br />
Right Wing Opposition attacks government's economic per<strong>for</strong>mance<br />
At the parliamentary session on February 10, at which President Mikheil Saakashvili gave his<br />
annual state of the nation address, the huge disparity between the conflicting views on the state of<br />
the economy between the government and opposition was all too apparent.<br />
While Saakashvili focused solely on his administration's successes, Right Wing Opposition<br />
leader Davit Gamkrelidze spoke only of problems in the country, causing the president to lash out<br />
that Gamkrelidze was "jerking around."<br />
Members of the government and ruling majority have defended the fact that the president's<br />
speech focused only on the government's achievements, saying that all presidents around the<br />
world use their state of the nation addresses to do just that. But while nobody denies that there<br />
have been achievements, there remain many problems in the country and many analysts argue<br />
that the president would have been better to pay more attention to these during his speech.<br />
To have done so would not necessarily have decreased the rating of Saakashvili, particularly<br />
as the opposition would not have had the chance to say "the president was not courageous<br />
enough to speak about the problems which exist in our country," as newspaper Akhali 7 Dghe<br />
quotes Gamkrelidze as saying.<br />
If the president might have done better to at least touch on problems that remain, perhaps<br />
outlining what the government intends to do to address them; then equally the arguments of the<br />
opposition would have been strengthened by recognition of positive changes. As it was, the<br />
opposition dismissed the economic successes described by the president as either not<br />
achievements at all or alternatively as "Zurab Zhvania's achievement," according to Rezonansi.<br />
Focusing squarely on problems in Georgia, Gamkrelidze spoke about economic stagnation in<br />
the country and the bad state of small business. He criticized the privatization process, saying that<br />
State Minister <strong>for</strong> economic and structural re<strong>for</strong>m Kakha "Bendukidze understood the whole<br />
economic policy as selling property and giving it to his friends at a high speed and secretly."<br />
"As a result, unemployment has become a major problem in the country," newspaper Akhali<br />
Taoba quotes the Right-wing leader as concluding. Gamkrelidze also criticized the president <strong>for</strong><br />
not saying even a word about the increased prices and unemployment in the country. Furthermore,<br />
contraband had not really been defeated in the country, he said, but had merely been centralized<br />
into the hands of one clan.<br />
Turning from the president to his nominee to replace Zhvania as prime minister Zurab<br />
Noghaideli, the leader of the Right-wing Opposition accused him of antipathy towards<br />
entrepreneurs and being leftist. Searching <strong>for</strong> anything to credit the finance minister with,<br />
Gamkrelidze came up with the delay in reducing VAT from January until July, as reported by<br />
newspaper Akhali Taoba.<br />
Labor party leader Shalva Natelashvili also attacked the government, saying, "they could<br />
resolve everything that Shevardnadze spoiled during his thirty year leadership … But they do not<br />
have the feeling of responsibility. They think that their condition is perpetual and that they will<br />
always lead our fate," as quoted by Rezonansi.<br />
Aside from the stinging opposition attacks and smug government self-praise, there was little<br />
constructive comment on the state of the economy or how to help boost economic growth and<br />
create jobs. The government, of course, has pinned its hopes on the privatization process, the new<br />
tax code and financial amnesty law. Should such policies prove unsuccessful in turning the<br />
economy around, the government could find itself losing credibility, and votes, fast.<br />
148
OPPOSITION ASKS IF COMPROMISE MEANS SURRENDERING<br />
TO THE RUSSIAN ECONOMY<br />
In his annual state of the nation address to Parliament, President Saakashvili reiterated his<br />
desire to meet with the Russian president and stretch out a hand of trust and friendship to him.<br />
Saakashvili said that regulating the relationship between two countries might need some<br />
compromises from both, although he did not specify what such compromises might involve.<br />
Reference to compromise has generated a good deal of concern in the country, with MP Elene<br />
Tevdoradze saying Georgians want to believe that the president will not make any wrong steps. "I<br />
have known Misha <strong>for</strong> ten years and he has never compromised at the expense of his country and<br />
his people," Khvalindeli Dghe quotes her as stating.<br />
The opposition suspects that compromises mean opening Georgia's doors wider <strong>for</strong> Russian<br />
capital, allowing Russian companies to take control of Georgian enterprises, including strategically<br />
important state assets such as the gas pipeline.<br />
Deeper economic ties between the two countries have been noted by Russian politicians and<br />
media. Deputy <strong>for</strong>eign minister of Russia Valeri Loshinin in an interview with Russian newspaper<br />
Vremja Novostei noted that "since the new administration in Georgia came to power economic ties<br />
between Georgia and Russia have deepened significantly. Russia's presence in Georgia has<br />
become much more visible; our capital has entered some strategic spheres, including energy<br />
supply."<br />
In Georgia, this is seen by the opposition as a threat: Russian control of such spheres as<br />
energy supply, they say, give Moscow extra political levers with which to influence the internal<br />
policy of the country. More generally, and subtly, Russian control of enterprises where many<br />
Georgians work will enable Moscow to exert some influence on the political mood of the Georgian<br />
population, they add, while Russian capital could additionally finance desirable political <strong>for</strong>ces in<br />
Georgia and even support them in attaining political power.<br />
Republican Davit Berdzenishvili feels that <strong>for</strong> western-oriented Georgia to get along with<br />
Russia, domineering Russian capital in the country might become a very painful experiment <strong>for</strong><br />
Georgia. "If Russia buys up everything through tenders or direct sale it could become very serious.<br />
Selling the natural gas pipelines - as if this is the compromise which Georgia should make to the<br />
Russians," he said.<br />
The implication of such arguments is that the Georgian government must balance the positives<br />
of increased economic ties with its northern neighbor, which include economic development and<br />
job creation, along with potentially improved political relations, with the threats which such closer<br />
ties are seen by the opposition to pose.<br />
RIGHT WING POLITICIANS IN A COUNTRY OF LEFTISTS SLOGANS<br />
The only opposition faction in the Georgian Parliament today is the Right Wing Opposition, but<br />
it is difficult to see what prospects there are <strong>for</strong> a right-of-center party whose members have largely<br />
entered politics from business in a country where so many people live below the poverty line and<br />
unemployment is so high.<br />
For such people, many of whom have become disillusioned with the Rose administration,<br />
leftist-populist slogans have much more sway that concern to protect the rights of entrepreneurs<br />
and small business.<br />
The Right Wing Opposition is not the only political union of businessmen in Georgia: the other<br />
is the Industrialists, who can be distinguished primarily from the younger Right Wing members as<br />
they come from an older generation. The problem facing the Industrialist party is that nobody really<br />
believes any more that industry in Georgia can ever be revived. Agriculture and tourism may have<br />
some potential, and certainly Georgia's geographical location gives it great potential as a transit<br />
economy; but industry is a thing of the past, not the future, <strong>for</strong> most voters.<br />
The origins of both parties stem from the pre-election period of the 1999 parliamentary<br />
elections. Older businessmen who had experience in entrepreneurial activities during the soviet<br />
period united around Georgian beverage tycoon Gogi Topadze and <strong>for</strong>med the party Industry will<br />
Save Georgia. It was speculated at the time that the appearance of this political party was<br />
endorsed by President Eduard Shevardnadze and during elections fraught with manipulations the<br />
149
party managed to over come the seven percent barrier and enter Parliament.<br />
At the same time, Shevardnadze's ruling Citizens Union Party attracted a younger generation<br />
of businessmen who were welcomed into their ranks in Parliament. But soon after the 1999 vote, a<br />
budget crisis and other issues propelled these people to move into the opposition and <strong>for</strong>m the<br />
New Rights faction headed by Davit Gamkrelidze and Levan Gachechiladze. Later in June 2001<br />
they <strong>for</strong>med a new political party variously called the New Rights, Right Wing Opposition, and<br />
potentially the New Conservatives.<br />
During the parliamentary elections of March 28, 2004, the Industrialists and New Rights united<br />
into one bloc. At the time they envisaged creating one political organization on the basis of these<br />
two political <strong>for</strong>ces.<br />
Of course, businessmen represent an influential <strong>for</strong>ce in the country but they face obstacles in<br />
conducting good business in a country where businesses are very much dependent on the good<br />
will of state officials.<br />
As an opposition party, the Right Wing Opposition faces two major problems. Firstly, in a<br />
country where poverty is so high, voters are disillusioned with the government because it is does<br />
not provide a sufficiently strong social net to support the less-well off: it is necessarily difficult <strong>for</strong> a<br />
right-of-center party to reach out to such voters.<br />
A second related problem is that despite many of its leftist slogans, the Saakashvili<br />
administration in fact pursues many rightist policies, thus usurping the Right Wing Opposition's<br />
political territory.<br />
One example is the government's attempts to make the civil service more efficient and more<br />
effective by dismissing thousands of under-qualified and overage state employees. Around 20,000<br />
people have been discharged from law en<strong>for</strong>cement structures alone; but Right Wing attacks on<br />
such a policy - one that it would presumably endorse were it in government - are unconvincing.<br />
Instead of attacking the government on a policy that might win the opposition a number of new<br />
voters, the Right Wing Opposition instead complains that the government does not provide enough<br />
support to those who have lost jobs in the <strong>for</strong>m of retraining, loans and other assistance to find new<br />
jobs. While such criticisms may be valid, they are unlikely to win much political capital.<br />
'FUTURE GOVERNMENT' PUTS FORWARD ECONOMIC POLICY<br />
Gia Maisashvili, the founder of the "Future Government" party, is to present a project outlining<br />
policies <strong>for</strong> the country's economic development in the near future, a project which he says will<br />
help Georgia escape from the current economic quagmire it is trapped in.<br />
"The country should not be governed by a small group of uneducated and cruel people, but by<br />
people who have the power to suspend the catastrophe and to look at the situation calmly," the<br />
newspaper Rezonansi quotes Maisashvili as saying.<br />
Maisashvili has already found political partners - several days ago he talked over his plan to<br />
rescue the country from its economic crisis with leader of the Labor Party Shalva Natelashvili, and<br />
<strong>for</strong>mer MPs Nodar Javakhishvili and Zakaria Kutsnashvili.<br />
Georgian society first heard of Gia Maisashvili be<strong>for</strong>e the Rose Revolution, when Mikheil<br />
Saakashvili introduced him as a well-known economist and the author of the economic program of<br />
National Movement.<br />
There was soon disagreement between them, however, and today Maisashvili complains that<br />
"they were using my economic program and my country developing model only to have an impact<br />
on society, and to increase their rating, their popularity. I openly told these people even then that I<br />
did not have time to make an effect and did not even want to satisfy their party interests. Thus<br />
be<strong>for</strong>e elections I separated from them," quotes newspaper Khvalindeli Dghe.<br />
According to Maisashvili, the Saakashvili leadership does not have any overarching economic<br />
and governmental program. "Our country does not need policies created under the carpet using<br />
black PR-techniques. This will not develop the country. It will also not be good <strong>for</strong> us to have<br />
powerful 'preaching leaders,' <strong>for</strong> whom professionalism and a moral code are not the main criteria,"<br />
Khvalindeli Dge quotes Maisashvili as saying.<br />
Nodar Javakhishvili, a <strong>for</strong>mer MP and <strong>for</strong>mer head of the National Bank of Georgia,<br />
characterizes Maisashvili as "a clever economist and politician charged with Georgian spirit,"<br />
according to newspaper Akhali Taoba.<br />
150
But Gia Maisashvili's party Future Government does not have any power without political<br />
partners, and it is <strong>for</strong> this reason that he has turned to Shalva Natelashvili, the leader of the Labor<br />
Party who Maisashvili describes as "the real leader of opposition in Georgia."<br />
The main problem regarding Maisashvili and Natelashvili's collaboration has an ideological<br />
character. "He has the rightist inclinations, though I think we will be able to work together,"<br />
Natelashvili says.<br />
The Labor leader describes Maisashvili as the "leader of economic policy." Neither the<br />
government nor the opposition has such a person, he adds.<br />
The Labor Party and Future Government are not going to unite, but they will collaborate on<br />
strategic plans connected with concrete issues. A consulting council combining representatives of<br />
both parties will be created, the parties state.<br />
UNCONTROLLED TERRITORIES A BASE FOR CRIMINAL ACTIVITIES<br />
Abkhazia and South Ossetia provide an ideal location <strong>for</strong> different criminal groups to operate,<br />
because the Sokhumi and Tskhinvali separatist regimes have very little control over their<br />
territories.<br />
The groups are of different ethnicities, and do not comprise solely of Abkhaz or Ossetian<br />
criminals. Georgians, Armenians, Chechens and Russians also operate in the region and<br />
frequently work together to create a harmonious international syndicate.<br />
Such fruitful cooperation, combined with the lack of control of Tskhinvali and Sokhumi over<br />
their territories provide the ideal conditions <strong>for</strong> the smuggling of goods in both directions, trafficking<br />
of drugs, illegal trade of arms and ammunition, kidnappings, sheltering of wanted criminals, etc.<br />
The conflict zones are thus a major source of contraband goods entering into the territory of<br />
Georgia. The Ergneti market in the Georgian-Ossetian conflict zone was the largest center of<br />
Russian goods smuggled into Georgia until it was closed by the Saakashvili administration last<br />
year. From an economic stand point this represented an attempt by the Georgian government to<br />
combat smuggling and increase budgetary revenues.<br />
Tackling contraband is a complex issue, however, and not all the effects of the closure of this<br />
market have been positive. Establishing better relations between Georgians and Ossetians, <strong>for</strong><br />
example, was hampered by the closure of the market, on which many Ossetians depended <strong>for</strong><br />
their livelihood.<br />
Smuggling is only one problematic activity of such groups, however. Contraband secures their<br />
financial independence and as well as influence, and often such groups collaborate with the<br />
separatist regimes to establish control over those territories.<br />
One vivid example of such a groupings is the paramilitary-criminal group of Abkhazia Valeri<br />
Butba in the Gali region, which shelters Georgian criminals wanted by the Georgian police and<br />
frequently carries out raids on Georgian territory. A similar group is that headed by Alan Begiev,<br />
who controls the South Ossetian region of Java. Begiev's grouping is also a main military <strong>for</strong>ce<br />
supporting Eduard Kokoiti.<br />
Such groups in Abkhazia and South Ossetia carry out punitive operations against the Georgian<br />
population of these regions as well as different criminal activities. Rezonansi reports that in the two<br />
conflict zones there are up to 50 Georgian-Abkhaz, Georgian-Armenian and Georgian-Ossetian<br />
criminal groups operating.<br />
These groups are also involved in stealing cars and transporting them into the uncontrolled<br />
territories where they sell them. They possess huge amounts of arms and ammunition which have<br />
been distributed to them at different times by the separatist regimes: such arms frequently find their<br />
way into circulation within Georgia as well.<br />
The presence of such uncontrolled territories prevent Georgian law en<strong>for</strong>cement bodies from<br />
taking effective action against criminals; but what concerns public safety is that such territories<br />
create a favorable environment <strong>for</strong> terrorist activities and their infiltration and proliferation into<br />
different countries.<br />
151
BUSH-PUTIN BRATISLAVA SUMMIT<br />
The Bratislava Summit between Presidents George Bush of the USA and Vladimir Putin of<br />
Russia was eagerly anticipated in Georgia, where it was widely expected that Georgian-Russian<br />
relations would be discussed.<br />
The thirteenth meeting between the two presidents was intended to soothe recent tension<br />
between the two countries, and although Bush was critical of Russia in press conferences be<strong>for</strong>e<br />
the summit, in the post-summit briefing he was more moderate. Speaking in Brussels just two days<br />
be<strong>for</strong>e the summit, the US President expressed his concerns regarding the level of democracy in<br />
Russia and demanded greater democratic developments in the country; but in the summit press<br />
conference - in which Bush used the word constructive some nine times - he applauded Putin <strong>for</strong><br />
his contribution to Russia's democratic trans<strong>for</strong>mation.<br />
Six major issues dominated discussions between the presidents in Bratislava. Most important<br />
of these was the ongoing war against terrorism, the presidents agreeing that Iran and North Korea<br />
should not possess nuclear weapons. An agreement was signed on stricter control over mobile<br />
missile systems, because of the threat posed of these falling into the hands of terrorists.<br />
It is unclear whether Bush and Putin discussed Georgia. However, there are certain topics<br />
where President Bush could have touched upon Georgian-Russian relations, including monitoring<br />
of the Russian-Georgian border, particularly in light of the Russian decision to veto an extension to<br />
the OSCE mission mandate, clarification of when Russia intends to carry out its promised<br />
withdrawal of bases on Georgian territory, and resolving the Abkhaz and South Ossetian conflicts,<br />
and Mikheil Saakashvili's initiatives regarding this.<br />
According to Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov, neither Georgia nor any other post-<br />
Soviet state was discussed at the Bratislava summit. Lavrov stressed that there exists a common<br />
understanding between Presidents Bush and Putin over the developments of the events in the post<br />
soviet space, reports Rezonansi, although this seems difficult to believe, particularly in the wake of<br />
the Orange revolution in Ukraine which rein<strong>for</strong>ced the fact that Russia and US have diametrically<br />
different opinions about possible developments in the countries of the <strong>for</strong>mer Soviet Union.<br />
While Georgia may not have been discussed at the summit, President Bush did refer to the<br />
Rose and Orange revolutions while in Bratislava in his address to the Slovak people, in which he<br />
harked back to the Czechoslovak velvet revolution of 1989, and then <strong>for</strong>ward to <strong>for</strong>thcoming<br />
elections in Moldova, in which he hoped that the country would "place its democratic credentials<br />
beyond doubt."<br />
President Saakashvili responded immediately to George Bush's Bratislava description of the<br />
Rose and Orange revolutions as "landmark events in the history of liberty" by stating that "During<br />
its whole history Georgia has never had such world wide support as it has now. Today in his<br />
Bratislava brief speech George Bush mentioned Georgia four times. Someone might respond 'what<br />
then' but Georgia has never ever had support," he said, adding that the world's big countries are all<br />
interested in seeing Georgia suceed.<br />
Nevertheless, although Saakashvili may be right in saying that Georgia has never had such<br />
support, it is telling that Bush's support in Bratislava was confined to proclamations of support.<br />
Whether or not Georgia was discussed at the summit, it is clear that the US is not prepared to<br />
endanger its relations with Russia <strong>for</strong> the sake of more active support of Georgian interests. It may<br />
call <strong>for</strong> Russia to withdraw its bases, but it is unlikely to put direct pressure on the Kremlin to<br />
achieve this end.<br />
The US and the West may have interests in the Caucasus, and obviously desires a stable<br />
Caucasus region, but with the war in Iraq and concerns over Iran and North Korea, Georgia is not<br />
high on George Bush's list of priorities. Mentioning Georgia four times is not enough - the<br />
challenge faced by the Saakashvili administration is to convert this general feeling of goodwill into<br />
active support.<br />
CIS FACES INEVITABLE TRANSFORMATION<br />
The successful velvet revolution in Ukraine has paved the way <strong>for</strong> great changes in <strong>for</strong>mer<br />
Soviet countries, as it was further proof that Russia is losing its dominating influence in the<br />
Commonwealth of Independent States.<br />
After the collapse of the Soviet Union, uniting <strong>for</strong>mer Soviet republics in the CIS was an ef<strong>for</strong>t<br />
152
on the part of Moscow to retain its imperialist grasp on these countries. Many in Russia hoped that<br />
this union would allow Moscow to establish a sphere of influence and eventually lead to the<br />
reintegration of the other republics.<br />
Although Russia was not able to realize these plans completely, over time the other states<br />
have <strong>for</strong>med two groups. On one side countries firmly within Moscow's orbit, like Belarus and<br />
Armenia and on the other side - countries that try to distance themselves from Russia and seek<br />
closer ties with the West. Among these countries is Georgia, which despite being a member of the<br />
CIS, faces constant pressure from Russia.<br />
Nowadays when discussing the CIS, the probability of further velvet revolutions inevitably<br />
comes up. In particular, Kyrgyzstan will hold parliamentary elections on March 6 and Moldova on<br />
February 27. Some have already labeled anticipated demonstrations in Kyrgyzstan the "Tulip<br />
Revolution," as March 13, when the second round of the parliamentary elections is planned, is the<br />
peak of the blooming period of the mountain tulips.<br />
Russia is anxiously observing the possibility of the Kirghiz velvet revolution. As the Russian<br />
newspaper Argumeniti i Fakti states, if the Tulip Revolution is actually enacted, similar revolutions<br />
may take place in neighboring Central Asian republics. There is no doubt among Russian analysts<br />
that these revolutions are of an "anti-Russian" nature, but there is serious difference of opinion as<br />
to how to resist them. Moscow did everything in its power to halt the Orange Revolution in Ukraine,<br />
but to no avail. At the same time, the conditions in Kyrgyzstan are completely different in<br />
comparison to those in Georgia and the Ukraine.<br />
The success of the Ukrainian Orange Revolution was greeted with enthusiasm in Moldova.<br />
President of Moldova Vladimir Voronin was the only president of the CIS countries who attended<br />
the inauguration of Viktor Yushchenko. Many in Moldova believe that the revolution in neighboring<br />
Ukraine will isolate the separatist regime in Transdnestria and lead to the restoration of Moldovan<br />
territorial integrity.<br />
But Konstantine Zatulin, a member of the Russian Duma and also the chairman of the<br />
institution of the CIS countries, was quoted by the Russian newspaper Argumenti i Facti as saying<br />
that the situation there is very complicated as Ukrainian nationalist <strong>for</strong>ces also have territorial<br />
claims on Transdnestria. This statement can easily be interpreted as another ef<strong>for</strong>t on the part of<br />
Moscow to start an ethnic conflict in post-Soviet space.<br />
The Ukrainian revolution was the heaviest blow <strong>for</strong> neo-imperial minded Russians. This event<br />
marks the end of Russian hopes <strong>for</strong> reintegrating CIS countries and the beginning of an era where<br />
Ukraine will provide serious opposition to Moscow within the commonwealth.<br />
The position of Georgia towards the CIS is of special importance. For years after the fall of the<br />
Soviet Union, Georgia refused to join the commonwealth, but after defeat in Abkhazia then-<br />
President Shevardnadze agreed to involve Georgia in the alliance. At that time, many believed that<br />
CIS membership would lead to Russia letting up on pressure to Georgia and return Abkhazia and<br />
Ossetia. Un<strong>for</strong>tunately, this turned out to be a laughable misconception.<br />
Due to Russia's repeated ef<strong>for</strong>ts to violate the sovereignty of Georgia, many consider it<br />
necessary to pull out of the CIS. Parliament even adopted a relevant proclamation, but the<br />
Shevardnadze administration resisted, saying that though CIS membership brings no good to the<br />
country, it does no harm either and that it was necessary <strong>for</strong> Georgia to use the CIS to express its<br />
own position. Nevertheless, Georgia's protests against the Kremlin at various CIS summits have<br />
yielded no results over the years.<br />
Mikheil Saakashvili has so far been "alone" at CIS summits, but the appearance of Viktor<br />
Yushchenko should create quite a different atmosphere there and possible revolutions in<br />
Kyrgyzstan and Moldova could also radically change the balance of power in the commonwealth<br />
as well.<br />
GEORGIAN-RUSSIAN RELATIONS REMAIN STRAINED<br />
On coming to power the post Rose Revolution government highlighted three initial directions in<br />
its <strong>for</strong>eign policy: to become a member of the European Union; to deepen its partnership with the<br />
United States; and to normalize relations with Russia.<br />
Un<strong>for</strong>tunately, it seems impossible to achieve the third while at the same time pursuing the first<br />
two goals, as Russia is not prepared to have good relations with a neighboring country bent on EU<br />
153
membership and working closely with the United States.<br />
Russia is yet to come to terms with the fact Georgia is no longer under Moscow-rule - its active<br />
support of the separatist regimes in Tskhinvali and Sukhumi and refusal to withdraw its military<br />
bases from Georgian territory are just two instances of its neo-imperialist attitude regarding<br />
Georgia. The recent statements of high-ranking Kremlin officials such as Minister of Defense<br />
Sergei Ivanov that Georgia remains a haven <strong>for</strong> Chechen insurgents, along with threats of<br />
preemptive strikes against "terrorist bases" outside of Russia, are seen by Georgians as further<br />
evidence of this, and it is hardly surprising given this belief that speculation of Russian involvement<br />
was rife following the Gori car bombing and unexpected death of Zurab Zhvania.<br />
Following the Rose Revolution, the Georgian administration sought a new, closer relationship<br />
with Russia but the twelve months since have seen a deterioration in relations. Georgian officials<br />
state that they continue to seek to develop closer relations, but that Russia persistently rebuts such<br />
advances.<br />
Why the difficulties? "Only Georgia's wish is not enough; Russia must have the same desire as<br />
well," says Minister of Foreign Affairs Salome Zourabichvili, as quoted by newspaper Akhali Taoba.<br />
She goes on: "It must stop applying pressure, withdraw its military bases and ought to propose<br />
peace negotiations. The Georgian administration has wanted peace negotiations several times but<br />
Russia has never responded to these requests. At the same time Russia's role in the Abkhaz and<br />
South Ossetian conflicts is not positive and it is against the principle of maintaining Georgia's<br />
territorial integrity."<br />
While political ties between the two countries are so strained, and many Georgians perceive<br />
neo-imperialist ambitions, there is a good deal of concern regarding the Saakashvili<br />
administration's courting of Russian capital. Whether Georgia has anything to fear from increased<br />
Russian capital in the country is one of the most debated questions among politicians and political<br />
analysts, particularly against the background of the government's privatization process, and recent<br />
speculation that Georgia's main gas pipeline may be sold to Russian energy giant Gazprom.<br />
Critics of this policy worry that control of large parts of the Georgian economy, especially vital<br />
spheres such as energy supply, will give the Kremlin another lever of political influence over<br />
Georgia. That many major Russian companies are at least partly owned by the Russian state only<br />
serves to increase such concerns. Supporters of the government's economic policy, however,<br />
argue that this is not the case; adding that if closer economic ties have any political impact, it is to<br />
strengthen relations.<br />
So far it is difficult to say what the results of greater Russian capital might be: fears of Moscow<br />
using this to reassert control over Georgia certainly seem exaggerated, but on the other hand there<br />
is no sign of that changed attitude towards Georgia that would be reflected in reduced Russian<br />
support <strong>for</strong> South Ossetia and Abkhazia that might be hoped <strong>for</strong> among those who associate<br />
closer economic ties with friendlier politics.<br />
Georgian-Russian relations do not only involve the two countries, of course. Georgia's Western<br />
orientation and ambitions to integrate into Euro-Atlantic structures have an enormous impact on<br />
relations with Russia. This impact is largely negative, but on the other hand Georgia has actively<br />
sought to involve international organizations and Western countries in normalizing relations with<br />
Russia. This approach does not seem to be working at the moment, however: whereas in the past<br />
the presence of OSCE monitors on the Russian-Georgian border may have helped to build trust<br />
between the countries, this is clearly not the case now, with Moscow vetoing an extension to the<br />
OSCE border mandate in late December.<br />
Replacing the OSCE monitors with observers from another institution such as the European<br />
Union or NATO may be possible, and this would certainly be in Georgia's interest, but although<br />
recent Russian claims of Chechen insurgents infiltrating from Georgia into Russian territory would<br />
suggest that border monitors would be in its interests as well, Moscow is likely to seek to block any<br />
possible new border monitoring mission.<br />
In the meantime, Georgia will have a renewed opportunity to improve relations with its northern<br />
neighbor when Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs Sergei Lavrov visits Georgia on February 18,<br />
although few Georgians are hopeful of any change <strong>for</strong> the better.<br />
154
A NEED FOR COMPROMISE<br />
Tbilisi and Moscow's disagreements run much deeper than over the laying of a wreath<br />
Little was agreed during Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov brief visit to Tbilisi on<br />
February 17-18, but the two sides did agree to intensify negotiations on a range of issues over the<br />
next two months, and while Lavrov expressed "cautious optimism" that Russian and Georgia may<br />
be able to come to an agreement, Georgian Foreign Minister Salome Zourabichvili said that she<br />
hoped some progress had been made during the visit.<br />
Nevertheless, Moscow and Tbilisi have a long way to go be<strong>for</strong>e any new era in their relations<br />
can be achieved. Zourabichvili says that <strong>for</strong> Georgia's part, the inability of the sides to develop<br />
closer ties is not <strong>for</strong> wont of trying.<br />
Speaking with Interfax on Thursday, Georgia's <strong>for</strong>eign affairs minister said that Tbilisi had<br />
taken three important steps since the Rose Revolution intended to improve relations with Russia.<br />
Firstly, she noted that President Saakashvili had extended a "hand of friendship" to Russia during<br />
his inauguration speech, and had made his first official visit as president to Moscow. Secondly,<br />
Georgia had significantly eased the visa regime <strong>for</strong> Russian citizens and given them the possibility<br />
to obtain Georgian visas at border checkpoints. Thirdly, the Saakashvili administration had created<br />
particularly favorable conditions <strong>for</strong> Russian companies, most notably through the ongoing<br />
privatization process, as a result of which several Russian businesses have established<br />
themselves in Georgia.<br />
Despite such advances, however, Russian-Georgian relations have deteriorated over the past<br />
twelve months, and Lavrov's visit was clouded by a spat between the two countries over his refusal<br />
to place a wreath at the Memorial to Georgian citizens who died while defending Georgia's<br />
territorial integrity on Heroes' Square. Particularly given that be<strong>for</strong>e traveling to Tbilisi from<br />
Yerevan, Lavrov laid a wreath at the Armenian Genocide Memorial, such a decision was always<br />
going to place further strain on his meetings in Tbilisi, and can be seen as displaying at best a lack<br />
of diplomacy.<br />
The minister's refusal to lay a wreath was not the only reason <strong>for</strong> analysts to predict that little<br />
would be achieved during his visit. The recent Moscow decision to veto an extension of the OSCE<br />
border monitoring mission's mandate remains a thorn in Russian-Georgian relations, particularly as<br />
it has been followed by intensified Russian claims, most notably by Defense Minister Sergei<br />
Ivanov, that Georgia is a haven <strong>for</strong> Chechen insurgents. If this were the case, the Georgian<br />
government asks, why did Russia choose to veto the continuation of an impartial border monitoring<br />
mission that was a guarantee of security <strong>for</strong> both sides?<br />
Russia's military bases remain another cause of disagreement between the sides. Although<br />
Russia agreed at the 1999 OSCE summit in Istanbul to their withdrawal, agreement on the terms<br />
and period of their withdrawal remains out of sight some six years on. Creation of one, or possibly<br />
two, joint anti-terrorism centers on Georgian soil could provide a means <strong>for</strong> the two sides to reach<br />
an agreement; but the Georgian side is concerned that Russia intends to merely keep its bases<br />
under a different name, and demands that an agreement regarding the bases withdrawal be<br />
reached prior to discussion of the anti-terrorism centers beginning.<br />
For its part, Russia is worried that military bases of other countries, such as the United States,<br />
will be deployed on Georgian territory once its bases have been closed, and this is the main<br />
sticking point in negotiations regarding the frame agreement between the two countries. While<br />
Russia demands that a clause be included stating that no third country military bases will be<br />
deployed in Georgia, the Georgian authorities say that such a clause would be in defiance of its<br />
sovereignty; and anyway, the president and other officials have repeatedly said that no such bases<br />
would be allowed on Georgian soil.<br />
Tbilisi and Moscow's disagreements run much deeper than over the laying of a wreath. Current<br />
negotiations are focused on six different issues - the withdrawal of Russian bases from Georgian<br />
territory, boundary delimitation, visa regime, Georgia's internal conflicts, the creation of a joint antiterrorist<br />
center, and a frame agreement between the two countries - on none of which the two<br />
sides are currently able to reach an agreement.<br />
It will be a remarkable achievement should the two sides turn this situation around be<strong>for</strong>e<br />
Mikheil Saakashvili's May 9 visit to Moscow to mark the sixtieth anniversary of Victory in Europe.<br />
This would require, as Saakashvili has said recently, compromises from both sides; compromises<br />
that in the <strong>for</strong>eseeable future, at least, seem unlikely to be made.<br />
155
GEORGIA THREATENS TO DECLARE RUSSIAN BASES ILLEGAL<br />
Speaker of Parliament Nino Burjanadze has opened a can of worms by suggesting that the<br />
government declare Russia's military bases in Georgia illegal. Russia's angry response was<br />
predictable. But in Georgia too there is a great deal of debate regarding the issue.<br />
While it is difficult to deny that Russia's determination to postpone the withdrawal of its bases<br />
<strong>for</strong> as long as possible has made bilateral negotiations meaningless, on the other hand to take<br />
such a stance would plunge Georgian-Russian relations to new lows.<br />
After the collapse of the Soviet Union the first president of Georgia Zviad Gamsakhurdia gave<br />
Russian soldiers the status of "occupation army" and demanded that they leave Georgian territory<br />
at once. When Shevardnadze came to the presidency of Georgia he removed this status from<br />
them, saying, "We are a member of the UN and we do not have the right to speak about<br />
occupation." Shevardnadze oversaw the preparation of an agreement in 1994 whereby Russian<br />
military bases had the right to stay in Georgia <strong>for</strong> 25 years, after which they could stay <strong>for</strong> a further<br />
five years providing both sides agreed.<br />
This contract, however, would only come into <strong>for</strong>ce if Russia satisfied two conditions: first it would<br />
help Georgia to restore its territorial integrity (meaning that Russia would refuse to recognize the<br />
separatist regimes in Sukhumi and Tskhinvali); second it would help Georgia to create an army.<br />
Official Moscow did not fulfill either condition, however. Instead the Russian media argued that the<br />
Georgian authority would not dare to demand the withdrawal of Russian military bases, and even if it did<br />
it would be unable to <strong>for</strong>ce Russia from withdrawing its bases in Gudauta, Batumi and Akhalkalaki, not<br />
least because local residents would be against the withdrawal of bases which provided jobs.<br />
Nevertheless, at the 1999 OSCE summit in Istanbul, Russian President Boris Yeltsin agreed to<br />
withdraw Russia's military bases from Georgia. Hopes in Georgia that this would resolve the issue<br />
were soon dashed, however, as Russia stated that base withdrawal would take some fifteen years.<br />
Moscow has since then reduced the amount of time it says it needs to close down the bases first to<br />
fifteen years and then to eight, but the Georgian side remains convinced that three years is more<br />
than enough to complete the process.<br />
Six years of negotiations have not suggested so far that the two sides will be able to agree on<br />
the terms of withdrawal - the ninth round of negotiations two weeks ago ended again in deadlock,<br />
leading Georgian MP Giga Bokeria to suggest that Georgia should employ new methods to remove<br />
the bases - namely, by declaring them illegal, refusing to issue Georgian visas to Russian soldiers<br />
deployed in Georgia, and so on.<br />
His words have been echoed by other MPs, and most notably by Nino Burjanadze in Vienna,<br />
where she is heading the Georgian delegation to the OSCE parliamentary assembly winter<br />
session. There she stated that "If we cannot achieve an agreement with Russia on time then<br />
Georgia will have to consider solving it through different means. The Russian military bases will be<br />
declared illegal. I really do not approve of this, but we have no other choice. I hope that all these<br />
problems will be solved by May, but if they are not then the international community should be<br />
aware of what we are going to do," as quoted by Akhali Versia.<br />
Russia, meanwhile, says it is prepared to withdraw its bases, but on the condition that antiterrorism<br />
centers be set up in their place, and Georgia agree that no other countries will be<br />
permitted to deploy its own bases on Georgian territory. While Georgia is ready to come to an<br />
agreement on a joint anti-terrorism center - it was Tbilisi that first suggested this last year - it is not<br />
prepared to see the Russian bases simply carry on existing under a different name, and says that<br />
only when the bases have been withdrawn can the center be discussed. As <strong>for</strong> the deployment of<br />
other countries' military bases, Georgian officials have repeatedly stated that this will not happen,<br />
but as Burjanadze states, "this is not a matter of Georgian-Russian contract." Instead, she says,<br />
Parliament may in the future pass such a law, but it is a matter <strong>for</strong> Tbilisi alone, not Moscow.<br />
The government's position is certainly justified. No country has a right to deploy <strong>for</strong>ces in<br />
another country without that country's agreement, and Georgia's demands are backed up by both<br />
international opinion and international law. Whether or not taking a harder line is the best means of<br />
attaining its goal is less easy to say, but given that six years have passed without agreement being<br />
reached as a result of bilateral talks, it seems fair to say that Burjanadze is right in stating that the<br />
government has been given no choice. Furthermore, although some may worry further tension in<br />
Russian-Georgian relations, others could argue that things could not get any worse, and the<br />
government has little to lose.<br />
156
Change language