Zmena klímy – možný dopad (nielen) na obyvateľstvo - Prohuman

Africa, largely unaffected by malaria, but with a high rate of HIV. While there are
also some parts of Africa which may experience a lower rate of malaria due to
CC in the main they also experience a lower rate of HIV, due to different norms,
customs and behaviours.
An important interaction exists between HIV and malaria, itself a leading cause
of lost DALYs, ranked as having the fifth highest BOD among the infectious diseases,
and responsible for about one third of the BOD of HIV. A harmful interaction
between malaria and HIV was first reported in multigravid pregnant women in
the late 1980s. Since then, after initially conflicting studies, evidence has accumulated
of a biologic and clinical interaction between HIV-1 infection in adults and
children on malaria. In malaria-endemic SSA approximately 25 million women
become pregnant each year. The vast majority of these women will have survived
earlier episodes of malaria, and thus have some immunity. However, during pregnancy,
this immunity wanes, thus enhancing the risk of infection with malarial
parasites, including the most severe strain, Plasmodium falciparum. This interaction
is bi-directional. That is to say, while HIV worsens malaria, untreated malaria
infection can increase the HIV viral load. Children born to mothers co-infected
with HIV and malaria are at a higher risk of placental malaria and adverse birth
outcomes. Unfortunately, it is still uncertain if malaria infection increases the
probability of mother to child transmission of HIV. Tanser et al. concluded that
there is a potential increase of 16–28% in person-months of exposure to malaria
in Africa by 2100, on the assumption that future climates fall within simulated
ranges. They argue that this is also of concern because of social conditions and
inadequate health infrastructure are likely to facilitate this rise, compounded by
deteriorating malaria control programmes and possible links between HIV and
malaria.
In summary, CC is likely to increase the burden of malaria in some parts of Africa,
and this is likely to worsen the impact of HIV. However it is still unclear whether
this will directly increase HIV transmission (i.e. from mothers with HIV and malaria
to children). In those parts of SSA with a high prevalence of HIV the BOD of malaria
will also be higher. If the CCs enough to enable malaria transmission in densely
populated highland cities, which are currently mostly malaria free, then the total
BOD will be more than from malaria alone, due to this interaction with HIV.
It is well understood that that infection with some parasites and infectious
agents other than malaria can also exacerbate or accelerate the progression of
HIV infection. Some of these co-infections are also sensitive to CC. For example,
leishmaniasis, a parasitic disease transmitted by the bite of sandflies, is an increasingly
common cause of death in AIDS patients in parts of Asia, Europe and
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