Human Dignity and Bioethics

Human Uniqueness and Human Dignity | 145
it was imaging brains or, more accurately, blood flow in brains, and
not thoughts articulated in the minds of persons. There has been
little or no success in correlating the flow of mental representations
(as when the story unfolds in a novel) with the details of neural architecture,
even though one can map some of the synaptic connections
and reconnections. What will neuroscientists think when, imaging
their own thinking brains, they ask one another how it is that one
species has gained the capacity to do this, discuss the significance of
such neuroscience, and watch the brain images of their discussion?
Neuroscientists too are existential selves, historical persons with careers,
each a subjective “I” in the midst of “Thous,” even when they
make “it-objects” of their brains.
The capacity for one person to take the mind of another, mindreading
as it were, produces in humans their capacity to be insulted
and belittled, or to be respected and treated with dignity. Not only
can we learn from others, but we can learn what they think of us—
not just how they treat us (animals can learn that), but their point
of view toward us. I can take up the ideational perspective of others,
but that means I can infer their ideational perspective toward me.
Relationships become interpersonal.
Such a “person” can suffer affliction by verbal insult (including
omissions), of which animals are incapable, although animals can
be ostracized. A human being can self-reflect about his or her status
and encountered behavior in the view of others. “I am being treated
poorly here, perhaps because I am poor.” “I wonder if I should complain,
or just be glad to get minimal emergency room service.” “I was
wrong about that woman being a nurse; she’s a doctor. The nurses
are more respectful than are the doctors. They treat me like a real
person.” Animals have no such capacities.
Bertrand Russell analyzes how, with language, humans can experience
themselves biographically and present that biographical self to
others. Animals can do neither. “A dog cannot relate his autobiography;
however eloquently he may bark, he cannot tell you that his
parents were honest though poor.” 41 But a person can tell you that;
indeed, for many persons, the fact that they and their parents have
been honest, though poor, is the linchpin of their dignity.
With humans, the medical therapist is likely to work with a patient’s
face, hands, genitalia with more awareness of personhood,