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lglvn ljz]if 1

l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb| k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"gcg';f/
ljlwjt\ ¿kdf btf{ ePsf] Ps cg';Gwfgd"ns cfWoflTds
;+:yf xf] / o;sf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{no xfn a;'Gw/f,
sf7df8f}Fdf /x]sf] 5 . k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]jåo k/dx+; :jfdL
>L lglvn]Zj/fgGb dxf/fh Pj+ g]kfnLx¿sf uj{sf k|ltd"lt{
dxfof]uL >L lzj uf]/Ifsf] cg'sDkf, s[kf Pj+ cfzLjf{bsf]
kmn:j¿k o; s]Gb|sf] hGd ePsf] xf] . cfÇgf] 5'§} klxrfg,
:jtGq cl:tTj Pj+ cfÇg} lsl;dsf] :jfledfg af]s]sf] of] ;+:yf
b]z ljb]zdf /x]sf cGo s'g} ;+3, ;+:yf jf cf>dsf] zfvf,
pkzfvf jf ;Dks{ sfof{no gePsf] Joxf]/f ;DalGwt ;a}sf
nflu hfgsf/L u/fOPsf] 5 . of] s]Gb| dxfg\ u'?x¿sf] :ki6 ;"Id
dfu{lgb]{zgdf cfWoflTds o'u k'glg{df{0fsf] nIodf ultzLn
5 . oxfF ;+rfng eO/x]sf ;Dk"0f{ sfo{qmd tyf ultljlwx¿
o;} s]Gb|dfkm{t ;f]´} lgb] {lzt 5g\ . oxfFaf6 pknAw x'g] ;Dk"0f{
;fdu|Lx¿sf] k|f0f–k|lti7f ljz]if¿kdf oxL cf>daf6 ul/Psf]
x'G5 . To;}n] Ps :jtGq / cfkm}df ;Ifd o; ;+:yfnfO{ cGo
s'g} ;+3, ;+:yf jf cf>d;Fu t'ngf ug{ vf]Hg', To:t} k|sf/sf
s'/fx¿ oxfFaf6 nfu" u/fpg, k|fKt ug{ vf]Hg' o; ;+:yfsf]
cjx]ngf u/] ;/x x'g]5 h] hlt sfo{qmdx¿ oxfF ;+rfng
eO/x]sf 5g\ / cfufdL lbgx¿df klg ;+rfng x'Fb} hfg]5g\,
cfj/0f tyf leqL sDKo'6/ ;]l6·
l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|, sDKo'6/ pkljefu
ssk.org.np, info@ssk.org.np
hfg sf/L
cf>dsf lgoldt sfo{qmdx¿
k|To]s ;f“´ % ah] u'? cf/tL . k|To]s a[x:kltaf/ laxfg !) ah] u'?
k"hg . k|To]s c+u|]hL dlxgfsf] @! tf/Lv lbJo u'? dxf]T;j sfo{qmd .
k|To]s dlxgfsf] klxnf] ;f]daf/ kz'klt d[u:ynLl:yt >L >L dxfof]uL
u'? uf]/vgfysf] dlGb/ k|f+u0fdf >L lzj uf]/If xjg, klxnf] d+unaf/
nugv]nl:yt j6's e}/j dlGb/ k|f+u0fdf tfGqf]Qm j6's e}/j xjg,
klxnf] a'waf/ nugv]nl:yt dxfnIdL dlGb/ k|f+u0fdf tfGqf]Qm
dxfnIdL xjg tyf klxnf] laxLaf/ kf6g s'De]Zj/l:yt junfd'vL
dlGb/ k|f+u0fdf tfGqf]Qm aunfd'vL xjg sfo{qmd ;~rfng . ljleGg
rf8kj{x¿df ljz]if sfo{qmd . uf]/If lglvn jf0fL cfWoflTds zlQm
cg';Gwfgd"ns dfl;ssf] k|sfzg . ljleGg Pkm=Pd= :6]zgx¿dfkm{t\
uf]/If lglvn ;Gb]z /]l8of] sfo{qmd ;~rfng . ;dfhdf cfWoflTds
lzIff nfu" u/fpgsf nflu uf]/If lglvn Hof]lt lbJo ljBf>dsf]
;~rfng . tflGqs Wofgsf ljleGg r/0fsf sIffx¿ . ;do ;dodf
ljz]if ;fwgf sfo{qmdx¿ . k|f0fk|ltli7t tflGqs ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ljt/0f .
;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu k/fdz{ ;]jf . c;fWo /f]usf nflu tflGqs
lxlnªsf] Joj:yf .
tL ;a} k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]jx¿s} OR5f Pj+ lgb]{zgcg';f/
;DkGg x'g]5g\ . To;}n] cgfjZos ts{–ljts{, z°f–pkz°f
u/L, e|d km}nfpFb} o; ;+:yfsf] 5ljdfly cgfjZos 6Lsf–
l6Kk0fL ug'{ ;Totf / jf:tljstfdfly g} k|ZglrÅg nufpg'
xf] . k|To]s JolQmsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;Dk"0f{ k|sf/sf
dfu{lgb]{zg k|bfg u/L ef}lts ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg ub}{
cfWoflTds pRrtf k|bfg ug{, k"0f{tfdf n}hfg of] s]Gb| ;Ifd
5 . ljZjf; cljZjf;eGbf dfly, ;fwf/0f JolQmsf] ;Lldt
;f]rfO, ljrf/ / sNkgfeGbf k/sf] o; clåtLo cf>ddf
cfa4 eO{ cfÇgf] hLjgnfO{ pTsif{df k'¥ofpg ;Sg' g}
xfd|f] cxf]efUo x'g]5 . o:tf k|sf/sf cgfjZos e|daf6
;ts{ x'Fb} k"0f{¿kdf :ki6 eP/ dfq cl3 a9\g x'g ;Dk"0f{
dxfg'efjx¿df l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb| xflb{s cg'/f]w ub{5 .
;fy} s]Gb|sf] cfÇg} k|sf/sf] gLlt, lgod / cg'zf;g ePsf]n]
o;nfO{ kfngf ug{ g;Sg] JolQmx¿sf nflu o; s]Gb|df s'g}
:yfg /xg] 5}g / o;;DaGwL s'g} lsl;dsf] ;'g'jfO klg
gx'g] Joxf]/f cjut u/fOPsf] 5 . ;fy}, cfWoflTds zlQm
cg';Gwfgd"ns o; dfl;s klqsfdf k|sflzt n]v, /rgf,
lrqflbdf ;+:yfsf] ;xdlt x'g cfjZos g/x]sf] Joxf]/f
cjut u/fOG5 .
k/fdz{ ;]jf;DaGwL ;"rgf
k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]j >L >L dxfof]uL u'?
uf]/vgfy Pj+ k/dx+; :jfdL >L lglvn]Zj/fgGb
dxf/fhsf] c;Ld s[kf:j¿k l;4f>d zlQm
s]Gb|df k/fdz{ ;]jf;DaGwL ;'ljwf lgDgfg';f/
/x]sf] hfgsf/L u/fOG5 .
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:yfg
cfOtaf/ sf7df8f}F -tLgs'g] cf>d_
cfOtaf/ eQmk'/ -s6'~h] cf>d_
;f]daf/ sf7df8f}F -a;'Gw/f cf>d_
d+unaf/ nlntk'/ -nugv]n cf>d_
a'waf/ sf7df8f}F -l;dn6f/ cf>d
laxLaf/ sf7df8f}F -afg]Zj/ cf>d_
;doM ck/fÅg #M)) ah]kl5
d'b|0f
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s'n]Zj/, sf7df8f}“ .
klqsfsf] sfof{no
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kmf]g g+M )!–$#*(!%$, klqsf ljt/0f kmf]g g+M )!–^@@%!&& (CDMA Phone), URL: gnv.org.np, Email: info@gnv.org.np
2
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^& j}zfv

;j{k|yd t gjjif{ @)^& sf] kfjg cj;/df, k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]j k/dx+; :jfdL
>L lglvn]Zj/fgGb dxf/fhsf] cjt/0f dxf]T;j Pj+ ;+:yfsf] !! cf}F jflif{sf]T;jsf]
kfjg cj;/df ;Dk"0f{df ;'v, ;d[l4sf ;fydf ef}lts Pj+ cfWoflTds pGglt k|ult
x'Fb} hfcf];\ eGg] xflb{s d+undo z'esfdgf JoQm ub{5f}F.
k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]j k/dx+; :jfdL >L lglvn]Zj/fgGb dxf/fhsf] o; w/fdf
cjt/0f;Fu} k[YjLjf;Ln] pxfFnfO{ u'??kdf dfGg] ;f}efUo k|fKt u/]. pxfFsf] cjt/0f
cfkm}df Pp6f clåtLo 36gf lyof], lziox?sf] nflu ;'j0f{ cj;/ lyof], ;f/f
b]jLb]jtf, Clifd'lgx?sf nflu klg ;b\u'?b]jsf] cjt/0f cfkm}Fdf uj{sf] ljifo
lyof]. bfbf u'?b]j :jfdL ;lRrbfgGb dxf/fhsf] cfb]z lgb]{zgnfO{ lz/f]wfo{ ub}{
ljwftfsf] lhDd]jf/LnfO{ k"/f ug{ lglvn]Zj/fgGb dxf/fhsf] cjt/0fsf] u"9 /x:o
l5k]sf] 5. k/dx+; :jfdL >L lglvn]Zj/fgGb dxf/fhsf] pRrtf, lbJotf, dxfgtf
cflbsf] rrf{ dg'iosf] jzeGbf w]/} k/sf] ljifo xf]. lglvn]Zj/ dxfb]jsf] ?kdf,
lglvn]z lzjsf] ?kdf, dxfof]uLsf] ?kdf, o:tf s}of}F pkflwx?n] klg pxfFsf]
lj/f6tfsf] cufl8 s'g} cy{ /fVb}gg\.
o:tf clåtLo, cj0f{gLo, o'uk'?ifnfO{ u'??kdf wf/0f u/L cufl8 a9\g
kfpg' xfdL ;a}sf] nflu uj{sf] ljifo xf]. ;g\ !(## clk|n @! tf/Lvdf k/dk"Ho
;b\u'?b]j o; w/fdf cjtl/t eO{ ;f/f k[YjLjf;LnfO{ ;b\u'?sf] cefjnfO{ k"lt{
ul/lbg'ePsf] lyof]. oxL lbJo cjt/0f;Fu} @)%^ ;fn j}zfv * cyf{t\ clk|n
@! af6 g} l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|sf] hGd ePsf] xf]. >L >L dxfof]uL u'? uf]/vgfy
Pj+ k/dx+; :jfdL >L lglvn]Zj/fgGb dxf/fhsf] c;Ld s[kf Pj+ cfzLjf{b:j?k
l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb| g]kfnsf] cfheGbf bzjif{ cufl8 :yfkgf ePsf] lyof]. bz
jif{ kf/ u/]/ P3f/f}F jif{df k|j]z u/]sf] o; k'lgt cj;/df o; ;+:yfnfO{ k|ToIf,
ck|ToIf?kdf ;xof]u ug'{x'g] z'elrGts, eQmhg, sfo{stf{, ;fws ;flwsf
;Dk"0f{nfO{ xflb{s cfef/ k|s6 ub{5f}F.
;b\u'?b]jsf] o; lbJo cjt/0f dxf]T;jsf] kfjgtd cj;/df k/dk"Ho
;b\u'?b]jx?sf] r/0fsdndf sf]l6sf]l6 gdg ck{0f ub}{ ljutsf uNtL,
sdLsdhf]/Lsf nflu Ifdf ofrgf ub}{ cfpFbf lbgx?df ;+:yfsf] :jl0f{d eljiosf]
lgdf{0f x'Fb} hfcf];\ eGg] k|fy{gf, cf/fwgf ub{5f}F.
cGtdf ;b\u'? cjt/0f dxf]T;j Pj+ ;+:yfsf] jflif{sf]T;jsf] kfjgtd
cj;/nfO{ eJo Pj+ lbJo?kdf ;DkGg ug{ nfu]sf]n] o; sfo{qmddf ;xefuL eO{
;kmn agfpg x'g ;Dk"0f{df xflb{s cg'/f]w ub{5f}F.
o;kflnsf] c+snfO{ xfdLn] ‘lglvn ljz]if’sf] ?kdf lgsfn]sf 5f}F. lglvn
:j?ksf] lj/f6tfnfO{ zAb rrf{df, n]vgLdf ptfg{ vf]Hg' cfkm}df w[i6tf x'g]5.
To;}n] s]xL c+z?kdf o; c+sdf hfgsf/L lbg] sf]lzz dfq} xfdLn] u/]sf 5f}F.
o; qmddf xfdLaf6 hfg cGhfgdf eP u/]sf uNtL sdL sdhf]/Lsf] nflu k/dk"Ho
;b\u'?b]j Pj+ oxfFx?;dIf Ifdf ofrgf ub}{ cfjZos ;Nnfx, ;'emfj / k|ltlqmofsf]
ck]Iff ub{5f}F. c:t'.
lglvn ljz]if 3

{
dfgj hLjgdf u'?sf] ;j{yf pRr :yfg dflgG5 . u'? k|flKtlagf dfgj hLjg Joy{ 5 . ;Dk"0f{ zf:qsf] ;Dos\ 1fg eP klg, wg ;DklQ
/ ¿k nfj0on] el/k"0f{ eP klg, ;d:t k|sf/sf l;l4, zlQm / P]Zjo{n] el/k"0f{ eP klg olb u'? k|fKt ePsf] 5}g eg] dflg; ck"0f{ g}
x'G5 lsgls u'?n] g} ;+;f/ ;fu/af6 tf/]/ xfdLnfO{ df]Ifsf] efuLbf/ agfpg'x'G5, xfdLnfO{ c;Ld cfgGbaf6 t[Kt u/]/ k"0f{ ul/lbg'x'G5 .
o;k|sf/ k"0f{tf, d'lQm clg cgluGtL l;l4 / zlQm k|bfg ug'{x'g] b'O{ ;b\u'?b]jx¿nfO{ l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|n] wf/0f ul//x]sf] 5 . u'?x¿sf]
dlxdf, ul/df / kl/ro s;n] kf] lbg ;S5 / < t}klg ;fdfGo hfgsf/L;Ddsf nflu dxfg\ u'?x¿sf] ;+lIfKt kl/ro lbPsf 5f}F—
k/dx+; :jfdL >L lglvn]Zj/fgGb dxf/fh
jGb] gf/fo0f+ b]j+ ;b\u'?+ lglvn]Zj/+ .
1fgfd[t/;]g}j k"t+ o]gflvn+ hut\ ..
o; ljZj a|Ådf08nfO{ ef}lts Pj+ cfWoflTds¿kn] ;Gt'lnt /fVg
k|s[ltåf/f lgld{t clåtLo tk:ynL g} l;4f>d xf] . dfgj hLjgsf]
clGtd Wo]o o; l;4f>dsf k|f0ffwf/ k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]j k/dx+; :jfdL
>L lglvn]Zj/fgGb dxf/fh x'g'x'G5 . cfÇgf u'? :jfdL ;lRrbfgGbHo"sf]
cfb]z lz/f]k/ u/L ‘wd{;+:yfkgfyf{o===’sf] z+v3f]if ub}{ pxfF ;g\ !(##
clk|n @! tf/Lvdf ef/tl:yt /fh:yfg k|fGtsf] hf]wk'/df cjtl/t
x'g'eof] . j]bfWoogaf6 lzIff z'? ug'{ePsf pxfFsf] ljjfx afx| jif{sf]
pd]/df eujtL b]jL;Fu eof] . cfÇgf] hLjg kl/jf/sf] nflu dfq geP/
;Dk"0f{ ;dfhsf] nflu xf] eGb} ljjfxkZrft\ pxfFn] y'k|} jif{ lxdfnosf
u'kmf, ljs6 sGb/f / h+unx¿df ;+Gof; hLjg latfpg'eof] . To;a]nf
pxfFn] ljleGg :jfdL, ;+Gof;L, of]uL, tflGqs, dflGqs, cfo'j]{bfrfo{x¿;Fu
e]6]/ ljleGg ljwfdf cfkm"nfO{ lgi0fft\ agfpg'ePsf] lyof] . ;+Gof;
hLjgkZrft\ k'gM u[x:ydf kms] {/ cfkm"n] k|fKt u/]sf] cfWoflTds 1fgnfO{
;dfhdf km}nfpg] sfo{ ug' {eof] . o;sf] nflu ;of} F k':tsx¿sf] /rgf ub}
c;+Vo lzlj/ ;~rfng u/L ;fwgf, k|jrg / bLIffsf] dfWodaf6 lzio
lgdf{0f k|lqmofnfO{ hf]8 lbg'eof] . o;/L Hof]ltif, ;fd'lb|s zf:qsf ;'lj1
1ftf, tGq–dGqsf clGtd gfd, cfw'lgs wGjGtl/, ;Ddf]xg lj1fgsf
d;Lxf, s'08lngL zlQmsf ;xh JofVofsf/, ;"o{ lj1fgsf ck"j{ 1fgL,
w'/Gw/ /Tg lrlsT;s cflbsf ¿kdf pxfF 8f= gf/fo0fbQ >LdfnLsf]
gfdaf6 ljZjdf ljVoft\ x'Fb} dxfdxf]kfWofo, dGq lz/f]dl0f, ;dfh
lz/f]dl0f, hub\u'? cflbsf] ;+1fn] lje"lift x'g'eof] . cfufdL uf]/If lglvn
o'u lgdf{0fsf] dxfof]hgf cfÇgf lziox¿sf] sfFwdf ;'Dk]/ ;g\ !((*
h'nfO{ # df dxfk|of0f lnO{ pxfF cfÇgf] d"n :yfg l;4f>d kms{g'eof] .
xfn ;b\u'?b]js} ;"Id cfb]z lgb]{zgadf]lhd l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb| o;
dxfg\ of]hgfdf sl6a4 5 .
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>L >L dxfof]uL u'? uf]/vgfy
cgGt sf]l6 a|Ådf08 uf]/If ; r/frd\ .
bz{gd\ d'lQm nfe+ r t:d} >L uf]/If gdM ..
>L >L dxfof]uL u'? uf]/vgfy ;Dk"0f{ u'?x¿df dxfu'?, ;Dk"0f{
of]uLx¿df dxfof]uL, ;Dk"0f{ gfyx¿df dxfgfy x'g'x'G5 . dxfof]uL >L
>L u'? uf]/vgfy eujfg\ lzjsf ;a}eGbf dxŒjk"0f{ / k|d'v cjtf/sf]
¿kdf k"lht x'g'x'G5 . of]u dfu{sf] k|rf/sf] nflu eujfg\ lzjn]
g} uf]/If ¿k wf/0f ug'{ePsf] xf] . o;}n] pxfFnfO{ >L lzj uf]/Ifsf]
¿kdf cfb/–;Ddfg ug]{ ul/G5 . uf] zAbsf] cy{leq ;dflxt ufO{,
k[YjL, OlGb|o, cflb ;Dk"0f{sf] /Iff ug]{ uf]/If g} x'g'x'G5 . >Ldb\efujt,
gf/bk'/f0f, :sGbk'/f0f, a|Ådf08k'/f0f, lzjk'/f0f, zfQmk|df]b,
uf]/IfuLtf cflbdf pxfFsf] af/]df pNn]v ePsf] 5 . ljZjsf] Oltxf;nfO{
x]bf{ pxfFsf] k|fs6\o ;of}F xhf/f}F jif{sf] cGt/fndf ljleGg :yfgdf
ePsf] kfOG5 . o;af/] ljleGg ljåfg\x¿n] y'k|} cg';Gwfg u/]sf 5g\ .
cfdfsf] sf]vaf6 geO{ cfjZostf cg';f/ cfkm} k|s6 x'g'x'g] dxfof]uL
ch/ cd/ sfofo'Qm x'g'ePsf] s'/f :ki6 x'G5 .
g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df x]bf{ uf]/vf /fHosf] gfdfs/0f pxfFsf] gfdaf6
ePsf] kfOG5 eg] pxfFs} cfzLjf{baf6 of] /fi6« slxNo} k/fwLg aGg'
gk/]sf] uf}/jzfnL Oltxf; /x]sf] 5 . pxfFsf] C0f r'sfpg klg xfdLn]
pxfFsf] elQm ug} {kb{5 . gfyk+ysf cu|h dxfgfy u'? uf]/vgfy g]kfnsf
/fi6«u'? x'g'x'G5 . g]kfndf ljleGg 7fpFdf pxfFsf d7–dlGb/x¿ 5g\
h:t} uf]/vfsf] uf]/v u'kmf, kz'kltsf] d[u:ynL kL7, xg'dfg9f]sfsf]
sfi7d08k cflb . l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|sf] cg';Gwfgcg';f/ u'?
uf]/vgfy ;j{k|yd o; w/tLdf j}zfv z'Sn k"l0f{dfsf] lbg uf]/vfsf]
uf]/v u'kmfdf k|s6 x'g'ePsf] lyof] . g]kfndf dfq geP/ ljZje/
pxfFsf] ;Dk|bfo, dlGb/ Pj+ d7x¿ :yflkt 5g\ . cfufdL uf]/If lglvn
o'u lgdf{0fsf] nflu uf]/If zlQm hufpFb} gfy k/Dk/fnfO{ ;dfhdf
:yflkt ug{ l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb| ultzLn 5 .
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^& j}zfv

l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|, cfWoflTds zlQm cg';Gwfg ;+:yfsf]
:yfkgf )%^ j}zfv * ut] eP klg o;sf] ljlwjt\ btf{ eg]
)%^ j}zfv @# ut] dfq eof] . k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]jx¿ >L >L
dxfof]uL u'? uf]/vgfy Pj+ k/dx+; :jfdL >L lglvn]Zj/fgGb
dxf/fhnfO{ u'?¿kdf wf/0f ub}{ of] ;+:yf z'?df s]xL jif{
sf7df8f}Fsf] sdnfbLaf6 ;~rfng eof] . To;kl5 aQL;k'tnL,
k'/fgf] afg]Zj/ x'Fb} ;+rfng ePsf] o; ;+:yfsf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{no
xfn a;'Gw/fdf /x]sf] 5 .
;d:t e"d08nnfO{ uf]/If lglvn pmhf{n] cfk"l/t ub}{ uf]/If
lglvn o'u :yfkgfy{ cl3 al9/x]sf] o; ;+:yfn] ljleGg cfWoflTds
ultljlwx¿nfO{ cl3 a9fO/x]sf] 5 . d'n'se/ ljleGg ;Dks{
sfof{nox¿dfkm{t cfÇgf ultljlwx¿ cl3 a9fO/x]sf] o; ;+:yfn]
ljleGg 7fpFdf ;–;fgf PsfOx¿sf] u7g u/]/ klg ;dfhdf
cfWoflTds ultljlwnfO{ cl3 a9fO/x]sf] 5 . ;+:yfsf ljleGg
;Dks{ sfof{nox¿df laxLaf/sf] u'? k"hg, lbJo u'? dxf]T;j,
ljleGg rf8kj{df k"hgflb sfo{qmdx¿ ;DkGg eO/x]sf 5g\
eg] ljb]zdf /x]sf o;;Fu ;DalGwt PsfOx¿n] klg cfWoflTds
ultljlwdfkm{t ljZjdf cfWoflTds zLtntf 5l//x]sf 5g\ .
;+:yfn] k|To]s dlxgf sf7df8f}F pkTosfnufot cGo
:yfgx¿df /x]sf ljleGg zlQmkL7 / dlGb/x¿df tfGqf]Qm
xjgx¿ ;~rfng ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 eg] k|To]s jif{ o; ;+:yfn]
uf]/vfl:yt uf]/v u'kmfdf >L >L dxfof]uL u'? uf]/vgfysf]
r/0fsdndf ;jfnfv /f]6 r9fpFb} cfO/x]sf] 5 . o;sf
cltl/Qm s}of}F dGq xjg ;fwgf, tfGqf]Qm ;fwgf, Wofg, dxf]T;j
cflbsf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/;s]sf] 5 eg] uf]/If lglvn
jf0fL dfl;snfO{ lg/Gt/¿kdf k|sflzt ul//x]sf] 5 . Psflt/
cfWoflTds klqsfdfkm{t ;+:yfn] cfWoflTds ultljlwnfO{
;dfh;fd' nlu/x]sf] 5 eg] csf]{lt/ uf]/If lglvn ;Gb]z gfds
;fKtflxs /]l8of] sfo{qmdaf6 klg o;n] cfÇgf] cleofgnfO{ tLa|
agfO/x]sf] 5 . ;dfhdf of]Uo, ;an, rl/qjfg\ gful/sx¿sf]
pTkfbgsf nflu z}lIfs ldzgcGtu{t uf]/If lglvn Hof]lt lbJo
ljBf>d ;~rfng ul//x]sf] o; ;+:yfsf ljleGg tx / tKsfdf
/x]sf sfo{stf{x¿sf nflu dfl;s k|lzIf0f tyf tflndsf] klg
Joj:yf x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 .
xfn c=gf=k= z}nL ckgfP/ cufl8 al9/x]sf] of] ;+:yfsf]
;f+u7lgs :j¿kcGtu{t ;Dks{ sfof{nox¿sf] ;~rfng eO/x]sf]
5 eg] o;} z}nLleq If]qLo sfof{nox¿sf] klg ljsf; eO/x]sf] 5 .
;+:yfsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ x'g] qmddf sltko ;Dks{ sfof{nosf
cfÇg} ejg alg;s]sf 5g\ eg] sltkodf ejgsf nflu hUufsf]
Joj:yf eO;s]sf] 5\ . y'k|} ;Dks{ sfof{nox¿df ljleGg :t/sf
Wofgsf sfo{qmdx¿sf cltl/Qm k/fdz{ ;]jfnufot tflGqs lxlnË
klg ;~rfng eO/x]sf 5g\ . o;k|sf/ of] s]Gb|n] cfWoflTds o'u
lgdf{0fsf] lbzfdf cu|0fL e"ldsf lgjf{x ul//x]sf] 5 .
cfTdLo kf7sju{,
‘uf]/If lglvn jf0fL’ klqsf oxfFx?nfO{ s:tf] nflu/x]sf] 5<
cg]s afwf, c8\rg Pj+ ;d:ofx?sf afjh'b klqsfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf
lbFb} k|a'4 kf7sx?sf] s;Ldf cfkm"nfO{ 3f]6\b} z'4tf Pj+ :t/Lotfdf
qmdzM j[l4 ub}{ hfg] xfd|f] ;+sNk Pj+ k|of; /xFb} cfPsf] 5.
ef}ltstfdf r'n'{Dd 8'a]sf] cfhsf] ;dfhdf Pp6f cfWoflTds
klqsfnfO{ lgoldttf lbg' / cfgf] v'§fdf pleg ;Sg] agfpg' eg]sf]
lgZro klg c;Dejh:tf] nfUb5. t/ k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]jx?sf]
cfzLjf{bn] of] c;DejnfO{ ;Dej agfpg] sfo{ tkfOF{x?af6} eO;s]sf]
5. klqsfnfO{ o'uf}F–o'u;Dd hLjGt /fvL cfpFbf] k':tfnfO{ xfd|f]
cfWoflTds w/f]x/sf] ?kdf x:tfGt/0f ug]{ lhDd]jf/L klg tkfO{F,
xfd|} sfFwdf cfPsf] 5.
k|To]s JolQm :jo+ cfWoflTds kydf cu|;/ eO{ cfgf] kl/jf/,
6f]n, l5d]s, ;dfh, ufpF, ;x/, lhNnf, c~rn x'Fb} ;Dk"0f{ b]z clg
;Dk"0f{ ljZjnfO{ g} cWofTddo agfpg] dxfg\ cleofgnfO{ d"t{?k
lbg klqsf ;a}eGbf ;zQm dfWod aGg ;S5. ctM klqsf ;b:otf
lj:tf/sf] sfo{qmddf oxfFx?sf] ;xof]usf] ck]Iff ub{5f}F.
klqsfsf] laqmL d"No ¿= #).– dfq ePsf]n] tkfO{Fn] sDtLdf
b;j6f klqsf dufP/ cfkm\gf gftf–uf]tf, 5/l5d]sdf afF8\g ;Sg'x'G5.
tkfO{Fsf] 3/, 6f]n, l5d]s jf gftfuf]tfdf sxLF klg k"hf–cfhf, xjg,
ljjfx, j|taGw, ;Ktfx, hGdlbg, d]nf, kj{, dxf]T;j cflb x'Fb}5g\
eg] ToxfF klqsfsf] :6n /fv]/ o;sf] dxŒjaf/] hfgsf/L u/fpg'sf
;fy} jflif{s ;b:otfsf] nflu k|]l/t ug{ ;Sg'x'G5.
o;sf cnfjf 6f9f–6f9f /x]sf cfkm\gf gftf–uf]tf, ldqhgnfO{
x'nfsdfkm{t klqsf k7fpg ;Sg'x'G5. o;f] ubf{ cflTds ;DaGw
cem k|uf9 x'g hfG5.
of] klqsf oxfFx?sf] cfkm\g} ePsf]n] o;nfO{ kmnfpg], km'nfpg]
/ km}nfpg] lhDdf klg oxfFx?s} xf]. o;}n], ;Dk"0f{ kf7sx?df xfd|f]
cflTds lgj]bg 5— cfkm"nufot sDtLdf kfFrhgf jflif{s ;b:o
agfpg] ;+sNk cfhs} lbgb]lv u/f}F.
oxfFx? ;a}sf] ;xof]un] klqsfsf] ;b:o ;ª\Vof lg/Gt/?kdf
j[l4 x'Fb} hfg]5 h;n] ubf{ klqsfnfO{ cem :t/Lo Pj+ cfsif{s
agfpg d2t ldNg]5 eGg] s'/fdf xfdL ljZj:t 5f}F.
jflif{s ;b:otfsf] nflu ?= #%).– -cIf/]kL ?= tLg ;o krf;
dfq_ xfdLnfO{ k7fpg'xf];\. To;kl5sf] afFsL sfd xfdL ug]{5f}F.
cGtdf, cfTdLo kf7sju{x?df ljgd| cg'/f]w 5 ls klqsfsf]
:jo+n] cWoog u/f}F Pj+ cfkm\gf] kl/jf/ tyf Oi6ldqnfO{ klg
k9\g cg'/f]w u/f}F. o;sf cnfjf cGo kfFrhgf JolQmnfO{ k9fpg]
k|of; u/f}F.
;+;f/sf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] bfg 1fg bfg xf], tkfO{Fsf] ;fgf] bfgn]
s;}sf] hLjgdf gofF df]8 cfpg ;S5, hLjgdf ;bfaxf/ 5fpg
;Sb5. To;}n] k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]jx?sf] dxfg\ of]hgfnfO{ d"t{?k lbFb}
rl/tfy{ u/fpg cfhb]lv u'? sfo{df ;xefuL agf}F / o; of]hgfnfO{
cf–cfgf] t/Lsfaf6 ;xof]u u/f}F.
klqsfsf] laqmL xfd|f] p2]Zo xf]Og, clkt' k/dk"Ho
;b\u'?b]jx?sf] c;Ld cg'sDkfn] k|To]s hg–hgdf uf]/If lglvn
pmhf{sf] ;~rf/ u/L cfWoflTds o'usf] k'gM lgdf{0f ug'{ xf]. c:t'.
lglvn ljz]if 5

o'uk'?ifsf]
cjt/0f /x:o
jf:tjdf l;4f>dsf] oxL k/Dk/f
/lxcfPsf] 5 ls hut\df JofKt
tdfGwsf/nfO{ ;dfKt kfg{sf] lglDt
oxfFaf6 >]i7 Clifx¿nfO{ k7fOG5
hf] hut\df cfO{ oxfFsf b'Mv, b}
Gox¿ ´]Nb} cfkm"nfO{ knkn hnfpFb}
1fgsf] k|sfz ;j{q 5b{5g\ . o;}
qmddf …:jfdL lx/0oue{ÚnfO{ ha
k7fOof], ef/te"lddf pxfFn] …eujt\
kfb zÍ/frfo{Úsf] ¿kdf hGd lnO{
;d:t e"ldsf] sNof0f ul/lbg'eof] /
cfh ha of]uL/fh cfgf] lzionfO{
…tÎjbLIffÚ k|bfg ug{ uO/xg'ePsf] 5
eg] pQm lbJo dxf;df/f]xnfO{ ;a}hgf
Psfu|tfsf ;fy lgofln/x]sf 5g\ .
l;4f>dsf ;+:yfks, ;~rfns dxfg\ of]uL/fh …:jfdL
;lRrbfgGb dxf/fhÚn] ljut kRrL; xhf/ jif{sf] cjlwdf
s]jn tLg hgf lziox¿ agfpg'ePsf] 5 lsgls pxfFsf]
lzio aGg] s;L cfkm}df cToGt s8f / b'h]{o 5 . o:tf] lbJo
l;4f>ddf cfh htftt} xnrn 5, ;d:t km"nx¿ dGb–dGb
d':s'/fO/x]5g\=== j[If / ntfx¿ kjgj]usf ;fy g[Todo
eO/x]sf 5g\ / ;+Gof;L, ;fws, ;+Gofl;gL cflb Pslqt 5g\ .
cfh of]uL/fh :jfdL ;lRrbfgGbHo" cfÇgf] k|wfg tyf cToGt
lk|o Xbo:j¿k lzio :jfdL lglvn]Zj/fgGbnfO{ tŒjbLIff
k|bfg u/L k"0f{tf lbg hfFb} x'g'x'G5 / cfh pxfF cfÇgf] Pp6f
o:tf] lg0f{onfO{ :ki6 ug{ hfFb} x'g'x'G5 h;sf] ljifodf ;a}hgf
c;d~h;df kl//x]sf 5g\ . jf:tjdf l;4f>dsf] oxL
k/Dk/f /lxcfPsf] 5 ls hut\df JofKt tdfGwsf/nfO{ ;dfKt
kfg{sf] lglDt oxfFaf6 >]i7 Clifx¿nfO{ k7fOG5 hf] hut\df
cfO{ oxfFsf b'Mv, b}Gox¿ ´]Nb} cfkm"nfO{ knkn hnfpFb}
1fgsf] k|sfz ;j{q 5b{5g\ . o;} qmddf …:jfdL lx/0oue{ÚnfO{
ha k7fOof], ef/te"lddf pxfFn] …eujt\kfb zÍ/frfo{Úsf]
¿kdf hGd lnO{ ;d:t e"ldsf] sNof0f ul/lbg'eof] /
cfh ha of]uL/fh cfÇgf] lzionfO{ …tŒjbLIffÚ k|bfg ug{
uO/xg'ePsf] 5 eg] pQm lbJo dxf;df/f]xnfO{ ;a}hgf
Psfu|tfsf ;fy lgofln/x]sf 5g\ . :jfdL ;lRrbfgGbhL
elg/xg'ePsf] 5, cGo ;a} k"0f{ Psfu|tfsf ;fy ;'lg/x]sf
5g\— ædnfO{ cTolws cfgGb / xflb{s k|;Ggtf eO/x]sf]
5 ls huHhggL cfdf lgTo nLnf ljxfl/0fLsf] cg'sDkfaf6
uPsf] ;o jif{kl5 cfh dnfO{ a|Ådf08sf] u"9, uf]kgLo /
k/d b'n{e tŒjbLIff lbg] cj;/ ldln/x]sf] 5 . tŒjbLIff
hLjgsf] k"0f{ >]i7td / ;jf]{Qd bLIff xf], uPsf] bz xhf/
jif{df d}n] tŒjbLIff lbg] dfgl;stf agfPsf] of] t];|f] cj;/
xf] lsgls of] bLIff s}of}F–s}of}F hGdsf] tk:of, k'0of]bo /
;fwgfsf] ;dlGjt :j¿kaf6 dfq} k|fKt x'g ;Dej 5 . ha
lgTo nLnf ljxfl/0fLsf] s[kfaf6 c0f'–c0f' cfkm}df r}tGo,
k|f0fjfg\, j]ujfg\ / a|Ådf08do x'G5g\, ta ;fwssf] tŒj1fg
6
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^& j}zfv

F
bLIffsf] kydf klxnf] kfOnf a9\g]5, ha ;fws
u'?sf] k"0f{ cfGtl/s s[kf / cfzLjf{b k|fKt u/L
;Dk"0f{ a|Ådf08nfO{ cfÇgf] Xbodf / d'vdf :yflkt
ug]{ lqmof hfGb5, ta o; tŒj1fg bLIffsf] kydf
p;sf] bf];|f] sbd cufl8 a9\g]5 / ha ;fws
cfÇgf] ;fwgf ansf] ;xf/fdf ;Dk"0f{ nf]sx¿df
;z/L/ ljr/0f ug]{ Ifdtf k|fKt ub{5, p;sf]
nflu s'g} klg s'/f cuDo, cuf]r/ /xFb}g, ta o;
b]jkydf p;sf] t];|f] sbd cufl8 a9\b5 . ljut
bz xhf/ jif{df of] t];|f] cj;/ xf] h;df t];|f]
JolQm o; bLIffnfO{ k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/L aGg ;s]sf]
5 . o;af6 g} :jtM sNkgf ug{ ;lsG5 ls of]
bLIff cfkm}df slt u"9 Pj+ hl6n / sl7g 5 .
;fwgfTds w/ftn cfkm}df cTolws sl7g
/ t/jf/sf] wf/df lxF8\g' hlQs} 5, hf] JolQmTj
;+Gof;sf] pRr efje"lddf lhpg ;S5, hf]
cfÇgf] k|of;n] l;4f>ddf k|j]z ug{ ;S5, h;sf]
;fd'Gg] ;d:t ;fwgfx¿ :jtM g[To ul//xG5g\,
a|Åd, cIf/, zAb / efiffdfly h;n] ljlzi6
clwsf/ k|fKt ug{ ;Sb5, h;sf] s07df jfUb]jL
:jtM lj/fhdfg /xlG5g\ / hf] cl0fdf cflb ci6
l;l4x¿nfO{ k"0f{tfsf ;fy k|fKt u/L ;Dk"0f{
j]bfGt, pklgifb\ cflb zf:q–bz{gsf] clwsf/k|fKt
JolQmTj aGb5, hf] s'g} klg ljifodf wf/fk|jfx
cgj/t\¿kaf6 ultzLn x'g] Ifdtf /fVb5, h;nfO{
k/sfof k|j]z, a|Ådf08–e]bg, ;"o{ l;4fGt /
gIfq ult ;Dos\ l;l4x¿ k|fKt x'G5g\, pm g} of]
tŒjbLIff k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/L aGb5 . hf] ;fwgf
cflb If]qdf cnf}lss x'Fbfx'Fb} klg ;/n, lg/x+sf/L
/ ;fdfGo alg/xg] k|lqmof hfGb5, h;n] ;of}F,
s/f}8f}F ;+Gof;L, Clifx¿nfO{ lg/Gt/ dfu{bz{g
u/fpFb} o; kydf cu|;/ u/fpg ;Sg] Ifdtf
k|fKt ub{5, p;n] g} ‘tŒjbLIff’ k|fKt ug]{ Ifdtf
/fVb5 . hf] ljk/Lt kl/l:yltx¿aLr klg lxdfno´}
cl8u /xL r'gf}tLx¿sf] k|xf/nfO{ cfÇgf] 5ftLdf
´]Ng] Ifdtf /fVb5, hf] ljk/Lt kl/l:yltx¿aLr
klg k|;GglrQ / zfGt alg/xg ;S5, hf] xhf/f}F
l;l4x¿ k|fKt ul/;Sbf klg ;j{yf ;/n, lgisk6
/ lgM:jfy{ hLjg lhpg] snf hfGb5, p;}nfO{
lgZrog} of] ;ª\qmd0f sfn xf] . k"0f{tM
ljk/Lt / b'u{d, sl7g / oftgfdo
kl/l:yltx¿df Psk|sf/af6 cfnf]rgfsf]
bGsFbf] cfuf]df d lglvnnfO{ ws]ln/x]5',
b'Mv / afwfx¿sf] ;fd'Gg] p;nfO{ cufl8
a9\g] cf1f lbO/x]sf] 5', ufnL, ckdfg,
cfnf]rgfx¿sf cnfjf o; jftfj/0fdf c¿
s]xL 5}g . cgf:yf, kfv08sf] o; 3g3f]/
cGwsf/df d p;nfO{ k7fpFb} 5' . dnfO{
ljZjf; 5 ls o:tf] ljk/Lt kl/l:yltdf
klg Ps dfq lglvnn] g} d]/f ;kgfx¿
;fsf/ kfg]{ Ifdtf /fVb5 / p;n] lgZrog}
ljho>L k|fKt ug{ ;Sb5 .
tŒjbLIff lbOG5 .
/ ‘lglvn’ hf] d]/f] Xbosf] cfwf/ / d]/f] cfTdfsf]
k|ltljDa xf], h;sf] s0f–s0fdf d]/f] 1fg r]tgfsf] :km'lnË
ljBdfg 5, p;nfO{ tŒjbLIff lbg kfpFbf d cTolws xlif{t /
cfgGbdo 5' . ljut 5 xhf/ jif{df of] klxnf] cj;/ xf] ls
d}n] k'gM s'g} JolQmTjnfO{ tŒjbLIffo'Qm JolQmTj dflg/x]sf]
5' . d}n] k|To]s s;Ldf ‘lglvn’nfO{ hfFr]/ x]/]F . pm k|To]sk6s
c´ clws t]h:jL¿kdf lgvfl/P/ k|:t't eof] . d}n] hltk6s
p;dfly k|xf/ u/]F, Tolt g} k6s pm clws ;f}Do¿kdf d]/f]
;fd'Gg] pkl:yt eof] . sl7geGbf sl7g ;fwgfx¿nfO{ p;n]
ljk/Lt kl/l:yltx¿aLr r'gf}tLsf] ¿kdf :jLsf/ ub}{ l;l4
k|fKt u/]sf] 5 . ljs6, b'u{d, lxdfnosf ;'b"/ :yfgx¿df
k7fO{ d}n] p;sf] w}o{sf] k/LIff lng] k|of; u/]F . o;df klg
p;n] k"0f{ ;kmntfk"j{s cfÇgf] lzioTj l;4 u/]/ b]vfof],
;+Gof; hLjgdf p;n] ;+Go:tsf] pRr efje"ldnfO{ :ki6
u¥of] . Psk|sf/af6 p;n] ;j{yf lj/Qm / jLt/fuL hLjg
lhpFb} cfÇgf lziox¿nfO{ ljk/Lt kl/l:yltx¿aLr klg h'g
k|sf/n] dfu{bz{g ub}{ cufl8 a9fof], Tof] cfkm}df :t'To 5 .
lgZro g} ‘l;4f>d’ a|Ådf08sf] ;jf{lws t]h:jL /
Hof]ltd{o e"–efu xf] h;dfly sfnsf] s'g} k|efj JofKt x'Fb}g,
hxfF Ct'x¿sf] b'Mvb kl/j{tg x' Fb}g, hxfFsf] s0f–s0f cfkm}df
t]hl:jtfo'Qm 5 . o:tf] l;4f>dnfO{ klg k"0f{tfsf ;fy
;hfpg, dgf]/d / pRrtd agfpgdf lglvnn] h'g sfo{ u/]sf]
lglvn ljz]if 7

5, Tof] cfkm}df ;/fxgLo 5 . Psk|sf/af6 eGg] xf] eg]
nueu lgZr]i6 l;4f>dsf] e"ldnfO{ p;n] cfÇgf hLjGt
k|of;x¿af6 ;k|f0f / cfgGbo'Qm agfOlbPsf] 5, ca
of] l;4f>d s]jn a"9f ;+Gof;Lx¿sf] ;fwgf:ynL dfq
/x]g . clkt' xnrno'Qm cfgGbdo Tof] e"ld ag]sf] 5
hxfF l;4of]uf tfnsf] nx/df, t/Ë / ;ËLtdf lglvnsf]
k|oTg :ki6¿kdf ;'lgG5, rf/}lt/ hLjGttf, d':sfg,
pdË / cfgGbsf] h'g k|jfx k|jflxt 5 To;sf] k5fl8
Ps dfq lglvnsf] k|of; :ki6tfsf ;fy b[li6uf]r/
eO/x]sf] 5, lglvnsf] k|oTgn] g} b]jsGofx¿ /
b]j–cK;/fx¿n] cfÇgf] snfx¿sf] k|bz{g ug]{ ;f}efUo
k|fKt u/]sf x'g\ . lglvnsf] kl/>dsf] kmn:j¿k g}
oxfFsf xhf/f}F jif{ cfo' k|fKt ;+Gof;Lx¿sf] z/L/df
j]udo pmhf{ k|jflxt eO/x]5, ;+Gofl;gLx¿, b]jsGofx¿,
cK;/fx¿sf] ljr/0f, pgLx¿sf] g"k'/ Wjlg / d':sfgsf
afjh"b klg ;j{q ;+od / cg'zf;g ljBdfg 5, of] ;a
dfq Ps JolQmTjsf] kl/>d / k|efjaf6 ;Dej ePsf]
xf] . o;nfO{ :jLsf/ ug{ dnfO{ s'g} ;Íf]r 5}g .
k"/f l;4f>dsf of]uLx¿, ;+Gof;Lx¿, ;fw'x¿,
cK;/fx¿, ;+Gofl;gLx¿ / b]jsGofx¿sf] cfFvfdf
lglvnsf] k|ltljDa cxlg{z ljBdfg /xG5, pgLx¿sf]
cfFvfdf x/kn lglvnsf] 5lj ljBdfg 5 . d}n] b]v]sf]
5' ls ha pm l;4f>ddf k|j]z ub{5, ta pRrsf]l6sf
;+Gof;L klg p;sf] r/0fw"nf] lng Jofs'n /xG5g\,
;a}sf] cfFvfdf Ps} nns, rfxgf, d:tL JofKt x'g'k'U5 .
Psk|sf/af6 k"/f l;4f>d g} d:tLdf ´'Dg yfN5 .
o:tf] ax'd'vL JolQmTjnfO{ ha d :jtM l;l4x¿sf] zLif{
:yfgdf b]Vb5', ta d]/f] Xbodf /f]df~r / cfgGbsf]
;fu/ nx/fpg yfNb5 .
d lglvnnfO{ tŒjbLIff lbg'sf] ;fy;fy} ;+;f/sf]
hl6n ;ª\3if{do l:yltx¿df k7fpFb} 5' . cfh ljZj
ef}ltstfsf] ljnfl;tfdf cfs07 8'a]sf] 5, rf/}lt/
cGwsf/ JofKt x'g yfn]sf] 5, wd{ / cWofTdk|lt
pgLx¿sf] cf:yf Go"g x'g k'u]sf] 5, pgLx¿n] ef]unfO{ g}
k"0f{tf dfg]sf 5g\ / ;fwgf tyf l;l4x¿k|lt pgLx¿sf]
dgdf ;Gb]x x'g yfn]sf] 5, k"j{hx¿k|lt s'g} ;Ddfg
5}g / ;+Gof;L, of]uLx¿sf] a]OHht x'g yfn]sf] 5,
ef}ltstfsf] ltl/ldl/df wd{, bz{g, of]u, dLdf+;f, Hof]ltif,
cfo'j]{b Pj+ cGo k|frLg ljBfx¿ nf]k x'g nfu]sf 5g\
/ olb oxL l:ylt /Åof] eg] d b]Vb}5' ls ef/tjif{af6
dGq, tGq cflb k"j{ ljBfx¿ ;j{yf nf]k x'g k'Ug]5g\ /
k"/f ljZj lgZro g} sfnsf] u|f; aGg k'Ug]5 .
o:tf] ;dodf Ps t]h:jL JolQmTjsf] ef/tjif{nfO{
cjZostf 5 h;df w}o{ / ;+od xf];\, ljk/Lt kl/
l:yltx¿df klg h'Wg] / ljho k|fKt ug]{ h;df Ifdtf
xf];\, cfnf]rgfx¿ / lj/f]wLx¿sf aLrdf klg hf] ;lxi0f'
8
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^& j}zfv

…lgZro g} …l;4f>dÚ a|≈df08sf] ;jf{lws t]h:jL / Hof]ltd{o e"–efu xf] h;dfly
sfnsf] s'g} k|efj JofKt x'Fb}g, hxfF Ct'x¿sf] b'Mvb kl/j{tg x'Fb}g, hxfFsf] s0f–s0f
cfkm}df t]hl:jtfo'Qm 5 . o:tf] l;4f>dnfO{ klg k"0f{tfsf ;fy ;hfpg, dgf]/d / pRrtd
agfpgdf lglvnn] h'g sfo{ u/]sf] 5, Tof] cfkm}df ;/fxgLo 5 .Ú
hLjg lhpg] Ifdtf /fVb5 . d}n] o:tf] JolQm Ps dfq
lglvnsf] ¿kdf b]lv/x]5' / p;nfO{ o; ;ª\3if{do
;+;f/df k7fpFb}5' hxfF k'gM p;n] ef}ltstfdfly cWofTd
:yflkt ug{ ;sf];\, ef]usf] ;§f ;fwgf :yflkt ug{ ;sf];\
/ hf] ef/tjif{sf] wtL{df u"9 ljBfx¿nfO{ k'ghL{ljt ub}{
hghgdf To;nfO{ JofKt ug{ ;sf];\ .
lgZro g} of] ;ª\qmd0f sfn xf] . k"0f{tM ljk/Lt /
b'u{d, sl7g / oftgfdo kl/l:yltx¿df Psk|sf/af6
cfnf]rgfsf] bGsFbf] cfuf]df d lglvnnfO{ ws]ln/x]5',
b'Mv / afwfx¿sf] ;fd'Gg] p;nfO{ cufl8 a9\g] cf1f
lbO/x]sf] 5', ufnL, ckdfg, cfnf]rgfx¿sf cnfjf
o; jftfj/0fdf c¿ s]xL 5}g . cgf:yf, kfv08sf]
o; 3g3f]/ cGwsf/df d p;nfO{ k7fpFb} 5' . dnfO{
ljZjf; 5 ls o:tf] ljk/Lt kl/l:yltdf klg Ps dfq
lglvnn] g} d]/f ;kgfx¿ ;fsf/ kfg]{ Ifdtf /fVb5 /
p;n] lgZrog} ljho>L k|fKt ug{ ;Sb5 .
‘zÍ/frfo{Ú, ‘uf]/vgfy’, ‘ljZjfldqÚsf] ;dodf
klg olt ljk/Lt kl/l:yltx¿ lyPgg\ . t/ lglvn
a|ÅdtŒjaf6 pmlh{t JolQmTj xf], To;}n] cfÇgf] hLjGttf,
Ifdtf / kf}?ifsf] ;xf/fdf :jo+ t ;kmn x'G5 g},
;fy;fy} xhf/f}F u[x:y lziox¿nfO{ klg k"0f{tf k|bfg
ug{ ;Sg]5 .
d cfÇgf] Xbo:y cfTd:j¿k ‘lglvn’nfO{ tŒjbLIff
lbg kfpFbf o; ;dodf cTolws uf}/jflGjt cg'ej
ul//x]sf] 5', d]/f] / lgTo nLnf ljxfl/0fL huHhgLsf]
cfzLjf{b k|To]s If0f p;sf] ;fydf 5 .Æ
tŒjbLIff k|bfg ug'{k"j{ :jfdL ;lRrbfgGbHo"n] ha
eGg'eof] ls ;a} lbJo of]uLx¿sf] lk|o lglvn, ;a}
;fwsx¿sf] ;fWo :jfdL lglvn]Zj/fgGb l;4f>d 5f]8]/
;+;f/df kn–k|ltkn hNgsf] lglDt hfg]5, ta ;a}sf]
Xbosf] w8\sg cl8g k'Uof], ToxfF pkl:yt ‘dxlif{ e[u'’
cfÇgf] tLI0f b[li6n] x]l//xg'ePsf] lyof] ls hxfF ;Dk"0f{
l;4f>d Ps} ´6\sfdf o; lg0f{on] yls{g k'u]sf] lyof] eg]
ToxLF …:jfdL ;lRrbfgGbhLÚsf] lha|f] o:tf] lg0f{o ;'gfpFbf
sfld/x]sf] lyof] . t/ klg pxfFsf lk|o lzio …lglvnÚn]
k"0f{ w}o{k"j{s ;Dk"0f{ cfb]zx¿nfO{ ;'Gg'eof] . …dxlif{
e[u'Úsf] pkl:yltdf ha :jfdL ;lRrbfgGbhLn] lglvnnfO{
oL ;a} cfb]z ;'gfpg'eof], ta lziosf] pQ/ lyof], æd
nf}lss hLjgdf u[x:y¿kdf /x]/ xh"/sf] cf1fnfO{
k"0f{tf lbg] k|of; ug]{5' . t/ d}n] To; ;dfhnfO{ b]v]sf]
5', ef]u]sf] 5' . clxn] Tof] ;dfh 5}g h'g klxn] lyof] .
klxn] t Pp6f dfq kfbkb\d pTkGg ePsf] lyof] h;n]
…zÍ/frfo{ÚnfO{ ljif v'jfP/ df/]sf] lyof] . t/ clxn]
d]/f] ;fd'Gg] ;os8f}F kfbkb\d lzio pkl:yt x'g]5g\ .
hfgrflxF d cjZo} hfg]5' t/ ;dfh / lziox¿sf] hlt
ljif d}n] lkpg' k5{ Tof] dnfO{ g} yfxf 5 .Æ
k"/f l;4f>ddf k"Ho …:jfdL ;lRrbfgGbhL’sf]
o; s7f]/ cfb]zn] lg:tAwtf 5fpg k'Uof] . t/ lglvn
lglZrGt lyP . Pslbg cj;/ k|fKt u/L pgn] u'?b]j;Fu
lgj]bg u/], æk|ef] ¤Æ xh"/ dnfO{ k'gM u[x:ydf k7fpFb}
x'g'x'G5, o;sf] k5fl8 s'g} g s'g} p2]Zo 5 xf]nf, dnfO{
xh"/sf] cf1f lz/f]wfo{ 5 . lgZro g} d xh"/sf] hLjg
j[QfGtnfO{ lnlka4 ug]{ k|oTg ug]{5' .Æ
:jfdLhL eGg'x'G5, æ…lglvn’, d]/f] hLjg j[QfGt
lglvn ljz]if 9

sfuhx¿df xf]Og cfÇgf] Xbodf n]Vg", jf:tjdf g}
;fw', ;Gt, dxlif{x¿sf] hLjgL sfuhx¿df xf]Og Xbodf
c+lst ug{ nfos x'g]5 .Æ
pgn] ;f]wF,] æTo:tf] eP d s] u¿F t dk"j{s ;fwgf ug]{ sfo{df ljZjf; /fVg] vfnsf
/ ltd|f ljZjf;x¿sf] /Iff ug{ ;dy{ x'g] vfnsf
o'jsx¿ tof/ eP eg] ltdL cfÇgf] kl/>d ;kmn
ePsf] ;D´g" .Æ
æt/ k|e' ¤ cf>dsf] hLjg lhpFbf–lhpFbf d o;}sf]
cEo:t eO;s]sf] 5' / k'gM u[x:ydf hfg] s'/f :d/0f ubf{
klg d b'MvL x'g k'U5' . u'?j/ ¤ u[x:ydf b'Mv, afwfx¿,
10
kL8fx¿, ;Í6 / sl7gfOx¿ 5g\ . olb slxn]sfxLF
h?/teGbf Hofbf b'Mv / kL/x¿ cfP eg]

5 / ;bfsf] nflu o; l;4f>dnfO{ ltdLn] ;DxfNg' 5 .
t/ o;sf] cufj} ltd|f] sfo{sf] k"0f{tf x'g' cfjZos 5,
dnfO{ ltdLdfly cufw ljZjf; 5 .Æ
;do laTg s'g} a]/ nfu]g / cflv/ Tof] lbg klg
cfof] h'g lbg …l;4f>d’af6 …:jfdL lglvn]Zj/fgGb’
labf lng hfFb} x'g'x'GYof] . ;f/f jftfj/0f af]l´nf] lyof],
k"/f …l;4f>d’ zfGt ePsf] a]nfdf cfF;'n] el/Psf
cfÇgf cfFvfx¿n] x]b}{ efj–ljÅjn x'Fb} lxSs–lxSs ub}{
…lglvn’n] u'?b]jnfO{ eGg'eof]— æu'?b]j ¤ xh"/n] dnfO{
lal;{g' t x'Gg

o'ufjtf/ u[x:y of]uL
8f= gf/fo0fbQ
>LdfnL
nfv of]lgx¿df hGd lnFbf
rf}/f;L
lnFbf clGtddf hLjn] dg'io
hGd lng k'Ub5 . dg'io of]lg klg cg]s /;,
ef]udf lnKt ePkZrft\ ha p;nfO{ hLjgsf]
lgM:;f/tf af]w x'G5, ToxL g} p;sf] O{Zj/sf]
kydf, cfTdsNof0f Pj+ k/dfgGbsf] kydf
cl3 a9]sf] klxnf] kfOnf x'G5 / oxLFaf6 p;sf]
vf]h k|f/De x'G5— k/dfTdfsf] :j¿k s] xf] <
h'g k|Zg ;b}jb]lv g} 1fgLx¿sf] nflu Pp6f
ljrf/0fLo ljifo /x]sf] 5 .
ha hLjsf] k'sf/ tLj| x'g hfG5, ta
k|e'n] cjZo g} p;nfO{ s'g} g s'g} ¿kdf
s[tfy{ ug'{x'G5 / o;}sf] nflu ;do ;dodf
dg'io¿kdf O{Zj/sf] cjtf/ x' Fb} cfO/x]sf] 5 .
zf:qdf k/dfTdfsf, eujfg\sf bzfjtf/sf]
ljj/0f kfOG5, oL cjtf/ x'g\— s"df{jtf/,
dT:ofjtf/, jf/fx cjtf/, jfdgfjtf/,
12
g[l;+xfjtf/, k/z'/fd, /fdfjtf/, s[i0ffjtf/, a'4fjtf/ .
cjtf/x¿sf] oxL qmddf cl3 al9/x]sf] z[+vnfsf] Pp6f
syfsf] ljj/0f slNs k'/f0fsf] Znf]s qm+ ! b]lv @@ ;Dd kfOG5 .
g}ldiff/0odf ;d:t cjtf/x¿sf] syfnLnf, jftf{nfk dxlif{ ;"t Pj+
zf}gsflb Clifx¿df rln/x]sf] lyof] / Clif>]i7 ;"thLnfO{ zf}gs
d'lg k|Zg ug'{x'G5— a'4fjtf/kZrft\ ha slno'u k/fsfi7fdf
x'g]5, ta eujfg\n] s'g zlQm :j¿kdf hGd lng'xf]nf < o;sf]
ljj/0f lbFb} ;"thL eGg'x'G5— ‘x] d'gLZj/x¿ ¤ a|x\dfhLn] cfÇgf]
kL7af6 3f]/ dnLg kfts pTkGg ug'{eof] h;sf] gfd cwd{
/flvof] . cwd{ ha 7"nf] eof], ta p;sf] ljjfx ldYof;Fu ul/of] .
b'j}sf] ;+of]uaf6 dxfqmf]wL k'q bDe / dfof gfdsL sGofsf] hGd
eof] . km]l/ bDe / dfofsf] ;+of]uaf6 nf]e gfds k'q / ljs[lt
gfds sGofsf] hGd eof] . oL b'j}af6 qmf]wsf] hGd eof] . qmf]waf6
lx+;f / oL b'j}sf] ;+of]uaf6 sfnf] z/L/ ePsf] dxfeo+s/ slnsf]
hGd eof] . s/fn, r~rn, eofgs, b'u{Gwo'Qm z/L/, B"t, dB,
:j0f{ / j]Zofdf lgjf; ug]{ of] slnsf alxgLx¿ Pj+ ;Gtfgsf]
¿kdf b'?lQm, eofgs, d[To', lg/y, oftgfsf] hGd eof] . logsf
xhf/f}F cwdL{ 5f]/f5f/L cflwJoflw, a'9\of}nL, b'Mv, zf]s, ktg,
ef]uljnf; cflbdf lgjf; u/L o1, tk, bfg, :jfWofo, pkf;gf
cflbnfO{ gfz ug{ yfn] .’
;fFRr} g} slno'udf o:t} x'g nfUof]— qmf]w, bDe, dfof,
dnLgtf, Joflw, ef]u, ktg cflb l:ylt pTkGg eP / la:tf/}
la:tf/} logLx¿n] ;+;f/nfO{ olt;Dd 9flslbP h;sf] kmn:j¿k
;fdfGo dflg;n] O{Zj/Lo ;Qfdfly g} ;Gb]x ug{ yfNof] . ;DejtM
dxfef/t sfndf s[i0fn] o:t} l:yltnfO{ a'´]/ eGg'ePsf] lyof]—
obf obf lx wd{:o Unflge{jlt ef/t,
cEo'Tyfgdw{d:o tbfTdfg+ ;[hfDoxd\ .
cyf{t\ ha ha ;+;f/df cgLlt, cTofrf/, cwd{ k"0f{¿kdf
JofKt x'G5, ta s'g} g s'g} ¿kdf O{Zj/Lo ;Qfsf] k|fb'ef{j
x'g]5 .
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^& j}zfv

F
ha q]tf o'udf kfl/jfl/s dof{bfx¿sf]
xflg eO/x]sf] lyof], o1, tk dnLg eO/x]sf
lyP, ta k/dfTdf eujfg\ /fdsf] ¿kdf
cjtl/t x'g'eof] / dof{bf :yflkt ug{sf]
nflu /fhu[xdf hGd lnP/ k"/} cfof{jt{sf]
e|d0f ug'{eof] . jgjf; ¿kdf of] e|d0f
t Pp6f nLnf :j¿k dfq lyof], pxfFsf]
d"n efjgf t k"/} cfof{jt{nfO{ cof]Wofb]lv
n+sf;Dd Ps agfpg' lyof] . k|To]s :yfgdf
k'gM j]b jf0fLsf] u'~hg xf];\ / k'gM o1
Hof]lt k|HHjlnt xf];\ . cfÇgf] o; :j¿kdf
>L/fdn] sxLF klg s'g} hflte]b, :yfge]b
ug'{ePsf] 5}g . jfg/, leNn, cflbjf;L ;a}
g} pxfFsf lk|o lyP, / jgjf; g} pxfFsf]
;Dk"0f{ ljr/0f /fi6« lyof] . kTgL;Fu kbofqf
u/]/ Pp6f efjgfTds cg'e"lt hgdfg;df
pTkGg ug'{eof], clg pxfFn] ;a}nfO{ ;fy lnFb}
cf;'/L k|j[lQx¿sf] k|tLs /fj0fsf] ;Dk"0f{
gfz ug'{eof] . s]jn /fj0f dfq geO{ p;sf
hlt klg cf;'/L k|j[lQ ePsf ;xof]uLx¿
lyP, ltgLx¿ ;a}nfO{ h/}b]lv gfz u/L
e"d08ndf z'4 wd{ :yflkt ug'{eof] .
>L/fdn] klg ljZjfldqaf6 c:q–z:q ljBf
l;Sg'eof] / a|x\dlif{ jlzi7af6 1fg k|fKt
ug'{eof], Tof] klg u'?s'ndf /x]/ .
>Ls[i0fn] klg cfdfsf] sf]vaf6 hGd
lng'eof] . Pp6f afnsh;/L g} afn nLnfx¿
;DkGg ug'{eof], b]jsLsf] ue{af6 hGd lnP/
ozf]bfsf] 3/df pxfFsf] afNosfn JotLt
eof] . cfÇgf] afNosfndf lg/Gt/ nLnf
ub}{ cf;'/L k|j[lQsf] gfz ug{sf] nflu k|j[Q
/xg'eof] . sflnofdb{g, k"tgfjwh:tf sfo{
t pxfFn] afNosfndf g} ;DkGg ug'{eof] .
åfk/o'udf dfgj hLjgdf z'istf / å]ifsf]
afx'Notf ePsf] a]nf pxfFn] k| ]dsf] Pp6f gofF
cleJolQm lbg'eof] .
pxfFsf] /f;nLnf, h;df ;Dk"0f{ e"d08n
s[i0fdo x'Fb} pxfF;Fu} g[To ;+uLt ul//x]sf]
lyof], k|]dsf] ;jf]{Ts[i6 cleJolQm lyof] eg]
o;sf] ;fy} ;'b"/ ;fGbLkg cf>ddf uP/
lziosf] ¿kdf pxfFn] lzIff u|x0f klg
k/dk"Ho
;b\u'?b]j 8f=
gf/fo0f bQ
>LdfnLHo"
o:tf
clåtLo Pj+
pbfQtd
JolQmTj
x'g'x'G5,
h;sf]
s]jn
lrGtgn] g}
lbJotfsf]
af]w x'g
yfNb5 .
k|nosfndf
;d:t
hut\nfO{
cfkm"leq
;dflxt
ug'{ePsf
dxfTdf
lx/0oue{em}
zfGt /
;f}Do x'g'x'G5
pxfF .
ug'{eof] .
cjtf/L k'?ifnfO{ lzIff cflb u|x0f ug]{
/ hLjgsf ;fdfGo lgodx¿sf] kfng ug]{
cfjZostf lyof] / <
t}klg ;dfhsf] cufl8 cfbz{ :yflkt
ug'{ lyof] / o;sf] nflu >Ls[i0fsf] k|]d
:j¿ksf] ;fy;fy} dxfef/t o'4sf] ;dodf
pxfFsf] JolQmTjsf] gLlt1 :j¿k, o'ulgdf{tf
:j¿k klg k|s6 x'G5 . /fdsf] ;dodf
/fj0f¿kL cf;'/L k|j[lQx¿ k|an ePsf]
h'g l:ylt lyof], 7Ls ToxL l:ylt åfk/df
bf]xf]l/of] ha sf}/j¿kL cf;'/L k|j[lQx¿
a9\b} k"/} e"d08nfO{ cfÇgf] clwsf/df lnPsf
lyP . ta >Ls[i0fn] cfÇgf] lj/f6\ :j¿ksf]
dfWodaf6 ch'{gnfO{ 1fg lbg'eof]– ;+Vof an
dxTjk"0f{ xf]Og, a? wd{sf] :yfkgf dxTjk"0f{
5 h;sf] nflu hLjgsf] alnbfg g} lsg
ug'{ gk/f];\ . olb ;To / wd{ ltdL;Fu 5g\
eg] cf;'/L k|j[lQx¿n] slxNo} klg ljho
k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . dxfef/tsf] o'4 Oltxf;
kl/jt{gsf] o'4 lyof] . k'gM cfof{jt{df wd{sf]
r]tgf hfu[t eof], ;fdflhs hLjgnfO{ gi6
ug]{ ljnfl;tf, h'jf, dBkfg, gf/L ckdfgsf
k|j[lQx¿ gi6 eP .
;Dk"0f{ hLjgdf s[i0fn] s'g} klg k|sf/sf]
;fdflhs cfrf/;+lxtfsf] pNn+3g ug'{ePg .
u[x:y hLjg klg wf/0f ug'{eof] / ha pxfFn]
uf]s'n, dy'/f, xl:tgfk'/df cfÇgf] sfo{ k"0f{
ePsf] cg'ej ug'{eof], ta ;'b"/ åf/sfdf
/fHo :yfkgf u/L ToxfF wd{sf] :yfkgf
ug'{eof] h;af6 cv08 cfof{jt{sf] lgdf{0f
x'g ;sf];\ .
sfnrqm lg/Gt/ 3'ld/x\of] / oxL cfof{jt{
;;fgf /fHox¿df 6'lqmg k'Uof] . k|To]s /fHodf
å]if, xhf/f}F k|sf/sf wd{ l;4fGt, xhf/f}F
k|sf/sf k"hfx¿, gfl:tstf cfl:tstfsf]
;+3if{ x'g nfUof] . ta k|e'n] a'4sf] ¿kdf
hGd lng'eof] / pxfFsf] hLjg ofqf l;4fy{sf]
¿kdf hGd lnP/ af]lw;Tj k|fKt u/L cGttM
tyfut :j¿k k|fKt u?~h]n;Ddsf] Pp6f
lj/f6\ ofqf lyof] . o; bf}/fgdf pxfFn] tLg
lglvn ljz]if 13

l;4fGtx¿ hgdfg;df :yflkt ug'{eof]–
a'4+ z/0f+ uR5fld, ;+3+ z/0f+ uR5fld,
wDd+ z/0f+ uR5fld
cyf{t\ v08–v08df 6'lqmP/ /xg'sf] ;§f
;+3 agfpg' cfjZos 5, ;+3 agfP/ wd{sf]
kfng ug'{ cfjZos 5 / wd{sf] kfng z'4
;flTjs a'l4, h;n] a'4Tj pTkGg ub{5, åf/f
dfq ;Dej 5 . To;a]nfsf] dfu hgdfg;df
Tofu, s?0ff, k|]d, ;fxro{ pTkGg ug'{ lyof] /
IfqLo kl/jf/df hGd lnP/ a'4n] leIf's e]if
wf/0f u/L leIff kfq xftdf lnP/ k"/} cfof{jt{
/ aflx/sf ;'b"/ b]zx¿df klg wd{sf] :yfkgf
ug'{eof] . pxfFn] :jo+ slxNo} ;d|f6 kb wf/0f
ug'{ePg, t/ ;f/f ;d|f6x¿ pxfFs} cwLg lyP .
pxfF t hghgsf ;d|f6 x'g'x'GYof], / gx'g'
klg lsg ha pxfFn] cfÇgf] O{Zj/Lo :j¿ksf]
lj:tf/ o;k|sf/ ug'{eof] h;af6 k'gM Pstf,
;fxro{ Pj+ wd{ :yflkt x'g k'Uof] .
oL tLg dxfjtf/x¿df k"0f{ leGgtf
b[li6uf]r/ x'G5 lsgls o'uwd{cg';f/ eujfg\
leGg leGg :j¿kdf k|s6 x'g'x'G5 . hxfF
h:tf] k|sf/sf] sfo{sf] cfjZostf x'G5,
eujfg\ o'uk'?ifsf] ¿kdf, o'u–b|i6fsf] ¿kdf
cjtl/t x'g'x'G5 / h'g p2]Zosf] nflu
cjt/0f lng'x'G5, Tof] sfo{ k"/f ul/;s]kl5
k'gM a|x\df08df cfÇgf] lj/f6\ :j¿kdf l:yt
x'g k'Ug'x'G5 .
k|e'n] ha ha cjt/0f lng'x'G5, ta
pxfFn] ;+;f/nfO{ Pp6f ;Gb]z lbg vf]Hg'x'G5—
hLjgsf] cfbz{ s] x'g'k5{ / dg'io hGd
lnP/ cfÇgf] hLjgdf k/dfTdfsf] cljlR5Gg
zlQmsf] k|tLs ag]/ ;+;f/df ;Tsfo{ ug{
;lsG5 . c;DejnfO{ ;Dej agfpg ;lsG5,
Pp6f Pp6f u/]/ cfÇgf] dfu{df cfpg]
afwfx¿nfO{ x6fpg ;lsG5 . p;sf] hLjgdf
klg k| ]d, s?0ff, df]x, u[x:y ;a} /xg]5g\ g}, oL
;a} l:yltx¿nfO{ ;Fu} lnP/ pm ;fTljstftkm{
cu|;/ x'g ;S5, k"0f{Tjtkm{ cu|;/ x'g
;S5 .
cfÇgf] cf/fWonfO{ s'g ¿kdf x]b{5, of]
t b|i6fdf lge{/ 5 / of] cjt/0fsf] qmd
14
ha pxfF
af]Ng'x'G5
ta o:tf]
nfU5 :jo+
a|x\df cfkm\gf]
d'vaf6 j]b
pRrl/t
ul//xg'
ePsf] 5,
lsgls
d}n] pxfFsf]
a|x\d:j?k
klg
b]v]sf] 5',
?b|:j?k
klg
b]v]sf] 5',
/ pxfFsf]
/f}b|:j?ksf]
;fIfL klg
/x]sf] 5' .
cl3 a9\b} cfhsf] o'udf ‘8f= gf/fo0fbQ
>LdfnLHo"’sf] ¿kdf k'gM ;Dej ePsf]
5 . k"Ho ;b\u'?b]j cfÇgf] kl/jf/sf] nflu
lktf, efO cflb :j¿kdf lk|o aGg'eof] eg]
lziox¿n] pxfFnfO{ ;b\u'?b]j, k|e', Oi6,
dGq1, tGq1, Hof]ltifljb\ tyf cGo ¿kx¿df
cfTd;ft\ u/]sf 5g\ .
a|x\dj}jt{ k'/f0fdf Jof; d'lgn] :ki6
n]Vg'ePsf] 5 eujfg\sf cjtf/L :j¿kdf
lgDg bz u'0fx¿ cjZo g} kl/nlIft x'g]5g\ /
log} bz u'0fx¿sf] cfwf/df ;+;f/n] pxfFnfO{
lrGg]5—
tkf]lgi7M d'lg>]i7M dfgjfgf+ lxt]If0fM .
Clifwd{TjdfkGgM of]uL of]uljbf+j/M ..
bfz{lgsM slj>]i7M pkb]i6f gLlts[Qyf .
o'ustf{g'dGtf r lglvnM lglvn]Zj/M ..
Pleb{zu'0f}M k|LtM ;Towd{k/fo0fM .
cjtf/+ u[xLTj}j ce"Rr u'?0ff+ u'?M ..
;b\u'?b]j k"Hokfb 8f= gf/fo0fbQ
>LdfnLHo", ;+Gof;L :j¿k lglvn]Zj/fgGbhLsf]
hLjgsf] ljj]rg cfh olb dxlif{ Jof;åf/f
pb\w[t bz u'0fx¿sf] cfwf/df ug]{ xf] eg]
lgZro g} ;b\u'?b]j cjtf/L k'?if x'g'x'G5,
h;n] cfÇgf] ;f+;fl/s hLjgsf] k|f/De Pp6f
;';+:s[t a|fx\d0f kl/jf/af6 ug'{eof]– ;'b"/
lk5l8Psf] d?e"ldt'No ufpF lyof] Tof] .
ha pxfFsf] hGd eof], ta dftflktfnfO{ of]
t]h:jL afnssf] gfd …gf/fo0fÚ /fVg] k|]/0ff
k|fKt eof] .
gf/fo0f gfd wf/0f ug'{ / Tof] gf/fo0f
tTjsf] lg/Gt/ lj:tf/ ug'{ s]jn o'uk'?if
gf/fo0fbQ >LdfnLsf] nflu dfq ;Dej lyof],
h;n] cfÇgf] cNksfnLg ef}lts hLjgdf
lzIffsf] pRrtd cfofd u|x0f u/L lk=Pr=8L=
cyf{t\ 8S6/]6sf] pkflw k|fKt ug'{eof] .
k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]j 8f= gf/fo0fbQ
>LdfnLHo" o:tf clåtLo Pj+ pbfQtd
JolQmTj x'g'x'G5, h;sf] s]jn lrGtgn] g}
lbJotfsf] af]w x'g yfNb5 . k|nosfndf
;d:t hut\nfO{ cfkm"leq ;dflxt ug'{ePsf
dxfTdf lx/0oue{´}F zfGt / ;f}Do x'g'x'G5
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^& j}zfv

pxfF . Jofjxfl/s If]qdf :jR5 wf}t j:qdf ;';lHht
pxfF hlt ;Lwf;fbf b]lvg'x'G5, o;eGbf k/ pxfF s]xL
cs}{ klg x'g'x'G5 h'g ;j{;fwf/0f uDo 5}g . ;fwgfsf]
pRrtd ;f]kfgdf l:yt ljZjsf kl/lrt Pj+ ;Ddflgt
JolQmTj x'g'x'G5 . pxfFsf] ;fwgfTds If]q olt ljzfntd
5 h;nfO{ zAbsf] dfWodn] cfFsng g} ug{ ;lsFb}g . s'g}
klg k|bz{gaf6 6f9f, lxdfno´}F cl8u, ;fu/´}F uDeL/,
km"n´}F ;'sf]dn Pj+ cfsfz´}F lgd{n x'g'x'G5 .
dxlif{ hx\g'´}F cfkm"leq 1fgu+ufsf] c;Ld k|jfxnfO{
;d]6]/ /xg'ePsf pxfFsf] ;Dks{df cfPsf] JolQm
Psk6s t pxfFnfO{ b]v]/ crDddf k5{ .
k"Ho ;b\u'?b]j ClifsfnLg k|fRo 1fg k/Dk/fsf
clåtLo s8L x'g'x'G5 . h'g 1fg dWosfndf cg]s 3ft
k|lt3ftsf] sf/0f cljlR5Gg, lgik|f0f x'g k'u]sf] lyof],
h'g lbJo 1fgsf] 5xf/Ld'lg ;d:t dfgj hfltn] ;'v,
zflGt Pj+ cfgGbsf] cg'ej u/]sf] lyof], h'g 1fgsf]
;Dan kfP/ ;a} g} uf}/jflGjt ePsf lyP / ;d:t
lj;+ultx¿nfO{ k/f:t ug{ ;Ifd ePsf lyP, h'g 1fgnfO{
xfd|f Clifx¿n] cfÇgf] tkM pmhf{n] ;an Pj+ kl/k'i6 u/L
hgsNof0fsf] lxtfy{ :jl0f{d :jKg b]v]sf lyP, k"Hokfb
;b\u'?b]j >LdfnLHo"n] ;dfhsf] k|To]s ljifdtf;Fu h'Wb},
cfkm"nfO{ knkn hnfpFb} ToxL 1fg k/Dk/fnfO{ k'gM
hfu|t ug'{ePsf] 5, ;d:t dfgjhfltnfO{ Pp6} ;"qdf
pg]/ pxfFn] k'gM To; 1fg k|jfxnfO{ ;fwgfsf] dfWodaf6
cfKnfljt ug'{ePsf] 5 . dfgj sNof0fsf] nflu cfFvfdf
cyfx s?0ff lnP/ dGq Pj+ tGqsf] dfWodaf6, Hof]ltif,
sd{sf08 Pj+ o1sf] dfWodaf6, lzlj/ tyf ;fwgfsf]
dfWodaf6 pxfFn] of] 1fgnfO{ hghg;Dd k'¥ofpg'ePsf]
5 .
o:tf dxfdfgj;DaGwL s]xL af]Ng' / n]Vg'cl3
w]/} ;f]rljrf/ ug'{kb{5 . hLjgsf] k|To]s cfofdnfO{
:kz{ u/]/ klg ;a} på]uaf6 /lxt hf] /fd´}F dof{lbt,
s[i0f´}F ;tt r}tGo, ;Ktlif{´}F ;tt efjuDo cgGt
tkM pmhf{af6 ;Dalnt o:tf ;b\u'? 8f= gf/fo0fbQ
>LdfnLHo"sf] g} ;+Gof;L :j¿k :jfdL of]uL/fh k/dx+;
lglvn]Zj/fgGbhL x'g'x'G5 .
aflx/L z/L/ x]bf{ pxfFnfO{ u[x:y 7fGg ;lsPnf,
aflx/L z/L/af6 pxfFn] ;'vb'Mvsf] cg'ej ub}{, xfF:b},
pbf; x'Fb} kfl/jfl/s hLjg JotLt ub}{ jf lziox¿;Fu
hLjgsf lqmofsnfk ;DkGg ug'{xf]nf, t/ of] t pxfFsf]
aflx/L z/L/ xf] . pxfFsf] cfEoGtl/s z/L/ t :jo+df
r}tGo, ;hu, ;k|f0f, k"0f{ of]u]Zj/sf] z/L/ xf] h;nfO{
Ps–Ps knsf] 1fg 5 / o; b[li6af6 pxfF xhf/f} F jif{sf]
cfo' k|fKt of]uLZj/ x'g'x'G5 h;sf] obfsbf k[YjLdf
hGd x'g] ub{5 .
nueu !%)) jif{b]lv d pxfFsf] ;fIfLe"t lzio x' F /
d}n] oL !%)) jif{df pxfFnfO{ lr/ of}jg, lr/ g"tg Pp6f
;+Gof;Lsf] ¿kdf b]v]sf] 5' . aflx/L ¿kdf pxfFn] y'k|}
rf]nf abNg'eof], y'k|} :yfgdf hGd lng'eof] t/ of] d]/f]
ljifo lyPg, d]/f] ljifo t lyof]— d pxfFsf] cfEoGtl/s
hLjg;Fu ;fIfLe"t /x"F, Pp6f ;+Gof;L hLjgsf] ;+;u{df,
;Dks{df /x"F / pxfFsf] Tof] ;+Gof;L hLjg :jo+df pRr,
pbfQ, lbJo / clåtLo /x]sf] 5 .
pxfFn] h'g ;fwgfx¿ ;DkGg ug'{ePsf] 5, tL
:jo+df clåtLo 5g\, xhf/f}F of]uLx¿ klg pxfFsf] cufl8
gtd:ts /xG5g\ lsgls tL of]uLx¿ pxfFsf] cfEoGtl/s
hLjg;Fu kl/lrt 5g\ . pgLx¿n] a'´]sf 5g\ ls pxfFsf]
of] JolQmTj :jo+df clåtLo 5, cgf}7f] 5, pxfF;Fu
;fwgfTds 1fgsf] Pp6f ljzfn e08f/ 5, olt ljzfn
ls tL of]uLn] ;of}F jif{;Dd pxfFsf] ;Dks{ / ;fxro{df
/x]/ klg Tof] 1fg k"0f{¿kn] k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . k|To]s
j]b, k'/f0f, :d[lt pxfFnfO{ :d/0f 5, / ha pxfF af]Ng'x'G5
ta o:tf] nfU5 :jo+ a|x\df cfÇgf] d'vaf6 j]b pRrl/t
ul//xg'ePsf] 5, lsgls d}n] pxfFsf] a|x\d:j¿k klg
b]v]sf] 5', ?b|:j¿k klg b]v]sf] 5', / pxfFsf] /f}b|:j¿ksf]
;fIfL klg /x]sf] 5' .
cfh klg l;4f>dsf] k|To]s of]uLn] cg'ej ub{5—
lglvn]Zj/fgGbhL x'g'x'Gg eg] l;4f>d klg 5}g
lglvn ljz]if 15

lsgls lglvn]Zj/fgGbhL To; l;4f>dsf] s0fs0fdf
JofKt x'g'x'G5 . pxfF s;}nfO{ jfT;No lbg'x'G5, s;}nfO{
xsfg'{x'G5, s;}nfO{ k|]d ug'{x'G5— s]jn o;sf/0f ls
p;n] s]xL l;sf];\, s]jn o;sf/0f ls p;n] s]xL a'´f];\,
s]jn o;sf/0f ls p;n] hLjgdf k"0f{tf k|fKt u/f];\,
/ of]uLhg pxfFsf] glhs a:bf cToGt zLtntfsf]
cg'ej ub{5g\ . o:tf] nfUb5 dfgf}F Ps};fy a|x\df, lji0f'
/ dx]z;Fu a;]sf 5f}F, Ps};fy lxdfnosf] sfvdf
a;]sf 5f}F, Ps};fy ;Dk"0f{ a|x\df08nfO{ ;d]6]/ /x]sf hf]
JolQmTj x'g'x'G5, pxfFsf] glhs a;]sf 5f}F .
/fdsf] ;dodf /fdnfO{ lrlgPg, To;a]nfsf]
;dfhn] /fdsf] sb/, pxfFsf] d"Nof+sg ug{ ;s]g, pxfF
h+un h+un wfpFb} /xg'eof] . s[i0f;Fu klg o:t} eof],
pxfFnfO{ kLl8t ug{ s'g} s;/ afFsL /x]g / Pp6f If0f
o:tf] klg cfof] ha pxfFn] dy'/f 5f]8]/ åf/sfdf z/0f
lng'k¥of] / To;a]nfsf] ;dfhn] klg pxfFsf] sb/ ug{
;s]g . a'4sf] ;dodf hlt j]bgf a'4n] ´]Ng'eof], ;dfhn]
To;sf] jf:tf u/]g . dxfjL/sf] sfgdf lsnf 7f]lsof],
pxfFnfO{ ef]s} dg{sf] nflu ljjz kfl/of], ;dfhn] pxfFsf]
dxTj cfFsng g} u/]g .
16
olb ;xL cy{df >LdfnLHo"nfO{ a'‰g] xf] eg] pxfFsf]
lglvn]Zj/fgGb :j¿knfO{ a'‰g'kb{5 . oL rd{rIf'n]
pxfFnfO{ lrGg ;lsFb}g, To;sf] nflu t cfTdrIf' jf
lbJo rIf'sf] cfjZostf kb{5 .
d}n] dfq xf]Og, xhf/f}F ;+Gof;Lx¿n] pxfFsf] lj/f6\
:j¿k b]v]sf 5g\ . s[i0fn] uLtfdf ch'{gnfO{ h;/L
cfÇgf] lj/f6\ :j¿k b]vfpg'eof], To;eGbf klg pRr
/ clåtLo pxfFsf] a|x\df08 :j¿k d}n] b]v]sf] 5' /
cg'ej u/]sf] 5' ls jf:tjdf g} pxfF rf}F;L snf k"0f{
clåtLo o'uk'?if x'g'x'G5, hf] s'g} ljz]if p2]Zo lnP/
k[YjL u|xdf cfpg'ePsf] 5 . s]jn d dfq} ;fIfL xf]Og,
dh:tf xhf/f}F ;+Gof;L o; s'/fsf ;fIfL 5g\ ls pxfFnfO{
ce"tk"j{ clåtLo l;l4 k|fKt 5g\, en} pxfFn] cfkm"nfO{
n'sfpg'xf];\, en} pxfFn] l;l4x¿sf] k|bz{g gug'{xf];\,
t/ pxfFleq hlt zlQm Pj+ l;l4 lglxt 5g\, tL :jo+df
cGotd / clåtLo 5g\ .
Ps 7fpFdf pxfFn] cfÇgf] 8fo/Ldf n]Vg'ePsf] 5—
æd}n] t Pp6f ;fdfGo dg'ion] ´}F cfr/0f ub}{ lyPF,
dflg;x¿n] dnfO{ eujfg\ eg], ;+Gof;L eg], dxfTdf eg],
of]uLZj/ eg], t/ d t cfkm"nfO{ Pp6f ;fdfGo dfgj
g} 7fGb5' . d ToxL ¿kdf ultzLn 5', dflg;x¿n]
eG5g\ eg] d pgLx¿sf] d'v aGb ug{ ;lStg, lsgls
hf] hlt ulx/fOdf 5, p;n] ToxL ¿kdf dnfO{ a'´]/
cfÇgf] wf/0ff agfpF5 . h;n] dnfO{ dflyNnf] ;txaf6
x]b{5, p;n] dnfO{ ;fdfGo dg'iosf] ¿kdf b]V5, /
h;n] d]/f] cfEoGtl/s hLjgnfO{ x]b{5, p;n] dnfO{ …
of]uLZj/Ú eG5, …;+Gof;LÚ eG5 . of] pgLx¿sf] wf/0ff xf],
pgLx¿sf] b[li6 xf], of] pgLx¿sf] b"/blz{tf xf] . h;n]
d]/f] cfnf]rgf u5{g\, pgLx¿nfO{ klg d s]xL elGbg /
h;n] d]/f] ;Ddfg u5{g\, d]/f] k|z+;f u5{g\, pgLx¿nfO{
klg d s]xL elGbg, lsgls d ;'v–b'Mv, dfg–ckdfg
oL ;a}af6 ;j{yf k/ 5' .
d}n] s'g} bfjL u/]sf] 5}g— d bz xhf/ jif{sf]
cfo' k|fKt of]uL x'F, g t d o:tf] bfjL u5'{— d}n] u]?jf
j:q cf]9]/ ;+Gof;L ¿kdf ljr/0f u/]F, lxdfno uPF,
l;l4 k|fKt u/]F, cyjf d s'g} rdTsf/L JolQmTj x'F jf
d}n] s'g} clåtLo sfo{ ;DkGg u/]sf] 5' . d t Pp6f
;fdfGo dg'io x'F / ;fdfGo dg'ion] ´}F hLjg JotLt
ug{ rfxG5' .Æ 8fo/Lsf] of] c+z pxfFsf] ljgd|tf xf],
of] pxfFsf] ;/ntf xf], t/ h;n] lrGg] Ifdtf /fVb5g\,
pgLx¿af6 of] s'/f n's]sf] 5}g ls pxfF g} Tof] clåtLo
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^& j}zfv

o'uk'?if x'g'x'G5 hf] xhf/f}F jif{sf] cGt/fndf
k[YjL u|xdf cjtl/t x'g] ug'{x'G5 .
k/dx+; :jfdL lglvn]Zj/fgGbhLsf]
JolQmTj :jo+df ck|ltd, cb\e't / clgj{rgLo
/x]sf] 5 . To;df lxdfno´}F prfO 5 eg]
;fu/jt\ ulx/fO klg, ;fwgfk|lt pxfF k"0f{tM
;dlk{t JolQmTj x'g'x'G5 eg] hLjgk|lt
pGd'Qm ;/n Pj+ ;Xbo klg, j]b, sd{sf08
Pj+ zf:qk|lt pxfFsf] cufw / lj:t[t 1fg 5
eg] dGq Pj+ tGqsf] af/]df k"0f{tM hfgsf/L
klg . pxfF klxnf] o:tf] JolQmTj x'g'x'G5
h;df k|To]s k|sf/sf] ;fwgf ;dflxt 5 .
pRrsf]l6sf] j}lbs / b}ljs ;fwgfdf pxfF
cu|0fL x'g'x'G5 eg] cf}38 Zdzfg / ;fj/
;fwgfdf klg :jo+df cGotd x'g'x'G5 .
d}n] pxfFnfO{ xhf/f}F–nfvf}Fsf] eL8df
k|jrg lbg'x'Fb} u/]sf] ;'g]sf] 5' . pxfFsf]
dfgl;stf :jo+df ;Gt'lnt 5, s'g} klg
ljifodf gfktf}n ul/Psf zAbx¿df ch;|,
cafw ultdf af]ln/xg ;Sg'x'G5 . d"n wf/af6
Ps O~r klg bfofFafofF nfUg'x'Gg . ljljw
ljifox¿sf] ulx/fO, ltgsf] ;"Id ljj]rg Pj+
;fwgf l;l4x¿nfO{ ;dflxt ub} { d"n ljifonfO{
k"0f{tfsf ;fy o;k|sf/ k|:t't ug'{x'G5 h;af6
;fdfGo dg'ion] ;'g]/ a'‰g ;Sb5 / dGqd'Uw
alg/xG5 .
d pxfFsf] ;+Gof; / u[x:y b'j} hLjgsf]
;fIfL 5' . xhf/f}F ;+Gof;Lx¿sf] eL8df
klg pxfFnfO{ af]ln/xg'ePsf] ;'g]sf] 5'
pRr:t/Lo ljåQfk"0f{ z'4 ;+:s[tdf ch;|,
cafw¿kdf / u[x:y hLjgdf klg ;/n
lxGbLdf af]ln/xg'ePsf] ;'g]sf] 5'— ljifonfO{
cToGt ;/n 9+uaf6 a'´fpFb}, aLraLrdf
xf:osf] k'6 lbFb} dgf]ljgf]b;Fu} cfÇgf] s'/f
pxfF >f]tfsf] Xbodf k"0f{tfsf ;fy k'¥ofP/
/flvlbg'x'G5 .
dnfO{ pxfFsf] lzio aGg] ;f}efUo ldNof]
/ d o;df :jo+nfO{ uf}/jflGjt cg'ej ub{5' .
pxfF;Fu lgs} ;do;Dd /xg] ;'cj;/ dnfO{
k|fKt eof] . d}n] pxfFsf] cys kl/>dnfO{
b]v]sf] 5', laxfg ;a]/} rf/ ah]b]lv /flt
s[i0fn]
uLtfdf
ch'{gnfO{
h;/L
cfkm\gf]
lj/f6\ :j?k
b]vfpg'eof],
To;eGbf
klg pRr
/ clåtLo
pxfFsf]
a|x\df08
:j?k d}n]
b]v]sf] 5'
/ cg'ej
u/]sf] 5'
ls jf:tjdf
g} pxfF
rf}F;L snf
k"0f{ clåtLo
o'uk'?if
x'g'x'G5, hf]
s'g} ljz]if
p2]Zo lnP/
k[YjL u|xdf
cfpg'ePsf]
5 .
afx| ah];Dd lg/Gt/ sfo{ ubf{ klg pxfFsf]
z/L/df ysfj6sf] lrGx vf]Hbf klg cg'ej
x'g ;Sb}g .
pxfF :km"t{ / cfgGbk"0f{ l:yltdf
/lx/xg'x'G5 . pxfF;Fu s'/fsfgL ubf{ o:tf]
nfU5 dfgf}F xfdL k|r08 u|Lidsf] udL{af6
lglSnP/ j6j[Ifsf] zLtn 5xf/Ldf cfOk'u]sf
5f}F . pxfFsf] af]nLaf6 dgnfO{ zflGt k|fKt
x'G5 h:tf] zLtn kjg alu/x]sf] 5, / ;Dk"0f{
z/L/nfO{ k'nsn] el/lbPsf] 5 .
hLjGt JolQmTj
o:t} clåtLo j]bdf jl0f{t l;4f>dsf
;~rfns :jfdL ;lRrbfgGbhLsf k|d'v lzio
of]uL/fh lglvn]Zj/fgGb x'g'x'G5 h;dfly
l;4f>dsf] w]/}h;f] cleef/f 5 . pxfF
;+Gof;L hLjgdf x'g'xf];\ jf u[x:y hLjgdf,
/flqdf lg/Gt/ lgTo ;"Id z/L/af6 l;4f>d
hfg'x'G5, ToxfFsf] ;~rfng Joj:yfdf a/fa/
b[li6 /fVg'x'G5 . olb s'g} ;fws, of]uL jf
;+Gof;Lsf] s'g} ;fwgfljifos ;d:of 5
eg] To;sf] ;dfwfg ug'{x'G5 / To; lbJo
cf>dnfO{ If0fIf0fdf gjLg /fVb} ultzLn
kfg'{x'G5 . jf:tjd} cfh l;4f>dsf] h'g
:j¿k 5, To;sf] w]/}h;f] >]o :jfdL
lglvn]Zj/fgGbhLnfO{ hfG5, h;sf] k|of;af6
g} Tof] cf>d :jo+df hLjGt x'g ;dy{
eof] .
cfo'j]{bsf] If]qdf klg pxfFn] tL k|frLg
hl8a'6Lsf af]6 Pj+ j[Ifx¿ vf]h]/ lgsfNg'ePsf]
5 hf] :jo+df n'Kt eO;s]sf lyP . j}lbs /
kf}/fl0fs sfndf tL jg:kltx¿sf] gfd ljljw
u|Gyx¿df leGg leGg 5g\ t/ cfhsf] o'udf
tL gfd k|rlnt 5}gg\ . clwsf+z hl8a'6Lx¿
sfnsf] k|jfxdf n'Kt eO;s]sf lyP .
cfÇgf] kmd{df To:t} k|sf/sf] jftfj/0f
agfpFb} tL hl8a'6Lx¿nfO{ km]l/ nufP/
ljsl;t ug]{ k|of; pxfFn] ug'{eof] . If]qkmnsf]
lx;fadf lgs} 7"nf] of] kmd{ cfh ljZjsf] Pp6f
cgf}7f] :yn xf] hxfF o:tf b'n{e hl8a'6Lx¿nfO{
;kmntfsf ;fy pdfg] { ;kmntf k|fKt ePsf] 5
lglvn ljz]if 17

h;åf/f c;fWo /f]u lg/fs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
logsf] u'0fbf]ifsf] ljj]rg, ;]jg ljlw, k|of]u
/ oL;DaGwL hlt ;"Id hfgsf/L pxfFnfO{ 5,
Tof] :jo+df cGotd 5 .
kf/bsf ;f]x| ;+:sf/ dfq geO{ rf}jGg
;+:sf/åf/f o; If]qdf pxfFsf] 1fg :jo+df
cGotd ePsf] l;4 ul/lbg'ePsf] 5 . Pp6f
wft'af6 csf]{ wft'df ¿kfGtl/t ug]{ ljlwx¿
pxfFn] vf]h]/ lgsfNg'eof] / ;kmntfk"j{s ckf/
hg;d"xsf] cufl8 o:tf] lqmof ;DkGg u/]/
pxfFn] b]vfOlbg'eof] ls /;fog If]qdf xfdL
cfh klg ljZjdf clåtLo 5f}F . y'k|} lziox¿n]
pxfFsf] ;flGgWodf /;fog 1fg k|fKt u/]sf 5g\
/ tfdfaf6 ;'g agfP/ o; ljBfnfO{ dxQf /
uf}/j k|bfg u/]sf 5g\ .
l;4f>dsf k|f0f
l;4f>d b]jtfx¿sf] nflu klg b'n{e /
cGotd :yfg xf] h;nfO{ k|fKt ug{sf] nflu
pRrsf]l6sf of]uL klg t8\lkG5g\ . k|To]s
;+Gof;Ln] cfÇgf] dgdf oxL cfsf+Iff kfn]sf]
x'G5 ls hLjgdf Psrf]l6 l;4f>d k|j]zsf]
cj;/ k|fKt x'g ;sf];\ . of] zfZjt\ kljq
/ lbJo :yn dfg;/f]j/ / s}nfzeGbf klg
k/ l:yt 5 h;nfO{ :y"n b[li6n] x]g{ ;Dej
5}g . h;sf] 1fgrIf' hfu[t 5, h;sf] Xbodf
;x;|f/sf] cd[t wf/0f 5, p;n] dfq o:tf] l;4
:ynnfO{ b]Vg ;Sb5 .
CUj]beGbf klg k|frLg of] :yn :jo+df
dlxdfdl08t 5 . ljZjdf y'k|}k6s ;[li6sf]
lgdf{0f eof] / y'k|}k6s k|nosf] l:ylt klg
cfof], t/ l;4f>d :jo+df cljrn l:y/
/x\of] . o;df g sfnsf] s'g} k|efj kb{5, g t
jftfj/0f cyjf hnjfo'sf] g} . oL ;a}eGbf k/
cfuDo / clåtLo 5 of] :yn . o:tf] :yfgdf
hf] of]uL k'Ub5, pm :jo+df cGotd / clåtLo
aGg k'Ub5 .
dxfef/tsfnLg eLid, s[kfrfo{, o'lwli7/,
eujfg\ s[i0f, z+s/frfo{, uf]/vgfy cflb
of]uL cfh klg oxfF ;z/L/ ljr/0f ub}{ u/]sf]
b]Vg ;lsG5 . cGotd of]uLx¿df :jfdL
18
l;4f>d
:jo+df
hLjGt
:yn xf]
hxfF d:tL,
cfgGb,
pNnf;,
pd+u /
xnrn 5,
hxfF ult
/ r]tgf
5 . cfh
l;4f>d
nfO{
b]Vbf gGbg
sfggeGbf
klg a9L
;'vs/
/ cfgGb
bfos
k|tLt
x'G5— of]
pxfFs}
k|an
k'?iffy{sf]
kmn xf] .
;lRrbfgGbhL, dxlif{ e[u' cflb x'g'x'G5 h;sf
gfd :d/0f g} k"/} hLjgnfO{ kljq / lbJo
agfpgsf] nflu kof{Kt 5 .
dfOnf}F nDafOdf km}lnPsf] of] l;l4 If]q
:jo+df clåtLo 5 hxfF g /ft x'G5 g lbg .
uf]w"nLsf] a]nf h:tf] lrQfsif{s b[io / k|sfz
JofKt x'G5, To:t} k|sfz oxfF afx|} dlxgf
/xG5 . oxfFsf w/tLdf hf8f] udL{ cflbsf]
s'g} k|efj k|tLt x'Fb}g . o:tf] l;4f>ddf /xg]
of]uLx¿ sfnhoL x'G5g\, pgLx¿df h/f, d[To'
cflbsf] k|efj JofKt x'g ;St}g .
l;4f>d :jo+df hLjGt :yn xf] hxfF
d:tL, cfgGb, pNnf;, pd+u / xnrn 5,
hxfF ult / r]tgf 5 . cfh l;4f>dnfO{
b]Vbf gGbg sfggeGbf klg a9L ;'vs/ /
cfgGbbfos k|tLt x'G5— of] pxfFs} k|an
k'?iffy{sf] kmn xf] .
Pp6f d[tk|foM l;4f>d pxfFsf] cfudgaf6}
cfgGbdo x'g k'Uof] / ;xL cy{df l;4f>d aGg
k'Uof] . l;4f>ddf pRrsf]l6sf of]uL jlzi7,
ljZjfldq, uu{, s0ffb, cfB z+s/frfo{, s[i0f
cflb ;Dk"0f{ ljBdfg x'g'x'G5 . pRrsf]l6sf
of]uL k[YjLdf cfÇgf] sfo{ k"/f ul/;s]kl5
of] aflx/L gZj/ z/L/nfO{ 5f]8]/ ;bf;bfsf]
nflu l;4f>d k'Ub5g\ . l;4f>dsf >]i7
of]uLhg slxn] lglvn]Zj/fgGbhL cfpg'xf]nf
/ pxfFsf] r/0fw"nf] kfOPnf eg]/ af6f] x]/L
al;/xG5g\ . Clifd'lgx¿ cfÇgf] ;fwgfnfO{
aLrd} /f]s]/ To; :yfgdf pleg k'Ub5g\
hxfFaf6 lglvn]Zj/fgGbhL lxF8\b} x'g'x'G5 .
k|s[lt klg :jo+df g[Todo x'g k'Ubl5g\ lsgls
l;4f>d h'g k|f0fZr]tgfaf6 ultzLn 5,
ToxL k|f0fZr]tgfsf] cfwf/ lglvn]Zj/fgGbhL
x'g'x'G5 .
pRrsf]l6sf cK;/fx¿ lg/Gt/ cfÇgf]
g[To, ufog / ;+uLtn] ;Dk"0f{ l;4f>dnfO{
u'~hl/t agfO/xG5g\ . Pp6f cb\e't jftfj/0f
5 oxfFsf] . o:tf] nfUb5 :ju{ klg o;sf]
cufl8 t'R5 5 / jf:tjd} :ju{ / OGb|nf]s
cToGt t'R5 5g\ o;k|sf/sf] l;4f>dsf]
cufl8 hxfF l;4of]uf tfn ultzLn 5, h;df
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^& j}zfv

:gfg dfq ubf{ klg ;d:t /f]u x6]/ hfG5g\, h;sf]
lsgf/df a:bf dfq klg :jo+df ;Dk"0f{ kljqtfsf] af]w
x'g k'Ub5, h;df cjufxg ubf{ dfq klg k"0f{ zLtntf
/ zflGtsf] dx;'; x'g nfUb5 . o;df :gfg ugf{n] g}
of] b]x, h'g b]xdf xfdL ultzLn 5f}F, nfO{ t'?Gt cfef;
x'g k'Ub5 ls kfFr xhf/ jif{cl3 xfdL s] lyof}F < ls
t o;k|sf/sf pRrsf]l6sf of]uLx¿sf] lgs6 /xgfn]
pgLx¿åf/f 1ft x'g ;Sb5 cyjf l;4of]uf tfndf :gfg
ugf{n] :d/0f x'g ;Sb5 .
d pxfFsf] o; hLjgsf] ;fIfL /x]sf] 5', / clq,
s0ffb, uf}td, jlzi7;b[z pRrsf]l6sf of]uL klg
lglvn]Zj/fgGbhLsf] JolQmTjnfO{ b]v]/ cfx\nflbt Pj+
/f]dfl~rt x'g k'Ub5g\ . pgLx¿sf] hLjgdf of] ;kgf
/x]sf] x'G5 ls lglvn]Zj/fgGbhL;Fu /xf}F, pxfF;Fu
s'/fsfgL u/f}F, / pxfFsf] s'/fsfgLsf] k|To]s c+zdf
s'g} g s'g} ;fwgf lglxt /x]sf] x'G5 . jf:tddf x]g]{
xf] eg] pxfF of]uLx¿df k/d >]i7, cb\e't, t]h:jL Pj+
clåtLotf ;d]6\g'ePsf dxfdfgj x'g'x'G5 .
hf] of]uLhg pxfF;Fu l;4f>d k'u]sf 5g\, pgLx¿n]
pxfFsf] JolQmTjnfO{ lrg]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿n] b]v]sf 5g\
xhf/f} F jif{sf cfo' k|fKt of]uL klg ha lglvn]Zj/fgGbhL
l;4f>ddf k|j]z ug'{x'G5 ta pgLx¿ cfÇgf] tk:ofnfO{
aLrd} e+u u/]/ pleg k'Ub5g\, / pxfFsf] r/0f:kz{
ug{sf] nflu 7]nd7]n x'g k'Ub5, rfx] ;fws ;flwsf
x'g\, rfx] of]uL x'g\, rfx] cK;/f x'g\, ;a}df Pp6} nns,
Pp6} k'ns, Pp6} OR5f, cfsf+Iff /x]sf] x'G5— :jfdL
lglvn]Zj/fgGbhLsf r/0fx¿sf] :kz{ ug{ kfOof];\ hf]
u+uf´}F kljq 5g\, hf] :jo+df jGbgLo 5g\, hf] :jo+df
k"Ho 5g\, h;sf] :kz{ :jo+df cxf]efUo xf], / pxfF h'g
af6f] lxF8\g'x'G5, hxfF hxfF pxfFsf r/0flrx\g kb{5g\,
ToxfFsf] w"nf] l6k]/ pRrsf]l6sf ;+Gof;L, of]uL cfÇgf]
lgwf/df nufpF5g\, ;flwsfx¿ To; df6f]nfO{ rGbg´}F
cfÇgf] z/L/el/ nufpF5g\ / :jo+nfO{ wGo wGo cg'ej
ub{5g\ .
pxfFn] s;}nfO{ klg cfkm";Fu} l;4f>d n}hfg ;Sg'x'G5,
rfx] Tof] s'g} klg hflt, ju{, e]b, j0f{, ln+usf] :qL jf
k'?if xf];\ . o;sf] nflu l;4f>daf6 pxfFnfO{ Pp6f
t/+u k|fKt x'G5, Pp6f cf1f k|fKt x'G5, To;kl5 :jfdL
lglvn]Zj/fgGbhLn] Tof] JolQmTj, h;n] ;fwgf u/]sf] xf];\
cyjf gxf];\, nfO{ cfkm";Fu} n}hfg'x'G5 . t/ pxfF;Fu ToxL
hfg ;Sb5 hf] k"0f{ efjn] ;dlk{t lzio x'G5 .
k|ftM :d/0fLo :jfdL
;lRrbfgGbsf cfTd:j?k
l;4f>dsf ;~rfns…k/dx+; :jfdL ;lRrbfgGbhLÚ
x'g'x'G5 . pxfF t :jo+df cGotd, clåtLo lje"lt x'g'x'G5,
;d:t b]jtfx¿sf] k'~haf6 Pslqt eP/ pxfFsf]
lgdf{0f ePsf] xf] . ;a} b]jtfx¿n] cfcfÇgf] c+z lbP/
o:tf] cb\e't JolQmTjsf] ljsf; u/]sf 5g\ h;nfO{
;lRrbfgGbhL elgG5 .
k/dx+;, k|ftM :d/0fLo ‘k"Hokfb :jfdL
;lRrbfgGbhL’sf] cfzLjf{b kfP/ l;4f>d ultzLn 5
hxfFsf] df6f] s'+s'd´}F 5 h;nfO{ lgwf/df nufpg] OR5f
ul/G5, hxfF dxfef/tsfn / q]tfo'usf of]uL Pj+ ;+Gof;L
lg/Gt/ ljr/0f ub{5g\, ultzLn 5g\ .
;lRrbfgGbhLn] xhf/f} F jif{sf] cfÇgf] hLjgdf s]jn
tLg lzio g} agfpg'ePsf] 5 . pxfFsf] lqmof cToGt
s7f]/ 5, / hf] tL lqmofx¿df v/f] plqG5, p;}nfO{
pxfF cfÇgf] lzioTj k|bfg ug'{x'G5 . k"Ho u'?b]j o:t}
cb\e't JolQmTj x'g'x'G5 h;n] k"0f{tfsf ;fy ‘:jfdL
;lRrbfgGbhL’af6 bLIff k|fKt ug'{ePsf] 5, / l;4f>d
dfq xf]Og, k"/} a|x\df08 of] s'/fsf] nflu uf}/jflGjt 5
ls pxfF ‘:jfdL ;lRrbfgGbhL’sf lzio x'g'x'G5 .
lglvn ljz]if 19

;Dk"0f{ a|x\df08 h;sf] ljr/0f
:yn xf]
y'k|} ;+Gof;Lx¿n] pxfFnfO{ OGb|nf]s, kftfnnf]s,
;"o{nf]s, rGb|df tyf cGo nf]sx¿df klg ljr/0f
ug'{ePsf] b]v]sf 5g\ . z'qm u|xdf y'k|} of]uLx¿ pxfF;Fu
uPsf lyP, lsgls pxfF ;"Id z/L/nfO{ olt dfly
p7fpg'x'G5 h;af6 pxfF a|x\df08sf] Pp6f efu aGg
k'Ug'x'G5 . ToxL efuaf6 pxfF ;d:t u|xx¿df ljr/0f
ul//xg'x'G5 . pxfFsf] aflx/L z/L/ oxLF /xG5 Pp6f
;fdfGo z/L/´} F, t/ cfEoGtl/s z/L/n] ;d:t u|xx¿sf]
k|ltlglwTj ub{5 . z'qm u|xdf pxfFsf] bz{g kfpgsf]
nflu dflg;x¿ tF5f8d5f8 ub{5g\, bf}l8G5g\ / pxfFsf]
Pp6f ´ns kfP/ pgLx¿ cfkm"nfO{ k/d ;f}efUozfnL
;D´G5g\ .
d}n] pxfF;Fu} tL nf]sx¿sf] klg ofqf u/]sf] 5' /
:jo+ b]v]sf] 5'— pxfF hlt d[To'nf]sdf lk|o x'g'x'G5, hlt
l;4f>ddf lk|o x'g'x'G5, To;eGbf klg a9L z'qm u|x /
cGo nf]sx¿df lk|o x'g'x'G5 . ;a} nf]sx¿df pxfFsf]
lg/Gt/ k|tLIff /x]sf] x'G5 . d}n] pxfFnfO{ hxfF b]v] klg
nfUb5— ;Dk"0f{ a|x\df08df km}lnPsf] JolQmTj xf] of]
h;nfO{ s'g} Pp6f u|x jf :yfgn] dfq dxTj lbFb}g, clkt'
k"/} a|x\df08sf] k|To]s u|xn] pxfFnfO{ dxTj lbG5 . pxfF
cToGt ;"Id z/L/ wf/0f ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 / lj/f6\ :j¿k
klg wf/0f ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . pxfF Ps If0fd} Pp6f :yfgaf6
csf]{ :yfgdf k'Ug] ;fdYo{ /fVg'x'G5 . pxfF lxdfnosf
pRr lzv/x¿df 7Ls To;}k|sf/ ljr/0f ug' {x'G5 h:tf]
;dy/ d}bfgdf lxFl8/xg'ePsf] xf];\ . uxg Pj+ ux\j/
u'kmfx¿df d}n] pxfFnfO{ lg/Gt/ ;fwgf ul//xg'ePsf]
cg'ej u/]sf] 5' .
;fj/ ;fwgfsf cGotd of]uL
;fj/ ;fwgf hLjgsf ;/n, ;xh Pj+ dxTjk"0f{
;fwgf x'g\ . oL ;fwgfx¿df hl6n ljlwljwfg 5}gg\,
nfdf nfdf lj:tf/ 5}gg\, ;"Id–Znf]s ;+:s[tdf xf]Og,
clkt' ;/n efiffdf 5g\ . ;+;f/sf cf7 lqmof o:tf 5g\
hf] xhf/f}F jif{cl3 ljsl;t lyP t/ cfh oL ljBfx¿
k|foM n'Kt 5g\ / zfob} ltgsf] af/]df of]uLx¿nfO{
hfgsf/L xf]nf . l;4f>ddf logsf] af/]df lg/Gt/ zf]w
eO/x]sf] 5 / tL lrGtg tyf ;fwgf ljlwx¿nfO{ vf]h]/
lgsflnPsf] 5 .
20
d}n] b]v]sf] 5' pxfFsf] JolQmTjdf c;Ld k|f0f
r]tgf 5, ;To / jf:tljstfnfO{ ´"6f] agfP/ o;nfO{
bafpg ;lsFb}g . k|xf/ u/]/ To;sf] ultnfO{ cj?4 ug{
;lsFb}g, axnfP/ To;nfO{ r'k nufpg ;lsFb}g . pxfFsf]
dgdf ef/tjif{k|lt c;Ld Tofu / cufw >4f 5 . pxfF
ef/tjif{nfO{ k'gM ToxL l:yltdf n}hfg rfxg'x'G5 h'g
o;sf] jf:tljs :j¿k xf] . pxfF Clifd'lgx¿sf dGq
;fwgf Pj+ l;l4x¿nfO{ ;xL 9+uaf6 k'gM :yflkt ug{
rfxg'x'G5 . Hof]ltif / cfo'j]{bsf] n'Kt :yfgnfO{ k'gM
lbnfpg rfxg'x'G5 .
pxfFnfO{ b]Vbf g} o:tf] cfef; x'G5 h:tf] k|frLg
;dosf cfo{ cfÇgf] k"0f{ zf/Ll/s Ifdtf Pj+ 1fg
ul/dfnfO{ lnP/ ;fsf/ 5g\ . cUnf] / k'i6 z/L/,
cfsif{s Pj+ r'DasLo g]q, jf0fLdf uDeL/tf / ul/df,
b[9tfo'Qm l;+xjt\ lxF8fO / Xbodf kf}?if— oL ;a}nfO{
ldnfP/ Pp6f o:tf] JolQmTjsf] lgdf{0f ug'{x'G5 h;nfO{
xfdLn] cfÇgf] hLjgdf cfo{ eg]sf 5f}F, hf] ;xL cy{df
xfd|f k"j{h x'g\ .
pxfF cToGt} ;/n, ;f}Do / ;xh x'g'x'G5, s'g}
k|sf/sf] cf8Da/ jf k|bz{g pxfFsf] hLjgdf 5}g .
cfGtl/s Pj+ afx\o hLjgdf s'g} klg k|sf/sf] n'sfdf/L
5}g, h] hlt hLjgdf 5 ToxL oyfy{ xf], oxL pxfFsf]
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^& j}zfv

ljz]iftf xf] .
slxn]sfxLF t pxfFsf] of] ;/n JolQmTj
b]v]/ ps';d's'; klg x'G5 . olt pRrsf]l6sf]
of]uL olt ;/n ;xh / ;fdfGo hLjg JotLt
ub{5 h;nfO{ b]v]/ ljZjf; g} x'Fb}g ls pxfF
;fwgfsf] If]qdf ck|ltd x'g'x'G5 . l;l4x¿sf]
xhf/f}F efusf] s'g} c+z klg olb s;};Fu x'Fbf]
xf] t p;n] cx+sf] dbdf r"/ x'Fb} e'OFdf v'§f
/fVb}gYof] .
Hof]ltlj{1fgsf k'/f]wf
Hof]ltifsf] If]qdf :jfdL lglvn]Zj/fgGbhLn]
h'g sfd ug'{ePsf] 5, Tof] k"0f{ ;fwgfTds
;+:yfn] klg ug{ ;Sb}g . pxfF PSn}n] h] hlt
sfo{ ug'{ePsf] 5, To;nfO{ b]v]/ cfZro{
x'G5 .
Hof]ltifsf] b[li6af6 hGd s'08nLdf
bf];|f] efj b|Jo;Fu ;DalGwt 5 / :jfdLhLn]
Hof]ltifsf gjLg ;"qx¿sf] /rgf ug'{eof] .
Hof]ltifsf tL l;4fGtx¿ k|ltkflbt ug'{eof]
h'g cfhsf] o'ucg'¿k 5g\, h'g jt{dfg
;fdflhs Joj:yfdf ;xL 5g\ / ltgnfO{
;;fgf u|Gysf] dfWodaf6 pxfFn] ;Dk"0f{ b]ze/
Pp6f r]tgf lbg'eof] . Hof]ltifk|lt pgLx¿sf]
dgdf rfv pTkGg ug'{eof], pgLx¿nfO{
ljZjf; lbnfpg'eof], Hof]ltifsf] If]qdf gjLg
sfo{ eP, 5l/P/ /x]sf Hof]ltifLx¿nfO{ Pp6f
d~r lbg'eof] / pgLx¿nfO{ ;D´fpg'eof]— of]
1fg ta dfq ;kmn x'g ;S5 ha o;df k"0f{
;dlk{t efjn] sfo{ ul/G5 .
cfo'j]{bsf cfwf/e"t JolQmTj
cfo'j]{bsf] If]qdf of]uL/fh k"Ho u'?b]jsf]
of]ubfg a]hf]8 5 . olb jf:tljs b[li6n] x]g]{
xf] eg] Hof]ltif / cfo'j]{b oL b'O{ ljBfx¿ dfq}
ef/tjif{;Fu lyP h;df pm ;Dk"0f{ ljZjsf]
cu|0fL lyof] . cfh klg lj1fgsf] If]qdf ljZj
en} w]/} cl3 al9;s]sf] xf];\, p;n] gofFeGbf
gofF k|ljlw k|fKt u/]sf] xf];\, t/ oL b'j} If]qdf
cfh klg k"/} ljZj ef/tjif{tkm{ g} x]b{5 .
;a}eGbf b'Mvsf] s'/f t s] lyof] eg]
cUnf] /
k'i6 z/L/,
cfsif{s Pj+
r'DasLo
g]q,
jf0fLdf
uDeL/tf
/ ul/df,
b[9tfo'Qm
l;+xjt\
lxF8fO /
Xbodf
kf}?if— oL
;a}nfO{
ldnfP/
Pp6f o:tf]
JolQmTjsf]
lgdf{0f
ug'{x'G5
h;nfO{
xfdLn]
cfkm\gf]
hLjgdf
cfo{ eg]sf
5f}F, hf] ;xL
cy{df xfd|f
k"j{h x'g\ .
cfo'j]{bsf k|fdfl0fs u|Gy t nueu n'Kt
eO;s]sf lyP . hlt klg u|Gy ar]sf
lyP, ltgdf h'g hl8a'6Lx¿sf] ljj/0f
j0f{g kfOGYof] Tof] cfhsf] o'udf 1ft
lyPg . To;a]nf jgf}iflwx¿nfO{ ;+:s[t gfdn]
k'sfl/GYof] t/ cfh t tL zAbaf6 ltgsf]
kl/ro x'g ;St}g . To;}n] tL jgf}iflwx¿sf]
g klxrfg eO/x]sf] lyof], g t ltgLx¿sf]
;xL cy{df pkof]u g} eO/x]sf] lyof] . of]
:jo+df cGwsf/k"0f{ l:ylt lyof] . o:tf]
l:yltdf s'g} klg jg:kltnfO{ s'g} klg gfdsf]
;+1f lbOGYof] . pbfx/0fsf] nflu t]lnofsGb
ef/tjif{sf] Pp6f cb\e't Pj+ cfZro{hgs
u'0fo'Qm lbJo cf}iflw xf] . t/ cl3Nnf] j}B
;Dd]ngdf nueu !* JolQmx¿n] !* k|sf/sf
ljleGg af]6 NofP/ To; ;Dd]ngdf /fv] /
;a}n] cfkm"n] h'g vf]h u/]sf] 5 ToxL g} k|frLg
cfo'j]{lbs zf:qdf jl0f{t k|fdfl0fs / ;xL
t]lnofsGb xf] eGg] l;4 ug]{ k|of; u/] . t/
tLdWo] s'g} klg af]6 t]lnofsGbsf] lyPg, /
oxL jf:tljstf lyof] .
o:tf] l:yltdf lglvn]Zj/fgGbhLn] tL
k|frLg hl8a'6Lx¿nfO{ vf]h]/ lgsfNg'eof]
h;sf] ljj/0f j0f{g k|frLg cfo'j]{lbs
u|Gyx¿df kfOG5 . ltgLx¿sf] lrq, u'0fwd{,
klxrfg cflbsf] lj:t[t JofVof u/]/ a'´fpg'eof]
/ cfo'j] {b hut\nfO{ tL hl8a'6Lx¿;Fu kl/lrt
u/fpg'eof] .
:jfdL lglvn]Zj/fgGbhLsf] clwsf+z
;do lxdf+rndf JotLt eof] / pxfF lxdfnosf]
s'gfs'gf;Fu kl/lrt x'g'x'G5 . k|To]s :yfg,
To;sf] dxQf, To;sf] ef}uf]lns Pj+ kf}/fl0fs
l:yltsf] 1fg t :jfdLhLnfO{ 5Fb}5, To;sf]
;fy;fy} ToxfF kfOg] hl8a'6L Pj+ af]6j[Ifx¿sf]
klg lj:t[t 1fg klg pxfFnfO{ 5 .
pxfFn] Pshgf lziosf] ;xof]udf g}gLtfn
/ /fgLv]tsf] aLrdf Pp6f cToGt 7"nf] kmd{
tof/ kfg' {ePsf] 5 h'g nueu Ps dfOn rf}8f
/ c9fO{ dfOn nfdf] 5 . o; k"/} kmd{df tL
b'n{e hl8a'6Lx¿ pdfg]{ k|of; ug'{ePsf] 5
h'g la:tf/} la:tf/} n'Kt x'Fb} uO/x]sf 5g\ .
lglvn ljz]if 21

lxdfnosf] ;'b"/ c~rndf o:tf la?jf nufP/
:yflkt ug]{ k|oTg ug'{ePsf] 5 . pxfFn] Pp6f
;fgf] k'l:tsf klg n]Vg'ePsf] 5 h;df pxfFn]
tL ^$ b'n{e hl8a'6Lsf] kl/ro lbg'ePsf] 5
hf] la:tf/} la:tf/} nf]k eO/x]sf 5g\ . olb
;dod} ltgsf] ;Dj4{g x'g ;s]g eg] lgZro
g} tL hl8a'6Lx¿ ;dfKt x'g]5g\ .
olt Jo:t JolQmTj x'Fbfx'Fb} klg
af]6la?jfk|lt pxfFsf] ddTj ck|ltd 5 . pxfFn]
lxdfnosf] lgs} prfOaf6 7"nf] sl7gfO;fy
s]xL la?jf NofP/ To; kmd{df ;fg'{ePsf] 5
h;sf] kfngkf]if0f pxfFn] Pp6L cfdfn] lzz'sf]
u/]´}F ug'{ePsf] 5 .
pxfF eGg'x'G5 k|s[lt xfd|f] zq' jf k|lt:kwL{
xf]Og, clkt' ;xfos xf] . p;;Fu åGå u/]/
;kmntf kfpg ;lsFb}g, clkt' p;;Fu ;dGjo
u/]/ g} l;l4 k|fKt x'g ;Sb5 . oxL l:ylt /
l;4fGtnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ k"Ho u'?b]jn] h'g
;fwgfx¿ :ki6 kfg'{eof], ltgsf] dfWodn]
of]uLx¿n] ;lhn};Fu k|s[ltdfly ljho k|fKt
u/] .
l;l4x?sf k'~he"t :j?k
xfd|f k"j{h tyf Clifx¿;Fu ljlzi6
l;l4x¿ lyP, t/ sfnsf] k|jfxdf ltgdWo]
w]/} n'Kt eP/ uP . ltgdf klg afx| l;l4x¿
t ;j{yf nf]k eO;s]sf lyP, h;sf] s]jn
gfdf]Nnv sxLF st} k9\g kfOGYof] t/ ltgsf]
af/]df g t s;}nfO{ k|fdfl0fs 1fg lyof] g
s;}nfO{ To:tf l;l4 g k|fKt lyP . tL l;l4x¿
o;k|sf/ 5g\— != k/sfof l;l4† @= cfsfz
udg l;l4† #= hn udg k|lqmof l;l4† $=
xfbL ljBf, h;sf] dfWodaf6 ;fwsn] s'g
cfxf/ u|x0f gu/L jiff}{F hLljt /xg ;Sb5 .
%= sfnL ljBf, h;sf] dfWodaf6 ;fws
jf of]uLn] h:tf];'s kl/l:yltdf klg cfÇgf]
cl:tTj agfO/xg ;Sb5 . p;dfly hf8f],
udL{, jiff{, cfuf], lxdkft cflbsf] s'g} k|efj
kb}{g . ^= sfnL l;l4, h;sf] dfWodaf6
xhf/f}F jif{cl3sf If0f cyjf 36gfnfO{ lrGg,
x]g{ / a'‰g ;lsG5 . ;fy} cfufdL xhf/f} F jif{sf]
22
;xL cy{df
pxfF lzj
:j?k
x'g'x'G5
h;sf]
k|To]s zAbn]
cfkm\gf]
cy{jQf
af]s]sf]
5, h;n]
tGqsf]
dfWodaf6
tL u'Kt
/x:ox?nfO{
phfu/
ug'{ePsf]
5 hf]
clxn;Dd
uf]kgLo
/x]sf
lyP .
sfnv08nfO{ hfGg ;lsG5 ls eljiodf
sxfF s:tf] 36gf 3l6t x'g]5 To;sf] af/]df
k|fdfl0fs 1fg Ps If0fdf g} x'g hfG5 . olt
dfq xf]Og, clkt' o; ;fwgfsf] dfWodn]
eljiodf x'g] 36gfnfO{ 7Ls To;}k|sf/
x]g{ ;lsG5 h;/L 6]lnlehgdf s'g} lkmNd
x]g{ nfluPsf] xf];\ . &= ;~hLjgL ljBf,
h'g z'qmfrfo{ cyjf yf]/} cGo Clifx¿nfO{
1ft lyof] h;sf] dfWodaf6 d[t JolQmnfO{
klg hLjgbfg lbg ;lsG5 . *= OR5f d[To'
;fwgf, h;sf] dfWodaf6 JolQmsf] z/L/df
k"0f{ kl/jt{g Nofpg ;lsG5 / o:tf kl/jt{g
ePkl5 j[4 JolQmsf] klg sfofsNk eP/
pm :j:y ;'Gb/ o'js aGg ;Sb5, /f]u/lxt
o:tf] JolQmTjn] w]/} jif{;Dd :j:y /x]/ cfÇgf
sfo{x¿df ;kmntf kfpg ;Sb5 . !)= nf]s
udg l;l4, h;sf] dfWodaf6 k[YjLnf]sdf
dfq geO{ cGo nf]sx¿df klg To;}u/L
ljr/0f ug{ ;lsG5 h;/L xfdL sf/åf/f Ps
7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf jf Pp6f zx/af6 csf]{
zx/df k'Ub5f}F . of] ;fwgfsf] dfWodaf6
e"nf]s, e'jMnf]s, :jMnf]s, dxMnf]s, hgnf]s,
tknf]s, ;To+nf]s, rGb|nf]s, ;"o{nf]s tyf
jfo'nf]sdf klg k'u]/ ToxfFsf jfl;Gbfx¿nfO{
e]6\g ;lsG5, ToxfFsf >]i7 ljBfx¿ k|fKt ug{
;lsG5 / OR5f nfUgf;fy Pp6f nf]saf6
csf]{ nf]sdf k'Ug ;lsG5 . !!= z"Go ;fwgf,
h;sf] dfWodåf/f k|s[ltaf6 s'g} klg rLh
k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . vfB kbfy{, ef}lts j:t'
tyf ;DkGgtf cflh{t ug{ ;lsG5 . !@= ;"o{
lj1fg, h;sf] dfWodaf6 Pp6f kbfy{nfO{
csf]{ kbfy{df ¿kfGtl/t ug{ ;lsG5 .
cfÇgf] tkf]anåf/f k"Ho lglvn]Zj/fgGbhLn]
oL l;l4x¿nfO{ tL ljlzi6 Clif Pj+
of]uLx¿af6 k|fKt ug'{eof] hf] logsf l;4x:t
cfrfo{ lyP . dnfO{ /fd|];Fu ofb 5 pxfFn]
;Lw} ljZjfldqaf6 k/sfof k|j]z ;fwgf
k|fKt ug'{ePsf] lyof] . ;fwgfsf] ann] pxfFn]
dxlif{ ljZjfldqnfO{ cfÇgf] cufl8 ;fsf/
kfg'{eof] / pxfFaf6 g} k/sfof k|j]zsf
tL ljlzi6 ;fwgf Pj+ l;l4x¿ l;Sg'eof]
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^& j}zfv

hf] :jo+df cGotd 5g\ . z+s/frfo{sf] ;do;Dd t
k/sfof k|j]zsf] Pp6} dfq ljlw k|rlnt lyof] h;sf]
pkof]u eujt\kfb z+s/frfo{n] ug'{ePsf] lyof] t/
of]uL/fh lglvn]Zj/fgGbhLn] ljZjfldqaf6 tL 5
ljlwx¿ k|fKt ug'{eof] h'g k/sfof k|j]z;Fu ;DalGwt
lyP . k/sfof k|j]z s]jn Pp6} ljlwn] dfq ;Dej
5}g, clkt' y'k|} ljlwaf6 k/sfof k|j]z x'g ;Sb5 . of]
s'/f lglvn]Zj/fgGbhLn] ;of}F of]uLx¿sf] cufl8 l;4
u/]/ b]vfOlbg'eof] .
k/dx+; :jfdL lglvn]Zj/fgGbhL oL afx|j6}
l;l4x¿sf l;4x:t cfrfo{ x'g'x'G5 . slxn]sfxLF t
o:tf] nfU5 dfgf}F tL cnf}lss Pj+ b'n{e l;l4x¿ xf]Ogg\
clkt' pxfFsf xftsf v]nf}gf´} F x'g\ / s'g} klg a]nf OR5f
nfUgf;fy ltgsf] k|of]u Pj+ pkof]u ug'{x'G5 . oL ;d:t
ljlwx¿nfO{ pxfFn] tL dxlif{x¿af6 k|fKt ug'{ePsf] 5
hf] tL If]qsf l;4x:t cfrfo{ Pj+ of]uL x'g'x'G5 .
pxfFn] lxdfnol:yt of]uL, ;+Gof;L Pj+ l;4x¿sf]
;Dd]ngdf :ki6 zAbdf eGg'ePsf] lyof]— ltdLx¿n]
oL sGb/fx¿df a:g] xf]Og, h+undf e6\lsg] xf]Og, a?
o;sf] ;§fdf ;dfhdf uP/ /xg'kb{5, pgLx¿sf kL/
b'Mv ;f6\g], a'‰g] / x6fpg] sfo{ ug'{kb{5 .
d}n] w]/}k6s cg'ej u/]sf] 5', pxfFsf 9f]sfaf6
sf]xL klg l/Qf] xft kmls{Psf] 5}g . hf] lzio, ;fws,
of]uL jf ;+Gof;Ln] h] rfx]sf] 5, Tof] pxfFaf6 k|fKt u/]sf]
5 . uf]kgLoeGbf uf]kgLo ;fwgf k|bfg ug{df klg pxfF
lxrlsrfpg'ePg . ;fwgfsf] d"n /x:o :ki6 kfg'{x'GYof],
cfÇgf] cg'ej ;'gfpg'x'GYof], w}o{ ug{ l;sfpg'x'GYof],
9f8; lbg'x'GYof] / xfdL ;a} rLh ug{ ;S5f}F eGg]
pgLx¿df hf]z tyf cfTdljZjf; el/lbg'x'GYof], oxL
u'0f pxfFsf] dxfgtfsf] kl/rfos xf] .
;"o{ l;4fGtsf cfrfo{
;"o{sf ls/0fx¿df ljleGg /+usf /lZdx¿
x'G5g\ / ltgsf] ;dlGjt ¿k g} Zj]t -;]tf]_ /+u xf]
egL kt~hlnn] cfÇgf] ;"qdf atfpg'ePsf] 5 . log}
/lZdx¿sf] ljz]if ;+of]hgaf6 of]uLn] s'g} klg kbfy{nfO{
;xh} z"Goaf6 lgdf{0f ug{ ;Sb5, cyjf Pp6f kbfy{nfO{
csf]{ kbfy{df kl/jlt{t ug{ ;Sb5 . u'?b]jn] cfÇgf]
;+Gof; hLjgdf rf}aL; jt'{nsf] Pp6f :kml6s n]G;af6
k|sfz ls/0fx¿nfO{ k/fjlt{t u/]/ Pp6f 9'+ufnfO{
xL/sv08df kl/jlt{t ug'{ePsf] d :jo+n] b]v]sf] 5' .
/ k'gM To; :kml6s jt'{n Pj+ xL/sv08nfO{ z"Godf
kmsf{Olbg'ePsf] b]v]sf] 5', lsgls pxfFsf] syg 5—
of]uLn] cfkm";Fu s]xL klg /fVb}g . ha cfjZostf x'G5,
ta k|s[ltaf6 k|fKt ub{5 / sfd k"/f ePkl5 Tof] j:t'
k|s[ltnfO{ kmsf{OlbG5 .
pxfFsf 9f]sfaf6 sf]xL klg l/Qf] xft
kmls{Psf] 5}g . hf] lzio, ;fws,
of]uL jf ;+Gof;Ln] h] rfx]sf] 5,
pxfFaf6 k|fKt u/]sf] 5 .
lzio 1fg
cg]s cj;/x¿df cfÇgf k"j{hGdsf lzio–
lziofx¿nfO{ vf]h]/ k'gM ;fwgfTds kydf ;'b[9
u/fpg'ePsf] d :jo+n] b]v]sf] 5' . Psk6s g}gLtfnsf]
s'g} kxf8L ufpFglhs u'?b]j;lxt xfdL s]xL lzio lxF8\b}
lyof}F . u'?b]j xfdL ;a}nfO{ lnP/ ufpFdf s'g} a|fx\d0fsf]
Pp6f ;fgf] 3/df k'Ug'eof] clg tL a|fx\d0fnfO{ eGg'eof]—
‘s] cf7 jif{cl3 ltd|f] 3/df s'g} sGofn] hGd lnPsL
lyOg\

{
tGq dfu{sf l;4 k'?if
;xL cy{df x]g]{ xf] eg] tGq ef/tjif{sf] cfwf/sf]
¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . tGqsf] tfTko{ Jojl:yt t/Lsfaf6 sfo{
;DkGg x'g' xf] . k|f/Dedf t tGq ef/tjif{sf] ;jf]{Rr
k"FhLsf] ¿kdf /x]sf lyof] t/ kl5 la:tf/} la:tf/} s]xL
:jfyL{ / cg}lts tTj o;leq cfOk'u] h;nfO{ g t
tGqsf] 1fg lyof] g o;sf] af/]df s]xL ljz]if s'/f g}
hfGby] . b]x ;'v Pj+ ef]unfO{ g} pgLx¿n] tGq dfg]sf
lyP .
tGq t eujfg\ lzjsf] cfwf/ xf], pxfFåf/f tGqsf]
k|:km'6g ePsf] lyof] . h'g sfo{ dGqsf dfWodaf6
;Dkflbt x'g ;Sb}g, To;nfO{ tGqåf/f lglZrt ¿kdf
:ki6 ug{ ;lsG5 . dGqsf] tfTko{ xf] k|s[ltsf] To;
ljz]if ;QfnfO{ cg's"n agfpgsf] nflu k|oTg ug'{ /
cg's"n agfP/ sfo{ ;Dkflbt ug'{ . t/ tGqsf If]qdf
of] l:ylt ;j{yf ljk/Lt 5 . olb ;Lwf;fbf t/Lsfaf6
k|s[lt jzjtL{ gePdf p;nfO{ ank"j{s jzdf kfl/G5
/ oxL lqmofnfO{ tGq elgG5 .
tGq t/jf/sf] wf/´}F 5 . olb o;sf] ;xL k|sf/af6
k|of]u ul/of] eg] t'?Gt} / cr"s l;l4k|b x'G5 t/
o;ljk/Lt olb yf]/} klg c;fjwfgL jf s]xL unt ul/of]
eg] tGq k|of]un] :jo+ stf{nfO{ g} ;dfKt kfl/lbG5 . o:tf
sl7g r'gf}tLnfO{ lglvn]Zj/fgGbhLn] :jLsf/ ug'{eof] /
tGqsf] If]qdf tL l:yltx¿nfO{ :ki6 kfg'{eof] hf] :jo+df
xfn;Dd uf]kgLo /x]sf lyP .
pxfFn] b'u{d / sl7g ;fwgfx¿nfO{ tGqsf]
dfWodaf6 l;4 u/]/ of] dfu{ ck]Iffs[t ;'ud / ;/n 5
egL b]vfOlbg'eof] . :jfdL lglvn]Zj/fgGbhL tGq If]qsf
;a} s;Lx¿df v/f] pqg'eof] tyf ltgdf clåtLotf
k|fKt ug'{eof] .
lqh6f c3f]/L tGqsf] Pp6f kl/lrt gfd xf] .
t/ olb ;xL cy{df eGg] xf] eg] :jfdL lglvn]Zj/fgGb
tGqsf] If]qdf clGtd gfd x'g'x'G5 eGg] tYo u'?b]jsf]
lzioTj kfP/ pgn] :jLsf/ ul/lbP . g t pxfF;Fu h'Wg
;lsG5, g o; If]qdf pxfFnfO{ k/f:t ug{ ;lsG5 .
Ps k|sf/n] x]g]{ xf] eg] ;xL cy{df pxfF lzj :j¿k
x'g'x'G5 h;sf] k|To]s zAbn] cfÇgf] cy{jQf af]s]sf] 5,
h;n] tGqsf] dfWodaf6 tL u'Kt /x:ox¿nfO{ phfu/
ug'{ePsf] 5 hf] clxn;Dd uf]kgLo /x]sf lyP .
24
u[x:y :j?k
pxfFn] s;}nfO{ klg afWo kfg'{ePg ls pxfFnfO{
lglvn]Zj/fgGbhL elgof];\ cyjf >LdfnLhL, of]uL
elgof];\ jf u[x:y . pxfF t cToGt ;/n Pj+ ;fdfGo¿kdf
/xg'x'G5 .
o; JolQmTjnfO{ u[x:ysf] ¿kdf b]v]/ ljZjf;}
x'g ;St}g ls of] ;fwf/0f wf]tL s'tf{ klxl/Psf] h'g
JolQmTj b]lvPsf] 5, p;leq 1fg / r]tgfsf] ;d'b|
t/l·t eO/x]sf] 5 . of] ljZjf; x'g ;St}g ls of]
ToxL JolQmTj xf] h;n] k"/} lxdfnonfO{ cfÇgf uf]8fn]
gfk]sf] 5, h;n] Pp6f Pp6f If0fnfO{ k"0f{ ;fy{stfsf
;fy JotLt u/]sf] 5 .
pxfFn] j]b, k'/f0f, pklgifb\, Hof]ltif, cfo'j] {b, dLdf+;f,
o1, sd{sf08 ;a} If]qdf k"0f{tf k|fKt ug'{eof] / ;a}
ljifodf u|Gy n]Vg] r]i6f ug' {eof], lsgls pxfFsf] hLjgsf]
Wo]o g} n'Kt eO;s]sf k|frLg ljBfx¿nfO{ k'ghL{ljt kfg'
/x]sf] 5 . pxfFåf/f lnlvt Pp6f Pp6f u|Gy k|fdfl0fs
5 h;sf] Pp6f Pp6f kGgf, Pp6f Pp6f cIf/ :jo+df
/fdfo0f xf], pRrsf]l6sf] cfWoflTds kljqtfsf] af]w
xf] .
u[x:y hLjgdf of JolQmTjn] cfÇgf] p2]Zo k|flKtsf]
dfu{df hlt afwf, si6, ´G´6, c8\rg Pj+ ;d:ofx¿
cg'ej ug'{k¥of], Tolt t zfob} s;}n] cg'ej u/]sf]
xf]nf . kfOnf kfOnfdf nf~5gf, lt/:sf/, ckdfg
Pj+ Jo+Uojf0fsf tLtf 3'6\sL lgNg'k/]sf] 5 . ;dfhsf
if8oGqx¿sf] ljifsf] dfnf cfÇgf] unfdf nufpg'k/]sf]
5 . olt x' Fbfx' Fb} klg of] JolQmTj :jo+df cl8u x' Fb} cfÇgf]
kydf ultzLn 5 .
j:t'tM pxfFsf] u[x:y hLjg cToGt ;'vL / ;kmn
5 . u[x:ysf] ¿kdf :jo+nfO{ k"0f{¿kdf n'sfpg'ePsf] 5 .
pxfFsf] egfO 5 olb u[x:ydf /xg' 5 eg] ;fdfGo u[x:yL
g} ag]/ /xg'kb{5 . u[x:yLdf /x]/ klg pxfFn] u'?b]jsf]
cf1fsf] lgjf{x ug'{ePsf] 5 . ef/tjif{sf] x/fO;s]sf]
yftLnfO{ k'gM hLljt u/]/ ;dfhnfO{ lbg'ePsf] 5 .
o:tf clåtLo u[x:y of]uL :jfdL lglvn]Zj/fgGbhLdf
;of}F;of}Fk6s jGbg ub{5' .
— of]uL ljZj]>jfgGb
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^& j}zfv

k|;Gg d'b|fdf ;b\u'?b]j 8f= gf/fo0f bQ
>LdfnLHo"
wd{kTgL eujtLb]jL >LdfnLsf] ;fydf
;b\u'?b]j
afNofj:yfdf cfkm\gL cfdf
?kfb]jL >LdfnLsf] ;fydf
tflGqs ;Dd]ngdf
‘dGq tGq oGq lj1fg’ x]b}{
lglvn ljz]if 25

æcEo'Tyfg+ cwd{:o
ljZjfldqn] cfÇgf u'?l;t ;f]w]— d]/f] hLjgsf]
nIo s] xf] / d s'g k|sf/n] To; nIonfO{
xfl;n ug{ ;S5' < a|Ådfn] atfP ls hLjgsf b'O{ kIf
5g\— ef]u / of]u . of]uåf/f hLjgnfO{ h;/L k"0f{tf k|bfg
ug{ ;lsG5, To;}u/L ef]uåf/f klg ;lsG5 . b'O{6} af6f]
s] x'g\, o;}sf] pb\3f6g ;b\u'?b]jn] cfÇgf] Pp6f k|jrgdf
ug'{ePsf] lyof] . k|:t't 5, pxfFsf] lr/–kl/lrt z}nL—
gf] j lgTo+ dw'/+ ;b}j, lbJof} jtf+ j} kl/k"0f{ ¿k+ .
lgTo+ jbfGo jl/t+ ;lxt+ ;b}j, u'?j}{ k|0fDo+ Tjd]j+
k|0fDo+ .
ljZjfldqh:tf t]h:jL / qmflGtsf/L Clifn] o;
Znf]sdf cfÇgf] tYonfO{ :ki6 ub}{ cfÇgf u'?;Fu k|Zg
u/]— d]/f] hLjgdf s]jn rf/ lrGtg 5g\—
—d of] hfGg rfxG5' ls d]/f] hLjgsf] p2]Zo, nIo
s] xf] <
—bf];|f], d hfGg rfxG5' ls d}n] cfÇgf] hLjgnfO{ s'g
k|sf/n] cu|;/ u¿F, s'g k|sf/n] cufl8 a9fpmF <
—t];|f], d cfÇgf] hLjgnfO{ s'g k|sf/n] lbJotfn]
cf]tk|f]t ug{ ;S5', cfkm}df r]tgfo'Qm agfpg ;S5' <
—hLjgdf Tof] If0f slxn] cfpnf ha u'? d]/f] ;fd'
x'g'x'g]5, ha u'?n] k|jrg ul//xg'ePsf] x'g]5, d pxfFsf]
;fd' al;/x]sf] x'g]5', pxfFn] cd[t jiff{O/xg'ePsf] x'g]5 /
d cfÇgf] sfgsf] dfWodaf6, cfFvfsf] dfWodaf6, z/L/sf]
cË cËaf6, xhf/f}F sfg / xhf/f}F cfFvfaf6 To; cd[t
tŒjnfO{ ;d]6\b} cfÇgf] k|f0f tŒjnfO{ hfu|t ug{ c´} cu|;/
x'g ;Sg]5' . d s]jn To; ljlwnfO{, tL ljrf/x¿nfO{, Tof]
lrGtgnfO{ hfGg rfxG5' .
ha ljZjfldqn] u'?;Fu ;f]w] ls d]/f] hLjgsf] p2]Zo,
nIo s] xf] < u'?n] eg] ls hLjgnfO{ b'O{ lsl;dn] lhpg
;lsG5— Pp6f hLjg ef]usf] dfWodaf6 / Pp6f hLjg
of]usf] dfWodaf6 . b'O{j6f dfq af6f 5g\, t];|f] af6f] t
Unflge{jlt ef/t ¤Æ
x'g} ;Sb}g . hLjgsf] olb Pp6f kIf of]u xf] eg] ef]u csf]{
kIf xf] .
slxNo} s;}n] of] k|Zg p7fPg, s]jn ljZjfldqn] dfq}
p7fP . pgn] pleP/ ;f]w] ls d]/f] hLjgsf] nIo / p2]Zo
s] xf] < s] ef]u nIo xf] < olb xf] eg] k"0f{ ef]usf ;fy
hLjgnfO{ latfpmF <
h] s'/f xfdLn] k|fKt ug{ ;s]gf}F Tof] ef]u xf] . t[i0ffnfO{
ef]u elgG5 . ef]udf OR5fk"lt{ x'Fb}g . ef]usf] tfTko{ xf]
ls xfdL lg/Gt/ Kof;L alg/x"F, lg/Gt/ Go"g alg/x'F .
ef]uLn] hLjgdf k"0f{tf k|fKt ug{} ;Sb}g . ef]uLsf OR5fx¿
hLjgdf k"0f{ x'Fb}gg\ . hf];Fu kfFr xhf/ 5, pm of] ;f]Rb5
ls pm;Fu b; xhf/ x'g'k5{, kRrL; xhf/ x'g'k5{ . hf];Fu
kof{Kt wg 5, p;sf cGo t[i0ff klg x'G5g\, OR5fx¿
x'G5g\ . 5f]/f ePdf p;sf] ljjfxsf] s'/f ;f]Rnfg\, ljjfx
eO;s]sf] 5 eg] gflt gfltgLx¿sf] af/]df ;f]Rnfg\,
cfÇgf] a'9\of}nLsf] ljifodf ;f]Rnfg\ . a'9\of}nLlt/ nfu]/
klg x/]s ;do lrGtfdf /xnfg\, tgfju|:t dfq} /xnfg\ .
hf] tgfju|:t hLjgnfO{ dfq lhpg ;S5, pm ef]uL xf] .
of] ;f/f ;+;f/ ef]usf] g} lrGtg k4ltdf o;}n] cufl8
al9/x]sf] 5 ls p;n] s'g} af6f] e]6]sf] 5}g, p;nfO{ yfx}
5}g ls hLjgsf] nIo / p2]Zo s] xf] <
ltdLn] t k"0f{ ef]usf ;fy hLjgnfO{ latfpg klg
kfO/x]sf 5}gf} . ltdL k"0f{ ef]uL ePsf] eP klg ltdL d]/f]
lzio aGg ;S5f} ¤ k"0f{ ef]uL klg aGg ;St}gf} ltdL ¤
ljut kRrL; xhf/ jif{df s]jn s[i0f dfq} o:tf JolQmTj
eP hf] cfkm}df k"0f{ ef]uL lyP .
dflg;x¿n] s] eGnfg\ eGg] lrGtf ug'{ cfjZos 5}g
lsgls pgLx¿sf] sfd t eGg] g} xf] . ltdLn] s]xL ubf{
klg eGg]5g\, s]xL gubf{ klg eGg]5g\ . ltd|f] ;dfhn]
ltdLnfO{ ufnL ug'{afx]s c¿ s]xL klg ug{ ;St}g, ltd|f]
k|z+;f ug{ ;Sb}g . ltdL h'g ;dfhdf afFlr/x]sf 5f},
26
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^& j}zfv

To; ;dfhdf cfnf]rgf afx]s s]xL 5Fb}5}g . cfnf]rgfsf]
ljif hlt d}n] lkPsf] 5', zfob To;sf] xhf/ efusf] Ps
efu klg ltdLn] lkPsf 5}gf} . d}n] x/ If0f, x/ kn To;
cfnf]rgfnfO{ ;x]sf] 5' .
s[i0fn] ;f]r] ls olb ef]udf hLjg JotLt ug'{5 eg]
k"0f{tfsf ;fy JotLt ug'{5 . o;df if, and, but nfUb}g,
To;df ;f]Rg' ljrf/ ug'{ x'Fb}g . /, ha cfnf]rgf ;xg' g}
5 eg] Oltxf;df k"0f{¿kn] cfnf]rgf xf];\ / dflg;n] ofb
/fv"g\ ls o:tf] klg JolQm lyof] . lgs[i6 hLjg lhpg'df
s'g} cy{ 5}g . abgfdL x'Fbf klg Oltxf;df gfd t sf]l/g]5 .
Oltxf;df olb gfd sf]l/Psf] 5}g eg], dflg;x¿sf] dg
dl:tisdf xfd|f] gfd c+lst ePsf] 5}g eg] o:tf] hLjgsf]
s'g} p2]Zo klg 5}g, s'g} nIo klg 5}g .
ltdLnfO{ ef]uL ag eg]/ d elGbg . d eG5' ls ltdL
of]uL ag, t/ k"0f{ cfgGbsf ;fy ef]uL ag . x/]s If0f
8/fP/, /f]P/ k|]d ug{ ;lsGg . k|]ddf b'u{Gw x'Fb}g, of] t
Xbo vf]n]/ ug]{ s'/f xf] . ltd|f] k|]d cfkm}df cToGt} lgs[i6
5 . k|]dsf] j0f{g t j]bdf ul/Psf] 5 . CUj]bdf klg
elgPsf] 5 ls hxfF k|]d 5}g, ToxfF ;/;tf aGg} ;Sb}g,
hLjgdf 5n5nfPsf] kfgL axg ;Sb}g . o:tf] JolQmn]
sf]OnLsf] s'x' ;'Gg ;Sb}g, a;Gt cfP/ hfFbf klg p;nfO{
yfxf x'Fb}g . xhf/f}F dflg;x¿ o:tf] hLjg latfO/x]sf 5g\ .
logLx¿n] k|]dsf] kl/efiff a'‰b}gg\, jf;gf dfq} a'‰5g\ .
olb x/]s If0f ltdL 8/fP/ al;/x]sf 5f} eg] ef]udf
k"0f{tfsf ;fy pqg ;Sb}gf} . olb gbLn] dflg;n] dnfO{
alu/x]sf] b]Vnfg\ eg]/ 8/ dfGg] xf] / aUg 5f]8\g] xf] eg]
pm slxNo} ;d'b|;Fu ldNg ;Sb}g . gbLn] o; s'/fsf] k/jfx
ub}{g ls af6f]df afFw 5 ls kTy/ . p;nfO{ t a; o:tf]
dfq Wofg /xG5 ls dnfO{ k'Ug'5 / ;d'b|df ldNg hfg'5 .
o;}n] gbL ;xL cy{df k|]ldsf xf] . gbLsf] 5n5nfPsf] kfgL
hLjg xf] . tfnsf] kfgL t ;8\5, Tof] uGxfpF5 / To;df
lxnf] hD5 . ltd|f] hLjg klg Psflt/ /f]lsPsf] 5, Pp6f
kl/j]zdf /f]lsPsf] 5— ltdL, ltd|L >LdtL, b'O{ 5f]/f,
b'O{ 5f]/L, efO, alxgL a;, o;}sf] jl/kl/ 3'ld/x]sf 5f} .
l5d]sLdf s'g} afFlr/x]sf] 5, sf]xL dl//x]sf] 5, ltdLnfO{
lrGtf 5}g, ltdL / ltd|f] ;dfhn] hLjg b]v]s} 5}g .
t/ ljZjfldq o:tf] klxnf] JolQm lyP h;n] k"0f{ ;+Gof;
lnP/ klg ljjfx u/] . dflg;x¿n] eg]— of] s] eO/x]sf]
5 < pgn] eg]— o;df s] unt 5 < dflg;x¿n] eg]—
ltdLn] o;/L cK;/fx¿nfO{ grfpg kfpFb}gf} . ljZjfldqn]
eg] ls d cjZo} d]gsfnfO{ g[To u/fpg]5' . d o:tf]
…obf obf lx wd{:o
Unflge{jlt===Ú ha o:tf]
;do cfpF5 ta …cEo'Tyfg+Ú
To;a]nf d'bf{ z/L/nfO{
p7fpgsf nflu, …tbfTdfg+Ú—
pgLx?sf] cfTdfnfO{ hufpgsf
nflu, …;[hfDox+Ú— d :jo+
pleG5', d}n] :jo+ ;DemfpF5' .
d}n] ToxL s'/fnfO{ ltdL;dIf
bf]xf]¥ofO/x]sf] 5', kfFr xhf/
jif{kl5 ToxL atfO/x]sf] 5'
ltdLl;t .
lglvn ljz]if 27

dflg;x?n] s] eGnfg\
eGg] lrGtf ug'{ cfjZos
5}g lsgls pgLx?sf] sfd
t eGg] g} xf] . ltdLn] s]xL
ubf{ klg eGg]5g\, s]xL
gubf{ klg eGg]5g\ . ltd|f]
;dfhn] ltdLnfO{ ufnL
ug'{afx]s c? s]xL klg
ug{ ;St}g, ltd|f] k|z+;f
ug{ ;Sb}g . ltdL h'g
;dfhdf afFlr/x]sf 5f},
To; ;dfhdf cfnf]rgf
afx]s s]xL 5“b}5}g .
cfnf]rgfsf] ljif hlt d}n]
lkPsf] 5', zfob To;sf]
xhf/ efusf] Ps efu
klg ltdLn] lkPsf 5}gf} .
d}n] x/ If0f, x/ kn To;
cfnf]rgfnfO{ ;x]sf] 5' .
u5'{ lsgls hxfF ljb|f]x 5}g, hxfF
xfFs 5}g, hxfF k|f0fdf tfut 5}g,
Ifdtf 5}g p;n] hLjgdf s]xL ug{
klg ;Sb}g . lvOPsf] dflg;n] s]xL
ug{ ;Sb}g . hf] /f]O/x]sf] 5, hf]
dl//x]sf] 5, p;af6 s] g} cfzf
ug{ ;lsG5 < d'bf{n] s]xL klg ug{
;Sb}g .
h;n] o; /f]uL ;dfhsf] aLrdf
pleP/ ljb|f]x ug{ ;S5, pm d]/f]
lzio aGg ;S5 . hf] pleg ;S5,
Rofn]Ghsf ;fy, Ifdtfsf ;fy,
h;n] ljb|f]x ug{ ;S5, pm d]/f] lzio
aGg ;S5, /f]uL JolQm d]/f] lzio
aGg ;Sb}g .
ljZjfldqn] hLjgdf x/ If0f
Rofn]Gh p7fP . ;dfhn] gu/
eg]sf s'/fnfO{ pgn] u/] . s[i0fn]
klg ljZjfldqsf] b'O{ xhf/ jif{kl5
ToxL ¿k ckgfP . s[i0f clt
d:tLsf ;fy od'gfsf] lsgf/fdf
afF;'/L ahfO/x]sf lyP . pgnfO{ o;
s'/fsf] k/jfx g} lyPg ls s;n] s]
ul//x]sf] 5 eg]/ . 3/ hfFbf gGbn]
ufnL uy]{, ozf]bfn] w]/} xKsfpFlyg\ .
ha s[i0fn] afF;'/L ahfpFy] ufpFsf
l76Lx¿, cfOdfO{x¿ bf}8]/ cfpFy],
pgnfO{ xf]z g} x'Fb}gYof], pgL /f]lsg}
kfpFb}gy] .
olb ltdL ef]udo ePsf 5f} eg]
s] ltdLleq s[i0fsf] h:tf] cfsif{0f,
Ifdtf cfpg ;s]sf] 5 < cfpg}
;Sb}g ¤ To; cfsif{0f zlQmsf
nflu klg k|f0f tŒj rflxG5 . ef]uL
ltdL aGg ;Sb}gf} lsgls h;sf]
k|f0f tŒj hfu|t 5, p;}n] k|]d ug{
;Sb5 . ltdLn] k|]d ug}{ ;Sb}gf},
ltdLn] t jf;gf ug{ ;S5f} . ltdLn]
jf;gf u/]sf 5f} / jf;gfsf] kmn
s]jn ;Gtfg x'G5 . o;}n] et[{xl/n]
eg]sf 5g\—
‘ef]u] /f]u eo+’
hxfF ef]u 5, ToxfF /f]u 5 .
ef]uaf6 /f]usf] pTklQ x'G5 . t/
ef]u t cfkm}df cfgGbbfos rLh
xf] . xfdL k|To]s If0fsf] ef]u u/f}F,
k|To]s j:t'sf] ef]u u/f}F / ;+;f/df
k|e'n] olt w]/} ef]unfO{ km}nfpg'
ePsf] 5 ls xfdLn] To;nfO{ a'‰g
;ls/x]sf 5}gf}F . xfdLn] ef]usf]
zAbnfO{ lgs[i6 zAbdf afFl8lbof}F .
d t ltdLnfO{ of] eG5' ls ef]u
ug]{ xf] eg] k"0f{tfsf ;fy u/, k|]d
ug]{ xf] eg] klg k"0f{tfsf ;fy u/ .
s[i0fn] slxNo} klg s'g} k|sf/sf]
8/ kfn]gg\ . pgL uf]kLx¿;Fu 5'6]/
dy'/f uP/ klg s'Ahf;Fu k|]d u/] .
pgn] eg] ls d lagfk|]d /xg klg
;lSbg lsgls k|]d g} hLjgsf]
cfwf/ xf] . s[i0fsf] hLjg ef]udo
eGg ;lsG5, t/ ef]udo eP/ klg
s[i0fnfO{ of]u]Zj/ elgG5 . olb
ltd|f] k|f0f tŒj hfu|t 5 eg] ltdL
laNs'n lj/Qm eP/ ef]usf] cfgGb
lng ;S5f} .
slxn]sfxLF laxfg} p7]/ x]/ t
k|s[lt slt ;'Gb/ xfjf axfpFl5g\ .
olb ltdL ;f9] kfF5, 5 ah] laxfg
p7]/ x]5f}{ eg] k"j{lt/af6 /ftf]
uf]nf] aflx/ b]vf kl//x]sf] b]Vg]5f},
cfsfz clt g} nflndfo'Qm x'G5,
lIflthdf nflndf km}lnPsf] x'G5 .
ef]u t km}nfpg'eof] k|e'n], ltdLn]
To; ef]unfO{ b]v]gf}, sf]lzz u/]gf} .
ltd|f] glhs}af6 ltd|f] aRrf hfFb}5,
ltdLn] p;nfO{ sfvdf slxNo} klg
p7fPgf} lsgls ltdLnfO{ sfddf
hfg'5 . Tof] klg ef]u lyof] t/
ltdLn] hLjgsf] lrGtgnfO{ a'‰b}
a'´]gf} . To;}n] ltdLn] cfkm"nfO{ ef]uL
klg eGg ;Sb}gf} . ltdL cjZo} /f]uL
5f} . /f]uL To;}n] 5f} ls ltdL 8/fP/
28
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^& j}zfv

sfd ul//x]sf 5f} .
/, ljZjfldqn] oxL ;f]lw/x]sf
5g\ ls hLjgsf] dd{ s] xf], hLjgnfO{
JotLt s;/L ug]{ < pgsf u'? a|Ådfn]
of] eg]gg\ ls ef]u gu/ . pgn] eg]
ls ltdL ef]udo ag, ltdLn] ef]u
u/, t/ b|i6f ag]/ u/, To;df lnKt
gxf]pm . Psflt/ lsgf/fdf pleP/
x]/, k|s[ltn] km}nfPsf] ef]udf
cfgGb n]pm, kftsf] ;+uLtnfO{
;'g, slxn]sfxLF gbLsf] lsgf/fdf
a;]/ nx/n] ;'gfPsf] ;+uLtnfO{
;'Gg] sf]lzz u/ . t/ Tof] ltdLn]
ub}{gf} . Tof] ltdL o;sf/0f ug{
;Sb}gf} ls ltdLnfO{ ef]usf] kl/efiff
yfxf 5}g . ltdL / ltd|f] ;dfhn]
ef]unfO{ jf;gf;Fu hf]8\of} . ltdL
To; ;dfhsf] cË xf} hf] :jo+ /f]uL
5 . o;}n] /f]uL 5 ls oxfF cfdfn]
x/]s If0f cfÇgL 5f]/LnfO{ sfvdf
Roflk/x]sL x'G5] . pm xfF:g ;lSbg,
3/ aflx/ hfg ;lSbg, k/k'?ifl;t
s'/f ug{ ;lSbg, otfptf hfg
;lSbg . ljjfx ePkl5 >Ldfg\n]
hfg lbGgg\, ;f;'n] hfg lbGgg\ .
lj?4 hfg} ;lsGg .
ltdLn] ef]usf] af/]df h'g
s'/f a'l´/x]sf 5f}, To;nfO{ d}n]
ef]lu;s]sf] 5' . d}n] k|]dsf] kl/efiff
hfg]sf] 5', d}n] k|]d ug]{ snf hfg]sf]
5' . d}n] k|]d lbg klg ;S5' . d}n]
ed/fsf] ;+uLtnfO{ ;'g]sf] 5', d}n]
pbfPsf] ;"o{nfO{ b]v]sf] 5' . d}n]
;"o{;Fu s'/f ug]{ sf]lzz u/]sf]
5' . d}n] nx/fPsf] xfjfsf] cg'ej
u/]sf] 5' . d}n] lxdfnosf] lxpFdf
klg cfgGbsf] ;|f]tnfO{ vf]h]sf] 5' .
d}n] hLjgnfO{ w]/} glhsaf6 b]v]sf]
5'— To; ;+Gof;nfO{ klg / To;
u[x:ynfO{ klg . To;}n] hLjgnfO{
ef]udo latfcf}F t/ k|f0fsf] ;fydf
latfcf}F, z/L/sf] ;fydf xf]Og
lsgls k|]d z/L/l;t x'g ;Sb}g,
k|f0fl;t dfq k|]d x'g ;S5 .
o;}n], ljZjfldqn] ;f]w] ls
hLjgsf] p2]Zo s] xf] < of]udo
aGg] xf] jf ef]udo < ef]udo g}
aGg] xf] eg] b|i6f ag]/ dfq ag .
xfdLn] lsgf/fdf pleP/ x]/f}F, xfdL
lnKt gxf]cf}F . h;/L dxsf] dfx'/L
dxdf leH5, p;sf] kv]6f leH5,
Tof] db{5 . To;/L g} To;df lnKt
x'g' h?/L 5}g . ltd|L kTgL l5g\,
k'q 5g\, cfÇgf] sfd ul//x]sf
5g\, ltdLn] hLjgnfO{ b]lv/x]sf
5f} . s[i0fn] oxL atfO/x]sf 5g\ ls
ch'{g ¤ ltdL To;df lnKt gxf]pm,
ltdL ha of] ;f]Rb5f} ls eLid
ltd|f xh'/a'jf x'g\ ta ltdL uNtL
ul//x]sf 5f} . olb ltdLn] xh'/a'jf
7fG5f} eg] ltdL b|i6f geP/ lnKt
x'g]5f} / o'4 ug{ ;Sb}gf}, ltdLn]
o'4df ljho k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}gf} .
ltdL of] g;f]r ls logL u'? x'g\,
ltdLn] t of] 7fg ls logL b|f]0f x'g\,
logL s[kfrfo{ x'g\ . dnfO{ s]jn
n8\g' 5, ljho k|fKt ug'{5 .
o;}n] a|Ådfn] ljZjfldql;t eg]
ls ltdL ef]u t ef]u t/ b[i6f ag]/
ef]u, k|s[ltl;t k|]d u/, alx/x]sf]
xfjfl;t k|]d ufF;, k|]d ug]{ snf
l;s . d a;]/ kftx¿sf] cfjfh
;'lg/x]sf] 5', To;sf] ufognfO{
;'lg/x]sf] 5', To;sf] uLtnfO{
;'lg/x]sf] 5' . cfFvf aGb u/]/
klg d ufognfO{ ;'Gg ;S5' . ltdL
ha cfÇgf] k|f0fdf pqG5f}, ltdLn]
b]jtfx¿sf] ;+uLt ;'Gg]5f} . s[i0fn]
eg]sf 5g\ ls d k|]dn] hLjgnfO{
;+uLtdo ug{ l;sfpF5' .
s[i0fh:tf JolQmn] olb
>Ldb\eujb\uLtfh:tf] u|Gy pRrl/t
ug{ ;Sb5g\ eg] lgZro g} pgL cToGt}
ljåfg\ xf]nfg\ . >Ldb\eujb\uLtf
:jo+sf] hLjgsyf xf] . ‘>Ldb\’sf]
cy{ xf]— d]/f] hLjg s] xf], of] a'‰g]
snf 5 To;df / ‘eujb\’sf] tfTko{
xf] ls o; hLjgnfO{ k"0f{ tŒj;Dd
k'¥ofpg] lrGtg / lqmof s] xf] <
/, uLtsf] cy{ xf] u]o, ufOPsf]
rLh, ;+uLtdo . uLtf s'g} k9\g]
rLh xf]Og, of] t Pp6f u'+h/0f xf],
ufpg] rLh xf], ufpg'sf] tfTko{ of]
xf]Og ls xf/df]lgod lnP/ ufcf}F .
>Ldb\eujb\uLtfsf] tfTko{ ‘wd{If]q]
s'?If]q]===’ dfq xf] . >Ldb\efujb\uLtf
Pp6f Oltxf; dfq} xf]Og, of] t
hLjgsf] r]tgf xf], ;+uLt xf] .
s[i0fn] :ki6 eg]sf 5g\—
‘obf obf lx wd{:o Unflge{jlt
ef/t cEo'Tyfg+ cwd{:o tbfTdfg+
;[hfDoxd\ .’ ha ha wd{sf] xflg
x'G5— wd{sf] tfTko{ lxGb', d'l:nd,
l;v / O{;fO xf]Og, To;a]nf oL
lyPgg\, To;a]nf of t z}j lyP of
t j}i0fj . lji0f'nfO{ dfGg]x¿ lyP
jf lzjnfO{ dfGg]x¿ lyP . wd{sf]
Unflgsf] cy{ xf] ls hxfF hxfF
c1fg cfpF5, hxfF hxfF ef}ltstf
5fpF5, ha JolQmdf 9's9'sL vtd
x'G5, ha dflg; d'bf{ ag]/ lxF8\g
yfN5=== . w[t/fi6« laNs'n d'bf{
ag]/ lxFl8/x]sf lyP . pgnfO{ x/]s
If0f oxL lrGtf lyof] ls s;/L
cfÇgf] 5f]/fnfO{ /fhu2L lbnfpmF .
b'of]{wg d'bf{ ag]/ lxFl8/x]sf] lyof],
p;df r]tgf lyPg, ljb'/df lyof]
t/ eLiddf lyPg, b|f]0fdf lyPg,
s[kfrfo{df lyPg, cZjTyfdf klg
lyPg / pgLx¿ ;a} ;dfKt x'g
uP .
‘obf obf lx wd{:o Unflge{jlt===’
ha o:tf] ;do cfpF5 ta ‘cEo'Tyfg+’
lglvn ljz]if 29

h'g lbg ltd|f] cfFvf lbJo
aGg ;S5, h'g a]nf klxn]sf
hGd b]Vg ;S5f}, Tolta]nf
d}n] eg]sf s'/fx? ltdLn]
;fsf/?kdf b]Vg yfNg]5f} .
ltdLn] b]Vg]5f} ls dxfef/t
o'4 eO/x]sf] 5, d ltdLnfO{
atfO/x]sf] 5' / oxL Znf]s
pRrf/0f ul//x]sf] 5' h'g
cfh ltdL ;fd' af]ln/x]sf] 5' .
To;a]nf klg d oxL lrRofP/
elg/x]sf] lyPF ls ltdLnfO{
o'4df ljho k|fKt ug'{5,
ch'{g t Ps lgldQ dfq lyP .
o; s'/fnfO{ ch'{gnfO{ dfq}
atfO/x]sf] lyOg, ltdLnfO{
dfq} atfO/x]sf] 5}g, ltdL
;fd' gePsf ef/tjif{sf
ltgLx? ;a}nfO{ ;'gfO/x]sf]
5' .
30
To;a]nf d'bf{ z/L/nfO{ p7fpgsf
nflu, ‘tbfTdfg+’— pgLx¿sf]
cfTdfnfO{ hufpgsf nflu,
‘;[hfDox+’— d :jo+ pleG5', d}n]
:jo+ ;D´fpF5' . d}n] ToxL s'/fnfO{
ltdL;dIf bf]xf]¥ofO/x]sf] 5', kfFr
xhf/ jif{kl5 ToxL atfO/x]sf] 5'
ltdLl;t . d eGg ;lSbg ls ltdLn]
hLjgdf kms]{/ slt k5fl8;Dd x]g{
;S5f} . t/ h'g lbg ltd|f] cfFvf
lbJo aGg ;S5, h'g a]nf klxn]sf
hGd b]Vg ;S5f}, Tolta]nf d}n]
eg]sf s'/fx¿ ltdLn] ;fsf/¿kdf
b]Vg yfNg]5f} . ltdLn] b]Vg]5f}
ls dxfef/t o'4 eO/x]sf] 5, d
ltdLnfO{ atfO/x]sf] 5' / oxL Znf]s
pRrf/0f ul//x]sf] 5' h'g cfh ltdL
;fd' af]ln/x]sf] 5' . To;a]nf klg
d oxL lrRofP/ elg/x]sf] lyPF ls
ltdLnfO{ o'4df ljho k|fKt ug'{5,
ch'{g t Ps lgldQ dfq lyP . o;
s'/fnfO{ ch'{gnfO{ dfq} atfO/x]sf]
lyOg, ltdLnfO{ dfq} atfO/x]sf]
5}g, ltdL ;fd' gePsf ef/tjif{sf
ltgLx¿ ;a}nfO{ ;'gfO/x]sf] 5' .
‘cEo'Tyfg+ cwd{:o Unflge{jlt
ef/t ¤’— k"/f ef/tjif{df htf
d'bf{ z/L/ 5, pgLx¿nfO{ d}n] ltd|f]
dfWodaf6 ;'gfO/x]sf] 5' . pgn]
ch'{gsf] dfWodaf6 ;'gfO/x]sf
lyP k"/f dxfef/tsf of]4fx¿nfO{
hf] sf}/j bndf lyP, kf08j bndf
lyP, xl:tgfk'/df lyP, ch'{g lgldQ
dfq} lyP .
cfh d klg ToxL Oltxf;
bf]xf]¥ofO/x]sf] 5', d a;]/ af]ln/x]sf]
5' / ltdL ;'lg/x]sf 5f} . t/
ltdLnfO{ dfq} d}n] ;'gfO/x]sf] 5}g .
hxfF d'bf{ z/L/ 5, pgLx¿nfO{ klg
d}n] atfO/x]sf] 5' lsgls st} g
st} pgLx¿ klg d;Fu hf]l8Psf
cjZo} 5g\ .
d'bf{sf] cy{ xf] h;df s'g} r]tgf
5}g, xfF;f] 5}g, d':s'/fx6 5}g . d}n]
ltdLnfO{ dl;t d':s'/fP/ dfq e]6\g"
eG5' t/ ltdL t yf]/} bfFt b]vfP/
lªRr dfq} k/]/ pleG5f} . To;nfO{
d':sfg elgFb}g . ltdL clnslt
ufnf km'nfOlbG5f} / v'zL x'G5f} .
ltdL 7fG5f} ls d}n] v'zLsf ;fy
u'?hLl;t e]6]F . g ltdL xfF:of}, g
ltd|f] ;dfhn] ltdLnfO{ xfF:g lbof] .
u'? hfu|t x'g'k5{ . hf] hfu|t 5,
p;n] d':s'/fpg hfg]sf] x'G5, p;n]
g} k|]d ug{ ;S5, pm afnsx¿sf
;fy klg v]Ng ;S5, a"9fx¿l;t
k|jrg klg ug{ ;S5 . p;nfO{
k|jrg ug]{ snfdf b]Vof}F eg] laNs'n
5'§} ¿kdf b]V5f}F / p;n] z]/ zfo/L
;'gfpF5 eg] laNs'n} csf]{ cGbfhdf
;'gfpF5 . xfdLn] sNkgf klg ug{
;Sb}gf} ls oxL dflg; lxhf] d~rdf
pleP/ k|jrg ul//x]sf lyof] /
cfh Psbd} k[ys\ cGbfhdf uhn
ufO/x]sf] 5, uha 5 ¤ /, cfh
eg] gbLsf] lsgf/fdf a;]/ gbLsf]
;+uLt ;'lg/x]sf] 5 . km]l/ cfh oL
aRrfx¿;Fu d':s'/fO/x]sf] 5, of]
s:tf] JolQmTj xf] < hLjgsf] k|To]s
If0fdf hf] hLljt 5, hfu|t 5, pm
g} u'? xf] .
ha ljZjfldqn] ;f]w] ta
u'?n] atfP ls olb ltdLn] ef]udo
hLjg latfpg ;Sb}gf} eg] of]usf]
dfWodaf6 klg hLjg lhpg
;lsG5 . t/ of] s'/f Tolt ;/n
5}g . ljifoo'Qm hLjg t ;lhnf] 5,
jf;gfTds hLjg latfpgsf nflu
s'g} :s'ndf k9\g' kb}{g, kTgLn] k'q
s;/L kfpFl5g\, st} 6«]lgË lbOFb}g,
cfjZostf g} 5}g . jf;gfsf nflu
s'g} 1fgsf] h?/L 5}g . t/ k|]dsf
nflu 1fgsf] cfjZostf k5{,
of]usf nflu r]tgfsf] cfjZostf
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^& j}zfv

k5{ . o;}n] elgG5 olb ltdL ef]udf
/xg ;Sb}gf} eg] b|i6f aGg ;Sb}gf}
lsgls ha b|i6f aG5f} ta hLjgdf
h] eO/x]sf] 5, a; Psflt/ pleP/
x]l//xG5f} . >LdtLn] cfÇgf] sfd
ul//x]sL l5g\, 5f]/fn] cfÇgf] sfd
ul//x]sf] 5, /fd|f] ul//x]sf] 5 jf
g/fd|f], cfÇgf] sd{sf] kmn ef]lu/x]sf]
5 . ltdL b'MvL 5f}, ltdLl;t} cfF;'
aufP, 5ftLdf 6fF;] / ltdL;Fu} /f]P
eg] lnKt eP .
bf];|f] af6f] 5 of]u oflg
hf]l8g' . ‘of]u jflzi7’ u|Gysf]
klxnf] Znf]sdf of]usf] tfTko{ s]
xf], s] hf]l8g' kg]{ xf] / s;/L hf]l8g]
xf] eGg] af/] atfOPsf] 5 . To;df
jlzi7n] kTgLsf] gfd lnPsf 5}gg\,
pgn] O{Zj/sf] gfd klg lnPsf
5}gg\ . jlzi7n] eg]sf 5g\ ls O{Zj/
5Fb}5}g, O{Zj/sf] cl:tTj g} 5}g .
h] 5, Tof] a|Åd xf] / a|Åd aflx/
5}g . j]bdf :ki6 elgPsf] 5— ‘cx+
a|Ådfl:d’— cfsfzdf a|Åd 5}g, d
:jo+ a|Åd x'F . ‘låtLof] gfl:t’— bf];|f]
s'g} rLh g} 5}g . ha ltdL of]
7fG5f} ls bf];|f] s'g} rLh g} 5}g, ta
dfq} ltdL a|Åd aGg ;S5f} . a|Åd
aGgsf nflu t d dfq} 5', afFsL
;+;f/ v]n v]ln/x]sf] 5 . l;g]df x]g{
l6s6 lnOPsf] 5 / d]rdf a;]/ x]g]{
sfd eO/x]sf] 5 ls lx/f] cfO/x]sf]
5, ljjfx eO/x]sf] 5, hjfg 5f]/f]
db{5, cfdf /f]O/x]sL l5g\ . oL ;a}
b[Zo b]v]/ s}of}F cfOdfO{x¿ xnleq
?G5g\ klg . lx/f]Og gflR5g\ eg]
k};f klg ÇofFSg] sfd z'? x'G5, of]
t kbf{df dfq} eO/x]sf] 5 lsgls
kfFr ¿k}ofFsf] l6s6 sfl6Psf] 5 .
o:tf] b|i6f aGg ;s] t ef]u
ug{ ;lsG5 . olb o:tf] ug{ ;lsGg
eg] of]u ug'{k5{ . b'j}dWo] Pp6f
af6f] r'Gg' 5 . of]usf] cy{ xf]—
b'O{ tŒjnfO{ hf]8\g] lqmof . b'O{ tŒj
s]jn u'? / lzio dfq x'g ;S5
lsgls o;sf cltl/Qm afFsL ;a}
rLh jf;gfTds 5g\ . u'?l;t k|]d
x'g ;S5, jf;gf t x'g} ;Sb}g,
To;df n]gb]gsf] lx;fa t 5}Fb}5}g .
u'?n] ltdLl;t s]xL dfUg ;Sb}gg\,
ltdL afWo 5}gf} u'?nfO{ s]xL lbgsf
nflu . of]usf] cy{ xf]— u'?l;t
k"0f{¿kdf hf]l8g] lqmof, k"0f{¿kn],
cf]7n] xf]Og, k|fy{gfsf] dfWodaf6
klg xf]Og, r/0f 5'g] dfWodaf6
klg xf]Og . ltdLn] lz/ ´'sfpg'
kg]{5, ljgLt x'g'kg]{5, gd| x'g'kg]{5 .
saL/n] :ki6 eg]sf 5g\—
sla/f o] 3/ k|]d sf,
vfnf sf 3/ gf+lx .
zLif ptf/] e'O{ w/]
jf] kr;] 3/ df+lx ..
u'? / lziosf] ;DaGw k|]dsf]
;DaGw xf] . o;df pm dfq pqg
;S5 h;n] lz/nfO{ sf6]/ tn /fVg
;S5 . olb ltdL lz/nfO{ lnP/
lxF8\g ;S5f}, cx+sf/nfO{ lnP/
8'Ng ;S5f} eg] u'?sf] k|f0fdf ldNg
;Sb}gf} . ltdL nvklt, s/f]8klt
jf cfÇgf] 3/df eP klg Tof] ltd|f]
cfÇgf] u[x:y hLjg xf], Tof];Fu d]/f]
s'g} n]gb]g 5}g . d]/f] ltd|f] ;Lwf
;DaGw k|f0fsf] ;DaGw xf] / ha
k|f0fsf] ;DaGw 5 eg] ltdLn] ljgLt
x'g'kg]{5, ´'Sg'kg]{5—
gdlGt kmlngf] j[IfM,
gdlGt u'l0fgf] hgM
z'is sfi7+ r d"v{+
r g gdlGt sbfrg
s]jn kmnbf/ xfFuf dfq
´'Sg ;S5 . h;df u'0f 5, h;df
1fg cfO;s]sf] 5, h;df r]tgf
cfO;s]sf] 5, pm ´'Sg ;S5 . ´'Sg]
lqmof cToGt s7Lg 5, ;fdfGo
dflg; ;lhn};Fu ´'Sg ;Sb}g .
cToGt} cx+n] plePsf] x'G5, x/]s
If0f p;nfO{ p;sf] cx+n] ykykfpF5 .
cx+nfO{ pm cfkm}n] pTkGg u5{ ls
d 5', dl;t kfFr nfv ¿k}ofF 5 .
d 5' / d w]/} ;'Gb/ 5' . P]gfdf
:qLn] b'O{k6s cg'xf/ x]5]{ ls d
w]/} ;'Gb/L 5' . c¿n] eg] klg geg]
klg pm cfkm}n] cfÇgf] cx+nfO{ kf]lift
ub{5] . k'?ifn] klg cfÇgf] cx+nfO{
kf]lift ub{5 ls d 5', d ;dfhsf]
uGodfGo x'F, d]/f] Jofkf/ 5, d]/f]
k;n 5 . ltd|f] cx+nfO{ c¿n] xf]Og
ltdL cfkm}n] kf]lift ul//x]sf 5f} .
o;}n] ´'Sg' clt s7Lg sfo{
xf] lsgls ´'Sgsf nflu cfÇgf]
lz/nfO{ ´'sfpg' k5{, cfkm"nfO{
dfg'{k5{ . d[To' t hLjgsf] z[Ëf/ xf],
cToGt} cfgGbbfos pT;j xf], g[To
xf], d[To'l;t 8/fpg' cfjZos 5}g,
d[To'l;t t ljifoL dflg; cflQG5 .
To;}n] u'?n] klxn] d[To' lbG5g\ . h]
ltdLl;t 5— ltd|f] 5n, ltd|f] ´"6,
ltd|f] c;To, ltd|f] Jolerf/, ltd|f]
cx+— oL ;a} klxn] ;dfKt xf];\ .
logLx¿ ;dfKt ePkl5 u'0fL dflg;
cfkm} ´'Sg]5— ‘gdlGt u'l0fgf]
hgM’ . ;'s]sf] bfp/f ´'Sb}g . h'g
lbg ltdL ;'s]sf] bfp/f aG5f}, To;
lbg d}n] eg]sf] s'/fsf] ltdLdfly
s'g} c;/ kg]{ 5}g .
ljZjfldqnfO{ u'?n] eg]
ls olb ltdLnfO{ of]udf pqg' 5
eg] olt ´'s ls ltdLn] u'?sf]
r/0fdf dlGb/ b]Vg ;s, u'?sf]
r/0fdf ltdLn] dl:hb b]Vg ;s,
u'?sf] r/0fdf ltdLn] u'?åf/f b]Vg
;s . ta a'‰g'k5{ ls ltdL ´'Sof} .
km'n]/ pleFbf hLjgdf ;f/ cfpg}
;Sb}g . ltdL Psk6s ´'s]/ km]l/
km'n]/ tgSs tlGsP/ pleG5f} eg]
ltdL lzio aGg ;Sb}gf} . ltdLn]
of]u klg ug{ ;Sb}gf} . of]usf] cy{
lglvn ljz]if 31

xf] ´'Sg', cfkm}nfO{ d]6\g', cfkm}nfO{
lj;lh{t ug'{ . of] lj;lh{t x'g]
lqmof g} yf]kf ;d'b|df ljnLg x'g]
lqmof xf] . yf]kf ;d'b| aGg ;Sb}g .
h'g yf]kf Psk6s ;d'b|df ldNg
hfG5, To;nfO{ km]l/ ltdL cnu ug{
;Sb}gf} . ;d'b|df ldn]kl5 Tof] yf]kf
klg ;d'b| aGg hfG5 .
of]usf] o;} efje"lddf d
ltdLnfO{ atfO/x]sf] 5' ls ltd|f]
hLjg / d]/f] hLjg cnu x'g}
;Sb}g . dlagf ltd|f] hLjgsf]
cl:tTj 5}g . dlagf ltd|f] hLjg
hLjg xf]Og, Tof] ljifoL hLjg t
x'g ;S5, t/ k|f0fsf] hLjg x'g
;Sb}g lsgls ltd|f] hLjgsf] k|f0f
d x'F, ltdLl;t s]jn z/L/ 5 /
o; z/L/df k|f0fsf] r]tgf d]/f]
dfWodaf6 k|fKt x'g ;S5 lsgls
d ltd|f] u'? x'F .
===/, u'? To;}n] x'F ls ltdLl;t
lng] efjgf 5}g . u'? To;}n] x'F ls
ddf cfgGb k|bfg ug]{ Ifdtf 5 .
hlt If0f ltd|f] d;Fu laTg]5, Tof]
cfgGbsf] If0f x'g]5 . ltdL d;fd'
cfpF5f} / cToGt} d:tLl;t /xG5f},
v]N5f}, xfF:5f}, ´'D5f}, d':s'/fpF5f}, t/
kms{g] a]nfdf cg'xf/df d':s'/fx6
x'Fb}g, Ps If0f klg ;f; lng
kfpFb}gf}, To;} af]´df bla/xG5f},
To;}n] ls ltdLl;t hLjg g} lyPg .
ltdLl;t z/L/ 5 / To;df d k|f0f
tŒjnfO{ hfu|t ug{ ;S5', r]tgf lbg
;S5' . lbg] snf ddf 5, To;}n] d
ltd|f] u'? x'F .
/, o;sf nflu of]usf] lqmof 5,
k"0f{¿kdf hf]l8g] lqmof 5 . lzionfO{
olb hf]l8g] lqmof cfpF5 eg] cfkm}
hlxn] klg hf]l8G5 . pm u'? sxfF
cfpg t ;S5, u'?sf] r/0fdf
´'Sg t ;S5 t/ s;/L hf]l8g] <
o;afx]s pm s] u5{ < ljZjfldqsf]
32
jlzi7n] eg]sf 5g\
ls O{Zj/ 5Fb}5}g, O{Zj/sf]
cl:tTj g} 5}g . h] 5, Tof]
a|Åd xf] / a|x\d aflx/ 5}g .
j]bdf :ki6 elgPsf] 5—…
cx+ a|x\dfl:dÚ— cfsfzdf
a|x\d 5}g, d :jo+ a|x\d x'F .
…låtLof] gfl:tÚ— bf];|f] s'g}
rLh g} 5}g . ha ltdL of]
7fG5f} ls bf];|f] s'g} rLh g}
5}g, ta dfq} ltdL a|x\d aGg
;S5f} .
klg oxL k|Zg lyof] ls d s] u?F <
s;/L u?F < xh"/ elg/xg'ePsf]
5 ls k|f0f tŒjdf lj;lh{t xf]pm,
d s;/L lj;lh{t xf]pmF < of] snf
dnfO{ yfxf 5}g . yfxf ePsf] eP
d klxn] g} lj;lh{t eO;s]sf]
x'Gy]F . km]l/ af/Daf/ xh"/nfO{ b'Mv
lbGgy]F, af/Daf/ d[To'nfO{ cËfNg
afWo x'Ggy]F, af/Daf/ To; ue{df
b'Mv p7fpFlbgy]F .
ljZjfldqnfO{ u'?n] eg] ls
Pp6f hGddf klg x'g ;S5 / bf];|f]
hGd klg lng'kg]{ x'g ;S5 . t/ bf];|f]
hGd lng lsg k5{ < k/LlIftn] oxL
k|Zg ;f]wsf lyP j]b Jof;;Fu ls
/fwfn] Pp6} hLjgdf s;/L k"0f{tf
k|fKt ul/g\ <
ltdL klg ha;Dd ´'Sb}gf}
ta;Dd cfkm}nfO{ d]6fpg ;Sb}gf},
ta;Dd ltdLn] klg hGd lng'kg]{
x'G5 / ha;Dd hGd lnO/xG5f},
dnfO{ af/Daf/ cfkm"sxfF af]nfpg'
kg]{ x'G5 . t/ oL ;a} ltdL o;
hLjgdf klg ug{ ;S5f}, o;sf
nflu s'g} 7"nf] 36gfsf] cfjZostf
kb}{g, kfFr–b; jif{sf] cfjZostf
kb}{g, s'g} dGq hksf] cfjZostf
5}g . dGqhksf] dfWodaf6 k|f0fdf
;dfj]z ;Dej 5}g . olb ;Dej
ePsf] eP xhf/f}F nfvf}F dflg;x¿
Ps csf{sf] k|f0fdf ;dfj]z x'g
hfGy] xf]nfg\ . k|f0fdf ;dfj]z t
lj;h{g x'g] lqmof xf] .
ljZjfldq oxL ;f]lw/x]sf lyP
ls d k|f0fdf ;dfj]z s;/L xf]pmF <
lsgls d bf];|f] hGd lng rfxGg .
hLjgsf] h'g df]8df d plePsf] 5'
hxfF xh"/n] d]/f] xft ;dfTg'ePsf]
5, a; oxfFaf6 d]/f] hLjgsf]
uf]/]6f] df]l8g'k5{, hLjgdf cfgGb
cfpg'k5{ .
===/, d ltdLnfO{ oxL elg/x]sf]
5' ls d ltdLnfO{ cfgGb lbg rfxG5',
;'v xf]Og . d ltdLnfO{ KjfFv
nufOlbFb}5}g . ;'vn] t ltdLnfO{ k+u'
agfpnf, /f]uL agfpnf . ltdLnfO{
/f]uu|:t x'g' 5}g . d;fgdf uP/ ;'Tg'
cfgGb xf]Og . s[i0fn] o;/L ;'Tg
kfPgg\, /fdn] o;/L ;'Tg kfPgg\,
a'4n] Tof] lqmof u/]gg\, dxfjL/n]
Tof] lqmof u/]gg\, O{;fd;Lxn] Tof]
lqmof u/]gg\, ;'s/ftn] Tof] lqmof
u/]gg\ . pgLx¿ hfu|t /x], hLljt
/x] lsgls hLjgsf] Pp6f ljz]if
df]8df pgLx¿n] u'?nfO{ ;dft] .
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^& j}zfv

a'4nfO{ klg u'? k|fKt eof] /
wDdkbdf pgn] oxL eg] ls s'g
lqmofaf6 d nLg xf]pmF < a'4Tj
k|fKt x'g] lqmof s] xf] < a'4Tjsf]
cy{ xf] hxfF a'l4 ;dfKt x'g hfG5,
hxfF >4f pTkGg x'G5, cx+sf/sf]
cGt, a'l4sf] cGt— a'4Tj xf],
r]tgf xf], oxfF k|f0fdf k'Ug] lqmof
5, lj;h{gsf] lqmof 5, of] Wofgdf
8'Ag] lqmof xf] .
d}n] ltdLnfO{ k|f0fdf 8'Agsf
nflu eg]F eg] kfFr jif{ cEof;
u/]/ klg ltdL 8'Ag ;Sb}gf} xf]nf
lsgls ltd|f] ;f/f hLjg ljifo
jf;gfdf lnKt 5 . aflx/L hLjgsf]
;f7L jif{sf] h'g ef]u 5, Tof] t'?Gt}
;lsFb}g . ;lsFb}g eg] ltdL h'g ug{
;Sb}gf} To;nfO{ u'?n] ul/lbg'kg]{
x'G5 lsgls u'? ltd|f x'g\, pgsf]
lhDd]jf/L xf], u'? lhDd]jf/Laf6
aRg ;Sb}gg\ . olb lhDd]jf/Laf6
aR5 eg] pm euf}8f xf], sfo/ xf] .
of t ltdL u'?sf] k|f0fdf lj;lh{t
x'g hfpm, of t u'?n] g} ltdLnfO{
;dft]/ cfÇgf] k|f0fdf ;dfj]z
u¿g\ . b'j}df Pp6f lqmof xf];\, of]
u'?sf] lhDd]jf/L xf] .
o;}n] d of] elGbg ls ltdLn]
Ps} lbgdf a'4Tj k|fKt ug]{5f} .
k|f0fdf 8'Agsf nflu Wofg of]usf]
h'g k|lqmof 5, Tof] nfdf] l:ytk|1
k|lqmof xf] . ;do yf]/} dfq 5 . d}n]
ltdLnfO{ eg]F ls Wofg:y eP/ leq}
8'Ab} hfpm, Pp6f l;F9L, bf];|f] l;F9L,
kfFrf}F l;F9L, b;f}F l;F9L— ta :jo+df
ltdLnfO{ a|ÅdTjsf] bz{g x'g]5,
b"lwof k|sfz b]Vg]5f}, t/ of] t
cEof;sf] s'/f eof], Ps lbgdf of]
;Dej 5}g . a'4n] eg] ls d}n] jiff}{Fjif{
tk:of ul/;s]sf] 5', t/ oltsf
jif{kl5 klg To; tŒjnfO{ k|fKt ug{
;lsg hxfFaf6 a|Ådf08nfO{ lgxfg{
;s"F . ch'{gn] klg eg]sf lyP—
‘s[i0f ¤ d tkfOF{nfO{ lrlGbg ls
tkfOF{ sf] x'g'x'G5 < d t tkfO{FnfO{
;f/yL ;lD´/x]sf] 5' . tkfO{F olt
7"n7"nf s'/f ul//xg'ePsf] 5, d}n]
a'‰g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g .’
s[i0fn] hjfkm lbP— ‘ltdLn]
b]Vg ;ls/x]sf 5}gf} eg] nf} x]/,
d ltdLnfO{ cfÇgf] lj/f6\ ¿k
b]vfO/x]sf] 5' ls d sf] x'F .
dleq k"/f a|Ådf08 5, ltdL b]Vg
;S5f} . of] k"/f dxfef/t o'4 aflx/
eO/x]sf] 5}g, dleq eO/x]sf] 5 .
of] ;f/f o'4 d ul//x]sf] 5' . oL
sf}/j dleq al;/x]sf 5g\, kf08j
dleq al;/x]sf 5g\, eLid lktfdx
z/z}øofdf dleq} 5g\ . ltdL ;a}
x]/, To;}n] ltdL lgldQ ag .’
o;}n], ltdLn] b]Vg ;Sb}gf}
eg] u'?sf] lhDd]jf/L xf] ls pgn]
u¿g\ . o;}n] ca klg ltdL ufG8Lj
p7fpFb}gf} eg] d}n] ltd|f] xft ;dft]/
p7fpg'5, xftdf uf08Lj lbg'5 /
tL/ xfGgsf nflu t}of/ u/fpg'5,
ltdLnfO{ ug'{ g} 5 eg] ;D´fpg'5 .
ta ltdLn] b]Vg ;Sg]5f} ls ;fd'
d~rdf a;]sf] JolQm sf] xf] eg]/ .
clxn] ltdL cnu a;]sf 5f},
d cnUu} a;]sf] 5' . d ltdLnfO{
;D´fO/x]sf] 5' / ltdL a'l´/x]sf
5f} . ha ;'Gg] / ;D´fpg] efj g}
;lsG5, b]Vg] efj g} ;lsG5, å}t
efj g} ;lsG5 ta Psfsf/ x'g
hfG5 .
o;k6s ltdL o; hGddf d]/f]
;fd' cfPsf 5f} eg] cfkm} cfPsf
xf]Ogf}, d}n] ltdLnfO{ tfg]sf] x'F
To;}n] ltdL dsxfF cfpg ;s]sf 5f}
/ o;k6s eg] d ltdLnfO{ 5f]8\
g]5}g . o;k6s ltdLnfO{ kmF;fPsf]
5' . cfÇgf] k|]dsf] 8f]/Ldf kmF;fPsf]
5', rt'¥ofOFk"j{s kmF;fPsf] 5' . d}n]
ltdLnfO{ d'Qm u/fpg ;S5' eg]
kmF;fpg klg ;S5', ltd|f] k|f0fnfO{
afFWg klg ;S5', ltdL cfÇgf]
k|f0fnfO{ daf6 cnu ug{ ;Sb}gf} .
h'g If0f ltdL afFlr/x]sf 5f},
To; If0fdf 5nf+u nufpg ;S5f} .
ltdLnfO{ Ps If0fsf] cfjZostf 5,
Pp6f lxDdt / xf};nfsf] cfjZostf
5 . ha /fdn] xg'dfg\nfO{ eg] ls
ltdLn] ;Ltfsf] ;dfrf/ Nofpg'5,
ta ;'u|Lj, gn, gLn, hfDaGt /
xg'dfg\ ;a} ;d'b|sf] lsgf/fdf k'u]
/ n+sfsf] aLr rf/ ;o of]hg nfdf]
;d'b|nfO{ t/]/ t kf/ x'g ;lsGgYof] .
hfDaGtn] eg] ls d j[4 eO;s]sf]
5', z/L/ olt w]/} lvO;s]sf] 5
ls pk|]m/ n+sfdf pqg ;lSbg .
lsgf/fdf hfg ;lSbg . gnn] klg
eg] ls ddf klg of] Ifdtf 5}g,
xg'dfg\n] klg eg] ls d klg ug{
;lSbg . hfDaGtn] eg]— ‘xg'dfg\ ¤
ltdL pk|mg ;S5f}, ltdLnfO{ yfxf
5}g ls ltdLdf slt Ifdtf 5 eg]/,
t/ d]/f] cg'ejL cfFvfn] atfO/x]sf]
5 ls ltdL pk|mg ;S5f} .’
/, d klg ltd|f] lxrlsrfx6nfO{
hfGb5', d :jo+ ltd|f] xft ;dft]/
xfd kmfNg klg ;S5', ha d xfd
kmfN5' ta ltdL cfÇgf s'07fx¿af6
aflx/ cfpg]5f} ta ltd|f] z/L/
Pp6f ljz]if uGwn] ;'jfl;t x'g]5,
ltd|f] cfFvfdf Pp6f gjLg efj
x'g]5, k|]dsf] nflndf x'g]5, Pp6f
g[To x'g]5, k"/f hLjg ;lhPsf]
x'g]5, xft df]ltx¿af6 el/Psf]
x'g]5 . d ltdLnfO{ o:t} cfzLjf{b
lbG5' .
— ;b\u'?b]j 8f= gf/fo0f bQ
>LdfnLHo" -k/dx+; :jfdL >L
lglvn]Zj/fgGbhL_
lglvn ljz]if 33

;j{>]i7 k'?iff]Qd dlxgf
k|To]s tLg jif{sf] cGt/fndf kg{ cfpg] clws df;sf] ;DaGwdf w]/} e|flGt km}lnPsf] kfOG5 . clws df;nfO{
cz'4 dlxgf cyjf dn df; klg eGg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . jf:tjdf of] dlxgf ;"o{, rGb| Pj+ k[YjLsf] ultsf] ;+of]hgsf]
sfn xf] . dg'io z/L/nfO{ k[YjL:j?k dflgPsf] 5 . ;"o{ t]hl:jtf / k|v/ JolQmTjsf] :j?k xf] tyf rGb|df
hLjgdf dg, dw'/tf, cfgGb, zLtntf, efjgfsf] :j?k xf] . hLjgdf oL tŒjx?sf] ;xL ;dfof]hg x'g hfFbf g}
k'?ifaf6 k'?iff]Qd aGg] lqmof k|f/De x'G5 . k'?iff]Qd eujfg\ lji0f'sf] :j?k xf] To;}n] klg of] dlxgf lji0f' /
nIdLsf] ;fwgf ug]{ pQd dlxgf xf] . o; dlxgfdf bfg, wd{, tLy{ ofqf, pkf;gfsf] ljz]if dxŒj /x]sf] 5 .
dxlif{ x]dflb|sf cg';f/
clws df;df Tof] ljz]iftf x'G5
ls dflg;n] o; a]nf k"hf ;fwgf
tk:of OToflb ;DkGg u/]/ cfÇgf
k"j{hGds[t bf]ifx¿nfO{ lgjf/0f ug{
;S5g\ . o; a]nf bfg, bof, Tofu,
tk OToflbåf/f hLjgdf zf/Ll/s
Pj+ dfgl;s z'4tf Nofpg ;S5g\ .
k'/f0fdf jl0f{t Pp6f syfcg';f/
/fhf gx'ifn] dn df;df ;fwgf
;DkGg u/]/ ;a} l:yltx¿af6 d'Qm
eP/ b]jtfx¿sf clwklt OGb|sf]
l;+xf;g k|fKt u/]sf lyP .
b]jLefujt\sf cg';f/ dn
df;df ljlzi6 k"hf, wfld{s sfo{,
;fwgf OToflb ug{]nfO{ ljz]if kmn
k|fKt x'G5 . b]jLefujt\df oxfF;Dd
n]lvPsf] kfOG5 ls h;/L Pp6f
c0f'hqf] aLhn] ljzfn j[Ifsf] ¿k
lnG5, To;/L g} clws df;df
ul/Psf yf]/} z'e sfo{, k"hf ;fwgf
klg dxfg\ kmn lbg] x'G5 . clws
df;nfO{ k'?iff]Qd df; lsg elgof]
eGg] ;DaGwdf k'/f0fdf Pp6f o:tf]
;'Gb/ syf kfOG5—
rGb| jif{cg';f/ k|To]s jif{df !@
dlxgf x'G5g\ tyf k|To]s dlxgf Ps
b]jtfnfO{ ;dlk{t 5 . t/ rGb| jif{ /
;"o{ jif{sf] cfk;df ultsf] ;+of]hg
gx'gfn] Clifd'lgx¿n] u0fgf u/]/
Pp6f clws df;sf] lgdf{0f u/] .
clws df;sf] wfld{s ljz]iftf
a|Ådfn] k|To]s dlxgfsf] Ps clwklt
lglZrt u/] . t/ clws df;nfO{
s'g} b]jtfn] j/0f u/]gg\ lsgls of]
k|To]s tLg jif{df Psk6s cfpF5 .
o;af6 clws df; k'?if¿kdf b'MvL
Pj+ ;GtKt eP/ eujfg\ lji0f';dLk
k'u] / eg]— dnfO{ s'g} klg
b]jtf;Fu ;+o'Qm ul/Psf] 5}g / dn
df;, dlnd'R5fsf] gfdn] ;Daf]lwt
ul/G5 . o;sf/0f d cToGt} b'MvL
/ ;GtKt 5' tyf xh"/sf] z/0fdf
cfPsf] 5' . xh"/ g} hut\sf kfns /
;[li6nfO{ rnfpg] x'g'x'G5 . xh"/;Fu
lgj]bg 5 ls d]/f] nflu klg plrt
Joj:yf ug'{xf];\ .
eujfg\ lji0f'nfO{ cToGt} bof
nfUof] / pxfFn] clws df;nfO{
eGg'eof]— ltd|f] clwklt d :jo+
x'G5' / ltdLnfO{ k'?iff]Qd df;
elgg]5, ltd|f] ljz]iftf cGo ;a}
dlxgfx¿sf] eGbf w]/} x'g]5 tyf
k'?iff]Qd dlxgfdf /fd|f sfo{
;DkGg u/]/ ljz]if l;l4 k|fKt
ug{ ;lsg]5 . k'?iff]Qd df;sf]
;DaGwdf t k"/f u|Gy g} n]lvPsf]
5 h;df o; dlxgfsf] wfld{s,
cfWoflTds dxŒjnfO{ lnP/ ljz]if
JofVof ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
eljiof]Q/ k'/f0fdf o:tf]
ljj]rgf ul/Psf] kfOG5 ls k'?iff]Qd
df;df pkjf; cyjf j|t z'Sn
kIfsf] k|yd lbgdf k|f/De ug'{k5{
/ s[i0f kIfsf] clGtd lbgdf k"0f{
ug'{k5{ .
k'/f0fx¿df t clws df;sf]
af/]df cTolws lj:tf/n] ljj]rgf
ul/Psf] 5 . k'/f0fsf cg';f/ clws
df;df k"hf ugf{n], >]i7 u|Gysf]
cWoog ugf{n] kmn k|flKt cjZo g}
x'G5 . clws df; lji0f' Pj+ nIdLsf]
k"hfsf] dlxgf xf] . o; dlxgfdf
a|Ådd'x"t{df p7]/ /fwf–s[i0f, nIdL–
gf/fo0fsf] iff]8iff]krf/ k"hg ;DkGg
ug'{k5{ . olb glhs} s'g} dlGb/ 5
eg] ljleGg b]jtfx¿sf k"hf ;fwgf
cjZo ;DkGg ug'{k5{ . o; dlxgfdf
;flŒjs ef]hg, zfsfxf/L ef]hg,
b"w, kmn, jg:klt, kmnfxf/, gl/jn
OToflbsf] ;]jg ug'{k5{ .
eljiof]Q/ k'/f0fdf n]lvPsf] 5
ls eujfg\ >Ls[i0f :jo+ eGg'x'G5
ls clws df;df s]jn eujt\
;fwgf ug]{ p2]Zon] ul/Psf ;fwgfn]
nf}lss Pj+ kf/nf}lss b'j} g} kmn
k|fKt x'G5 . dg'io cfÇgf] hLjgdf
nf}lss b[li6n] ljz]if ;kmntf
k|fKt ub{5 tyf ck3ft, b'3{6gf,
cfsl:ds d[To', b'Mv, lrGtf,
b'ef{Uosf] lgjf/0f x'G5 .
ho u'?b]j ¤
34
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^& j}zfv

clws df;—Hof]ltifLo ljj]rgf
Hof]ltif zf:qdf rGb| k~rfËsf]
k|d'vtf /x]sf] 5 / rGb| k~rfËdf
x/]s tLg jif{df Ps dlxgf clws
x'g hfG5 . h;/L rGb| df;df clws
dlxgf x'G5g\, To;/L g} rGb|df;df
s}of}Fk6s Ps dlxgf sd klg x'g
hfG5 h;df s]jn !! dlxgf dfq
x'G5 . t/ o:tf] rGb| jif{ h;df
s]jn !! dlxgf dfq} x'G5, cfkm}df
Pp6f cgf}7f] 36gf dflgG5 . of]
36gf !$) jif{ jf !() jif{df
Psk6s 3l6t x'G5 . t/ clws
df; x/]s tLg jif{df cfpF5 lsgls
;fdfGotM !@ dlxgfdf Ps dlxgf
a9\g hfG5 . o;}n] o;nfO{ clws
df; elgG5 .
Hof]ltif zf:qcg';f/ h'g
dlxgfdf ;"o{ ;ª\qmflGt cfpFb}g To;
dlxgf clws df; aG5 . jlzi7
l;4fGtdf :ki6 ul/Psf] kfOG5 ls
clws df; k|To]s #@ dlxgfdf !^
lbg !! 38L -! 38L a/fa/ @$
ldg]6 tyf ^) 36L a/fa/ @$
306f x'G5_ af6 k|f/De x'G5 . ;"o{
lj1fgsf] l;4fGtcg';f/ k|To]s ;"o{
jif{ #^% lbg / ^ 306fsf] x'G5 /
rGb| jif{ #%$ lbgsf] x'G5 . o;sf]
tfTko{ of] xf] ls k[YjLn] #^% lbg
/ ^ ldg]6df ;"o{sf] ! kl/qmdf
k"/f u5{ . o;k|sf/ ;"o{ jif{ / rGb|
jif{df !! lbg ! 306f #! ldg]6 !@
;]s]08sf] cGt/ x'G5 . k|ltjif{ of]
cGt/ a9\b} hfG5 . o;k|sf/ sl/a
# jif{df -#@–## dlxgf_ df Ps
dlxgf a/fa/ x'g hfG5 .
of] s'/f ;a}nfO{ 1ft 5 ls
rGb|dfn] k[YjLsf] kl/qmdf u5{ tyf
o;n] k[YjLsf] kl/qmdf @&=# lbgdf
k"/f u5{ . k[YjLn] @(=&( lsdL k|lt
;]s08sf] ultn] lxF8]/ #^%=@$@@
lbgdf ;"o{sf] kl/qmdf k"0f{ ub{5 .
o;sf] cy{ xf]— Pp6f
k"l0f{dfaf6 csf]{ k"l0f{df;Dd
rGb|dfn] @=@ lbg;Dd cltl/Qm
e|d0f ug'{k5{ . o;sf] sf/0f of] xf]
ls k[YjLn] cfÇgf] jqm sIfdf ;"o{sf]
rf/}lt/ rSs/ nufpF5 . rGb|df
wtL{sf] rf/}tkm} Pp6f k"0f{ sIf e|d0f
@&=# lbgdf u5{ / t/ wtL{ / ;"o{sf
;fy Pp6f ;Lwf /]vfdf cfP/ k"0f{
rGb|df agfpgsf nflu rGb|dfsf]
nflu @(=%#! lbg nfU5 . Pp6f
rGb| dlxgfdf @(+%#! lbg x'G5 /
h;af6 !@ dlxgfdf rGb| jif{df
#^%=@$@@ lbg x'G5 . o;k|sf/
k|lt rGb| jif{ Pj+ ;"o{ jif{sf aLr
s/La !)=&( lbgsf] cGt/ x'G5 .
o;sf/0f o; cGt/nfO{ k"0f{ ug{sf
nflu sl/j #@–## dlxgfdf Clifx¿n]
Pp6f cltl/Qm dlxgfsf] u0fgf u/]
h;nfO{ clws df; elgG5 .
lglvn ljz]if 35

-k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]j >L lzj uf]/If;DaGwL
ljleGg ;To tYo s'/fx¿sf] af/]df hfgsf/L
lbg] qmddf >L ;fj/ ;+/rgf zlQm s]Gb|
g]kfnåf/f k|sflzt tyf of]uL lzjzlQmZj/fgGb
Pj+ of]uL sd{jL/fgGbåf/f lnlvt ‘>L lzj
uf]/If–gfy+k|bfo’ u|Gyaf6 ljleGg k|;+ux¿
qmdzM k|sflzt ub}{ cfO/x]sf 5f}F ._
>L lzj uf]/If–
gfy+k|bfo
u'? dT:o]Gb|gfy / gfy ;Dk|bfo
eujfg\ cflbgfyaf6 gfy ;Dk|bfosf] z'?cft
eO{ cGo ljleGg sfnv08sf gfy dxfof]uLx¿sf]
ct'ngLo Pj+ cj0f{gLo of]ubfgn] cufl8 al9/x]sf]
kfOG5 . eujfg\ cflbgfykl5 gfy dfu{sf] l;4 k/Dk/fdf
dxfof]uL dT:o]Gb|gfy -dlR5Gb|gfy_ sf] gfd cfpF5 .
gfy ;Dk|bfodf u'? dT:o]Gb|gfynfO{ cflbgfy eujfg\sf]
lk|o lziosf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . dxfof]uL, dxf1fgL,
dxftk:jL, dxfrdTsf/L of]uL/fh dT:o]Gb|gfyn] eujfg\
cflbgfyaf6 g} gfy of]u bLIff k|fKt ug'{ePsf] lyof] .
dT:o]Gb|gfysf pTklQ k|;·x¿dWo] w]/}h;f] ljåfg\x¿n]
lgDg k|;·nfO{ a9L JofVof u/]sf 5g\—
u'? dT:o]Gb|gfysf] pTklQ k|;·
:sGbk'/f0fsf] a|Ådf–;+jfbdf u'? dT:o]Gb|gfysf]
cjtf/sf] j0f{g kfOG5 h;cg';f/ s'g} a|fÅd0fsf]
kl/jf/df Ps lbJo afnsf] hGd ePsf] lyof] t/ pQm
afns u08fGt gIfqdf hGd]sf] sf/0f clgi6sf/L
x'G5, o:tf] afnsn] ;f/f 3/ kl/jf/nfO{ g} clgi6 u5{
egL a|fÅd0fn] pQm aRrfnfO{ ;d'b|df nuL kmflnlbP .
;d'b|df 7"nf] df5fn] pQm aRrfnfO{ lgNof] t/ efUojz
O{Zj/Lo rdTsf/åf/f pQm aRrf df5fsf] k]6df
hLljt g} /x] . s]xL ;dokZrft\ eujfg\ lzjn] dftf
kfj{tLnfO{ clt uf]Ko cd/syf dxf1fg ;'gfpg ToxL
;d'b|df cfpg'eof] . eujfg\ lzjn] Tof] PsfGt :yfgdf
kfj{tLnfO{ cd/syf ;'gfpg nfUg'eof] . syf ;'Gbf;'Gb}
36
dftf uf}/L of]ulgb|fdf nLg x'g'eof] . aRrf k]6df
ePsf] pQm df5f ;fu/t6tkm{ cfO{ x'°f/sf] cfjfh
lbFb} eujfg\ z°/n] lbg'ePsf] dxf1fg cfgGbn] ;'Gb}
uof] / df5fsf] k]6leqsf] a|fÅd0fk'qn] dxfb]jn] ;'gfpFb}
ug'{ePsf] syf ;'Gb} uP . ;Dk"0f{ cd/syf ;lsPkl5
dxfb]jn] kfj{tLnfO{ x]bf{ pxfFnfO{ of]ulgb|fdf b]Vg'eof] /
x'°f/ u/]sf] afnsnfO{ aflx/ cfpg cfb]z lbg'eof] .
tTkZrft\ df5fsf] k]6leqaf6 a|fÅd0f afns aflx/
cfO{ eujfg\ lzjnfO{ k|0ffd u/L z/0fdf k/] .
To;kl5 eujfg\ lzjn], æx] kfj{tL ¤ oL afns
ltd|f k'q x'g\ / logL ;j{bf k|;GglrQ x'g]5g\, lognfO{
;+;f/df s;}n] klg k/flht ug{ ;Sb}g .Æ …dT:oÚ
cfyf{t\ df5fsf] k]6af6 lg:sg'ePsf] x'gfn] pxfFsf] gfd
dT:o]Gb|gfy /xg uof] . o;/L dT:o]Gb|gfyn] eujfg\
lzjåf/f ;Dk"0f{ dxf1fg k|fKt u/L of]ul;4 x'g'eof] .
eujfg\ lzjn] …ca ltdLn] of]uljBfsf] lj:tf/ ug{",
l;4 dfu{ gfy dfu{sf] Jofks¿kdf ljsf; / lj:tf/
ug"{Ú eGg] cfb]z lbg'eof] . u'? dT:o]Gb|gfyn] eujfg\
cflbgfysf] cfb]znfO{ lz/f]wfo{ u/L gfy dfu{ cyf{t\
gfy ;Dk|bfosf] ljZje/ k|rf/k|;f/ ug'{eof] . o;/L
cflbgfyk|bQ dxf1fg of]uL/fh dT:o]Gb|gfyn] k|fKt u/L
ljleGg 7fpFdf 3'dL, ljleGg JolQmTjx¿ lgdf0f{ ub}{
gfy ;Dk|bfosf] k|rf/k|;f/ ug'{eof] .
gfy ;Dk|bfo Hofb} k'/fgf] l;4 dfu{ ePsf]n] ;Dk"0f{
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^& j}zfv

l;4x¿ o;}cGtu{t kg]{ ;TotfnfO{ Ps} :j/n] dflgFb}
cfPsf] 5 . o;} k|jfxsf] z+[vnfnfO{ dxfof]uL/fh u'?
dlR5Gb|n] hLjfGttf lbg'eof] . y'k|} u|Gyx¿sf /rlotf
>L u'? dlR5Gb|gfy ljleGg ;+3, ;Dk|bfo Pj+ 7fpFx¿df
ljleGg gfdn] k"lht, ;Ddflgt Pj+ cfb/0fLo x'g'x'G5 .
ljleGg wdf{jnDaLx¿n] klg >L u'? dlR5Gb|gfynfO{
k[ys\ gfd / k[ys\ :j¿kdf Hofb} cfb/, ;Ddfgsf
;fy cfÇgf cf/fWob]jsf] ¿kn] k"Hg] u/]sf] kfOG5 .
u'? dlR5Gb|gfysf] af/]df cufl8 c‰f} a9L k|;·sf
;fy rrf{ ug]{5f}F . s?0ffdoL b]jtfsf ¿kdf ;j{q
k"lht u'? dlR5Gb|gfyn] cfÇgf] of]u1fgsf] k|rf/k|;f/
u/L ;dfhdf ct'ngLo of]ubfg lbg'eof] .
;f/f b]z–ljb]z e|d0f u/L cflbgfyk|bQ
dxf1fgnfO{ afF8\bfafF8\b} Pslbg >L u'? dlR5Gb|gfynfO{
nfdf] ;do;Dd ;dflwdf hfg dg nfUof] . cflbgfy
eujfg\ lzjsf] cf1fnfO{ lz/f]wfo{ u/L cfÇgf]
lhDdfsf] sfo{ ug'{ePsf of]uL/fh dlR5Gb|n] eujfg\
cflbgfy;Fu o;/L cflbgfy eujfg\n] cfÇgf] lk|o
lziosf] ¿kdf :jLsf/ u/L bLlIft u/L ;Dk"0f{ dxf1fg
k|bfg u/L ;+;f/sf] sNof0fsf] nflu lhDdf lbO;s]kl5
u'? dT:o]Gb|gfyn] gfy ;Dk|bfosf] ljsf;sf] nflu y'k|}
sfo{x¿ ug'{ePsf] 5 . ljleGg u"9 zf:qsf] /rgf,
ljleGg lziox¿sf] lgdf{0f cflb cgGt sfo{x¿
/x:odo nLnfsf ;fy ePsf 5g\ . eujfg\ cflbgfyn]
agfpg'ePsf] gjgfykZrft\ u'? dT:o]Gb|gfyn] g} k'gM
cGo gjgfyx¿sf] lgdf{0f ug'{ePsf] kfOG5 . x'g t
u'? dT:o]Gb|gfyn] ha ;f/f ;+;f/df of]u 1fgsf]
k|rf/ ug'{eof], gfy kGynfO{ hLjGttf lbg'eof], ta
klg cfk"mn] vf]h]h:tf] lzio lgdf{0f ug{ ;Sg'ePg .
T;kl5 pxfFn] k'gM eujfg\ cflbgfysf] tk:of ug{
nfUg'eof] . eujfg\ cflbgfy v'zL eO{ …n, j/ dfuÚ
eGg'x'Fbf u'? dT:o]Gb|gfyn] …xh"/n] k|bfg ug'{ePsf oL
;d:t u"9 1fg, dxf1fg, ;d:t l;l4, zlQm cflb
u|x0f ug]{ of]Uo lzio d}n] k|fKt ug{ ;lsg . ctM
dnfO{ ;dflwdf hfg OR5f 5 . xh"/n] lbg'ePsf
;d:t 1fg xh"/ g} d]/f] ;xfos eO{ cfP/ k|fKt
u/L afFsL sfo{ xh"/n] g} ;Dxflnlbg' k¥of]Ú egL j/
dfUg'eof] . eujfg\ cflbgfy dT:o]Gb|gfysf] lzio
agL cfpg'eof] . qmdzM ho u'?b]j ¤
.. ç gdM lglvn]Zjof{o} ..
ç gdM lglvn]Zjof{o} sNof0o} t] gdf] gdM .
gd:t] ?b| ?lk0o} a|≈d d"To}{ gdf] gdM ..!..
gd:t] Sn]z xfl/0o} d+unfo} gdf] gdM .
x/lt ;j{ Joflwgf+ >]i7 Cio} gdf] gdM ..@..
lzioTj ljif gflzGo} k"0f{tfo} gdf]:t't] .
lqljw tfk ;+xTo+}{ 1fg bfœo} gdf] gdM ..#..
zflGt ;f}efUo sfl/0o} z'4 d"To}+{ gdf]:t't] .
IfdfjTo} ;'wfjTo}+{ t]h jTo}{+ gdf] gdM ..$..
gd:t] dGq ?lk0o} tGq ?Ko} gdf]:t't] .
Hof]ltif+ 1fg j}/fUo+ k"0f{ lbJo} gdf] gdM ..%..
o Ob+ k7lt+ :tf]q+ >[0f'ofb\ >[4oflGjt+ .
;j{ kfk ljd'RoGt] l;4of]luZr ;+ej] ..!..
/f]u:yf] /f]u t+ d'Ro]t\ ljkbf qf0fof blk .
;j{ l;l4 ej]b:o lbJo b]x Zr ;+ej] ..@..
lglvn]Zjo{ k+rs+ o lgTo+ of] k7t] g/M .
;jf{g\ sfdfg djfKgf]lt l;4f>df] r jfKg'oft\ ..#..
− ls+s/ :jfdL
yfxf kfpg' eof] <
;b\u'?b]jx?sf] cfsif{s t:jL/
;lxtsf] @)^& ;fnsf ljleGg
rf8kj{, ltlyldlt tyf uf]/v
;+jt\ ;d]t /flvPsf] leQ] kfqf]
cfO;Sof] lg ⁄
lng' ePsf] 5}g <
To;f] eP cfh} glhs}sf] ;Dks{
sfof{nodf ;Dks{ ug'{';\ x} .
d"NoM @% ¿k}Fof dfq t xf] lg ¤
lglvn ljz]if 37

d'b|f ljlw
wf/fjflxs cEof; efu ^
Wofgsf] 5}6f}F ljlw d'b|f ljlw /x]sf] 5 . d'b|f eGgfn]
xftsf cf}Fnfx¿af6 ul/g] ;+s]tnfO{ a'´\g ;lsG5 .
o; ljlwdf xftsf cf}Fnfx¿sf] k|of]u u/L ;+s]t
agfOG5 h;sf] sf/0fn] a|≈df08af6 lbJo /lZdx¿
tfGgnfO{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . x'g t aflx/L ;+;f/df klg
xfdLn] xftsf xfpefpn] w]/} s'/f ul//x]sf x'G5f}F .
cfjfh g;'lgg] 7fpFdf xftsf Ozf/fn] af]nfpg] u5f}F{ .
ghfg] eP xft xNnfP/ ghfg] ;+s]t u5f}{F . cfWoflTds
If]qdf cyf{t\ Wofgsf] ;+;f/df klg d'b|fsf] cfÇg} ljz]if
dxŒj /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . d'b|fsf] k|of]u u/L ;xh¿kdf
b}jL s[kf, cfzLjf{b lbJo /lZdx¿ xfdLn] k|fKt ug{
;Sb5f}F .
oxfF k|of]u ul/g] d'b|fsf] gfd ‘a|≈d d'b|f’ xf] . a|≈d
d'b|f ;[li6stf{ a|≈df;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . o;}n] o; d'b|fdf
a;]/ Wofg ugf{n] xfdLnfO{ ;[li6 ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf k|fKt
x'G5 . To;f] eg]/ ;+;f/ g} ;[li6 ug]{ eg]sf] rflxF xf]Og .
s'g} gofF ljrf/ hGdg' klg cfk}mdf ;[li6 xf] . ;[li6sf]
cy{ w]/} ljzfn / Jofks /x]sf] kfOG5, o; ljlwsf]
k|of]uaf6 JolQmdf creative mind sf] ljsf;
x'G5, cfÇgf] sfo{df klg gofF–gofF ljrf/, h'lQm Pj+
sfo{z}nLdf klg gofF–gofF z}nLsf] ljsf; x'g] ub{5 .
o; d'b|fsf] k|of]un] l;h{gzLntfsf] ljsf; x'G5 .
gofF l;h{gf ug]{ Ifdtfsf] j[l4 x'G5 . gofFkg, gofF
z}nLsf] ljsf; x'G5 . o;/L g;f]r]sf ljrf/x¿sf]
;[li6 x'g], cfk}mn] u/]sf sfo{x¿df klg gofF k|ljlw,
gofF z}nLsf ljrf/x¿sf] l;h{gf x'g] ub{5 . hf] h'g
If]qdf nfu]sf] 5, p;nfO{ ToxL If]qsf] af/]df gofF–gofF
1fg k|fKt x'g yfNb5 .
a|≈d d'b|fnfO{ 1fg k|:k'm6gsf] d'b|fsf] ¿kdf
JofVof ul/Psf] kfOG5, sf/0f o; d'b|fn] xfdLnfO{ xfd|f]
sfo{;DaGwL Pj+ cGo ljifo;DaGwL 1fg xfl;n x'G5,
1fg k|fKt x'G5 .
xfd|f k"j{h Clifd'lgx¿n] klg o; d'b|fdf a;]/
Wofg u/]sf] kfOG5, oxL d'b|fdf ;dflwdf a;]sf]
kfOG5 . a|≈d d'b|fsf] cj0f{gLo kmfObf t cfÇgf] 7fpFdf
5Fb}5 t/ tkfO{F xfdLn] klg o;sf] cEof; u/L kmfObf
lng]tk{m nfuf}F .
38
Wofg rrf{
t/Lsf M
!= cg's"n ldNg] j:q nufpg], ePdf ;n, dfnfx¿
nufpg] .
@= w]/} ;do a:bf cK7\of/f] nfUg] cf;gdf ga;L
;lhnf] nfUg], cg's"n x'g] ;'vf;g, cw{kßf;g jf cGo
cf;gdf a:g ;lsg]5 .
#= cfÇgf] cufl8 u'?x¿sf] kmf]6f], jf cfk"mn] dfgL
cfPsf b]jLb]jtf jf Oi6x¿sf] kmf]6f] /fVg], cu/aQL
afNg], cg's"n eP bLof] afNg] .
$= ;x;|f/df k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]jx¿ >L >L dxfof]uL
u'? uf]/vgfy Pj+ k/dx+; :jfdL >L lglvn]Zj/fgGb
dxf/fhnfO{ u'?¿kdf wf/0f ug]{, Xbodf cfk"mn] dfg]sf
b]jLb]jtfx¿nfO{ wf/0f ug]{ .
%= tLgk6s çsf/ ug]{ / tnsf] Znf]s tLgk6s
pRrf/0f ug]{–
‘u'?a{|≈df u'?lj{i0f'M u'?b]{jf] dx]Zj/M
u'?M ;fIfft\ k/a|≈d t:d} >L u'/j] gdM ..’
^= To;kl5 b'j} xft /u8]/ cfFvf ;]Sg] / cfÇgf]
cufl8 9f]lulbg] .
&= a|≈d d'b|df a:g] . a|≈d d'b|f eGgfn] afofF xftsf]
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^& j}zfv

xTs]nfdfly bfofF xftsf] xTs]nf kg] { u/L /fVg] / b'j} a"9L
cfF}nf Ps cfk;df hf]8\g] . To;kl5 gfleg]/ /fVg] .
*= a|≈d d'b|fdf a;L @! k6s çsf/ pRrf/0f
ug]{ .
(= a|≈d d'b|fnfO{ ;D´]/ Wofg ug]{ .
!)= cfÇgf] cg's"ntfcg';f/ !% ldg]6b]lv #),
$%, ^) ldg]6;Dd ug{ ;lsg]5 .
!!= tLgk6s çsf/ pRrf/0f ug]{ .
!@= tLgk6s tnsf] Znf]s pRrf/0f u/]/ eGg–
‘u'?a{|≈df u'?lj{i0f'M u'?b]{jf] dx]Zj/M
u'?M ;fIfft\ k/a|≈d t:d} >L u'/j] gdM ..’
!#= b'j} xft /u8]/ lz/df ;]Sg], cfFvfdf ;]Sg],
3fF6Ldf ;]Sg], 5ftLdf ;]Sg], gfledf ;]Sg], k'gM b'j} xft
/u8]/ cfFvf ;]Sg], cfÇgf] xTs]nf x]b}{ cufl8 9f]lulbg] .
ho u'?b]j ¤
Wofg;DaGwL lj:t[t hfgsf/Lsf] nflu
Wofgfd[t tyf d'b|fd[t Wofg k':ts
vf]hL–vf]hL k9f}F .
dGq tGq oGq lj1fg;DaGwL
g]kfns} klxnf] /]l8of] sfo{qmd
uf]/If lglvn ;Gb]z
gnsandesh@ssk.org.np
:yfg ;do -laxfg_ :6]zg d]ufxh{
kf]v/f ;f]daf/ %M)%—%M$% df5fk'R5«] FM (!
lrtjg ;f]daf/ %M))—%M$) sflnsf FM (%=@
wgu9L ;f]daf/ %M#)—^M)) lbg]z FM (#=*
;'v]{t zlgaf/ %M!%—%M$% /]l8of] e]/L FM (*=^
uf]/vf ;f]daf/ %M))—%M#) /]l8of] uf]/vf FM (@=*
e}/xjf laxLaf/ %M))—%M$% ¿kGb]xL FM !)@
bfª 3f]/fxL laxLaf/ %M#)—^M)) /]l8of] dWoklZrd FM (!=$
kfNkf laxLaf/ %M))—%M#) /]l8of] d'lQmgfy FM ()=*
l;Gw'nL laxLaf/ %M))—%M#) l;Gw'nLu9L FM !)#=^
bfª ndxL z'qmaf/ %M#)—^M)) /]l8of] b]pv'/L FM !)%=*
kf]v/f laxLaf/ %M#)—^M)) /]l8of] ;/f°f]6 FM !)$=^
bdf}nL laxLaf/ %M@%—%M%% bdf}nL FM ($=@
sf]xnk'/ laxLaf/ %M#)—^M)) sf]xnk'/ FM !))=@
lrtjg ;f]daf/ %M))—%M$) lqj]0fL FM !))=^
bdf}nL a'waf/ %M)%—%M#% dfbL;]tL FM !)%=*
;Nofg laxLaf/ %M))—%M#) /]l8of] ;Nofg FM !)!
bdf}nL a'waf/ %M!)—%M#) /]l8of] tgx"F FM (&=@
xflb{s cfdGq0f
l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|sf] cfof]hgfdf ;DkGg x'g nfu]sf]
;ftf}+ /f]6 dxf]T;jdf ;xefuL eO{
k'0o cfh{g ug'{x'g xflb{s cg'/f]w ub{5f}+ .
ldltM @)^& h]7 !# b]lv @# ut];Dd.
uf]/vf hfcf}+,
/f]6 dxf]T;j ;kmn kf/f}+ .
gf]6M gub Pj+ lhG;L ;xof]u u/L k'0onfe ug{ rfxg'x'g]n]
glhssf] ;Dks{ sfof{nodf ;Dks{ /fVg'xf]nf .
lglvn ljz]if 39

o; :tDecGtu{t
x:t/]vf lj1fgcg';f/
x:t/]vf;DaGwL hfgsf/Lx?
kf7sju{;dIf /fVb} cfO/x]sf 5f}F .
cfzf 5, o;af6 oxfFx? nfeflGjt
x'g'x'g]5 .
dl:tis /]vf cl3Nnf] c+saf6 qmdzM
^$= olb dl:tis /]vf xftsf] aLrdf ;dfKt x'G5 eg]
Tof] JolQm kfun x'G5 .
^%= olb of] /]vf s]xL cufl8 uP/ cfkm}lt/ kms{G5 eg]
Tof] JolQmsf] k|]ddf b'Mvb cGTo x'G5 .
^^= olb of] dl:tis /]vf efUo /]vfsf] jl/kl/ jf
glhs} uP/ ;dfKt x'G5 eg] Tof] JolQmsf] d[To'
kRrL; jif{eGbf cufl8 g} x'G5 .
^&= olb of] /]vf a'w kj{tdf uP/ cGTo x'G5 eg]
Tof] JolQm Jojl:yt sfo{ ug]{ vfnsf] x'G5 . olb
of] /]vfsf] cGTo d+un kj{tdf uP/ x'G5 eg]
Tof] JolQmnfO{ dl:tis;DaGwL sl7gfOx¿ h:t}M
lrGtf, tgfj cflb x'G5 .
^*= olb of] /]vf 5f]6f5f]6f /]vfx¿df afFl8Psf] 5 eg]
Tof] JolQm cTolws 3d08L x'G5 .
^(= olb of] /]vf ;"o{ If]qsf] d'lg uP/ 6'6\b5 eg]
x:t/]vf lj1fg
cfkm\gf] xft
cfkm} x]/f}“
Tof] JolQm JolQmsf] d[To' lx+;|s kz'sf] cf3ftaf6
x'G5 .
&)= olb dl:tis /]vf / hLjg /]vf ldn]/ Go"gsf]0f
agfpF5 eg] Tof] JolQm /fHo ;]jfdf cToGt pRr
kbdf k'Ub5 .
&!= olb of] /]vf hLjg /]vf;Fu ldn]/ Xbo /]vflt/
hfG5 eg] Tof] JolQm cGwf] x'G5 .
&@= olb dl:tis /]vf / :jf:Yo /]vf b'j}sf] clGtd
5]pdf qm; lrGx 5 eg] Tof] JolQm dl:tis /f]un]
u|l;t x'G5 .
&#= olb dl:tis /]vf / Xbo /]vf b'j} 6'6]sf 5g\ eg]
Tof] JolQmsf] u[x:y hLjg ;'vL x'G5 .
&$= olb :jf:Yo /]vf / dl:tis /]vf b'j} nx/fbf/ 5g\
eg] Tof] JolQmsf] :jf:Yo cToGt sdhf]/ x'G5 .
&%= olb xftsf] dWodf of] /]vf Xbo /]vf;Fu ldNb5
eg] Tof] JolQmsf] hLjg z:q eoo'Qm x'G5 .
&^= olb s'g} cGo /]vfn] dl:tis /]vfnfO{ sf6\b5 eg]
Tof] JolQm dfgl;s¿kdf sdhf]/ x'G5 .
&&= olb dl:tis /]vf 6'6]sf] 5 / o;sf] ;fydf cGo
/]vfx¿ klg 5g\ eg] Tof] JolQm kfun x'G5 .
&*= olb s'g} /]vf z'qm kj{taf6 lg:s]/ dl:tis
/]vfnfO{ sf6\b5 eg] Tof] JolQmsf] u[x:y hLjg
aaf{b x'G5 .
&(= olb dl:tis /]vfaf6 zfvf /]vfx¿ lg:s]/ z'qm
kj{tlt/ hfG5g\ eg] Tof] JolQmsf] k|]d hLjgel/
u'Kt /xG5 .
*)= olb of] /]vfaf6 s'g} ;xfos /]vf lgSn]/ u'?
kj{tlt/ hfG5 eg] Tof] JolQm ls/fgf Jofkf/L
x'G5 .
*!= olb of] /]vfaf6 s'g} ;xfos /]vf lgSn]/ zlg
kj{tlt/ hfG5 eg] Tof] JolQm pRrsf]l6sf] wfld{s
x'G5 .
*@= olb o; /]vfaf6 s'g} ;xfos /]vf lgSn]/ ;"o{
40
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^& j}zfv

kj{tlt/ hfG5 eg] Tof] JolQmnfO{ cfsl:ds wg
nfe x'G5 .
*#= olb o; /]vfaf6 s'g} ;xfos /]vf lgSn]/ a'w
kj{tlt/ hfG5 eg] Tof] JolQm nvklt x'G5 .
*$= olb o; /]vfsf] cGTodf /]vfx¿sf] u'R5f 5 eg]
Tof] JolQm s'l6n, ´"6f] / rnfv x'G5 .
*%= olb zlg kj{tsf] d'lg o; /]vfdf ;]tf wAafx¿
5g\ eg] Tof] JolQm cfly{s b[li6n] ;an x'G5 .
*^= olb ;"o{ kj{tsf] d'lg o; /]vfdf ;]tf] wAaf 5 eg]
Tof] JolQmn] /fi6«JofkL ;Ddfg kfpF5 .
*&= olb a'w kj{td'lg o; /]vfdf ;]tf] wAaf 5 eg]
Tof] JolQm s/f]8klt x'G5 .
**= olb d+un kj{t anjfg\ 5 / o; /]vfsf] cGtdf
lqsf]0f ag]sf] 5 eg] Tof] JolQmn] hLjgdf s;} g
s;}sf] xTof ub{5 .
*(= olb of] /]vfdf st} /lQmd wAaf 5 eg] Tof]
JolQmsf] lz/df rf]6 nfu]/ d[To' x'G5 .
()= olb of] /]vfdf st} lgnf] wAaf 5 eg] Tof] JolQm
hLjgdf ck/fwL dgf]j[lQsf] x'G5 .
(!= olb of] /]vf rf]/L cf}Fnfsf] d"n;Dd k'u]sf] 5 eg]
Tof] JolQm hLjgdf c;kmn x'G5 .
(@= olb of] /]vf dWodf cf}Fnfdf r9]sf] 5 eg] Tof]
JolQmsf] 8'a]/ d[To' x'G5 .
(#= olb of] /]vf ;flxFnL cf}Fnfsf] d"ndf k'u]sf] 5 eg]
Tof] JolQm k|l;4 tflGqs x'G5 .
($= olb of] /]vf sfG5L cf}Fnfdf r9]sf] 5 eg] Tof]
JolQmsf] ;lGgkftn] d[To' x'G5 .
(%= olb of] /]vf ;a} b[li6af6 bf]ifd'Qm 5 eg] Tof]
JolQmsf] r'DasLo JolQmTj x'G5 .
qmdzM
gjjif{ @)^& sf] pknIodf ;Dk"0f{
;fws ;flwsf Pj+ eQmhgx?df
uf]/v lglvn bLkn] pHofnf] ls/0f
5/f];\ eGg] z'esfdgf JoQm ub{5f}“ .
lvn ltjf/L nIdL ltjf/L
s'Gbg ltjf/L ;'zfGt ltjf/L
Dx}kL, sf7df8f}“
@)^& j}zfv dlxgfsf
j}zfv %, !@, !(, @^ ut] -cfOtjf/_
;j{>]i7— lbg ^M))—^M$*
/flq ^M$*—&M#^, #M#^—$M@$
>]i7— lbg ^M$*—!)M))
/flq *M@$—!)M)),$M@$—^M))
j}zfv ^, !#, @), @& ut] -;f]djf/_
;j{>]i7— /flq &M#^—(M!@
>]i7— lbg ^M))—&M@$, !)M$*—!M!@, #M#^—%M!@
/flq (M!@—!)M)), !M!@—@M$*
j}zfv &, !$, @!, @* ut] -d+unjf/_
;j{>]i7— /flq &M#^—(M!@, #M#^—$M@$
>]i7— lbg ^M))—*M@$, !)M))—!@M@$,$M#^—%M!@
/flq (M!@—!)M)),!@M@$—@M)), $M@$—^M))
j}zfv !, *, !%, @@, @( ut] -a'wjf/_
;j{>]i7— lbg #M#^—$M@$
/flq (M!@—!)M$*
>]i7— lbg &M#^—(M!@,$M@$—^M)), !!M#^—!@M))
/flq ^M$*—(M!@, @M))—^M))
j}zfv @, (, !^, @#, #) ut] -laxLjf/_
;j{>]i7— /flq &M#^—(M!@
>]i7— lbg ^M))—*M@$,!)M$*—!M!@, $M@$—^M))
/flq (M!@—!)M)), !M!@—@M$*, $M@^—^M))
j}zfv #, !), !&, @$, #! ut] -z'qmjf/_
;j{>]i7— /flq !M!@—#M#^
>]i7— lbg ^M$*—!)M@$,!@M!@—!M!@,$M@$—%M!@,
/flq *M@$—!)M$*, $M@$—^M))
j}zfv $, !!, !*, @% ut] -zlgjf/_
>]i7— lbg !)M#^—!@M@$,#M#^—%M!@,
/flq *M@$—!)M$*,@M))—#M#^, $M@$—^M))
gf]6M
lbg–eGgfn] laxfg ^M)) b]lv ;fFem ^M)) ;Dd
/flq–eGgfn] ;fFem ^M)) b]lv csf]{ laxfg ^M)) ;Dd
k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]j 8f= gf/fo0fbQ >LdfnLHo"åf/f
/lrt ‘Hof]ltif cf}/ sfn lg0f{o’ u|Gydf cfwfl/t .
lglvn ljz]if 41

cf>d kl/ro
;Dks{ sfof{no n]vgfy, sf:sL
u08sL c+rn sf:sL lhNnfsf] lxdfnsf] sfv d'lg
/x]sf] ;'Gb/ ;ft tfnsf] auF }rf n]vgfy gu/Lsf] df‰fdf
j8f g+=–& a8x/] eGg] 7fpFdf rf/}lt/af6 b]lvg] b]jL
b]jtfx¿sf] dlGb/x¿ pQ/ sflnsf eujtL, k"j{ rGb|
sflnsf, klZrd r08]Zj/L, jf/fxL, blIf0f lzj dlGb/,
sflnsf ePsf] q}nf]So lzj dlGb/ kl/;/df cGbfh
!$÷!% /f]kgL If]qkmn hUufdf ljleGg h8La'6L, j[If
ePsf] au}Frf;lxtsf] o; b]j:yndf ;'Gb/ Pj+ kljq
l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb| ;Dks{ sfof{no n]vgfysf] cf>d
ejg /x]sf] 5 . of] ejg &) k'm6 nfdf], #) k'm6 rf}8f,
!@÷!@ OGr lad, lkn/, 9'Ëf / OF6fn] lgld{t @ tn]
9nfg ePsf] ejg jl/kl/ /]lnË af/ dflyNnf] 5t dfly
b]lvg] aLr tnfaf6 lgld{t ljleGg snfn] s'lbPsf] ;'Gb/
dlGb/ o;} cf>d leq /x]sf] 5 . dflyNnf] tnfdf u'?
cf/tL ;~rfng x'g'sf ;fy} ljqmL ljt/0f sIf klg /x]sf]
5 . tNnf] tnfdf ! efG;f, cfjf;, ehg sLt{g, of]u,
Wofg, hg;Dks{ sIf /x]sf] 5 . ;fy} o; ejgdf !( j6f
‰ofn, * j6f 9f]sf, $ j6f zf}rfno -afy?d_ ;d]t
r]gn ;6/ / r]gn u]6 ;lxtsf] d"nåf/ /x]sf] 5 .
o; cf>d ejgsf] k"j{df lzj dlGb/, gfu]Zj/
:yfg, xjg s'08, ;ldwf 3/, cfudg åf/ /x]sf] 5
eg] klZrd lbzfdf sfo{qmd dGr ;lxtsf #,))) ju{
k'm6sf] u|fp08 k]mlbaf6 kmnfd] /]lnË ;lxtsf] l;d]G6]8
l;l8o'Qm af6f] 5 . cufl8 uf]/v lglvn au} Frfsf] aLrdf
42
@! k'm6] lqz"n /x]sf] 5 . o; ejg cufl8 :6]k, :6]k
9'Ëfsf] cfFug, k"mn / ljleGg h8La'6L j[If /f]lkPsf]
auF}rf 5 .
@)^@ cflZjg #! ut] :yfkgf ePsf] o; cf>dn]
@)^@ d+l;/ ! ut] l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|, s]Gb|Lo
sfof{noaf6 ;Dks{ sfof{nosf] ¿kdf :jLs[lt k|fKt
u/]sf] xf] . :yfkgfsf] s]xL dlxgf kl5 g} :yfgLo
q}nf]Sos]Zj/ lzj dlGb/ kl/;/df /x]sf] hUufdf cf>d
ejg lgdf{0f ug]{ ;xdlt eP adf]lhd @)^# c;f/ !@
ut] ejg lznfGof; u/L lgdf{0f sfo{ k"/f ePkZrft\
xfn;fn} ut r}q !# / !$ ut] b'O{ lbj;Lo¿kdf
cf>d ejg pb\3f6g ;df/f]x klg ;kmntfk"j{s ;DkGg
ul/;s]sf] 5 .
;fy} o; cf>ddf 7Ls a]n'sL % ah] b}lgs lbJo
u'? cf/tL ;+rfng, k|To]s laxLaf/ !) b]lv !@ ah];Dd
u'? k"hg Pj+ xjg ;fy} k|To]s dlxgfsf] @! tf/Lvdf
lbJo u'? dxf]T;j eJo¿kdf dgfOG5 eg] ;do ;dodf
of]u tyf Wofgsf sIffx¿ klg ;~rfng eO/x]sf
5g\ . o; cf>dsf] dftxtdf n]=g=kf=–!@ v'bLdf k|rf/
k|;f/ s]Gb| vf]lnPsf] 5 eg] To;}u/L df´7fgf uf=lj=;=
eujtL6f/df klg cf/tL ;+rfng s]Gb| :yfkgf ePsf]
5 hxfF g]kfns} klxnf] uf]/If lglvn dlGb/ tyf cf>d
ejgsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ eO/x]sf] 5 . ho u'?b]j ¤
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^& j}zfv

:jflwi7fg rqm
of]u
l;Gb"/k"/?lr/f?0fkb\ddGot\
;f}if'D0fdWo3l6t+ Wjhd"nb]z] .
c+uR5b+ kl/j[t+ tl8bfej0f}{–
jf{w]M ;laGb'nl;t}Zr k'/Gb/f+t} ..
t:ofGt/] k|ljn;b\ ljzbk|sfz–
dDef]hd08ndyf] j?0f:o t:o .
c4]{Gb'¿knl;t+ z/lbGb'z'e|+
jª\sf/aLhddnds/flw?9d\ ..
– if6\rqmlg¿k0f ef=@÷!$–!%
d"nfwf/ rqmeGbf dfly :jflwi7fg rqm cfpFb5 .
of] d]?b08leq ;'if'Dgfdf l:yt x'G5, hn tŒj k|wfg
x'G5 . o;sf] :yfg ln+u d"nsf] k5fl8 x'G5 . of] rqm
l;Gb'/] /+usf] x'G5 / ^ bn ePsf] sdnsf] cfsf/sf]
x'G5 . o;sf] d"n aLh dGq ‘j+’ xf] . / o;sf ^
bnx¿sf ljleGg aLh dGqx¿ ‘a+’, ‘e+’, ‘d+’, ‘o+’, ‘/+’,
‘n+’cflb x'g\ .
o; rqmsf] zlQm ‘zflsgL’ / cflwi7fqL b]jtf
‘lji0f'’ x'g\ . z'Sn j0f{df cw{ rGb|fsf/ hn d08n
x'gfn] o;sf] oGqsf] :j¿k klg rGb| cfsf/ x'G5 .
o;sf] jfxg ‘du/’ xf] . o;nfO{ Sacral hypogastric
plexus ;Fu klg t'ngf ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
:jflwi7fg hfu/0fdf ;fjwfgL
d"nfwf/ rqmsf] hfu/0f;Fu} tk:of j[l4 ub}{ uPkl5
:jflwi7fg rqm hfu/0fsf] qmd cfpF5 . ha o;sf]
hfu/0f z'? x'G5 ta k|To]s ;fws ;flwsfdf sfd
jf;gfsf] clwstf x'G5 . of] rqmsf] hfu/0fkl5
;fwsdf cTolws ;fjwfgL /xg' cfjZos x'G5
lsgeg] olb ;fjwfgL /fVg ;lsPg eg] cwf]ufdL
k|j[lQ x'G5 . ;DejtM g}lts ktg klg x'g ;S5 .
t/ hf] JolQm sfdjf;gfdf lgoGq0f ug{ ;Sb5 To;n]
pmWj{ufdL k|j[lt k|fKt ug{ ;Sb5 . cfÇgf] dgf]g's"n
;Gtfg cfÇgf] /hM jf jLo{åf/f pTkGg ug{ ;Sb5 .
Tof] JolQmsf] JolQmTj olt clws ;Ddf]xs x'G5 ls
dflg;x¿ p;sf] s'/f ug{ nfnflot x'G5g\ .
rqm hfu/0fsf kmfObfx?
:jflwi7fg rqmsf] hfu/0fkZrft\ ;fws :qL xf];\
of k'?if p;sf] gk+';stf ;dfKt x'G5 . p;nfO{ k"0f{
k'?ifTj / k"0f{ gf/LTj k|flKt x'G5 . j+zsf] pknlAw
x'G5 . kf}?iftf cyf{t\ lge{otf / lg8/tf k|flKt x'G5 .
a|Ådro{ cyf{t\ sfdjf;gfdfly lgoGq0f k|flKt x'G5 .
:jtM cfsif{0fsf] Ifdtf k|fKt x'G5 . ef}lts ;fwgx¿sf]
pkof]u ug]{ Ifdtf klg ldNb5 . of] rqm ckfg jfo'åf/f
;~rflnt x'G5 . cx+sf/ cflb ljsf/ ;dfKt x'G5 .
lglvn ljz]if 43

:jflwi7fg rqm / cGtM;|fjL u|lGy
(Related Endocrine glands)
o; rqmsf] jl/kl/ d[uf}nf / Pl8«gn u|lGy x'G5 .
o; rqmsf] lqmofzLntfn] tL c+ux¿df k|ToIf k|efj
kfb{5 . To;sf/0f o;sf] hfu/0f ePdf tL u|lGy /
c+ux¿n] ug]{ lgDg sfo{x¿df klg lgvf/, k|efjsfl/tf
cfpg] :jtM k'li6 x'G5 .
Pl8«gn u|lGy (Adrenal gland)
dflg;sf] z/L/df oL u|lGy Ps hf]8L x'G5g\ .
logLx¿ d[uf}nfsf] dflyNnf] efudf cjl:yt x'G5g\ .
k|To]s u|lGysf] tf}n rf/ u|fd /x]sf] x'G5 . o;sf]
agfj6nfO{ b'O{ efudf ljefhg ul/Psf] kfOG5 . Pl8«gn
s6]{S; / Pl8«gn d]8'nf .
!=Pl8«gn s6]{S; (Adrenal cortex)
– o;af6 lgDg xfdf]{gx¿ lg:sG5g\–
ldg/nf]sl6{sf]O8\;, Un'sf]sl6{sf]O8\ / ;]S; xfdf]{g .
h;df ldg/nf]sl6{sf]O8\;cGtu{t klg cGo xfdf]{gx¿
kb{5g\ h;nfO{ k|f0f/Ifs xfdf]{g elgG5 . logLx¿n]
44
/utdf l:yt ;f]l8od, kf]6fl;od, xfO8«f]hgnfO{
;Gt'ngdf /fvL /Qmrfksf] plrt dfqf lgwf{/0f ug{df
;xof]u k'¥ofpFb5g\ . Un'sf]sl6{sf]O8n] sfaf]{xfO8«]6,
k|f]l6g / lrNnf] kbfy{sf] plrt rof]kro u/L z/L/nfO{
:j:y /fVgdf d2t k'¥ofpF5 . o;}u/L ;]S; xfdf]{gn]
k|hgg c+ux¿sf] ljsf; ug{df dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf
v]Nb5 . Pl8«gn s6]{S;n] /fd|f];Fu sfd u/]g eg] ljljw
k|sf/sf 3fts /f]ux¿ nfUg] ub{5g\ h;df s'l;·
l;G8«f]d, Pl8;G; l8lhh cflb /f]ux¿ kb{5g\ .
@= Pl8«gn d]8'nf (Adrenal medula) M o;af6
Pl8«gflng, g/Pl8«gflng, 8f]kfldg cflb xfdf]{gx¿
lg:sG5g\ . oL xfdf]{gx¿n] z/L/sf dxŒjk"0f{ lqmofx¿
h:t}M d'6'sf] ult, Zjf;sf] ult, /Qmrfk cflb lgwf{/0f
ug{df dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nb5g\ . Fright, Flight &
Fight cyf{t\ 8/fPsf] cj:yfdf, p8]sf] cj:yfdf /
n8fOF–´u8fsf] cflb cj:yfx¿df Pl8«gflng xfdf]{g
;|fj x'G5 / o; cj:yfdf o;} xfdf]{gn] sfo{ ;~rfng
ul//x]sf] x'G5 . To;}n] :jflwi7fg hfu/0f ePdf
Pl8«gflngsf] plrt / lgolGqt dfqfdf ;|fj u/fpg 7"nf]
d2t ub{5 . h;sf sf/0f :jflwi7fg hfu/0fkZrft\
;fws ;flwsfdf lgle{stf, lg8/tf pTkGg x'G5 eg]/
of]uzf:qx¿df j0f{g ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
d[uf}nf
d[uf}nsf] d"n sfo{ eg]sf] z/L/df ePsf] /utnfO{ 5fg]/
plrt dfqfdf lk;fa / ljhftLo kbf{yx¿sf] lgisfzg ug'{
xf] . olb d[uf}{nfdf s]xL u8a8L pTkGg eP w]/} 3fts
/f]ux¿ klg nfUg ;S5g\ . o;af6 klg b'O{j6f xfdf]{gx¿
lg:sG5g\– /]lgg / Ol/y|f]kf]Pl6g . /]lggn] z/L/sf]
/Qmrfk ;Gt'ng /fVgdf d2t k'¥ofpF5 eg] Ol/y|f]kf]Ol6gn]
/Qmsf]ifsf] plrt pTkfbgdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpFb5 .
;fy} o; rqmsf] jl/kl/ klg w]/} gf8Lx¿ /x]sf
x'G5g\ . tL gf8Lx¿sf] sfo{sf] k|efjsfl/tfdf klg o;
rqmsf] hfu/0fn] k|efj kfb{5 .
To;}n] ;Ifd ;b\u'?x¿sf] dfu{lgb]{zgdf of]u
;fwgf, Wofg, dGq, xjg cflb ;fwgfx¿ ;DkGg ub}{
;fws agf}F, s'08lngL rqm hfu/0fsf] /;f:jfbg ub}{
hLjgnfO{ pmWj{d'vL agfcf}F . qmdzM
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^& j}zfv

cd[t ;dfg hl8a'6L
u'hf]{ cyf{t\ cd[tfsf] pTklQ
k|;+udf Pp6f /f]rs syf /x]sf]
kfOG5 . ha n+sfsf /fhf cledfgL
/fj0fn] ;Ltf x/0f u/]/ nu], To;kl5
>L/fdn] jfg/ ;]gfx¿ ;lxt n+sfdf
cfqmd0f ug'{eof] . b]jtfsf 3f]/ zq'
/fj0fdfly eujfg\ >L/fdn] sl7g
o'4kZrft\ ljho k|fKt ug'{eof] .
To; ;dodf y'k|} jfg/ ;]gfx¿sf]
d[To' ePsf] lyof] . t/ cfÇgf] zq'
/fj0fsf] d[To' ePsf] v'zLofnLdf
xhf/f}F g]q ePsf :ju{sf /fhf
OGb|n] cd[tsf] jiff{ ug'{eof] . ;a}
d[t jfg/ ;]gfx¿ hLljt eP .
hxfF hxfF cd[tsf yf]kfx¿ k[YjLdf
v;] tL–tL 7fpFx¿af6 cd[tf
gfds lbJo h8Lsf] pTklQ eof] /
o;n] dflg;x¿nfO{ cd[ts} ¿kdf
:jf:Yonfe u/fpg yfNof] .
u'8"rL s6'sf ltStf :jfb'kfsf /;fogL .
;+u|flx0fL siffof]i0ff n£jL aNoflUgbLkgL ..
bf]ifqofdt[8\bfxd]xsf;f+Zr kf08'tfd\ .
sfdnfs'i7jftf;|Hj/s[ldjdLx/]t\ ..
– efjk|sfz lg306'
u'8"rL s6', ltQm tyf siffo
/;o'Qm x'G5 . ljkfs dw'/
x'G5 . /;fog, ;+u|fxL, pmi0fjLo{,
n3', ansf/s, clUgbLks tyf
lqbf]if, cfd, t[i0ff, bfx, sf;, kf08',
sfdnf, s'i7, jft/Qm, Hj/, s[dL
cflb /f]ux¿ gfzs x'G5 .
cd[tf ;f+u|flxs–jftx/–bLkgLo
Zn]idzf]l0ftljaGwk|zdgfgfd\ .
–r=;"=@%
u'8"rL ;f+u|lxs 5 . o;n]
jftbf]ifx/, bLkg, /Qm, skm bf]if,
cfo'j]{b
u'hf]{
slAhot cflbnfO{ k|zdg ub{5 .
kl/ro
Nofl6g gfd– Tinospora
cordifolia (Willd), kof{ojfrL
gfd– u'8"rL, dw'k0fL{, cd[tf,
l5Gg?xf, jT;fbgL, tlGqsf,
s'08lngL, rqmnIfl0fsf, lunf]o .
c+u|]hL gfd– Tinospora, s'n gfd–
menispermaceae.
:j?k M of] Psk|sf/sf]
ax'jiff{o' ´f8Lbf/ nx/f xf] h'g
gLd, cfFk cflb j[Ifx¿df nx/fsf]
¿kdf km}lnPsf] x'G5 . sf08 df+;n
x'G5 . kq Xbofsf/, hfnLbf/, l:gUw
x'G5 . kmn d6/sf] bfgf ;dfg
c08fsf/, lrNnf], df+;no'Qm x'G5
/ kfs]kl5 /ftf] x'G5 . jiff{ Ct'df
k'ik / zLtsfndf kmn nfUg] ub{5 .
of] k|fo g]kfnel/ kfOG5 ;fy} v]tL
klg ul/G5 .
/f;folgs ;+u7g– aa]{l/g,
lunf]Og, p8gzLn t}n, jf;fDn
tyf sf08df Ps k|sf/sf] :6fr{
kfOG5 .
k|of]Ho c+u – sf08 .
k|of]u M of] lqbf]if ljsf/ gfzs
x'G5 . l3psf] ;fy jfo', zs{/fsf]
;fy lkQ, dw'sf] ;fy skm ljsf/
gfz ub{5 . s'i7, jft/Qm cflb /f]udf
l;4 t}nsf] ;fydf k|of]u ug'{kb{5 .
t[i0ff, ;bL{, clUgdfGB, z"n, sn]hf]
ljsf/, sfdnf, cDnlkQ, k|jflxsf,
u|x0fL, s[dL, Xbobf}a{No, jft/Qm,
cfdjft, kf08', sf;, z'qmbf}a{No,
dw'd]x, lj;k{, rd{/f]u, lkm/ËL,
hL0f{Hj/, ljifdHj/, bfx / /;fog
lglvn ljz]if 45

sd{ cflbdf k|of]u ul/G5 .
u'8"rL ;Tj– o;sf] sf08nfO{ lk;]/ kfgLdf
3f]Ng] . o;/L 3f]Nbf lkFwdf ;]tf] kfp8/ hDdf x'G5 .
pQm kfp8/nfO{ 3fddf ;'sfpg] o;}nfO{ u'8'rL ;Tj
elgG5 . o;df w]/} dfqfdf zlQmbfos :6fr{ x'G5 .
j}1flgs cg';Gwfgx?–
/f]uk|lt/f]wfTds Ifdtfdf j[l4M
(Immunomodulatory activity)
u'8'rLdf kfOg] Cordioside, Cordiofolioside
nufot cGo /;fogx¿n] dfgj z/L/df cfO=lh=lh=
Pl06a8Lx¿sf] j[l4 u/fpFb5 . o;n] la= / 6L=
lnDkmf];fO8x¿sf] j[l4 u/fpF5 ;fy} Go'6«f]lkmN;,
Dofqmf]km]h]h cflbsf] ;+Vofdf klg j[l4 u/fpF5 h;n]
ubf{ z/L/df /f]usf sL6f0f'x¿nfO{ ;xh} lgd"{n kfg{
;Sg] Ifdtf pTkGg x'G5 .
j]bgfgfzs sfo{ M (Antiinflammatory activity)
u'8"rLdf kfOg] /f;folgs tŒjx¿ Syringin / Cordial
n] j]bgfgfzs cf}iflwx¿ NSAIDs sf] h:t} z/L/sf]
b'vfO sd ug]{ sfo{ ub{5g\ . laxfgsf] ;dodf jft/Qm
(Rheumtoid arthritis) /f]uLsf xftx¿ hsl8g] x'G5g\ .
pQm ;d:ofnfO{ klg log} tŒjn] ;dfwfg ub{5 .
dw'd]xgfzs sfo{ M (Antidiabetic activity)
u'8"rLsf] h/f, sf08 / kftdf dw'd]x gfzs u'0f
/x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . k|f0fLx¿df u'hf]{n] /Qm zs{/fsf]
dfqfnfO{ 36fpg d2t ub{5 . Pyrolidine gfds /;ofg
nfO{ d';fdf k|of]u ubf{ /Qmzs{/fsf] dfqf clt 36]sf]
kfOPsf] lyof] . o;af6 u'8"rLn] dw'd]xnfO{ kmfObf
k'¥ofpg] :ki6 x'G5 .
sn]hf]nfO{ ;'/Iff tyf ;+jw{g ug]{ sfo{ M
(Hepatoprotective action)
cTolws dBkfgsf] ;]jgaf6 tyf cGo sf/0faf6
xfd|f] sn]hf]sf sf]ifx¿ h:t} skm/ ;]nx¿ lgliqmo
x'g] ub{5g\ . o; cj:yfdf u'8"rLsf] k|of]un] sn]hf]sf]
sfo{ ;'rf? x'g d2t ub{5 . afv|fdf ul/Psf] Pp6f
k|of]uaf6 u'8"rLdf sn]hf] ;'/Iff ug]{ u'0fx¿ /x]sf]
kfOof] .
tgfjgfzs sfo{ M (Antistress activity)
u'8"rLdf 8folhkfd ;dfg dflg;sf] tgfjnfO{
sd ug]{ u'0f /x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . o;} tgfjsf sf/0f
pTkGg x'g] cN;/af6 klg o;n] hf]ufPsf] kfOof] .
ljlzi6 cf}ifwLo sNkgf– u'8"Roflb r"0f{, u'8'Roflb
Sjfy, u'8'rL nf}x, cd[tfl/i6, u'8"rL t}n, u'8"rL ;Tj
46
@)^& j}zfv dlxgfdf kg]{ rf8kj{x?
j}zfv ! ut] gjjiff{/De, dftftLy{ cf}F;L
tfGqf]Qm dxfnIdL xjg
tfGqf]Qm ljGWojfl;gL xjg
j}zfv @ ut] tfGqf]Qm aunfd'vL xjg,
tfGqf]Qm dxlif{ j]bJof; xjg,
k'?iff]Qd dlxgf z'ef/De
j}zfv ^ ut] >L lzj uf]/If xjg
j}zfv & ut] tfGqf]Qm j6's e}/j xjg,
tfGqf]Qm u0fklt xjg
j}zfv * ut] ;b\u'?b]j cjt/0f lbj;,
l;=z=s]=sf] !! cf}F jflif{sf]T;j
j}zfv ( ut] ci6dLj|t, uf]/vsfnL k"hf
j}zfv !! ut] kb\ldgL PsfbzL
j}zfv !# ut] k|bf]if j|t
j}zfv @# ut] ci6dLj|t, uf]/vsfnL k"hf
j}zfv @^ ut] k/df PsfbzL
j}zfv @* ut] k|bf]if j|t
j}zfv #! ut] k'?iff]Qd dlxgf ;dfKt
k|To]s a[x:kltaf/ laxfg !)M)) ah]—u'? k"hg
k|To]s lbg ;f“´ %M)) ah]—cf/tL
cflb . dfqf– Sjfy %) b]lv !)) ld=ln= . r"0f{– #–^
u|fd . ;Tj– !–@ u|fd .
gf]6M k|foM tfhf u'8"rLsf] k|of]u ug'{kb{5 . ;+u|x ug'{
k/]df jiff{ Ct'k"j{ 5fofFdf ;'sfP/ /fVg'kb{5 . u'8"rLdf
s'g} klg k|sf/sf] cf}ifwLo /f;folgs k|ltlqmof, kfZj{
c;/, ljiffQmtf kfOPsf] 5}g .
dfly plNnlvt /f]ux¿df u'8"rL tyf o;af6
ag]sf cfo'j]{b cf}iflwx¿sf] k|of]u cfo'j]{b lrlsT;ssf]
k/fdz{ cg';f/ k|of]u u/]/ :jf:Yonfe ug{ ;lsG5 .
;fy} ;'ne¿kdf b]lvg] u'8"rLsf] la?jfnfO{ 3/ j/k/
nufpg', hf]ufpg', o;nfO{ lrGg', cf}ifwLo¿kdf k|fs[lts
u'8'rLnfO{ cfkm}n] k|of]u u/]/ x]g'{, cfÇgf ;GtfgnfO{ o;
hl8a'6Lsf af/]df hfgsf/L lbg' xfdL ;a}sf] st{Jo xf],
cfo'j]{b / k|s[ltsf] ;QfnfO{ ;Ddfg ug'{ xf] .
ho u'?b]j ¤
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^& j}zfv

o:tf] /x\of] @)^^ ;fn
gjjif{ @)^& sf] cfudg ePsf] 5 . k/dk"Ho
;b\u'?b]jx¿sf] c;Ld s[kf, cg'sDkf / cfzLjf{b:j¿k
:yflkt l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb| -l;=z=s]=_ n] :yfkgf
sfnb]lv cfWoflTds ultljlwx¿dfkm{t ;dfhdf 5'§}
klxrfg agfpg ;kmn ePsf] 5 . oxL klxrfgnfO{
cfTd;ft\ ub} { ;+:yfn] @)^^ ;fndf klg cfÇgf lgoldt
ultljlwx¿nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg ;kmn /Åof] . ut jif{
;+:yfn] ;DkGg u/]sf sfo{qmdx¿sf] oxfF ;;{tL{ rrf{
ul/Psf] 5 .
!= lgoldt sfo{qmdx?
s]Gb|n] lgoldt sfo{qmdsf] ¿kdf ;~rfng ub}{
cfO/x]sf lgDg sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ klg ut jif{ klg ;Dkg
u¥of] . o;qmddf ;DkGg ePsf b}lgs sfo{qmdx¿
lgDgk|sf/ 5g\−
!=! b}lgs sfo{qmd
o; s]Gb|df k|To]s lbg cf>d v'Ng] ;do oyfjt\
/x\of] . a]n'sLsf] % ah]sf] lgTo cf/tL klg k|To]s lbg
;DkGg eof] . k|To]s lbg x'g] lbJo cf/tLdf ;fws
;flwsfx¿sf] pNn]vgLo ;xeflutf /xg] u/]sf] lyof] .
!=@ ;fKtflxs sfo{qmd
;fKtflxs sfo{qmdsf] ¿kdf ut jif{ ;DkGg ePsf
sfo{qmdx¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\—
s_ k|To]s j[x:kltaf/sf] u'? kfb'sf k"hg sfo{qmd
klg k|To]s xKtf ;DkGg eof] .
v_ k|To]s z'qmaf/ a]n'sf $M)) ah] sfo{stf{x¿sf
nflu ;~rfng x'Fb} cfO/x]sf] :6fkm ldl6ª sfo{qmd
lgwf{l/t ;dodf x/]s z'qmaf/ ;DkGg eof] .
3_ k|To]s xKtf ;~rflnt uf]/If lglvn ;Gb]z
/]l8of] sfo{qmd ut jif{ klg ljleGg lhNnfx¿df ljleGg
!& j6f /]l8of] :6]zgx¿dfkm{t\ k|;f/0f eP .
!=# dfl;s sfo{qmd
s_ lbJo u'? dxf]T;j M o; sfo{qmdnfO{ o; s]Gb|n]
ut jif{ klg eJotfsf ;fy ;DkGg ug{ ;kmn eof] .
v_ dfl;s xjg sfo{qmd M l;=z=s]=n] ut jif{ klg
>L lzj uf]/If xjg sfo{qmd, tfGqf]Qm j6's e}/j xjg
sfo{qmd, tfGqf]Qm dxfnIdL xjg sfo{qmd, tfGqf]Qm
aunfd'vL xjg sfo{qmd qmdzM k|To]s dlxgfsf] klxnf]
;f]daf/, d+unaf/, a'waf/ / laxLaf/ ;Dkg u¥of] .
;fy}, l;=z=s]= ;Dks{ sfof{no /fd3f6, sf:sLn] dftf
ljGWojfl;gLsf] lbJotd xjg sfo{qmd ljGWojfl;gL
dlGb/ k|f·0fdf k|To]s dlxgfsf] klxnf] a'waf/ ;DkGg
u¥of] . To;}u/L ;Dks{ sfof{no bdf}nL, tgx'Fn] klg
dxlif{ j]bJof;sf] lbJotd xjg sfo{qmd Jof; u'kmf
kl/;/df ;DkGg u¥of] .
u_ ;+:yfn] k|To]s dlxgfsf] @) / @! ut] ;~rfng
ub{} cfO/x]sf] dfl;s sfo{stf{ tflnd tyf k|lzIf0f
sfo{qmdx¿ ut jif{ klg ;DkGg eP .
!=$ jflif{s sfo{qmd
s_ ;b\u'?b]j cjt/0f lbj; M
k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]j k/dx+; :jfdL >L lglvn]Zj/fgGb
dxf/fhsf] &^ cf}F cjt/0f lbj;nfO{ eJotfsf ;DkGg
u¥of] . k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]jx¿sf] ljz]if k"hg :t'lt
jGbgf, :tjg kf7, dGq hk, ljz]if Wofg, xjg, cf/tL,
ehg sLt{g, g[To, cflb ljljw sfo{qmd ;fy ;DkGg
ePsf] lyof] .
v_ /f]6 dxf]T;jM
;+:yfn] 5}6f}F /f]6 dxf]T;j sfo{qmdnfO{ j}zfv @^
b]lv h]7 % ut];Dd eJo¿kdf ;DkGg u¥of] . uf]/vfsf]
uf]/v u'kmfdf ;DkGg /f]6 dxf]T;jdf >L >L dxfof]uL
u'? uf]/vgfysf] r/0fdf ;jfnfv /f]6 ck{0f, k|To]s
lbg ;jfnfv aQL k|HHjngnufot ehgsLt{g, k"hg,
xjg cflb sfo{qmdx¿ ;DkGg ePsf lyP .
u_ dxfk|of0f lbj;M
k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]j k/dx+; :jfdL >L lglvn]Zj/fgGb
dxf/fhn] dxfk|of0f lng'ePsf] lbg -h'nfO{ #_ nfO{ o;
s]Gb|n] dxfk|of0f lbj;sf] ¿kdf ljz]if sfo{qmdsf ;fy
;DkGg u¥of] . l;=z=s]= s]Gb|Lo sfof{nonufot ;Dk"0f{
;Dks{ sfof{nox¿df laxfg ( ah]b]lv $ ah];Dd
k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]j k/dx+; :jfdL >L lglvn]Zj/fgGb
dxf/fhsf] lbJo dGqsf] hk u/]/ o; sfo{qmdsf]
cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] .
3_ u'? k"l0f{df dxf]T;jM
u'? k"l0f{df dxf]T;jnfO{ ut jif{sf] >fj0f # ut]
o; s]Gb|n] s]Gb|nufot ;Dk"0f{ ;Dks{ sfof{nox¿df
ljz]if sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf u/L eJotfsf ;fy ;DkGg
eof] . s]Gb|sf] cfof]hgfdf ;~rflnt u'? k"l0f{dfdf
lglvn :tjg, uf]/If :tjgsf] kf7, k"hg, dGqhk, xjg,
cf/tL, ehg sLt{g k|jrg, ljz]if d'b|f Wofg sfo{qmdsf
;fy ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . pQm lbg a]n'sL cf>ddf
ehgsLt{g / bLkfjnL klg ul/Psf] lyof] .
lglvn ljz]if 47

ª_ >L lzj uf]/If dxf]T;j
k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]jx¿sf] s[kf, cfzLjf{b:j¿k o;
s]Gb|n] >fj0f dlxgfnfO{ >L lzj uf]/If dxf]T;jsf]
¿kdf dgfpFb} cfpg] qmdnfO{ ut jif{ klg lg/Gt/tf
lbg] ;f}efUo k|fKt u¥of] . s]Gb|Lo sfof{nonufot ;Dk"0f{
;Dks{ sfof{nox¿df dlxgfe/ g} ljljw sfo{qmdx¿sf
;fydf k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]j >L >L dxfof]uL u'?
uf]/vgfysf] dGq n]vg tyf ljz]if ;'/Iff dGq hk
u/]/ o; sfo{qmdnfO{ ;DkGg ul/Psf] lyof] .
r_ u'?dftfsf] z'e–hGdlbj;
k|To]s jif{sf] clk|n * tf/LvnfO{ o; s]Gb|n]
k"hgLo u'?dftf eujtL >LdfnLHo"sf] hGd lbj;sf]
¿kdf dgfpFb} cfpg] qmddf ut jif{sf] r}q @^ ut]
ljz]if sfo{qmdsf ;fy s]Gb|nufot ljleGg ;Dks{
sfof{nox¿df ck/fÅg # ah]b]lv ehgsLt{g, k|;fb
ljt/0f / a]n'sL bLkfjnLsf ;fy xiff]{Nnf;sf ;fy
;DkGg eof] .
@ ljz]if rf8kj{df ;~rflnt sfo{qmd
ut jif{ gjjif{, Cliftk{0fL, gfuk~rdL,
>Ls[i0fhGdfi6dL, Clifk~rdL, xl/tflnsf tLh, gj/flq,
b]p;Le}nf], bLkfjnL, >Lk~rdL, dxflzj/flqnufotsf
sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ ;+:yfn] ljljw sfo{qmdsf aLr ;DkGg
ug{ ;kmn eof] .
#= ;+u7g lj:tf/
;Dks{ sfof{nox¿nufot ljleGg cf/tL ;~rfng
s]Gb|, k|rf/k|;f/ sIf / 7fpF 7fpFdf yk eP .
$ k|sfzg
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL dfl;s klqsfsf] ut jif{ klg
o; s]Gb| lgoldt k|sfzg ug{ ;kmn eof] eg] Sofn]08/
klg ut jif{ k|sfzg u¥of] .
% uf]/If lglvn Hof]lt lbJo ljBf>d
uf]/If lglvn Hof]lt lbJo ljBf>d ut jif{ klg
ljljw sfo{qmd;lxt cufl8 a9\of] . xfn o; ljBf>ddf
!) sIff;Dd k9fO{ x'g] Joj:yf eof] .
* Wofg tyf ;fwgf sfo{qmd
ljleGg r/0fsf Wofg sIff Pj+ ;fwgf sfo{qmdcGtu{t
ut jif{ s]Gb|nufot ljleGg ;Dks{ sfof{nox¿df o:tf
Wofgsf sIff ;DkGg eO;s]sf 5g\ . ut jif{ klxnf], bf];|f]
/ t];|f] r/0fsf Wofg sIffx¿ ;DkGg ePsf lyP . utjif{ g}
dftf uf]/vsfnL / dftf dgsfdgfsf] ;fwgf ;DkGg eP eg]
ljljw k|of]ux¿ klg ;DkGg ePsf lyP . ho u'?b]j ∕
48
gjjif{ @)^& sf]
xflb{s d+undo
z'esfdgf ⁄
z'e]Iff kf]lnlSnlgs P08
8foUgf]li6s ;]G6/ k|f ln
lji0f'dlt ln+s /f]8, 9Nsf]
kmf]gM )!–$@$($&!
Email: info@spdc.org.np,
www.spdc.org.np
xfd|f ;]jfx? -#^% lbg_
hg/n lkmlhl;og, :qL /f]u ljz]if1, afn /f]u ljz]if1,
hg/n ;h{/L tyf o'/f]nf]hL, Uofi6«f]OG6/f]nf]hL, xf8
hf]gL{ tyf gzf /f]u ljz]if1, rd{ -5fnf_ /f]u ljz]if1,g]q
-cfFvf_ /f]u ljz]if1, d'6' /f]u ljz]if1, gfs, sfg, 3fF6L
/f]u ljz]if1, u|GyL/f]u ljz]if1 -OG8f]qmf]gf]nf]hL_, bGt /f]u
ljz]if1, O{sf]sfl8{of]u|fkmL÷O{ ;L hL, Kofyf]nf]hL Nofa,
o' P; hL, cN6«f;fp08÷sn/ 8Kn/, PS;–/], ;dfGo
zNolqmof, kmfd]{zL, 8«]l;+u tyf vf]k ;]jf
gjjif{ @)^& tyf && cf}“ ;b\u'?b]j
cjt/0f lbj;sf] pknIodf ;Dk"0f{
;fws ;flwsf Pj+ eQmhgx?df
xflb{s d+undo z'esfdgf
JoQm ub{5f}“ .
l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|
k|:tfljt ;Dks{ sfof{no ljzfngu/
kl/jf/
gjjif{ @)^& tyf && cf}“ ;b\u'?b]j
cjt/0f lbj;sf] pknIodf ;Dk"0f{
;fws ;flwsf Pj+ eQmhgx?df xflb{s
d+undo z'esfdgf JoQm ub{5f}“ .
p4j ;'j]bL ;l/tf zdf{
/rgf, ;[li6 / j;'wf ;'j]bL
rfjlxn, sf7df8f}“
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^& j}zfv

uf]/If lglvn Hof]lt lbJo ljBf>d— ut jif{sf s]xL emnsx?
Saraswati Pooja Divya Guru mahotsav Parents day
Shree panchani Christmas celebration Hostelers' outing
Educational tour in Kantipur Hospital Outing in Bhaktapur Friday ECA Program
Holi @ GNJDV Children's day celebration 1 st Prize in Football
Annual Sports Day Marathon race IH basketball competition
lglvn ljz]if 49

50
xjg sfo{qmd
l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|sf dfl;s
xjg sfo{qmd cGtu{t x/]s dlxgfsf]
klxnf] xKtf ;~rfng x'Fb} cfO/x]sf
xjg sfo{qmdx¿ ut r}q dlxgfdf
lgDgfg';f/ ;DkGg eP— r}q @ ut]
;f]daf/ kz'klt d[u:ynLl:yt >L
u'? uf]/vgfysf] dlGb/ k|f+u0fdf >L
lzj uf]/If xjg, r}q # ut] d+unaf/
nugv]nl:yt j6's e}/j dlGb/
k|f+u0fdf tfGqf]Qm j6's e}/j xjg,
r}q $ ut] a'waf/ nvgv]nl:yt
dftf dxfnIdLsf] dlGb/ k|f+u0fdf
tfGqf]Qm dxfnIdL xjg / r}q % ut]
laxLaf/ s'De]Zj/ kf6gl:yt dftf
aunfd'vL dlGb/ k|f+u0fdf tfGqf]Qm
aunfd'vL xjg ;DkGg eof] . pk/f]Qm
xjg sfo{qmdx¿dWo] tfGqf]Qm j6's
e}/j xjg laxfg &M)) ah]b]lv
;~rfng ePsf] lyof] eg] afFsL xjg
sfo{qmdx¿ laxfg *M)) ah]af6
;~rfng ePsf lyP .
o:t} dfl;s xjgs} z[ª\vnfdf
ut r}q $ ut] a'waf/ kf]v/fsf]
ljGWojfl;gL dlGb/ k|f+u0fdf tfGqf]Qm
ljGWojfl;gL xjg sfo{qmd ;DkGg
eof] . r}q ^ ut] laxLaf/ tgx'Fsf]
bdf}nLl:yt j]bJof; u'kmf kl/;/df
tfGqf]Qm dxlif{ j]bJof; xjg sfo{qmd
;DkGg eof] . r}q # ut] d+unaf/
eQmk'/sf] ;"o{ljgfos dlGb/ k|f+u0fdf
tfGqf]Qm u0fklt xjg ;DkGg eof]
eg] pQm lbgdf g} sfe| ]sf] r08]Zj/L
dlGb/df tfGqf]Qm r08]Zj/L xjg
;DkGg eof] .
cf>d ultljlw
lbJo u'? dxf]T;j
clk|n @!, !(## df ePsf] k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]j 8f= gf/fo0fbQ
>LdfnLHo"sf] cjt/0fk|lt gtd:ts x'Fb} k|To]s dlxgfsf] @! tf/LvnfO{ lbJo
u'? dxf]T;jsf] ¿kdf dgfpFb} cfO/x]sf] l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|n] ut r}q
* ut] -dfr{ @! tf/Lv_ klg o; sfo{qmdnfO{ ;bf´}F eJo Pj+ lbJo¿kdf
;DkGg u¥of] . sf7df8f}Fsf] a;'Gw/fl:yt uf]/If lglvn Hof]lt lbJo ljBf>d
k|f+u0fdf ;DkGg ePsf] pQm sfo{qmdsf] z'ef/De laxfg !)M!% ah] k|fy{gf
tyf uf]/If lglvn :tjgsf] kf7af6 ePsf] lyof] . b'O{ r/0fdf ljeflht
pQm sfo{qmd ck/fÅg #M#) ;Dd ;~rfng ePsf] lyof] . sfo{qmdsf]
klxnf]r/0fdf u'? k"hg, dGqhk, xjg, cf/tL, nIfbLk ck{0f cflb qmdx¿
;DkGg ePsf lyP eg] bf];|f] r/0fcGtu{t ehgsLt{g, g[To, k|jrg cflb
qmdx¿ /x]sf lyP . sfo{qmddf k"hg ug]{ ;f}efUo k|;fb ljt/0fsf] cleef/f
jxg ub}{ r~rnf zdf{, ch'{gafa' lwtfn / ljBf lwtfnn] k|fKt ug'{ePsf]
lyof] .
sfo{qmdsf] bf];|f] r/0f u'?;]jf bnsf ;b:o ;fws uf]s'n lnDa"sf]
:jfut–dGtJoaf6 z'? ePsf] lyof] . k|jrg Pj+ :jjrgsf] qmddf af]Nb}
;fj/kGyL @ sf ;b:on] u'? elQm dfly hf]8 lbg'ePsf] lyof] . bf];|f] r/0f
ehgdo, g[Todo ePsf] lyof] .
b]z ljb]zdf ;+:yfcGtu{t /x]sf ;Dks{ sfof{nox¿, OsfO{x¿df klg
ljljw sfo{qmdsf ;fy lbJo u'? dxf]T;j dgfOPsf] lyof] .
u'? dGq xjg ;fwgf ;DkGg
ut jif{sf] r}t ! b]lv ( ut];Dd sf7df8f}Fsf] a;'Gw/fl:yt l;4f>d
zlQm s]Gb|sf] cf>ddf lbJo u'? dGq xjg ;fwgf cfof]lht eof] .
k|To]s lbg laxfg ^ ah]b]lv z'ef/De ePsf] pQm xjg ;fwgf
sfo{qmdnfO{ ljleGg ;dodf afFl8Psf] lyof] . b'O{–b'O{ 306fsf] km/sdf
a]Unfa]Un} ;d"xn] xjg ;fwgfdf efu lng'ePsf] pQm sfo{qmddf ;xefuLn]
lg/Gt/ tLg lbg;Dd tf]lsPsf] ;do tflnsfcg';f/ xjgdf efu lnP/
k"0ff{x'lt u/]kl5 dfq dGqsf] clwsf/L x'g] k|fjwfg /x]sf] lyof] . xjg
;fwgfdf tLg} lbg :gfg u/]/ z'4 kljq eP/ cfpg'kg]{ lgod /flvPsf]
lyof] .
sfo{qmddf ;xefuLx¿n] k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]jx¿ >L >L dxfof]uL u'?
uf]/vgfy / k/dx+; :jfdL >L lglvn]Zj/fgGb dxf/fhsf] dGq k|fKt ug]{
;f}efUo k|fKt ug'{ePsf] lyof] . Pp6} sfo{qmddf b'j} u'?x¿sf] dGq k|fKt ug]{
dxfg cj;/ lj/n} dfq k|fKt x'G5, o:tf] b'n{e cj;/nfO{ l;4f>d zlQm
s]Gb|n] k|fKt u/]sf] lyof] / o:tf] cj;/df efu lnP/ k/dk"Ho Pj+ cf/fWo
;b\u'?b]jx¿sf] lbJo dGq k|fKt ug]{ gf};o ;txQ/ hgf ;a} g} awfOsf kfq
x'g'ePsf] 5, uf}/jsf kfq x'g'ePsf] 5, ;f}efUozfnL aGg'ePsf] 5 .
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^& j}zfv

u'?dftf hGdf]T;j
k"hgLo u'?dftf eujtL b]jL >LdfnLHo"sf] hGd
lbj; clk|n * tfl/v cyf{t\ ut r}q @^ ut]sf lbg
l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|n] ehgsLt{g, k|;fb ljt/0f tyf
bLkfjnL u/]/ dgfof] . ;+:yfcGtu{t ;Dks{ sfof{no
nufot ljleGg PsfOx?df ;f] lbg sfo{qmd cfof]hgf
ePsf] lyof] .
tflnd tyf k|lzIf0f sfo{qmd
l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|n] ut r}q @) / @! ut]
cfWoflTds g]t[Tjstf{x¿sf] tflnd tyf k|lzIf0f
sfo{qmd ;DkGg u¥of] . laxfg !) ah] :t'lt k|fy{gfaf6
z'ef/De ePsf] pQm tflnd tyf k|lzIf0f sfo{qmddf
klxnf] lbg kmf}baxfb'/ ;'g'jf/, gfu]z sF8]n, l;h{gf
s'OFs]n / uLtf sF8]n / bf];|f] lbg lag' rfln;], lji0f'
k/fh'nL, gGbf lji6, gf/fo0fsfhL dfgGw/, Xbo/fd
dxh{g / ?b| j:tLn] u'? kfb'sfsf] k"hg ug]{ ;f}efUo
k|fKt ug'{ePsf] lyof] .
b'j} lbgsf] k|lzIf0fdf cfjfxofdL ehg, ;lRrbfgGb
:tjg, lglvn :tjg, u'? :tjg, l;4f>d k+rs,
lglvn k+r/Tgflb ;fd"lxs jfrg ug'{sf ;fy} k/dk"Ho
;b\u'?b]j k/dx+; :jfdL >L lglvn]Zj/fgGb dxf/fhn]
lbg'ePsf] Xbo:kzL{ k|jrg klg ;'gfOPsf] lyof] . o;}
u/L ehgsLt{g tyf cf/tL klg ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] .
sfo{qmddf ;f=k=@ tyf tyf ;f=df=$ Ho"x?n] ljljw
ljifodf k|lzIf0f lbg'ePsf] lyof] .
eQmk'/M ut r}q & ut] eQmk'/–% of5] 6f]ndf
:yfgLo afl;Gbf tyf eQmhgsf] afSnf] pkl:yltdf
ehgsLt{g sfo{qmd ;DkGg eof] . To:t} r}q !* ut]
a'waf/ ;f=k= @ Ho"sf] pkl:yltdf cGt/lqmofTds
k|lzIf0f sfo{qmd Pj+ xflhgf ;d"xsf] labfO sfo{qmd
;DkGg eof] . sfo{qmd ;~rfng xflhgf ljgLtf
cof{nHo"n] ug'{ePsf] lyof] .
sf7df8f}“ -aa/dxn_M cf/tL ;+rfng s]Gb|
aa/dxnn] ut r}q @$ ut] cfÇgf] bf];|f] jflif{sf]T;j
dgfof] . sfo{qmddf :t'ltjGbgf, ehgsLt{g, u'? dGq
hk, cf/tLsf ;fy;fy} yfkfynLl:yt u'? uf]/vgfysf]
dlGb/df ;kmfO klg ul/Psf] lyof] .
sf7df8f}“ -tLgyfgf_M cf/tL ;+rfng s]Gb|
tLgyfgf, sLlt{k'/n] ut r}q !$ cfÇgf] jflif{s pT;jnfO{
ljljw sfo{qmdx?
cf>d ultljlw
cf>d ejg ;d'b\3f6g
sf:sL lhNnfsf] n]vgfydf /x]sf] l;4f>d zlQm
s]Gb|sf] ;Dks{ sfof{non] ut r}q !# / !$ ut] b'O{
lbj;Lo ;df/f]x cfof]hgf u/L cfkm\gf] cf>d ejg
pb\3f6g u¥of] .
sfo{qmdsf] klxnf] lbg laxfg ^ ah] ljz]if k"hgkZrft\
cf>ddf /flvPsf] ;b\u'?b]jx¿sf] d"lt{ cgfj/0f ul/Psf]
lyof] . ;f] kl5 ljleGg gf/f / Jofg/ ;lxt n]vgfy
rf]saf6 lg:s]]sf] ¥ofnL ;b\u'?b]jx¿sf] ho–hosf/
ub}{ ljleGg :yfgx¿ kl/qmdf u/L cf>d ejgdf
cfP/ ;df/f]xdf kl/jlt{t ePsf] lyof] . ¥ofnLkZrft\
lznfn]v cgfj/0f ;f=k=! / @ Ho"af6 ;DkGg ePsf]
lyof] . ehgsLt{g, g[To k|ltof]lutf, :jf:Yo lzlj/ /
/Qmbfg sfo{qmd klg pQm ;df/f]xdf /x]sf] lyof] . b'j}
lbgsf sfo{qmddf ljleGg jQmfx¿n] z'esfdgf dGtJo
klg /fVg'ePsf] lyof] eg] ejg lgdf{0fsf] k|ltj]bg klg
;'gfOPsf] lyof] . sfo{qmdsf] klxnf] lbgdf ePsf] g[To
k|ltof]lutfsf ljh]tfx¿nfO{ bf];|f] lbgdf k'/:s[t ul/Psf]
lyof] . sfo{qmddf :dfl/sf ljdf]rg klg ePsf] lyof] .
sfo{qmddf ;f=k= ! / @ Ho"n] k|jrgsf] qmddf
af]Ng'ePsf] lyof] ;fy} q}nf]s]Zj/ dxfb]j;Fu ;DalGwt
ljz]if k|of]u / Wofg klg ;DkGg u/fpg'ePsf] lyof] .
l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|sf] Oltxf;df n]vgfy cf>d
/fd3f6 -kf]v/f_ / ;f}/kfgL -uf]/vf_ kl5sf] t]>f] cf>d
ejg pb\3f6g ;df/f]x cfof]hgf ug]{ ;Dks{ sfof{nosf]
¿kdf Oltxf; sf]g{ ;kmn /x\of] .
ehgsLt{g;lxt dgfPsf] 5 . :yfgLo Kof/f8fOh
l/8;{ Ps]8]dLsf] k|f+u0fdf cfof]lht pQm sfo{qmddf
:yfgLo a'l4hLjLx¿nufotn] ;+:yfsf af/]df af]Ng'ePsf]
lyof] .
l;Gw'kfNrf]s -;'s'6]_M ;Dks{ sfof{no afx|la;]sf]
cfof]hgfdf ut r}q @* ut] l;Gw'kfNrf]ssf] ;'s'6]df
ehgsLt{g tyf lgMz'Ns :jf:Yo lzlj/ ;DkGg eof] .
sfo{qmddf ehgsLt{g tyf g[Tox¿ k|:t't ePsf lyP eg]
Ps;o lqof;L hgfn] :jf:y ;]jf lng'ePsf] lyof] . pNn]Vo
eQmhgx¿sf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] pQm sfo{qmddf :yfgLo
JolQmTjx¿af6 dGtJosf ;fy;fy} ;fj/kGyL @ Ho"af6
k|jrg tyf Wofg klg ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . sfo{qmdsf]
ef]lnkN6 cyf{t\ @( ut] afx|la;] ;Dks{ sfof{nodf
sfo{stf{ k|lzIf0f ;d]t ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] .
lglvn ljz]if 51

hf“bf hf“b}
‘lglvn tŒj’ cyf{t\ ‘k/dtŒj’—of] Tof] tŒj xf] h;af6 ;d:t
tŒjx¿sf] k|fb'ef{j ePsf] 5. ;a} tŒjx¿ lglvn tŒjaf6 g} k|jflxt
x'G5g\ / To;}df ljnLg x'G5g\. k/dtŒj g} o; a|≈df08sf] ;a}eGbf
lqmofzLn tŒj xf]. ;a} lqmofTdstfx¿ k/dtŒjd} lglxt x'G5g\. of]
g} Tof] b'n{e tŒj xf] h;nfO{ k|fKt u/]/ JolQmn] o; dfofhfnn] u|:t
;+;f/df Psfu|lrQ x'g ;S5g\. o;}sf k||flKtsf nflu b]jtf, lsGg/,
dg'io ;a} ;fwgf/t x'G5g\. lglvn]Zj/fgGb u'?b]jsf] cj:yf k/dx+;sf]
cj:yf xf] cyf{t\ k"0f{tfsf] cj:yf, :jo+df d:t /xg] cj:yf, :jo+df
k/dfgGbdf /xg] cj:yf. oxL cj:yf pxfFn] cfapplegf lziox¿nfO{ bLIffsf]
dfWodaf6 lbg'x'G5. oxL k/dtŒjn] g} pxfFsf lziox¿ c¿eGbf a]Un}
x'G5g\. pgLx¿ e6\lsgaf6 d'Qm x'G5g\. lglvn]Zj/fgGb Pp6f ;j{1
cWofTd:j¿k xf]—Pp6f o:tf] ljnIf0f cfWoflTds :j¿k hf] zf/Ll/s
k|k~rx¿af6 ;j{yf d'Qm x'G5. pxfF cz/L/ x'g'x'G5. ha s'g} lzion]
k'sfb{5, pxfF ;fIfft\ k|s6 x'g'x'G5. jf:tjdf k"hgLo, bz{gLo / Xbodf
:yfkgf ug{ of]Uo lglvn tŒj g} xf] k/dtŒj. pxfFsf] of] lj/f6\ Pj+ uf]kgLo
cfWoflTds :j¿k cg]s :ynx¿df Ps};fy k|s6 x'g ;Sb5. nfvf}F eQm
Pj+ lziox¿nfO{ pxfF k|ltlbg ;+:kz{ ug'{x'G5. crfgs pxfF a|≈dd'x"t{df
Ps};fy xhf/f}F lziox¿sf] 3/df k'u]/ bz{g lbg'x'G5, s'/fsfgL ug'{x'G5
/ s'g} lzio cK7\of/f]df k/]sf] eP p;sf] Pp6} k|fy{gfdf To; sfo{nfO{
If0fd} ;dfwfg ug'{x'G5. pxfFsf k|To]s lzio pxfFsf] lglvnTjdf ;dflxt
5g\. lziosf] Xbodf pxfF lgTo gofF efjn] l:yt x'g'x'G5. pxfFsf] s'g}
klg lzionfO{ lglvn]Zj/fgGbsf] sdL dx;'; x'Fb}g. lglvn lziox¿
k|k~rdf clN´Fb}gg\. pgLx¿nfO{ cfÏgf] u'?sf] dfofhfn /fd|/L yfxf
x'G5. nfvf}F JolQmx¿sf] df´df lglvn]Zj/fgGb u'?b]jsf] lzionfO{ lrGg
;lsG5 lsgls p;nfO{ cfapplegf] u'?sf] ;Ifdtf yfxf x'G5.
h;n] lglvn tŒjnfO{ a'‰of], cfTd;ft\ u¥of], lrGof], pm km]l/ ;fgfltgf
tŒjx¿df clN´Fb}g. pxfFsf lzio Wofg, wf/0ff, ;dflw, of]u cflb
k|k~rx¿df klg clN´Fb}gg\. pgLx¿nfO{ yfxf x'G5 ls oL ;asf] cy{ t
dfq k/dtŒj, k/d/;sf] k|flKt xf] / ha pgLx¿nfO{ bLIffåf/f g} lglvn
tŒjsf] k|flKt x'G5 eg] lsg rf/}lt/ ef}Ftfl/g]< cfWoflTds :j¿k g} k"hgLo
x'G5, k/dtŒj g} k"hgLo x'G5, k/dtŒjn] g} lalu|Psf sfdx¿ ;kfb{5g\.
ToxL g} dxftŒj xf]. h;n] kl/jt{g ug]{5 p;}af6 g} k/d/;sf] k|fb'ef{j
x'g]5. olt ;Ifd t eujfg\ >Ls[i0fsf] cnfjf c¿ s'g} u'? ePgg\. ha
cfh :jo+ lglvn]Zj/fgGb u'?b]jn] ;fIfft\ ;°]t ul//xg'ePsf] 5 eg]
csf]{ s'g} tŒjsf] cfjZostf g} lsg x'G5 /< lglvn tŒj g} dxfaLh
xf], lglvn tŒj g} k/d zflGt xf], lglvn tŒjsf] k|flKtn] g} JolQmnfO{
nLnfx¿df clN´g lbFb}g. lglvn tŒjsf] k|flKt g} cfWoflTds ;kmntfsf]
Bf]ts xf]. z'esfdgf gofF jif{ @)^& sf]. c:t'⁄
52
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^& j}zfv

cf>d ultljlw
! @
#
$
%
^
&
* (
!)
!! !@
!#
!$ !%
!–^M n]vgfy, sf:sLdf ;DkGg cf>d ejg ;d'b\3f6g ;df/f]x. &–!)MpkTosfdf ut r}q dlxgfdf ;~rflnt ljleGg dfl;s xjg
sfo{qmdx?. !!–!%M cfWoflTds g]t[Tjstf{x?sf nflu tflnd tyf k|lzIf0f sfo{qmd.

. . ç gdf] u'? dl5Gb|, zAb ;f“rf
lk08 sfrf d]/f elQm, u'?sf zlQm
gjgfy} hufç, rf}/fifLgfy} hufç
km"/f] d+q O{Zj/f] u'? uf]/v jfrf . .
uf]= x'= sf= b= g+= (÷)^)÷^!
sf= lh= b= g+= &)÷)%^
b'n{e u|Gyx¿sf] cWoog u/f}“ .
dfgj hLjgnfO{ wGo agfcf}“ ..