2068 Jyestha issue

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cg]sf}” b]jtfx?sf] gfdaf6 k'sfl/G5g\. t/ Tof] Ps g} xf].
o;}n] u'0f sd{:jefjcg';f/ To; k/dfTdfsf] pkf;gf
ug'{kb{5.
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;+;f/, cgGtsf]l6 a|x\df08sf] s0fs0fdf O{Zj/sf]
;Qf lj/fhdfg 5. ;j{Jofks k/d]Zj/sf] cgGt zlQm
5g\ h;nfO{ ljleGg dtfjnDaLx? leGg leGg gfdn]
k'sf5{g\. pxf” g} OGb|, ldq, j?0f, clUg, od x'g'x'G5.
pxf”nfO{ rfx] /fd egf}” jf s[i0f, b'uf{ egf}” jf sfnL, lzjz+s/
egf}” jf cNnfx cyjf u8. k/dfTdfsf a]Unfa]Un} gfdnfO{
lnP/ emu8f ug'{ 7"nf] d"v{tf xf]. pxf” cg]sfg]s ?kdf
;j{q ljBdfg x'g'x'G5, x/]s ;do xfd|f] ;fydf x'g'x'G5,
;+;f/sf] s'gf s'gfdf pxf”sf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf 5. o; s'/fnfO{
;b}j Wofgdf /fVg' cTofjZos 5. k|e'sf] gfd / u'0fsf]
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hfgsf/L
l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb| k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"gcg';f/ ljlwjt\ ¿kdf btf{ ePsf]
Ps cg';Gwfgd"ns cfWoflTds ;+:yf xf] / o;sf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{no xfn a;'Gw/f,
sf7df8f}“df /x]sf] 5 . k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]jåo k/dx+; :jfdL >L lglvn]Zj/fgGb
dxf/fh Pj+ g]kfnLx¿sf uj{sf k|ltd"lt{ dxfof]uL >L lzj uf]/Ifsf] cg'sDkf,
s[kf Pj+ cfzLjf{bsf] kmn:j¿k o; s]Gb|sf] hGd ePsf] xf] . cfkm\gf] 5'§} klxrfg,
:jtGq cl:tTj Pj+ cfkm\g} lsl;dsf] :jfledfg af]s]sf] of] ;+:yf b]z ljb]zdf
/x]sf cGo s'g} ;+3, ;+:yf jf cf>dsf] zfvf, pkzfvf jf ;Dks{ sfof{no
gePsf] Joxf]/f ;DalGwt ;a}sf nflu hfgsf/L u/fOPsf] 5 . of] s]Gb| dxfg\
u'?x¿sf] :ki6 ;"Id dfu{lgb]{zgdf cfWoflTds o'u k'glg{df{0fsf] nIodf ultzLn
5 . oxf“ ;+rfng eO/x]sf ;Dk"0f{ sfo{qmd tyf ultljlwx¿ o;} s]Gb|dfkm{t
;f]´} lgb]{lzt 5g\ . oxfFaf6 pknAw x'g] ;Dk"0f{ ;fdu|Lx¿sf] k|f0f–k|lti7f ljz]
if¿kdf oxL cf>daf6 ul/Psf] x'G5 . To;}n] Ps :jtGq / cfkm}df ;Ifd o;
;+:yfnfO{ cGo s'g} ;+3, ;+:yf jf cf>d;Fu t'ngf ug{ vf]Hg', To:t} k|sf/sf
s'/fx¿ oxfFaf6 nfu" u/fpg, k|fKt ug{ vf]Hg' o; ;+:yfsf] cjx]ngf u/] ;/x
x'g]5 h] hlt sfo{qmdx¿ oxfF ;+rfng eO/x]sf 5g\ / cfufdL lbgx¿df klg
;+rfng x'Fb} hfg]5g\, tL ;a} k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]jx¿s} OR5f Pj+ lgb]{zgcg';f/
;DkGg x'g]5g\ . To;}n] cgfjZos ts{–ljts{, z°f–pkz°f u/L, e|d km}nfpFb}
o; ;+:yfsf] 5ljdfly cgfjZos 6Lsf–l6Kk0fL ug'{ ;Totf / jf:tljstfdfly
g} k|ZglrÅg nufpg' xf] . k|To]s JolQmsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;Dk"0f{ k|sf/sf
dfu{lgb]{zg k|bfg u/L ef}lts ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg ub}{ cfWoflTds pRrtf
k|bfg ug{, k"0f{tfdf n}hfg of] s]Gb| ;Ifd 5 . ljZjf; cljZjf;eGbf dfly,
;fwf/0f JolQmsf] ;Lldt ;f]rfO, ljrf/ / sNkgfeGbf k/sf] o; clåtLo
cf>ddf cfa4 eO{ cfkm\gf] hLjgnfO{ pTsif{df k'¥ofpg ;Sg' g} xfd|f] cxf]efUo
x'g]5 . o:tf k|sf/sf cgfjZos e|daf6 ;ts{ x'Fb} k"0f{¿kdf :ki6 eP/ dfq
cl3 a9\g x'g ;Dk"0f{ dxfg'efjx¿df l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb| xflb{s cg'/f]w ub{5 .
;fy} s]Gb|sf] cfkm\g} k|sf/sf] gLlt, lgod / cg'zf;g ePsf]n] o;nfO{ kfngf
ug{ g;Sg] JolQmx¿sf nflu o; s]Gb|df s'g} :yfg /xg] 5}g / o;;DaGwL s'g}
lsl;dsf] ;'g'jfO klg gx'g] Joxf]/f cjut u/fOPsf] 5 . ;fy}, cfWoflTds zlQm
cg';Gwfgd"ns o; dfl;s klqsfdf k|sflzt n]v, /rgf, lrqflbdf ;+:yfsf]
;xdlt x'g cfjZos g/x]sf] Joxf]/f cjut u/fOG5 .
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;kmntf xf]. To;}n] ;b\u'? k|flKtdf hf]8 lbg'kb{5.
;dfhdf ;Rrf ;b\u'?sf] k|flKt b'n{e dflgG5. x'g t
;dfhdf ;fw';Gtsf] s'g} sdL gePtf klg ;b\u'? k|fKt
ug{ w]/} ufx|f] 5. k"j{hGdsf /fd|f sd{n], k"0okmnn] o;
hGddf ;b\u'? k|fKt ePsf] x'G5. k/a|x\d k/dfTdfn]
o; hutdf ;b\u'?sf] cefj gxf];\ eg]/ ljleGg
sfnv08df, ljleGg o'udf ljleGg ?kaf6 cjt/0f x'g],
k|s6 x'g] ug'{ePsf] x'G5.
o; hutdf u'?sf] cefj gxf];\ egL
cgGtsf]l6 a|x\df08sf dflns dxfgfy u'? uf]/Ifgfy
o; w/fdf j}zfvL k"l0f{dfdf uf]/vfl:yt uf]/v u'kmfdf
k|s6 x'g'ePsf] xf]. pxf“sf] k|fs6\o;“u} ;f/f k[YjLjf;Ln]
u'? uf]/IfgfynfO{ u'??kdf k|fKt ug]{ ;f}efUo k|fKt
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lzjuf]/If :j?kdf k|s6 x'g' eO{ o; hutnfO{ u'?ljxLg
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dxfof]uL, gfy, Clifd'lg, b]jtfx?sf klg k/dfb/0fLo
x'g'x'G5 . pxf“sf] lbJotf, pRrtf cfkm}“df cj0f{gLo 5.
o:tf k/dfb/0fLo k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]j >L
lzjuf]/IfnfO{ u'??kdf kfpg' xfdL ;a}sf nflu k/d
;f}efUo xf]. pxf“ k|s6 x'g'ePsf] lbJotd\ lbgnfO{ l;4f>d
zlQm s]Gb|n] ‘>L lzjuf]/If k|s6 lbj;’sf] ?kdf dgfp“b}
cfO/x]sf] 5. eJo zf]efofqf, afhfufhf / emf“sL;lxt
uf]/v u'kmfdf k'Ug], ;fy} pxf“sf] r/0fsdndf ;jfnfv
/f]6 r9fpg] sfo{qmdsf] z'?cft u/L k"hg, ehgsLt{gsf
;fy o; lbj;nfO{ dgfpg] k|rng /x“b} cfPsf] 5. ljut
;ft jif{;Dd ;kmntfk"j{s /f]6 ck{0f u/]sf] o; s]Gb|n]
h]7 # b]lv !# ut];Dd cf7f}“ /f]6 dxf]T;j eJo Pj+
lbJo?kdf dgfp“b}5. To;}n] oxf“sf] ;xeflutfsf nflu
klg o; s]Gb| xflb{s cfx\jfg ub{5.
o;kflnsf] c+snfO{ ‘u'? uf]/vgfy ljz]if’sf] ?kdf
lgsfn]sf 5f}“. pxf“sf] pRrtf, lbJotf, dlxdf, ul/dfnfO{
n]vgLleq ptfg{ ;lsg] ljifo xf]Og. t}klg pxf“sf] af/]df
c+z?kdf s]xL hfgsf/L lbg] k|of; k|oTg u/]sf 5f}“.
;fy} o;} c+sb]lv /flzkmnnufotsf :tDex? yk
u/]sf 5f}“.
cGtdf, o; c+sdf eP u/]sf uNtL, sdL–
sdhf]/Lx?sf nflu Ifdfofrgf ub}{ cfjZos ;Nnfx,
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dxf]:Tj+ ?k+ r dk/ ljlr/fIf} u'?jb}M
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ct:jf k|Lrfo{ cy k|x/ ?k} ;b u'0f}
u{'/f} b]{j+ >]o+ lglvn Xbo]Zr dxk/f} .
x] k/d cf/fWo u'?b]j ¤ xh'/h:tf] o'uk'?if
klxnf]k6s o; k[YjLdf cjtl/t x'g'ePsf] 5 h;sf]
r/0fsf] w"nf] k|fKt ug{ pRrsf]l6sf of]uLhg klg
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lrGToclrGTo, z'4a'4, cfTd:j¿k Pj+ k"0f{tfbfos
x'g'x'G5 . xh'/ / u0fkltdf w]/} g} ;fDotf 5 . pxfF
u0fklt cyf{t\ u0fx¿sf clwklt x'g'x'G5, xh'/
;fwsflwklt Pj+ lzioflwklt x'g'x'G5 . xh'/ hLjgdf
h'g k|sf/n] ultzLn /xg'ePsf] 5, h:tf] k|sf/n]
xh'/n] sfo{ ug'{ePsf] 5, To;sf] s'g} t'ngf x'g}
;Sb}g . a|x\df08sf] o:tf] s'g} :yfg 5}g hxfF xh'/sf]
udg lgjf{w ultn] gxf];\ / xh'/sf] kx'Fr gePsf]
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o;}n] xh'/ ;d:t a|x\df08df lgjf{w ultaf6 ljr/0f
ug{ ;Ifd x'g'x'G5 . n]vgk"j{ ;/:jtL, jfUb]jL
tyf u0fkltnfO{ t d :d/0f ub{5' g}, b]j:j¿k,
a|x\df08:j¿k xh'/ ‘lglvn]Zj/’nfO{ elQmefjn]
k|0ffd ub}{ ;b}j cfÇgf] /f]d /f]daf6 ‘lglvn]Zj/’ /
‘u'?’ zAbsf] pRrf/0f ub}{, k"0f{Tj, xh'/sf] elQm Pj+
;fdLKotf k|fKt ug{ ceLlK;t 5' .
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@)^* h]7 M uf]/If lglvn jf0fL 3
df]x+ dfhlot'+ gu]Gb|b'lxt', x{t'{+ Ifdf;°6+,
wt'{+ of]uw'/f+ k/f+ k|ylot'+ ljBf+ j[if+ /lIft'd\ .
st'{+ nf]sdzf]sd'Ggdlot'+, dT:o]Gb|sLlt{+ ejfg\,
k|fKtf] ufduhf+ ljof]Ho g6/f8\, uf]/IfgfyfTdgf ..
x] gfy ¤ x] g6/fh ¤¤
gu]Gb|glGbgL kfj{tLnfO{ o; s'/fdf
uj{ lyof] ls ‘k|dygfy dx]Zj/
d]/f] cyf{t\ dfofsf] jzdf x'g'x'G5,
dfofeGbf k/ x'g'x'Gg .’ z}nhfsf]
o; df]xnfO{ x6fpgsf nflu,
k[YjLsf ;d:t ;Í6x¿nfO{ gi6
ug{sf nflu, b'j{x of]uw'/fnfO{
wf/0f ug{sf nflu, cfTdLo cIf/
a|x\d:j¿ksf] k|sflzsf k/f
ljBfsf] k|rf/sf nflu, cEo'bo
/ lg>]o; l;l4sf] d"n ;fwg
j[if¿k wd{sf] /Iff ug{sf nflu,
;Dk"0f{ nf]sx¿nfO{ zf]s/lxt
agfpgsf nflu, wd{k'q tyf lzio
dT:o]Gb|gfysf] sLlt{nfO{ lzio
eO{ ;+;f/df km}nfpgsf nflu,
lxdflb|sGofnfO{ ljo'Qm u/]/ x]
lzj ¤ xh'/n] ‘uf]/Ifgfy’sf] ¿kdf
dTo{nf]sdf kbfk{0f ug'{ePsf] xf] .
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gGb lju|x k/dfgGb:j¿k u'? dT:o]Gb|gfysf
lzio lrbfgGbflot of]ulju|x lzjuf]/If dxfof]uL
u'? uf]/vgfy eQmjzdg¿k of]ufd[t k|bfg
ug{sf nflu rf/} o'udf ljBdfg /x]/ k|f0fLx¿nfO{
df]Ifkb–s}jNo:j¿kdf cjl:yt ub}{ /xg'x'G5 .
>L u'? uf]/vgfy gfyk+ysf k|jt{s x'g'x'G5 .
pxfFn] cfÇgf] of]ubz{g / of]ul;4fGtx¿af6 k"jL{o
;+:s[lt / ;flxTonfO{ rL/ ;d[4 ug'{eof] .
zf:q;Ddt of]uk4ltsf] 1fgk|sfzaf6 hgr]tgf
hufP/ hg;d'bfonfO{ ;To / lzjsf] dxf1fgn]
;d[4 / ;dn+s[t ug'{eof] . of] g} pxfFsf]
of]u/l;stf xf] .
sNkb|'dtGqcGtu{t uf]/If:tf]q/fhdf of]u]Zj/ eujfg\
>Ls[i0fn] dxfof]uL u'? uf]/vgfynfO{ k|0ffd ub}{ xflb{s >4felQm
;dlk{t ub}{ pxfFsf] dlxdf ufpg'ePsf] 5 .
lg/Ghgf] lg/fsf/f] lglj{sNkf] lg/fdofM .
cuDof]cuf]r/f]cnIof] uf]/IfM l;4jlGbtM ..
;d:t/;ef]Stf of], oM ;bf ef]ujlh{tM .
;bf ;d/;f] oZr, >L uf]/If gdf]c:t' t] ..
x7of]uljwftf r, dT:osLlt{ljjw{gM .
of]uled+g;f uDoM >Luf]/If gdf]c:t' t] ..
l;4fgfGr dxfl;4M CifL0ff+ r CifL:j/M .
of]lugfGr}j of]uLGb|M >Luf]/If gdf]c:t' t] ..
ljZjt]hf] ljZj?k+ ljZjjGwM ;bflzjM .
ljZjgfdf ljZjgfyM >Luf]/If gdf]c:t' t] ..
cgGtnf]sgfyZr gfygfylz/f]dl0fM .
;j{gfy;df/fWoM >Luf]/If gdf]c:t' t] ..
z"Gofgf+ r k/ z"Go+ k/]iff+ k/d]Zj/M .
WofotfGr k/+ wfd >Luf]/If gdf]c:t' t] ..
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x] uf]/If -uf]/vgfy_ ¤ xh'/ lg/+hg, lg/fsf/, lglj{sNk,
lg/fdo, cuDo, cuf]r/, cnIo x'g'x'G5, l;4 xh'/sf] jGbgf
ub{5g\, xh'/nfO{ gd:sf/ 5 . xh'/ ;d:t /;x¿sf ef]Qmf
x'g'x'G5 t/ klg ;bf ef]ux¿af6 lj/Qm x'g'x'G5 . xh'/ ;d/;
x'g'x'G5, xh'/nfO{ gd:sf/ 5 . xh'/ x7of]usf k|jt{s lzj

x'g'x'G5, cfÇgf u'? dT:o]Gb|gfysf] sLlt{nfO{ a9fpg] x'g'x'G5,
of]uLhg dgdf xh'/sf] Wofg ub{5g\, xh'/nfO{ gd:sf/
5 . xh'/ l;4x¿df dxfl;4, Clifx¿df ClifZj/, of]uLx¿df
of]uLGb| x'g'x'G5, xh'/nfO{ gd:sf/ 5 . xh'/ ljZjsf] k|sfzs
x'g'x'G5, ljZj¿k x'g'x'G5, ljZjåf/f j+B ;bflzj x'g'x'G5, xh'/
ljZjgfdwf/L x'g'x'G5, ljZjgfy x'g'x'G5, xh'/nfO{ gd:sf/ 5 .
xh'/ c;ª\Vo nf]sx¿sf :jfdL x'g'x'G5, gfyx¿sf gfylz/f]dl0f
x'g'x'G5, ;d:t gfyx¿af6 k"Ho -lzj_ x'g'x'G5, xh'/nfO{ gd:sf/
5 . xh'/ z"Godf klg k/dz"Go x'g'x'G5, k/d]Zj/sf k/d]Zj/
x'g'x'G5, WofgLx¿sf Wo]o x'g'x'G5, xh'/nfO{ gd:sf/ 5 .
u'? uf]/vgfysf] cd/tf / ;do ;dodf k|fs6\osf] s'/f
‘>LjNnelblUjho’ u|Gydf klg pNn]v 5 . uf]:jfdL ob'gfyn]
dxfk|e' jNnefrfo{sf] ;DaGwdf ‘>LjNnelblUjho’ u|Gysf] /rgf
ug' {ePsf] 5 . To;df dxfk|e'sf] klZrd ofqfsf] ;DaGwdf /}jts
kj{tdf uf]/IfgfyhLsf] >Llju|xbz{gsf] s'/f pNn]v 5 h;af6 of]
yfxf x'G5 ls dxfof]uL u'? uf]/vgfy h'g;'s} ;do hxfF;'s} klg
l;4b]xdf k|s6 x'g'x'G5, pxfF cd/sfo / csfn x'g'x'G5 .
‘ttf] /}jtf]kl/ utf:tq uf]/Iolzv/fBf uf]/VolziofM
k|f]r'M olb o"o+ l;4f:tlx{ jbt uf]/Vo s'q tbf s[i0ff k|fx ;j{qf
;f} . t]Eof] uf]/Vosf]6L:t] k|bZr{ rlntfM .’ -jNnelblUjho_
hf]wk'/fwLZj/ dxf/fhf dfgl;+xn] ‘>LgfytLyf{jnL’df
pNn]v ug'{ePsf] 5— åfk/o'udf >L?lSd0fL / >Ls[i0fnfO{
pxfFx¿sf] ljjfxsf] cj;/df u'? uf]/vgfyn] k|ToIf bz{g lbP/
cfzLjf{b k|bfg ug'{ePsf] lyof] .
OtM kZrfQqb]z] k|ef;M If]q;Qdd\ .
tq uf]/Ifdl7sf gfd wfdfl:t kfjgd\ ..
?lSd0fLs[i0fof]:tqfe"Tk"/f kfl0fkL8gd\ .
?lSd0fL?knfj0ofGdf]lxtfM ;snfM ;'/fM .
ae"j'M zlSt/lxtf:t:ofM s+s0ffaGwg] .
tbf b]jfM ;CifoM k|hUd'ld{lntfM k/] ..
uf]/Ifgfy+ /fhGt+ u'Ktefj]g tq td .
:t'jGtM k|fy{ofdf;' bz{g+ t:o z"lngM ..
:t'Tofloti6f] of]uLGb|:t]DoM ;Gbz{gd\ bbf} .
;flwt+ k|fYo{t}:t]g t:ofM s+s0faGwgd\ ..
tt:t'i6'jt'gf{y+ ?lSd0fLb]jsL;'tf} .
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eSTof k/dof ;f t' k|l;4f hutL tn] ..
ttf]clt t'i6f] of]uLGb|f] j/bfgLGd'vf]cejt\ .
pjfr ; j/+ j[t+ o'jf+ oGdg;LlK;td\ ..
tt:tf} jj[t'gf{y ejfgq}j lti7t' .
tyfl:Tjlt j/+ bTjf gfy:tq}j tl:yjfg\ ..
->LgfytLyf{jnL #!—#*_
klZrd b]z -/j}ts kj{teGbf_ df If]qx¿df >]i7 k|ef;
If]q 5 . ToxfF uf]/Ifdl7sf gfdsf] k/dwfd 5 . ToxLF ?lSd0fL
/ >Ls[i0fsf] kl/0fo -ljjfx_ ePsf] lyof] . >L ?lSd0fLhLsf]
¿knfj0oaf6 b]jtfx¿ df]lxt eO{ pxfFsf] s+s0faGwg ug{

c;dy{ x'g k'u] . ta Clifhg tyf c¿n] uf]/IfgfyhLsf] :t'lt
u/] . :t'ltaf6 ;Gt'i6 eP/ of]uLGb| uf]/IfgfyhLn] bz{g lbg'eof] .
pxfFaf6 g} s+s0faGwg ;DkGg eof] . To;kZrft\ eujfg\ s[i0f /
?lSd0fLn] k/delQmk"j{s pxfFsf] :t'lt ug'{eof] . :t'ltaf6 k|;Gg
eP/ >L u'? uf]/vgfyn] >Ls[i0f / >L?lSd0fLnfO{ j/ dfu egL
eGg'eof] . b'j}n] k|fy{gf ug'{eof] ls ‘x] gfy ¤ xh'/ oxLF lgjf;
ug'{xf];\ .’ ta tyf:t' egL gfyhL ToxLF k|ltli7t x'g'eof] .
dxfof]uL uf]/vgfy b]z, sfneGbf k/ of]uk'?if x'g'x'G5,
pxfFsf] cl:tTj ;fj{b]lzs 5, ;fj{sflns 5 . ;To, q]tf, åfk/
tyf sln rf/} o'udf pxfFsf] k|l;l4 cIf'00f /x]sf] 5 .
;Gt saL/sf] a8f] dfld{s plQm 5—
sfFdfl0f c+u la/st eof, /t eof xl/ gflx+ .
;fifL uf]/vgfy Ho"F, cd/ eP sln dflx ..
dxfof]uL u'? uf]/vgfysf] hLjg;Fu ;DalGwt k|foM
;Dk"0f{ cfVofg tyf tT;DaGwL cg]sfg]s tYox¿sf] df}lns
tfTko{ of] xf] ls pxfF lzj:j¿k x'g'x'G5, cof]lgh / cd/
x'g'x'G5 . pxfF sfofl;4 of]u]Zj/ x'g'x'G5 . ;fIfft\ eujfg\ lzjn]
dxfsfnof]uzf:qdf eGg'ePsf] 5— d}n] g} of]udfu{ k|rf/sf
nflu uf]/If¿k wf/0f u/]sf] x'F .
cxd]jfl:d uf]/Iff] db|"k+ tlGgaf]wt .
of]udfu{k|rf/fo dof ?kldb+ w[td\ ..
g]kfnL slj rqmkfl0fn] lzj uf]/Ifsf] Wofg ub}{ cToGt
dfld{stfsf ;fy eGg'ePsf] 5—
eh] >Luf]/If+ e'lj ;snl;4o]sejg+
lj/+lr>LjlT;:d/x/dxf] lju|xw/d\ .
w/fk'q+ nf]sf]4/0flwif0fWofl;t] tg'+
dxf;fdYof{lAw+ ej nlwkf/L ejlwod\ ..
lj/fhlT;4f}3k|0ftr/0ff+ r08e\huf]
kl/li6fbf;Lg+el;tlgrof]b\efl;t?lrd\ .
:km'/Hhof]T;gfr+rT:kml6slul/zf]efs/?lr+
lj/fhGtd+ kf]gfotljk'neJofs[lt?rf ..
dxf/0oe|fhb\j6flj6lkd"nfjlgtn
k|bLKob/Tgf}3:kml/tdl0fdGrf;gutd\ .
dxfZj]tR5qfw/tnudå}tx[bo+
;dfwfof;Lg+ k/ddlxdlga|x\dl0f lje'd\ ..
x] uf]/Ifgfy ¤ d xh'/sf] Wofg ub{5' hf] ;d:t l;l4x¿sf
Psdfq k/df>o x'g'x'G5, hf] aÅdf, lji0f' / lzjsf] ¿kdf
zf]let x'g'x'G5, hf] k[YjLleq sGb/fdf tkdf tTk/ x'gfsf
sf/0f w/fk'q sxlng'x'G5, hf] nf]ssf] p4f/sf nflu cg]s
¿kx¿df cleJoQm x'g'x'G5, hf] k/dzlQmaf6 o'Qm x'g'x'G5, hf]
ej;fu/af6 ptfg] { x'g'x'G5, hf] d]3dfnfdo k|r08 e'hux¿dfly
l;4f;gdf lj/fhdfg x'g'x'G5, of]uzlQmn] b]bLKodfg l;4x¿sf]
;d"x h;sf] r/0fdf k|0ft 5g\, h;sf] rGb|snf]kd ufqdf
cv08 lje"lt zf]let 5, dfgf}F z/bk"l0f{dfsf] /ftdf :kml6s
kj{t s}nfz g} lje|flht ePsf] xf];\, h;sf] d'vd08n k|sf08
eJo t]hf]d08naf6 ;dn+s[t 5, d xh'/sf] o:tf] :j¿ksf] Wofg
ub{5' . hf] ljzfn jg:ynLsf] dWodf j6j[Ifsf] d"nsf] k|ltli7t
j]bLdf lbJo /Tgx¿ hl8t :kml6sdl0fsf] eJo cf;gdf lj/fhdfg
x'g'x'G5, h;dfly ljzfn 5q zf]let 5, hf] k/ddlxdfdoL
cå}tfgGb:j¿k a|Åd ;dflwdf nLg x'g'x'G5, o:tf uf]/Ifgfy
lje' -u'?_ sf] d Wofg ub{5' .
‘uf]/vafgL’ df ;+u|lxt ‘dxfb]juf]/vu'li6’ /rgfdf eujfg\
lzjn] >L uf]/IfgfynfO{ ‘k/dof]u;Dk|fKt of]uL’sf] ;Daf]wgaf6
cnª\s[t ug'{ePsf] 5 . tŒj1fgsf] pkb]z lbFb} pko'Qm /rgfdf
elgPsf] 5—
cfTdf k/dfTdf ejlt . hf]u]:j/ hLj Ps+ ejlt . k/d
;"Go efj l:ylt . kf/a|x\d ej] nLg+ . ;To+ ;To+ r jbfDox+ .
tTjUofg >Lz+e"gfy csy slyt+ ;'gf] xf] uf]/if cjw"t+ k/dhf]u
;+k|flkt+ hf]uL .
dxfof]uL u'? uf]/vgfysf] JolQmTjbz{g ;fIfft\ gfyof]usf]
:j¿kbz{g xf] . gfy;Dk|bfout k/Dk/f tyf
cg'>'ltcg';f/ clegjlzj uf]/vgfyhLnfO{ rf/}
o'udf ljBdfg elgPsf] 5 . o;k|sf/ pxfFsf] b]x
@)^* h]7 M uf]/If lglvn jf0fL 6

l;4 cyf{t\ cd/ x'g' o'lQm;+ut b]lvG5 . n]vs lj|U;n] cfÇgf]
k':ts ‘uf]/vgfy P08 b sfgkm§f of]luh\’df klg o; s'/fsf]
pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ ls u'? uf]/vgfy ;Too'udf k+hfadf k|s6
x'g'ePsf] lyof] . q]tfo'udf uf]/vk'/, åfk/o'udf åfl/sf tyf
slno'udf pxfFsf] k|fs6\o ;f}/fi6«df sfl7ofaf8sf] uf]/vd9L
:yfgdf eof] . o;sf] tfTko{ xf] ls u'? uf]/vgfy cd/ x'g'x'G5
tyf rf/}o'unfO{ cfÇgf] of]ul;l4af6 s[tfy{ ug' {ePsf] 5 . pko' {Qm
:ynx¿ pxfFsf] tkM:ynL xf], ;dflw xf]Og . pQm k':tsdf
plNnlvt Ps k|;+u o:tf] klg 5— ha eujfg\ lji0f' sdndf
k|s6 x'g'eof], To;a]nf uf]/Ifgfy kftfndf tk:of ul//xg' ePsf]
lyof] . rf/}lt/ kfgL g} kfgL ePsf]n] ;[li6sfo{ s;/L ug] { eGg] 7"nf]
lrGtf >Llji0f'nfO{ eof] . ta ;[li6sfo{sf nflu >L uf]/Ifgfyn]
cfÇgf] w'gLaf6 lje"lt lbg'eof], ;[li6sfo{ ;xh eof] .
km}h'Nnf/lrt a+ufnL sfJo ‘uf]/v ljho’df u'? uf]/Ifgfysf]
pTklQaf/] Pp6f syf o;k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 . o;df u'? uf]/vgfy
cof]lgh:j¿kaf6 k|s6 x'g'ePsf] pNn]v 5 . o;df elgPsf]
5— eujfg\ lzjsf] gfleaf6 dT:o]Gb|gfy, xf8af6 xfl8kf,
sfgaf6 sfgkf -s[i0fkfb_ / h6f -nnf6_ af6 uf]/Ifgfysf]
pTklQ eof] .
gfle t] hlGdn dLg u'? dR5Gb/
;fIfft] l;4f/j]z w/] sn]j/ .
xf8≥Ot] xfl8≥kmf hlGdof lgslnn,
;jf{+u l;4f/j]z tfOt] cfl5nf .
s0f{ xOt] hlGdn sfgkmf h'ufO{
clt v/t/ xOn l;wfO{ .
h6f e]b lgsflnn hlt uf]/vgfy .
-uf]/vljho_
dxfof]uL uf]/vgfysf] pTklQ k|;+udf cGo w]/} hg>'ltx¿
5g\ . …uf]/If ;x;|gfdÚ -g]kfnsf] b/af/ k':tsfnodf pknAw_
df pNn]v ePcg';f/ u'? uf]/vgfy blIf0f lbzftkm{ a8Þj gfdsf]
@)^* h]7 M uf]/If lglvn jf0fL 7

5 < s] lrGtf 5 / pbf; b]lvG5f} L cyjf hfo; gfds :yfg pNn]v
5 . st} uf]bfj/L gbLsf] lsgf/df rGb|flu/L gfds :yfg pNn]v
5 . hg>'lt o;k|sf/ 5—
eLIff6gsf] qmddf Psk6s of]uL dT:o]Gb|gfyn] Pp6f 3/df
k'u]/ cnv lg/+hgsf] pRrf/0f ug'{eof] . s'g} afaf eLIff dfUg
cfPsf] ;Í]t k|fKt u/L 3/leqaf6 Pp6L dlxnf eLIff;lxt aflx/
lgl:sOg\ . dT:o]Gb|gfyn] dlxnfsf] cg'xf/df lrGtf b]Vg'eof] .
eLIff lng] qmddf pxfFn] eGg'eof]— æ5f]/L, ltdLnfO{ s] ePsf]
u'? uf]/vgfysf] kfb'sf -g]kfnsf] k'/fgf] lgzfgf 5fkdf_
@)^* h]7 M uf]/If lglvn jf0fL 8

cfZro{ / lj:dosf ;fy k|folZrt ub]{ ?g s/fpg nflug\ .
afaf To; afnsnfO{ lnO{ ToxfFaf6 cfÇgf] af6f] nfUg'eof] .
of]uL/fh dT:o]Gb|gfyn] To; afnssf] gfd uf]/vgfy /fVg'eof]
/ u'?eQm tL afnsnfO{ cfÇgf] lk|o lzio agfO{ of]udGqsf]
bLIff lbg'eof] .
oBlk lzjuf]/If -uf]/vgfy_ g} >Lgfy x'g'x'G5, pxfFnfO{
u'? agfpg] cfjZostf lyPg t/ nf]ssNof0fsf nflu tyf u'?–
lzio k/Dk/fnfO{ hLjGttf lbg pxfFn] of]uLGb| dT:o]Gb|gfynfO{
cfÇgf] kykbz{s agfP/ of]u1fg k|fKt ug'{eof] . uf]/vjf0fLdf
pxfFn] pNn]v ug'{ePsf] 5—
cjw" O{Zj/ xdf/] r]nf e0fLh}, d5L+b| af]lno] gftL .
lgu'/L lk/yL k/n} hftL tfy} xd pN6L yfkgf yfkL ..
-uf]/vjf0fL— ;abL !$$_
u'? uf]/vgfyn] lul/gf/, Hjfnfb]jL tyf g]kfndf w]/}
;do tk:of ug'{eof] . pxfFn] ;Too'udf ´]nd gbLsf] t6df
uf]/vl6Nnfdf tk:of ug'{eof] . q]tfo'udf eujtL O/fjtLsf]
t6df uf]/vk'/df tk:of ug'{eof] . åfk/o'udf h"gfu9sf] k|ef;
k§gglhs} uf]/vd08Ldf tk ug'{eof] . slno'udf k]zfj/sf]
uf]/vx§Ldf tk:of ug'{eof] . g]kfn, ef/t, ltAat, kfls:tfg,
ckmuflg:tfgnufotsf b]zx¿sf w]/} 7fpFdf pxfFsf] tkf]pmhf{
clxn] klg JofKt 5 .
g]kfndf u'? uf]/vgfy lzjuf]/Ifsf] ¿kdf k"Ho x'g'x'G5 .
…cfb{z of]uLÚ gfds k':tsdf cIfos'df/n] g]kfnsf] Oltxf;nfO{
cfwf/ agfO{ k|rlnt syfcg';f/ rf}yf}F ztfAbLsf] clGtd
;dolt/ g]kfnsf af}4 /fhf dxLGb|b]jnfO{ kbRo"t u/L u'?
uf]/vgfyn] cfÇgf lzio÷;]js j;Gtb]jnfO{ l;+xf;gdf
lj/fhdfg u/fOlbPaf6 u'? uf]/vgfyn] rf}yf}F ztfAbLdf g} sfo{
ug' {ePsf] k|df0f e]l6G5 . g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df x]bf{ /fhf g/]Gb|b]jsf]
kfnfdf u'? uf]/vgfydfly cgfbf/ x' Fbf !@ jif{;Dd gfusf] cf;g
hdfO{ tk:of ug'{ePsf] syf 5 . /fhf g/]Gb|b]jsf] af/]df :ki6
ltlyldlt geP klg of] 36gf rf}yf}Fb]lv cf7f}F ztfAbLdf ePsf]
x'g ;Sg] cg'dfg nufpg] y'k|} k|df0f 5g\ . g]kfns} Oltxf;df
x]bf{ b|Jo zfx -lj=;+= !^!^–!^@^_ nfO{ u'? uf]/vgfyn] !& cf}F
ztfAbLsf] z'?lt/ cfzLjf{b lbO{ uf]/vfsf] /fhf agfpg'ePsf]
36gf pNn]v 5 . b|Jo zfxkl5sf] rf}yf /fhf /fd zfxnfO{
!& cf}F ztfAbLsf] cGtlt/ u'? uf]/vgfyn] cfzLjf{b lbg'ePsf]
P]ltxfl;s k|df0f e]l6G5 . g]kfns} Oltxf;df b|Jo zfxkl5sf
!! cf}F k':tfsf /fhf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxnfO{ c7f/f}F ztfAbLdf
cfzLjf{b lbg'ePsf] 36gf pNn]vgLo 5 . g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df
5}6f}F ztfAbLdf gfy ;Dk|bfosf] ljsf; ePsf] ;+s]t kfOG5 .
zs;+jt\ $%% / lj=;+= %() sf] e:d]Zj/ clen]vdf ‘gfy]Zj/’
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . To:t} zs;+jt\ $^( cyf{t\ lj=;+= ^)$
/fdb]jsf] kfnfsf] kz'klt d[u:ynL lzjlnË clen]vdf klg
@)^* h]7 M uf]/If lglvn jf0fL 9

{
g]kfnsf] l;Ssfdf >L >L >L uf]/vgfy
‘gfy]Zj/’sf] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . d[u:ynL u'?
uf]/vgfysf] tk:ynL ePsf] / o:tf] zAbsf]
k|of]un] u'? uf]/vgfyn] To;a]nf g} cfÇgf] nLnf
b]vfpg'ePsf] k|i6 x'g cfpF5 . hol:ylt dNnsf]
g]=;+= $(( -lj=;+=!$#^_ sf] tfd|kqdf ‘b]j uf]/If’
pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . To:t} g]kfn;+jt\ %!! -lj=;+=
!$$*_ kmlk{ª clen]vdf ‘uf]/If kfb'sfEof+ gdM’
pNn]v ePaf6 kGw|f}F ztfAbLdf g} u'? uf]/vgfysf]
k|efj kl/;s]sf] af]w x'G5 .
g]kfnsf] uf]/vf /fHo klg u'? uf]/vgfysf]
gfdaf6 g} /x]sf] pNn]v kfOG5 . g]kfndf pxfFsf]
pRr cfb/ ;Ddfg x'g], pxfFnfO{ k"Hob]j, /fi6«u'?
dfGg], k|To]s sfo{ u'? uf]/vgfynfO{ ;D´]/ dfq ug]
/ g]kfnL k};fdf klg …uf]/ifÚ n]Vg] k/Dk/f lyof] .
o;af6 klg pxfFsf] slt Jofks¿kdf k|l;l4 lyof]
eGg] tYo k|dfl0ft x'G5 . c7f/f} F ztfAbLsf] cGTolt/
hGdg'ePsf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxnfO{ a"9f of]uLsf]
:j¿kdf pkl:yt eO{ cfzLjf{b lbg'ePsf], bxL
vfg lbg'ePsf] s'/f g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df :j0ff{If/n]
n]lvPsf] 5 . /fhf b|Jo zfxnfO{ uf]/IffwLz eg]/
;Daf]wg ul/g', To:t} cGo /fhfx¿nfO{ klg
ul/g'af6 u'? uf]/Ifsf] k|efjsf] af/]df pNn]v ug{
c;Dej g} b]lvG5 .
xfn;Dd klg g]kfnsf] d'b|fdf u'? uf]/vgfysf]
gfd c+lst ePsf] kfOG5 . g]kfnsf] lgzfgf
5fkdf u'? uf]/vgfysf] kfb'sf ;d]t /flvPsf]
lyof] . g]kfnLx¿sf uj{sf k|ltd"lt{ dxfof]uL u'?
uf]/vgfys} s[kf, cfzLjf{bn] g]kfnLx¿ ljZjdf
jL/ uf]vf{nLsf] gfdaf6 uj{ u5{g\ . ‘ho uf]/v’
egL lrRofpFb} c+u|]hx¿nfO{ Pp6f v's'/Lsf] e/df
k/f:t ug' { u'? uf]/vgfys} s[kfsf] kl/0ffd xf] eGg]
s'/fdf s'g} ;Gb]x 5}g .
ho u'?b]j ¤
@)^* h]7 M uf]/If lglvn jf0fL 10

cfTdfvn' ljZjd"nd\ ç s[0jGtf] ljZjdfo{d\ .
uf]/If afn+ u'?lziokfn+ z]iflxdfn+ zlzv08efnd\ .
sfn:o sfn+ lhthGdhfn+ jGb] h6fn+ hubfJhgfnd\ ..
..!..
uf]/Ifgfy ej¿k ejflAwkf]t,
eQmflt{gfzg ljef] s?0f}sd"t]{ .
TjTkfb–kb\d–ds/Gb–dw'j|tf]›x+,
tfk+, dbLodg;f] x/ b]j ;BM ..
..%..
bf]ifs/f]›l:d eujGg'sDkgLoM
lgbf]{iftf g ;'nef hutLtn]›l:dg\ .
bf]ifs/]›lk ljdnB'lt;+o't]›lk,
ls+ nf~5g+ dg'hb[li6ky+ g oflt ..
..@..
uf]/Ifgfy dlo r]t\ s?0fftj]b[s\,
bLg:TjbLor/0ff}+ z/0f+ k|kB] .
gZo]bjZodydfg;j]bgf d]+,
l;l4+ a|h]lGglvna|Ådljlwlx{ nf]s] ..
..#..
uf]/Ifgfy–/h;f r/0fl:yt]g,
k"t+ lz/f] ejlt eQmhg:o g"gd\ .
Tj2z{g+ x/lt t:o ;d:tlrGtf+,
Tjt\;]jg+ x/lt kfk–lkzfr–k'~hd\ ..
..$..
x] gfy ¤ dfdlk ljnf]so bLgaGwf],
;Gtfk–tKt–Xbo+ s[k0f+ If0f]›l:dg\ .
kfbfg]t] lz/l; d] j/bfTd–x:t+,
sfd+ lgw]lx u'?b]j ¤ ejfg's"nM ..
..^..
cfqmDot] hult g}sljw}lx{ /f]u},
ef]uL hgf] ljttef]u–ljd"9r]tfM .
uf]/Ifkfb–;/;L?x–k"hgGt',
JofwLlx{gl:t ;snfg\ vn' ef]ud"nfg\ ..
..&..
a4f]›l:d b]j ej–df]x–;d"x–hfn],
df]Ro:Tjof ;bodflt{x/]0f t"0f{d\ .
b]of r d] z'edltM ;tt+ oof›x+,
TjTkfb–kb\d–o'un+ ljdn+ eh]od\ ..
..*..
uf]/IfkQgldb+ k|lyt+ k[lyJof+,
t]k] tkM ;ttdq ejfg\ d'gLGb|M .
of]u:o dfu{d'klbZo hgfg\ s[tfyf{g\,
rqm] e[z+ ;snnf]s–z'eflenfifL ..
@)^* h]7 M uf]/If lglvn jf0fL 11

uf]/vs[kf
/
sfo{ ;kmntf
k[
YjLgf/fo0f zfx c+h'nL yfk]/ a;]sf lyP . u'? uf]/vgfy
d'vn] cf]sn]/ pgsf] c+h'nLel/ bxL vGofpFb} x'g'x'GYof] .
—‘vfpm .’
cfb]z ;'g]/ k[YjLgf/fo0f Psl5g cndlnP . vfg'sf] ;§f
pgn] To;nfO{ l3gfP/ kmflnlbP . bxL k[YjLgf/fo0fsf] kfpel/
kf]lvof] . k[YjLgf/fo0fnfO{ jfs\l;l4sf] cg'u|x ug{ tlD;g'ePsf
u'? uf]/vgfyn] pgnfO{ eGg'eof], ‘vfPsf] eP ltd|f] jfs\ l;l4 x'g]
lyof] . 7Ls} 5, ltd|f kfpn] hxfF hxfF 6]Sg]5, tL ;a} ltd|f cwLgdf
cfpg]5g\ .’ cfzLjf{b lbFb} eGg'ePsf] u'? uf]/vgfysf] pQm jrg
;To eof] . k[YjLgf/fo0fn] 5l/P/ /x]sf] g]kfnsf] PsLs/0f u/] .
k[YjLgf/fo0fnfO{ s;}n] /fhgLlts b'/fu|xjz gdfg"g\,
Tof] leGg} s'/f xf] . t/ pgn] s]xL t o:tf sfo{ u/]sf lyP
xf]nfg\, s]xL t tk:of y'kf/]sf lyP xf]nfg\, u'? uf]/vgfynfO{
lk|o nfUg], pxfFsf] k|;Ggtf j[l4 x'g] s]xL t k'0o u/]sf lyP
xf]nfg\, en} Tof] o; hGddf geO{ cfjfudgsf] s'g} sfnv08df
u/]sf lyP xf]nfg\ . x'g ;S5 pgn] /fHosfndf g} u/]sf
lyP . h];'s} eP klg u'? uf]/vgfysf] cg'u|xsf] kfq aGg t
k[YjLgf/fo0fn] s]xL t u/]s} x'g'k5{ . s] u/]sf lyP s;}nfO{
klg yfxf 5}g u'? uf]/vgfysf cltl/Qm .
t/ xfdLnfO{ eg] yfxf 5 xfdLn] clxn] s] ul//x]sf 5f}F
eg]/ . xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5— xfdL k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]jx¿ >L >L
dxfof]uL u'? uf]/vgfy Pj+ k/dx+; :jfdL >L lglvn]Zj/fGb
dxf/fhsf] dxfg\ of]hgfnfO{ d"t{¿k lbg ljleGg u'?sfo{df
nflu/x]sf 5f}F . l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|af6 cfof]hgf x'g] ljleGg
cfWoflTds ultljlwdf efu lnP/, lng nufP/ pxfFx¿sf] o'u
lgdf{0fsf nflu h'l6/x]sf 5f}F, cfpg] ;'gf}nf] eljiosf nflu
vl6/x]sf 5f}F .
xfdL u'? uf]/vgfysf] s[kf kfpgsf nflu cfkm"df kfqtf
lgdf{0f ub}{5f}F, cfkm"df cg'u|x zlQmsf nflu rflxg] cfjZos
tŒj h'6fO/x]sf 5f}F— u'?sfo{af6, elQmaf6, >4faf6,
lgi7faf6 . xfdL t ;nn au]/ l5ge/d} u'?sfo{ ug]{ hdsf]{
u5f}{F, l5ge/d} o'ulgdf{0fsf nflu eg]/ xf]ldG5f}F . To;}n]
t cfh l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|n] cfWoflTds ultljlwx¿nfO{
P]ltxfl;s ¿k lbg ;ls/x]sf] 5, clåtLo¿kdf ;DkGg ug{
;ls/x]sf] 5 .
o;f] eGbf cln cx+ b]lvPh:tf] nfUg ;S5 . t/ of] cx+
geP/ uf}/j xf], ;f}efUo xf] lsgeg] l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|n]
hlxn] klg cfÇgf cf/fWo ;b\u'?b]jx¿sf] 5q5fofFdf a;]/,
pxfFx¿sf] lgb]{zgdf /x]/ sfo{qmdx¿ ;DkGg ub}{ cfO/x]sfn]
;Dk"0f{ sfo{sf] ;kmntfdf o;n] pg} ;b\u'?x¿nfO{ b]Vg] u/]sf] 5 .
k[YjLgf/fo0fn] PsLs/0fsf] >]o u'? uf]/vgfynfO{ lbP lbPgg\, Tof]
c1ft 5 . glbPsf eP k[YjLgf/fo0feGbf xfdL clnslt pkNnf
5f}F eg]/ 7fg]df cfklQ x'g]5}g lsgls l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|n]
@)^* h]7 M uf]/If lglvn jf0fL 12

F
cfof]hgf ug]{ cfWoflTds cg'i7fg xf];\
jf ;fdflhs sfo{, ;f+u7lgs ;+/rgfsf]
ljsf; xf];\ jf ;a}sf] sNof0f, lgdf{0f,
ljsf;, pGgltk|ultdf xfdL pg} cf/fWo
;b\u'?b]jx¿ >L >L dxfof]uL u'? uf]/vgfy
Pj+ k/dx+; :jfdL >L lglvn]Zj/fgGb
dxf/fhnfO{ ;j{q b]Vg] u5f}{F .
l;4f>dsf ;d:t u'? ;]js;]ljsf
;fws;flwsfx¿n] cfkm"nfO{ lgldQ dfq}
7fg]/ ljzfn cg'i7fgdf xf]ldg] ;do km]l/
cfPsf] 5– cf7f} F ;jfnfv /f]6 dxf]T;jsf]
¿kdf . ;jfnfv /f]6 dxf]T;j of]u xf]
vl08t cfTdfx¿sf] ldngsf] ¿kdf .
;jfnfv /f]6 dxf]T;j of]u xf] ljvl08t
/ czfGt cfTdfx¿sf] zflGtsf nflu .
of] Pp6f of]u xf] c;kmntf / zq'tfsf]
aLrdf ;kmntf / ldqtfsf] . To;}n] of]u
k|rf/sf nflu u'? uf]/vgfy km]l/ ¿k
w/]/ cfpg'ePsf] 5 tkfO{ F xfdLaLr cf7f}
;jfnfv /f]6 dxf]T;j ag]/ . o; /f]6
dxf]T;jdf km]l/ Psk6s cfkm"nfO{ s]jn
pg} cf/fWo u'? uf]/vgfysf] pks/0f
;D´]/, lg/fdo efjn] nfUg' cfjZos
5 lsgeg] ‘o:t} o:t}’ dxfcg'i7fgx¿,
sfo{qmdx¿, u'? uf]/vgfysf] cg'u|x
kfpg k[YjLgf/fo0fn] u/]sf lyP xf]nfg\ .
xfdL klg eljiosf uf]/vs[kfsf clwsf/L
aGg hfFb}5f}F o:t}o:t} dxfcg'i7fgx¿df
lgldQ ag]/ .
k[YjLgf/fo0fdf cg'u|x zlQmnfO{
wf/0f ug]{ zlQm lyof] . To;}n] t pgn] u'?
uf]/vgfyaf6 k|fKt cfzLjf{bnfO{ wf/0f
u/]/ /fVg ;s] . PsLs/0f cleofgdf
To;} wf/0f zlQmn] sfd u/]sf] lyof]—
Tof] wf/0f zlQm sxfFaf6 cfof] < u'?
uf]/vsf] cfzLjf{bn] . u'? uf]/vgfysf]
cfzLjf{b sxfFaf6 k|fKt eof] < pxfFnfO{
v'zL / k|;Gg kfg]{ ;Tsfo{n] . o:tf]
;Tsfo{sf] pbfx/0f s:tf] x'G5 < u'?
uf]/vgfysf] >Lr/0fsdndf ck{0f ug]{
/f]6h:tf] .
jf:tjdf xfdL cg'u|x zlQmnfO{
wf/0f ug]{ zlQm ;+ro ub}{5f}F . xfdL u'?
uf]/vgfysf] cfzLjf{bsf nflu cfkm"leq
kfqtf lgdf{0f ub}{5f}F . kfqtfn] u'?
uf]/vsf] cg'u|xsf] clwsf/L eOG5 .
cg'u|x Tof] zlQm xf] h;n] ¿kfGt/0f u5{,
h;n] cfd"n kl/jt{g u5{ k[YjLgf/fo0fn]
u/]h:t} .
lgZro g} k|To]s g]kfnLnfO{ u'?
uf]/vgfysf] cg'u|x zlQm rflxPsf] 5,
pxfFsf] cg'sDkf rflxPsf] 5, pxfFsf]
cfzLjf{b rflxPsf] 5 . k[YjLgf/fo0fdf
s] o:tf] qmGbg / lrTsf/ lyof], pgn]
kfOxfn] u'? uf]/vsf] cg'u|x . xfdLdf
ToxL lrTsf/ cfpg afFsL 5, xfdLdf
ToxL qmGbg / 56k6L cfpg afFsL 5
g]kfnsf] pTyfgsf nflu, g]kfnsf] lgdf{0f
/ cl:tTjsf nflu .
g]kfnsf] ;d'Ggltsf] k|fy{gf,
g]kfnsf] pHHjn eljiosf] sfdgf, o;
;'Gb/ b]zsf] cl:tTj /Iffsf] ;jfndf
xfdLleq 56k6L x'g'k¥of], xfdLleq
cft'/tf / Jofs'ntf x'g'k¥of] . oxL
cfs'ntf clg Jofs'ntfn] dfq xfdLnfO{
u'? uf]/vsf] cg'u|xaf6 o'Qm ug{ ;S5,
lgsfz lbg ;S5 . oxL Jofs'ntfsf]
lgzfgL xf] ‘;jfnfv /f]6 dxf]T;j’ .
/f]6 dxf]T;j zflGtsf] nflu xf],
sNof0fsf] nflu xf], ;d'Ggltsf] nflu xf],
k|ult / lgsf;sf] nflu xf] . k|To]s jif{
lj/f6\ / ljzfn b[li6n] o; sfo{qmdsf]
cfof]hgf x'g] u5{, lsgls o;sf] k| ]/s pg}
/fi6«b]j u'? uf]/vgfy x'g'x'G5 . l;4f>d
zlQmn] cfof]hgf u/]sf ;jfnfv /f]6
dxf]T;jnufot cGo ;a} sfo{qmdx¿,
dxf]T;jx¿, dxfcg'i7fgx¿ To;}n] t
;kmn ePsf 5g\, clåtLo ePsf 5g\ .
;jf{wf/ u'? uf]/vgfy oL ;a}df ;fy}
x'g'ePsf]n] of] ;Dej ePsf] xf] .
h;sf] k5fl8 pxfFs} ;fy 5, h;sf]
lz/df pxfFs} ceox:t 5, h;sf] ;fydf
pxfFs} 5q5fofF 5 / h;sf] dgn] ;bf
g]kfnsf], g]kfnLsf] clg ;d:t dfgjsf]
sNof0f vf]h]sf] 5, ;a}sf nflu zflGtsf]
rfxgf /fv]sf] 5, ;a}sf] ljd'lQm vf]h]sf]
5, pgn] /f]8g / qmGbgsf] >[+vnf sfod
/fVg k/]sf] 5, cft'/tf / Jofs'ntfsf]
cfFwLdf cfkm"nfO{ 8f]¥ofpg k/]sf] 5 .
====/, oL ;a}sf nflu cf7f}F ;jfnfv
/f]6 dxf]T;jn] Jou| / Jofs'n eP/
oxfFx¿ ;a}nfO{ :jfut ul//x]sf] 5
P]ltxfl;s 7fd uf]/vf cfudgsf
nflu .
ho u'?b]j ¤
@)^* h]7 M uf]/If lglvn jf0fL 13

…ç x|L+ S|of+ If+ u'? uf]/vgfyfo :jfxfMÚ
o; dGqsf] Wjlg lxdjt\v08 kz'klt dxfIf]qdf u'~h]/
Tof] If]qdfq} xf]Og, ;d:t lxdjt\ If]qnfO{ g} r}tGo / lbJo
agfO/x]sf] klg w]/} jif{ eO;s]sf] 5 . u'? uf]/vgfysf] l;4kL7,
cj0f{gLo / clt lbJo kL7sf] k|f+u0fdf a;]/ uf]/If dGqhk ub}{
>L lzjuf]/If xjg x'Fb} cfO/x]sf] 5 . k|To]s dlxgfsf] klxnf]
;f]daf/ kz'klt d[u:ynLsf] uf]/IfkL7df ;DkGg x'Fb} cfO/x]sf]
o; xjgdf ;xefuL x'g] ;f}efUo w]/}n] kfO/x]sf 5g\ .
r}tGo uf]/IfkL7sf] rf/}lt/ a;]/ uf]/IfdGq;Fu} ‘:jfxf,
:jfxf’sf] dw'/Wjlgsf ;fy r? cfx'lt ug]{x¿sf] ;d"xnfO{ b]v]/
kL7sf] af6f] x'Fb} cfjthfjt ug]{ eQmx¿ 6Ss cl8P/ xjg
eO/x]sf] b[Zo x]5{g\ t sltko xjgd} ;xefuL x'g k'U5g\ .
xjgdf klxnf]k6s ;xefuL Ps ;fwsn] eg]sf lyP— d}n]
w]/} 7fpFdf xjg ug]{ ;f}efUo kfPF t/ oltlj£g ;'Gb/, Jojl:yt
/ lbJo xjg u/]s} /x]g5' . pgsf cg';f/ o; xjgdf a:bf
pgn] kfPsf] cfgGb zAbn] atfpg ;lsGg .
csf{ Ps eQmn] eg]sf lyP— hLjgs} ;jf]{Qd xjgdf
efu lng] df}sf kfPF, eujfg\ lzjsf] !)* cjtf/dWo] ;a}eGbf
dxŒjk"0f{ cjtf/ >Llzj uf]/Ifsf] xjgdf a:bfv]l/sf] cfgGb
/ zflGtsf] /;f:jfbg ce"tk"j{ lyof] .
o;/L >L lzjuf]/If xjgdf a:bfv]l/sf] cg'e"ltnfO{ w]/}n]
w]/} ¿kdf k|:t't ub{5g\ . w]/}sf] cg'ej cnf}lss 5, w]/}sf]
kf/nf}lss 5 / w]/}sf] lbJo / cfgGbk|b 5 .
d :ju{sf] b]j/fh OGb|sf] cf;gdf a;]/ xjg ub}{ lyPF .
To;a]nfsf] cfgGbnfO{ d zAbdf s}b ug{ ;lSbg— ltns nfpg
nfddf a;]sf Pshgfn] cfÇgf] cg'ej o;/L kf]v]sf lyP .
x'g klg pxfFsf] cg'e"lt ;a}sf nflu Ps;dfg nfu" x'G5 . >L
lzjuf]/Ifsf] xjg ug{ kfpg', elQm ug{ kfpg', pkf;gf ug'{ OGb|
kb kfpg'eGbf dflysf] ;f}efUo xf], w]/}n] o:t} ljrf/ /fV5g\ .
k|To]s dlxgfsf] klxnf] ;f]daf/ laxfg *M)) ah]
d[u:ynLsf] uf]/IfkL7df hDdf ePsf xjgsf ;xefuLx¿sf
ljleGg cg'ej cg'e"ltx¿nfO{ ;'Gb}df klg cfgGb cfpg]
xjgsf] j}1flgs kIf
o; ;[li6sf k|yd dg'ion] ckf}?ifo jf0fLsf] dfWodaf6 ‘clUg dL8] k'/f]lxt+’ eg]/ CUj]bsf] o;} jfSoaf6 clUg k|HHjng
l;s]sf lyP . k|s[ltsf ;a} zlQmx¿ o;kl5 g} dflg;sf] jzdf cfof] . jf:tjdf clUgn] g} ef}lts / j}1flgs k|ultsf] dfu{
vf]n] . o;}n] clUgk"hf -Fire Worship_ k|sf/fGt/n] ;a} wd{df ;dfg¿kn] ;DkGg eO/x]sf] b]lvG5 .
o1 Pp6f ;Dk"0f{ pkrf/k4lt xf]— kof{j/0f ;+zf]wgsf nflu, ;"Idhutdf ;+JofKt k|b"if0f x6fpgsf nflu tyf dfgjsf]
:y"n–;"Id sf/0f x/]s :t/df lrlsT;f ug{sf nflu . xfdLn] lbPsf cfx'ltn] s;/L cfÇgf] dGqzlQm Pj+ o1 pmhf{sf] ;dlGjt
:j¿ksf] dfWodaf6 nfe k'¥ofpF5, oxL o1f]krf/ k|lqmof xf] . cfTd;Qfdfly k/]sf] siffosNdifx¿nfO{ ;kmf u/]/ u'0f;"q,
qmf]df]hf]D; hLG;;Dd o1k|lqmofn] k|efj kfb{5 .
o1flUg / ;fdfGo clUgdf cGt/ 5 . o1df /f]u lgjf/0fdf ;dLwf, zfsNo tyf dGqx¿sf] rog s;/L ul/G5 eGg] k|lqmof
;Dk"0f{ lj1fg xf] . k~re"taf6 ag]sf] o; sfofdf k[YjLtŒjsf] k|fwfGotf 5 tyf k[YjLn] ;bf jfo'af6 uGwx¿sf] zf]if0f ub{5 .
o1åf/f o;} uGwtŒjsf] k|d'v Ifdtfsf] pkof]u u/]/ k[YjLdf pTkGg x'g] jgf}iflwx¿åf/f z/L/sf ;Defljt sdLnfO{ k"lt{ tyf
ljsf/x¿sf] zdg ul/G5 . cf]hf]g / C0ffTds cfoG;sf] dfqf a9fP/ o1k|lqmofn] ;fws–ofhssf rf/}lt/sf] k|efd08nnfO{
abN5 / /Qm;+jxgåf/f oL tŒjx¿nfO{ k"/} z/L/df k'¥ofP/ k|0fflUgnfO{ k|HHjlnt agfP/ /fVb5 . k|f0fflUg s'08lngL g} xf] h;n]
JolQmsf] k|lt/f]wL ;fdYo{nfO{ ;tt a9fP/ /fVb5 . o1flUg / k|f0fflUg s;/L k/:k/ ;Da4 5 eGg] a'‰g' o1f]krf/sf] d"ndd{nfO{
a'‰g' xf] . o1f]krf/ j:t'tM dfg;f]krf/sf] If]qdf ;j{>]i7 lrlsT;f k|lqmof xf] . hxfF s'g} klg cf}iflwx¿sf] kx'Fr 5}g ToxfF o1sf]
jfikLe"t pmhf{ k'u]/ dgf]/f]u / dgf]ljsf/x¿nfO{ zdg ub{5 .
dfgjsf nflu dfq geO{ ;d:t Osf]l;:6dsf] pkrf/ k4lt xf] o1 . o1sf] nfe b]jblIf0ffåf/f JolQmTjsf] kl/isf/sf] ¿kdf
b]jTjsf] ;+j4{g / cf;'/L tŒjsf] lgjf/0fdf tyf k|f0fkh{Gosf] jiff{åf/f cogd08nsf] ;'Joj:yf agfpg] ¿kdf ldNb5 . uLtfsf/sf
cg';f/ cGgfb\ejlGt e"tflg kh{GofbGg ;+ejM . o1fb\ejlt kh{Gof] o1M sd{ ;d'b\ejM . -#÷!$_ cyf{t\ ;Dk"0f{ k|f0fL cGgaf6
pTkGg x'G5g\, cGgsf] pTklQ j[li6af6 x'G5, j[li6 o1af6 x'G5 / o1 ljlxt sd{af6 pTkGg x'G5 . To;}n] ;j{JofkL k/d cIf/
k/dfTdf ;bf g} o1df k|ltli7t x'g'x'G5 . o1k|lqmofsf] of] kIf clt g} u"9 ljj]rgfsf ;fy k|:t't ePsf] kfOG5 .
@)^* h]7 M uf]/If lglvn jf0fL 14

u5{ .
lgZro g} k|To]s xjg, cfWoflTds cg'i7fg, dxfcg'i7fg,
sfo{qmd, dxf]T;jx¿sf ljlzi7 p2]Zo / nIo x'G5g\ . >L
lzjuf]/If xjgn] klg cfÇgf] clei6 nIo af]s]sf] 5 . zflGt,
l:y/tf, ;j{hg lxtfo ;j{hg ;'vfosf] efjgfsf ;fy cfof]hgf
eO/x]sf] o; xjgaf6 eQmhgn] cf–cfÇgf efjgfcg';f/ >L >L
dxfof]uL u'? uf]/vgfysf] cfzLjf{b, s[kf, cg'sDkf kfO/x]sf
5g\ . pxfFsf] s[kfdfq} ;a} ;d:ofsf] lgbfg xf] . pxfFsf] s[kf
kfpg' eg]s} ;a} ;d:ofaf6 d'Qm x'g' xf] . ;a} ;d:of, b'Mv,
zf]saf6 kf/ x'g] pkfo eGg' g} s}jNo xf] . s}jNo eGg' u'?
uf]/vgfy x'g\ . To;}n] xjgdf efu lng' u'? uf]/vgfynfO{
kfpg' xf] .
uf]/IfkL7 l;4frn d[u:ynL
sf7df8f}Faf6 sl/a % lsld k"j{df /x]sf] kz'kltIf]qdf /x]sf] Zn]ifdfGts jg cfÇgf]
uf}/jnfO{ ;d]6]/ /x]sf] 5 . lxdjt\v08 kz'klt If]qnfO{ dxfIf]q, dxfkL7, l;4If]q, k'0o dfx]Zj/
Pj+ sfdl;4 If]q cyf{t\ OR5f u/]sf] kmn k|fKt ug]{ 7fpF egL j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 .
oyfy{ ljj/0f gkfOP klg d[u:ynLdf lzjuf]/Ifsf] zlQmkL7sf] :yfkgf;DaGwL ;Gbe{ /fhf
g/]Gb|b]jsf] kfnfsf] ;dol;t hf]l8Psf] kfOG5 . o; ;Gbe{cg';f/ Psk6s >L u'? uf]/vgfy
g]kfndf cfpg'x'Fbf pxfFsf] plrt sb/ gePsf]n] pxfF lvGg x'g'eof] . dflg;df cfPsf] dof{bfxLg
s';+:sf/nfO{ b]v]/ pxfF lvGg x'g'ePsf] lyof] . o:tf s';+:sf/Lx¿nfO{ plrt kf7 l;sfpg] p2]Zon]
pxfF d[u:ynLdf tk:ofdf nLg x'g'eof] . gfux¿sf] cf;g agfO{ pxfFn] tk:of ug{ yfn]kl5 g]kfndf
kfgL kg{ 5f]8\of] . kfgL gk/]kl5 clgsfn k¥of], xfxfsf/ z'? eof], ;fdflhs hghLjg c:tJo:t
eof] . /fhf g/]Gb|b]jn] b]zdf o:tf] l:ylt x'gfsf] sf/0f ;f]4f cfrfo{ aGw'bQn] gfux¿nfO{ cf;gaf6
d'Qm u/]df kfgL kg]{ atfP . t/ gfux¿nfO{ d'Qm ug{ u'? uf]/vgfynfO{ tk:ofaf6 p7fpg' kg]{
x'G5 . pxfFnfO{ cf;gaf6 p7fpg] s;/L < o;sf nflu klg pkfo lgsflnof] . sfd¿k sfdfVofaf6
u'? uf]/vgfysf u'? dT:o]Gb|gfynfO{ g]kfn Nofpg] of]hgfg'¿k sfo{ eof] . cfÇgf u'?sf] bz{g
kfpgf;fy u'? uf]/vgfy cf;gaf6 p7\g'eof] . gfux¿ d'Qm eP . kfgL kg{ yfNof] . clgsfn l;l4P/
;xsfn cfof] . u'? uf]/vgfyn] tk:of ug'{ePsf] 7fpF g} kl5 l;4 uf]/IfkL7sf] ¿kdf ljVoft eof] .
kz'kltk'/f0fdf d[u:ynLsf] l;4 uf]/IfkL7sf] af/]df o:tf] pNn]v 5—
cq uf]/Ifs+ gfd tLy{+ sfdkmnk|bd\ .
tqfleif]s oM s'of{b uf];x;| kmn+ne]t ..
cyf{t\, kz'klt If]qsf] d[u:ynLdf uf]/If gfdsf] tLy{ 5 . ToxfF uP/ cleif]s ugf{n] xhf/
ufO{ bfg u/] a/fa/sf] kmn kfOG5 . eujfg\ dxfb]j kfj{tLnfO{ 5Ng d[usf] ¿k wf/0f u/L o;
If]qsf] ls/fFt]Zj/ dxfb]jl:yt :yfgdf ljr/0f ug'{ePsf]n] o; 7fpFsf] gfpF d[u:ynL /xg uPsf]
xf] eGg] :j:yfgL dxfTDodf j0f{g kfOG5 .
lzv/z}nLdf lgld{t clt g} cfsif{s uf]/IfkL7 !^$ jif{ k'/fgf] dflgG5 . oxfF u'? uf]/Ifgfysf]
kfb'sf zf]efodfg 5 . rfFbLsf] kfb'sfnfO{ rfFbLs} z]ifgfun] 5ftfsf] ¿k lbP/ cf]9fOPsf] 5 .
o; kL7sf] k5fl8 u'? dT:o]Gb|gfysf] elgg] d"lt{ klg /x]sf] 5 . oxfF sfgkm§f cyf{t\ sfglr?jf
k"hf/L dfq} a:g] Joj:yf 5 . s'08n wf/s gfyk+yL k"hf/Ln] g} oxfF k"hfcfhf ug]{ ub{5g\ . oxfF
d+unaf/sf lbg u'? uf]/vgfysf] r/0fdf /f]6 r9fOG5 .
@)^* h]7 M uf]/If lglvn jf0fL 15

t'd ;tlrt cfgGb ;bflzj cfud–lgud k/] . of]u–k|rf/0f–sf/0f o'u–o'u uf]/v ?k w/] .!.
csn–;sn s'n–cs'n k/fk/ cnv lg/+hg P . ej–ej–ljej–k/fej–sf/0f of]uL Wofg w/] .@.
ci6 l;l4 gj–lglw s/ hf]/] nf]6t r/0f tn] . e'lQm–d'lQm ;'v–;DklQ oltklt ¤ ;a tj Pj s/] .#.
lzj uf]/If x/] ¤ ho uf]/If x/] ¤ —$
s'08n dl08t–u08–:yn 5lj s'+lrts]z w/] . ;bo gog, :d]/fgg, o'jtg, cFu–cFu Hof]lt em/] .$.
cd/sfo, cjw"t, cof]lgh, ;'/–g/–gdg s/] . ta s[kof k/of kl/j]li6t, cwdx'F kf/ t/] .%.
s[i0f–?lSd0fL–kl/0fo–k|s/0f+, b]jg lj£g s/] . ;'lg Clif–d'gL ljgtL t'd k|u6], s+ug–aGwg s/] .^.
lzj uf]/If x/] ¤ ho uf]/If x/] ¤ —$
;b\u'? ljifd–ljifo–ljif–d"l5{t, lt/Lof hfn k/] . hfu d5Gb/ uf]/v cfof, uf p4f/ s/] .&.
lk|of ljof]u e/y/L ljÅjn, ljsn d;fg lkm/] . dxfdf]xtd–d]l6 boflglw ¤ l;l4–;d[4 s/] .*.
sfnef]h afKkf k/ /Lem], v8\u k|bfg s/] . eo] ‘/fhu'?’ lrqs'6–klt, lblz–lblz ljho s/] .(.
lzj uf]/If x/] ¤ ho uf]/If x/] ¤ —$
k"/g eut ljdftf kLl8t, lag' cFu s"k k/] . ta k|;fb ;jf{Ëk"0f{ x} dxfl;4 lgs/] .!).
chkf, dfl0fs, /tg, rk{6L, of]u]Zj/ l;u/] . uf]uf, cfNxf, w/d, dlNnsf, ta u'0fufg s/] .!!.
s'lkt hnGwgfy sflgkfgfyx'F /f]if e/] . /fhf uf]kLrGb dbgdlt ta s[kof pa/] .!@.
lzj uf]/If x/] ¤ ho uf]/If x/] ¤ —$
ta k|;fb an hLlt l5ofln; k[lyjL /fh s/] . gfd, kfb'sf jx s'n cjx"F, d'b|f d's'6 w/] .!#.
;fu/dl; n]vgL sNkt?, sfub e"ld s/] . u0fklt lnvO{ sNkzt tax'F dlxdf n]v k/] .!$.
hf] cflbTogfy s[t ox :t'lt ufo] >j0f s/] . gfy s[kf t]+ ;a ;'v nlx ej–;fu/ kf/ s/] .!%.
lzj uf]/If x/] ¤ ho uf]/If x/] ¤ —^
@)^* h]7 M uf]/If lglvn jf0fL 16

?b|fIfsf] ¿v cDafsf] ¿vh:t} ;fgf] x'G5 . ao/
cyjf cDafh:t} o;sf] kftsf] 8fF7df ?b|fIf kmNb5 .
olta]nf of] lgs} ;fgf] x'G5 . cf7–b; dlxgfdf ;'s]/
s7f]/ x'G5 / ´b{5 . a]Unfa]Un} wf/sf ?b|fIfx¿ Pp6}
¿vdf kmN5g\ . Psd'vLb]lv w]/} d'v ePsf ?b|fIf Ps}
¿vdf kmN5 . ¿vd'lgaf6 ?b|fIfnfO{ p7fOG5 . ?b|fIfsf]
d'vcg';f/ 5fF6]/ o;nfO{ cnu /flvG5 . ?b|fIfnfO{
¿v}af6 eg] l6lkGg .
?b|fIfdf l5b| eg] x'Fb}g . o;df ljz]if¿kn] l5b|
agfP/ dfnf plgG5 . ?b|fIfdf l5b| agfpg' klg Pp6f
snf xf] / ;a}n] o; sfo{nfO{ ;DkGg ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . of]
Pp6f o:tf] snf xf] h;nfO{ l;Sg ;lsG5 . ?b|fIfsf]
Jofkf/ Joj;fo ug]{x¿dWo] w]/} o;df kf/+ut ePsf
kfOG5g\ .
cGo kmnx¿h:t} ?b|fIfnfO{ klg kmnju{df lnOG5 .
t/ klg o;nfO{ ;]jg gu/L z/L/df nufpg] ul/G5 .
o;nfO{ k"0f{ >4fsf ;fy z/L/df wf/0f ul/G5 . o;/L
eGg'kbf{ ?b|fIf kmnsf] >]0fLdf u0fgf x'Fb}g eg] klg km/s
kb}{g, o;nfO{ b]jLb]jtfnfO{ klg ck{0f ul/Gg .
?b|fIfsf hGdbftf eujfg\ z+s/ x'g'x'G5 . ?b|sf] cy{
eujfg\ lzj / cIfsf] cy{ xf]— cfFz' . ?b| / cIf ldn]/
?b|fIf ag]sf] 5 . of] ao/ cyjf s]/fpsf] bfgfhqf] x'G5 .
rf/ /ªdf ?b|fIf kfOG5g\— ;]tf], /ftf], ldl>t / sfnf] .
g]kfn / dn]lzofdf dfq ?b|fIf kfOG5 . dn]lzofsf] ?b|fIf
k|foM 7"nf] cfsf/sf] cyf{t\ ao/hqf
x'G5g\ . g]kfnsf ?b|fIf eg] d6/sf]
bfgfhqf x'G5g\ . k|frLgsfnb]lv g}
ef/tsf kf}/fl0fs u|Gydf ?b|fIfsf]
j0f{g / dxfTDo rNb} cfPsf] kfOG5 .
cg]sf}F u|Gyx¿df o;sf] j0f{g kfOG5 .
w]/} klxn]b]lv ;fw';+Gof;Lx¿n] o;nfO{
wf/0f ub}{ cfO/x]sf 5g\ . lz/, kfv'/f jf
3fF6Ldf ?b|fIf jf ?b|fIfsf] dfnf wf/0f ug] {
ljwfg k|frLgsfnb]lv g} rlncfPsf] 5 . wfld{s ;dfhsf
nflu ?b|fIf gofF s'/f jf cfZro{hgs j:t' xf]Og .
?b|fIfdf wf/x¿ x'G5g\ . oL wf/x¿nfO{ d'v
elgG5 . ?b|fIfdf oL wf/x¿ Psb]lv w]/} klg x'G5g\ .
;fdfGo¿kdf kfFr wf/ ePsf] cyf{t\ k~rd'vL ?b|fIf
w]/} dfqfdf kfOG5 . ha b'O{ ?b|fIf Psfk;df hf]l8Psf]
¿kdf x'G5 eg] o;nfO{ uf}/Lz+s/ ?b|fIf elgG5 .
tLgj6f ?b|fIf hf]l8G5g\ eg] ‘kf6’ elgG5 cyf{t\ lzj,
kfj{tL / u0f]z . o;k|sf/sf] ?b|fIf lj/n} kfOG5 .
?b|fIfsf] j0f{g cg]sf} F wfld{s–kf}/fl0fs u|Gyx¿df
cfpF5g\ . ?b|hfafnf]klgifb\, lzjk'/f0f, p8\8LztGq,
kb\dk'/f0f logdf k|d'v 5g\ . tGqdGqdf klg ?b|fIfsf]
7"nf] dxŒj x'G5 . ?b|fIfsf] dfnfsf] cfÇg} ljz]if
dxŒj x'G5 . k"hfkf7 jf b]jLb]jtfx¿sf] pkf;gfdf
o; dfnfsf] cfÇg} dxŒj 5 . of] dfnf clt g} kljq
/ kmnbfoL dflgG5 .
?b|fIf r lzjfIf+ r ;jf{If e"t gfzgd\ .
kfjg gLn s07fIf /fIf+r lzjlk|od ..
?b|fIf Tof] lbJo c:q xf] h;nfO{ wf/0f ugf{n] rf/}
l;l4x¿ 1fgl;l4, sfo{l;l4, wgl;l4 tyf cGgk"0ff{
l;l4 :jtM g} k|fKt x'g hfG5 . clt g} b'n{e b}jLo
zlQmx¿ sNkj[If, sfdw]g' Pj+ lrGtfdl0f/Tg ?b|fIfdf
lglxt 5g\ .
?bfIfsf] pkof]u Hof]ltifzf:qdf u|xx¿sf]
s'k|efjnfO{ lgjf/0f ug{ ul/G5 . h;/L /Tg Pj+
pk/Tgn] u|xx¿sf bf]if b"/ x'G5g\, To;/L g} ?b|fIfaf6
klg u|xbf]ifsf] lgjf/0f x'g ;S5 . /Tg Pj+ pk/Tg
xflgsf/s klg x'g ;S5 . t/ ?b|fIf slxNo} klg
xflgsf/s x'Fb}g .
h;/L ;a} /fIf; Pj+
b]jtfx¿nfO{ eujfg\ lzjuf]/If
lk|o nfUg] x'G5, To;/L g} ?b|fIf
wf/snfO{ klg ;a}n] dg k/fpF5g\ .
hf] ckljq 5, g/fd|f sfo{x¿ u5{,
cg]s kfkx¿n] h;sf] hLjg
el/Psf] 5, p;n] klg olb ?b|fIf
wf/0f u5{ eg] pm ;a} kfkx¿af6
d'Qm x'G5 .
@)^* h]7 M uf]/If lglvn jf0fL 17

?b|fIf clenlift kbfy{x¿sf bftf, ;b}j ef]u–df]If
lbg] x'G5 . lzjkfj{tLsf] k|;Ggtfsf nflu ?b|fIf wf/0f
cfjZos 5 . :qLx¿n] klg ?b|fIf wf/0f u/]sf] k|df0f
kfOG5g\ . o;n] pgLx¿sf] ;f}efUo j[l4 / /f]usf] lgj[lQ
ub{5 . /h;|fjsf] rf/lbg o;nfO{ wf/0f ug{'x'Gg . kfrf}F
lbgdf :gfg u/]/ wf/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . hxfF ?b|fIfsf]
k"hf x'G5 ToxfF nIdL lj/fhdfg\ x'lG5g\, pkb|j gi6
x'G5 tyf dgf]sfdgfx¿ k"0f{ x'G5g\ .
?b|fIfsf] d'v a|Ådf x'g\, ljGb' lzj x'g\, tnsf]
efu lji0f' x'g\ . lqb]jljlzi6 ?b|fIf e'lQmd'lQmnfO{
lbg]jfnf xf] .
?b|fIfdflng+ b[i6jf lzjf] lji0f'M k|;Lblt .
b]jL u0fkltM ;"o{M ;'/fZrfGo]›lk kfj{tL ..
-lzjk'/f0f_
cyf{t\, ?b|fIfsf] dfnf wf/0f
u/]sf JolQmnfO{ b]v]/ lzj, lji0f',
b]jL, u0f]z, ;"o{, kfj{tL ;a}
b]ju0f k|;Gg x'G5g\ .
dGqtGqsf k|frLg ;flxTo
?b|fIfsf] dxQfaf6 el/Psf
kfOG5g\—
?b|fIfdfNof hKtf] d+qM
;j{kmnk|bM .
cyf{t\, ?b|fIfsf] dfnfåf+/f
hKgfn] dGqn] ;d:t kmnnfO{
k|bfg ub{5 .
t]gf>'ljGb'lehf{tf dTo]{
?b|fIfe"?xfM .
:yfj/Tjdg'k|fKtf nf]sfg'u|xsf/sfM ..
?b|b]jsf] cIfaf6 dg'ionf]s -e"nf]s_ df ?b|fIfsf]
¿v pTkGg eO{ :yfj/TjnfO{ k|fKt eP/ ;+;f/sf] lxtdf
z'e kmn k|bfg ub{5 .
?b|fIff0ff+ kmn+ t:o lqif' nf]s]if' lj>'td\ .
nIf+ tT:kz{g] k'0o+ sf]l6e{jlt dfngft\ ..
tLg} nf]sdf ?b|fIf¿kL kmnsf] :kz{dfqn] klg
nfvu'0ff kmn k|fKt x'G5 . dfnf wf/0f ugf{n] To;eGbf
klg clws kmn k|fKt x'G5 .
:jo+ lzjuf]/Ifn] ?b|fIfsf] e]b o:tf] atfpg'ePsf]
5—
ae"j':t] ?b|fIff ci6lq+zTk|e]btM .
;"o{g]q;d'b\e"tfM tf slknf åfbz :d[tfM ..
?b|fIf #* k|sf/sf kfOG5g\ . tLdWo] d]/f] ;"o{
g]q -bfofF cfFvf_ af6 slkn j0f{sf] !@ k|sf/sf ?b|fIf
pTkGg eP .
;f]dg]qf]lTytfM Zj]tf:t], iff]8zljiffM qmdft\ .
jl≈gg]qf]b\ejfM s[i0ff bz, e]bf ejlGt lx ..
d]/f] ;f]dg]q -afofF cfFvf_ af6 Zj]ts0f{sf !^
k|sf/sf / clUgg]q -t];|f] cfFvf_ af6 !) k|sf/sf ?b|fIf
pTkGg eP .
Zj]tj0f{Zr ?b|fIff] hflttf] a|f≈d pRot] .
Iffqf] /St:tyf ld>f] j}ZoM s[i0ff:t' z"b|sM ..
;]tf] j0f{sf] ?b|fIf a|f≈d0f, /ftf] Iflqo, ldl>t j}Zo
/ sfnf] /ªsf] ?b|fIf z"b|n] wf/0f
ug'{kb{5 .
? b | f I f s f ] p T k l Q
/ dlxdfsf] of] j0f{gn]
cflbsfnb]lv ;gftgwdL{x¿nfO{
k|]l/t ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 / ?b|fIfn]
;gftgLx¿nfO{ sNof0f ub}{
cfO/x]sf] 5 . ?b|fIfsf] Jofks
dxŒj / pkof]u 5 . cdnfhqf]
?b|fIf ;jf]{Qd dflgPsf] 5 . o;
cfsf/sf] ?b|fIf w]/} sd dfqfdf
kfOG5g\ .
?b|fIfnfO{ lrGg ;Sg]
cfwf/x¿ s]xL 5g\ . of] kfgLdf t}l/Gg . cyf{t\ kfgLdf
/fVbf of] 8'Ab5 . 3'g nfu]sf], sL/fn] vfPsf], 6'6]km'6]sf
/ l5n]/ agfOPsf ?b|fIf wf/0f ug'{x'Fb}g, g t o;nfO{
/+ufpg' g} x'G5 .
?b|fIfh:t} b]lvg] kmn klg kfOG5 . o;nfO{ eb|fIf
elgG5 . eb|fIf kfgLdf 8'Ab}g / of] 6]9f]d]9f] x'G5 . o;nfO{
;lhn} lrGg ;lsG5 . ?b|fIf eujfg\ z+s/sf] lk|o cfe"if0f
xf] . ?b|fIfsf] dfnf hktk / cg]syl/sf tGqdGqsf]
sfo{df cfpF5 . ?b|fIf j}1flgs b[li6n] dxŒjk"0f{ /
cg]syl/sf kmn k|bfg ug]{ cb\e"t kmn xf] . hLjgsf
cg]sf}F dxŒjk"0f{ sfo{x¿df of] pkof]udf cfpF5 .
@)^* h]7 M uf]/If lglvn jf0fL 18

3/ 3/af6 /f]6 ck{0f x'g ;Sof] eg]====
ljut ;ft jif{b]lv l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|n] /f]6sf] dlxdf
ufpFb} cfO/x]sf] 5 . /f]6sf] dlxdf, ul/df, ljz]iftfnfO{ b[li6ut
u/]/ g} o; ;+:yfn] ljut ;ft jif{b]lv ;a}sf cltlk|o dxfof]uL
/fi6«u'? uf]/vgfysf] r/0fsdndf ;jfnfv /f]6 ck{0f ub}{
cfO/x]sf] 5 .
ljutsf lbgx¿ lgZro g} clt g} eofjx lyP . ljut s]xL
jif{ cl3sf lbgx¿ lgZro g} czfGt, ljb|f]x, cfqmd0fsf lyP
/ ljutsf] ps';d's';nfO{ kG5fpg] hdsf]{ w]/}n] w]/} lsl;daf6
u/]sf lyP . ToxL hdsf]{leq l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|sf] ;jfnfv
/f]6 dxf]T;j klg Ps lyof] .
ljleGg If]qaf6 ePsf ljleGg k|of; k|oTgn] ljutsf]
sf]nfxn zfGt x'g uof], ljutsf] cGwsf/ x6\of] . t/ o;
cGwsf/n] a]nfa]nf lz/ p7fO/x]sf] cg'e"lt ug{ kbf{ ;a}nfO{
a]dHhf eO/x]sf] 5 . sf]nfxn k'gM lapFltg] 8/ Psflt/ 5
eg] ljv+8gsf], ljb|f]xsf], a]d]nsf] l:yltn] klg ;ftf] n]nf
eGg] 8/ 5 . s'grflxFsf] s'ga]nf slG;/L tft]/ czflGt x'g]
xf] eGg] 8/ 5 . csf]{lt/ cfGtl/s lvrftfgLaf6 sdhf]/
/fi6«nfO{ d'9]an nufP/} eP klg, rsf]{ cfjfhn] ysf{P/} eP
klg bafpg]x¿sf] laulauL a9\nf eGg] 8/ 5 . 8/}8/sf]
;fd|fHo Psflt/ 5, csf]{lt/ r/d cJoj:yfsf] df/df hgtf
lbglbg} lg:;fl//x]sf 5g\ . o:tf] ljs/fn l:yltsf aLr, o:tf]
sf]nfxn l:yltsf aLr l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|n] u'? uf]/vgfysf]
r/0fsdndf ;jfnfv /f]6 r9fpg] ;+sNk u/]sf] cfheGbf
;ftjif{ cl3b]lv xf] .
b]zsf] ljs/fn l:ylt / /f]6 ck{0fsf] s] ;DaGw 5 eGg]
nfUg ;S5 . jf:tljstfnfO{ phfu/ gu/L s'g} klg sfo{qmdsf]
avfg dfq} ugf{n] dflg;x¿ cndlng ;S5g\ . p2]Zo s] xf]
t /f]6 ck{0fsf] < d'v} vf]n]/ hjfkm b]cf];\ eGg rfxg'x'G5 <
To;f] eP ;'Gg';\— u'? uf]/vgfynfO{ v'zL kfg]{ .
x'g t u'? uf]/vgfynfO{ ;a}n] ;w}F dgfpg], v'zL t'Nofpg]
k|of; k|oTg eg] gu/]sf xf]Ogg\ . s'lGg s;n] s]s] u/] /],
t/ u'? uf]/vgfy v'zL x'g' ePg5 . ha pxfFnfO{ /f]6 ck{0f
@)^* h]7 M uf]/If lglvn jf0fL 19

{
ul/of] ta clt g} v'zL x'g'eP/ cfzLjf{b lbg'ePsf] lyof] eGg]
a"9fkfsfsf s'/f ;'Gg cEo:t oL sfgx¿df ;w}F ‘/f]6 s:tf]
x'G5 xfF

efsf x\ofKkL ay{ *] ^' o" sf]
‘ÅofKkL ay{ 8] dftf, ÅofKkL ay{ 8]’ eg]/ dftfhLnfO{ Wish u/]sf] w]/} lbg laTg gkfpFb} p:t} efsf
xfn]/ k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]j 8f= gf/fo0f bQ >LdfnL -k/dx+; :jfdL >L lglvn]Zj/fgGb dxf/fh_ sf] &^ cf}F
cjt/0f lbj;nfO{ w'dwfdsf ;fy dgfOPsf] 5 .
clk|n @! tf/LvnfO{ cjt/0f lbj;sf] ¿kdf dgfpg] qmddf l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|n] ut j}zfv * ut]
sf7df8f}Fsf] sdnkf]v/Ll:yt cu|jfn ejgdf eJo Pj+ lbJo sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf u/L o;nfO{ dgfPsf] xf] .
;';lHht cu|jfn ejgsf] sfo{qmd xndf laxfg (M)) ah] :t'ltjGbgf / k|fy{gfaf6 z'ef/De ePsf] pQm
sfo{qmd uf]/If :tjg / lglvn :tjgsf] ;:j/ kf7;Fu} cl3 a9]sf] lyof] . To;kl5 u'? k"hgsf] qmd rn]sf]
lyof] . pQm lbgsf] k"hgdf cufl8 a;]/ ;b\u'?b]jx¿sf] kfb'sf k"hg ug]{ ;f}efUo zs'Gtnf ltldlN;gf,
hoGtL k'8f;}gL, dw'dlt /+lht, efis/ /fodf´L, ljhof /fodf´L, dL/f cfrfo{, /fdr/L jnfdL, gfgLd}FofF
dxh{g, l/ofgf k|wfg, cfzf yfkf, ¿ks cof{n, /Iff cof{n, clDasf yfkf, d~h' l;njfn, pN´gf t08'sf/ /
lji0f'b]jL t08'sf/n] kfpg'ePsf] lyof] . k"hgkl5 u'?dGq hksf] qmd /x]sf] lyof] . To;kl5 xnaflx/ xjgsf]
qmd rn]sf] lyof] . To;a]nf xnleqsfx¿ ehg / ;+uLtdf /Dg'ePsf] lyof] . xjgkl5 nIfbLk ck{0fsf] qmd
/x]sf] lyof] . w]/} ;fws;flwsfx¿n] u'?r/0fdf nfvaQL ;dlk{t ug'{ePsf] lyof] . sfo{qmdel/ g} ehgsLt{g,
g[To k|:t't ePsf lyP . ljleGg ;Dks{ sfof{nox¿sf] tof/Ldf ljljw dgdf]xs g[Tox¿ k|:t't ePsf lyP,
s0f{lk|o ehgx¿ k|:t't ePsf lyP .
sfo{qmddf ;+:yfut jflif{s k|ltj]bg ;fj/dft[sf ;flwsf ljGb]Zj/L a/fnn] k9]/ ;'gfpg'ePsf] lyof] .
sfo{qmddf ;fj/kGyL ;fws /fdhL cof{nn] nf]k ePsf w/f]x/x¿sf] ;+/If0f / k'g?4f/ ug{ / u'?sf]
cefj kl/k"lt{ ug{ k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]j k/dx+; :jfdL >L lglvn]Zj/fgGb dxf/fh u'? ¿kdf cfpg'ePsf]
atfpg'eof] . pxfFn] u'?C0f ltg{ u'?sf] of]hgfdf efu lng'kg]{ cfjZostfdfly k|sfz kfg'{eof] . uf]/If lglvn
Hof]lt lbJo ljBf>dsf] af/]df atfpg'x'Fb} pxfFn] eGg'eof], ‘ef/tLox¿ klg cfÇgf afnaRrfnfO{ oxfF k9fpg
OR5's 5g\ .’
sfo{qmddf u'?wfd hf]wk'/af6 k"Ho u'?b]j c/ljGbHo"sf] cfzLjf{bsf] >JonfO{ k|ToIf k|zf/0f ul/Psf]
lyof] . pQm cj;/df jGbgLo u'?dftfn] klg cfzLjf{b lbg'ePsf] lyof] . sfo{qmddf kz'kltl:yt >L cGgk"0f{
e08f/sf ;+/Ifs kz'kltafafsf cltl/Qm cGo gfyof]uL / ;fw';Gtx¿sf] klg pkl:ylt lyof] . sfo{qmddf
;fj/kGyL ;fws /fdhL cof{n / kz'kltafafn] ;+o'Qm¿kdf ay{ 8] s]s sf6\g'ePsf] lyof] . s]snfO{ pkl:yt
;a}nfO{ ljt/0f ul/Psf] lyof] .
sfo{qmddf eQmk'/sf] xg'dGt]k'ndf xfn} lgdf{0ffwLg cf>d ejgsf nflu bftfx¿af6 ;xof]u:j¿k
/sd k|fKt ePsf] lyof] .
pkTosf aflx/sf ;a} ;Dks{ sfof{nox¿df klg pQm lbg ljz]if sfo{qmdx¿ ;+rfng
u/L cjt/0f lbj; dgfOPsf] lyof] . cf>dsf k|To]s OsfO{x¿df ;fF´ bLkfjnLsf]
;fydf ehgsLt{g ul/Psf] ePsf] lyof] .
@)^* h]7 M uf]/If lglvn jf0fL 21

— Hof]= xl/cf]d clwsf/L
‘Hof]ltif efis/’
-k|:t't /flzkmn ;"o{ l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t 5 . /flzkmn n]vs clwsf/LHo"sf] ;u/dfyf 6]lnlehgdf x/]s lbg laxfg (M!% b]lv
!)M)) ah];Dd sfo{qmd ‘u|xkmn’ k|ToIf k|zf/0f x'G5 ._
d]if -r", r], rf], nL, n', nf], cf_M
dfg, ;Ddfg k|flKt x'g'sf ;fy} ;/sf/L hflu/df k|ult x'g] of]u 5 . ljBfdf k|ult tyf ;Gtfgaf6 nfe
ldNg]5 . vr{df j[l4 xf]nf . 3fF6Lsf] ;d:of x'g;S5 . ofqfsf] of]u 5 . Jofkf/ Joj;foaf6 nfe ldNg]5 t/
jftfj/0f cl:y/tfo'Qm b]lvG5 . tkfO{Fsf nflu * c+s z'e /x]sf] 5 . /ftf], sn]hL / lgnf] /ª z'e 5 .
j[if -O{, p, P, cf], jf, jL, j", j], jf]_M
;fdflhs tyf /fhgLlt sfo{df k|ult x'g]5 . gf]s/Ldf kbf]Gglt x'g] of]u 5 . ljBf tyf a'l4df k|ult x'g]5 .
vr{df a[l4 x'g]5 . :jf:Yodf afwf cfpg'sf ;fy} dgl:ylt cl:y/ /xg]5 . ljb]z ofqfsf] ;d]t of]u 5 .
tkfO{Fsf nflu ^ c+s z'e /x]sf] 5 . v/fgL, kx]Fnf] / ;]tf] /ª z'e 5 .
ldy'g -sf, sL, s', 3, 5, sf], xf_M
k|z:t wg;DklQ k|fKt x'g] of]u 5 . dg dl:tisdf ljleGg ljrf/n] 8/ lrGtf pTkGg u/fpnf . hf]gL{sf]
;d:of x'g ;Sg]5 . kltkTgLdf ljjfb /xg] tyf ;fyLefO;Fu dgd'6fj x'g ;Sg]5 . tkfO{Fsf nflu % c+s
z'e /x]sf] 5 . xl/of], lgnf] / sfnf] /ª z'e 5 .
@)^* h]7 M uf]/If lglvn jf0fL 22

ss{6 -xL, x', xf], 8f, 8L, 8], 8f_M
k/fqmd j[l4 x'g]5 . b]zljb]zsf] ofqf ;d]t xf]nf . gofF dflg;x¿;Fu ;Dks{ x'g]5 . vr{df j[l4 x'g'sf ;fy}
/f]uJoflwn] ;tfpg]5 of]u 5 . tkfO{Fsf nflu @ / $ c+s z'e /x]sf] 5 . ;]tf], kx]Fnf] / v/fgL /ª z'e 5 .
l;+x -df, dL, d', d], df], 6f, 6L, 6", 6f_M
a'l4 e|ldt x'g] tyf gsf/fTds ljrf/x¿ hGdg] ;Defjgf 5 . rnfvLk"0f{ Jojxf/n] sfo{ k|ult pGd'v
/xg]5 . wg k|flKtsf] af6f] v'Ng]5 . /fhgLlt, gf]s/L, Jofkf/af6 nfe k|fKt x'g]5 . tkfO{Fsf nflu ! / % c+s
z'e /x]sf] 5 . /ftf], lgnf] / sn]hL /ª z'e 5 .
sGof -6f], kf, kL, k", if, 0f, 7, k], kf]_M
3/aflx/sf sfo{x¿ k"0f{ x'g]5g\ . 3/df eg] ´}´d]nf x'g] ;Defjgf 5 . ljb]z hfg] cj;/ klg k|fKt x'g
;S5 . w]/} ;+3if{ ug'{knf{ . tkfO{Fsf nflu % c+s z'e /x]sf] 5 . xl/of], lgnf] / sfnf] /ª z'e 5 .
t'nf -/f, /L, ?, tf, tL, t', t]_M
ofqf tyf Jofkf/af6 nfe k|fKt x'g]5 . cfoft lgof{tsf] sfo{af6 nfe xf]nf . gf]s/Ldf :yfgfGt/0f x'g] tyf
/fHoaf6 xflg x'g] ;Defjgf 5 . lh2Lkg a9\g'sf ;fy} bfh'efO;Fu ´u8f x'g] ;Defjgf 5 . ljBfdf vf;}
k|ult gx'g] b]lvG5 . tkfO{Fsf nflu ^ c+s z'e /x]sf] 5 . ;]tf], kx]Fnf] / v/fgL /ª z'e 5 .
j[lZrs -tf], gf, gL, g", g], gf], of, oL, o'_M
ljBfdf k|ult x'g]5 . ;Gtfgaf6 ;'v k|flKt x'g]5 . k/LIff tyf k|ltof]lutfdf k|ult x'g] of]u 5 . j}b]lzs
sfo{af6 nfe k|fKt x'g]5 . ljjfx, ef]h tyf ;df/f]xx¿df ;xeflutf x'g]5 . g/fd|f] af]nLarg x'g;Snf .
wgsf ;|f]tx¿df afwf x'g'sf ;fy} zq'x¿n] afwf lbg]5g\ . tkfO{Fsf nflu * c+s z'e /x]sf] 5 . lgnf],
sn]hL / /ftf] /ª z'e 5 .
wg' -o], of], ef, eL, wf, kmf, bf, e]_M
ljBf a'l4df k|ult xf]nf . k/LIff tyf k|ltof]lutfx¿df ;kmntf k|flKt x'g] of]u 5 . ;Gtfgaf6 nfe x'g]5 .
Joj;fodf k|ult x'g'sf ;fy} dfg, ;Ddfg, k|lti7f k|fKt xf]nf . ;fyL;+uL;Fu ljjfb x'g] tyf lrGtf a9\g]
;Defjgf 5 . cfÇgf] :jf:Yok|lt ;hu /xg'xf]nf . tkfO{Fsf nflu # / $ c+s z'e /x]sf] 5 . kx]Fnf], u'nfaL
/ v}/f] /ª z'e 5 .
ds/ -ef], hf, hL, v", v], vf], uf, uL_M
;'v ;'ljwf ylkg] 5 . lzIffdf k|ult xf]nf . efUo j[l4 x'g] of]u 5 . vr{ a9\g]5 . Jofkf/af6 nfe k|fKt
x'g]5 . gf]s/Ldf ljjfb x'g] ;Defjgf 5 . tkfO{Fsf nflu # / * c+s z'e /x]sf] 5 . lgnf], sfnf] / xl/of]
/ª z'e 5 .
j'mDe -u", u], uf], ;f, ;L, ;", ;], ;f], bf_M
k/fqmd a9\g]5 . 3'dlkm/ / ofqf x'g] of]u 5 . 9f8, sDd/sf] ;d:of klg x'g;Snf . ;'v ;'ljwfdf j[l4 xf]nf .
ljBfaf6 nfe k|fKt xf]nf . hflu/df kbf]Gglt x'g ;Sg] of]u 5 . dg r+rn /xg'sf ;fy} vr{df j[l4 xf]nf . ;+odnfO{
cfTd;ft ug'{xf]nf . tkfO{Fsf nflu #, * / !@ c+s z'e /x]sf] 5 . lgnf], u'nfaL / ;]tf] /ª z'e 5 .
dLg -bL, b', y, ´, b], bf], rf, rL_M
wg ;DklQdf j[l4 xf]nf . ljBf a'l4df k|ult x'g]5 . k/fqmd a9\g]5 . ofqfsf] of]u 5 . gf]s/L tyf Jofkf/
Joj;foaf6 nfe ldNg]5 . cl:y/ jftfj/0fdf clN´g] ;Defjgf klg b]lvG5 . tkfO{Fsf nflu # c+s z'e
/x]sf] 5 . u'nfaL, kx]Fnf] / w';|f] /ª z'e 5 .
@)^* h]7 M uf]/If lglvn jf0fL 23

{
k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]j eGg'x'G5—
;+;f/df dfq b'O{ o:tf zAbx¿
5g\ hf] lrGtg ug{ of]Uo
5g\ afFsL ;a} zAbx¿ Joy{ 5g\, tL
zAb x'g\— ‘u'?Ú / ‘lzioÚ . tkfO{F hxfF
x'g'x'G5 cfÇgf] jl/kl/ x]g'{xf];\ ljljw
;fdu|Lx¿ 5g\— lstfa, knª, sk8f,
af]6lj?jf, dgdf]xs km"naf/L, vf]nf,
‰f/gf, dflg;x¿, sL/f km6\ofª\u|f,
kz'k+5L, df6f], afn'jf, 9'Ëf cflb .
tkfO{Fn] cfFvfn] x]?Gh]n, sfgn] ;'g'Gh]n,
z/L/n] ef]u u?Gh]n o; k[YjLnf]sdf
jf o;eGbf cnUu} cGo s'g} nf]s
nf]sfGt/df h] hlt x]g{, ;'Gg, ef]Ug, b]Vg
kfpg'x'G5 tL ;a} Pp6f lbJotd\ zAbn]
dfq} ;Dej ePsf] 5 / Tof] zAb xf]—
‘u'?Ú . lagf u'? JolQmsf] t s'/}
5f]8f}F, ;f/f hutsf] cl:tTj g} Joy{
5 . ;Dk"0f{ u|x, gIfq, ;"o{d08n h;sf]
zlQmn] ubf{ b]bLKodfg 5g\, t]QL;sf]l6
b]jLb]jtfx¿ h;sf] Ps Ps cfb]z kfng
ug{sf] nflu Jou|tfsf ;fy k|tLIff/t
/xG5g\, pRrsf]l6sf of]uL, Clifd'lg,
tk:jLx¿ h;sf] Ozf/fdfqn] klg cfÇgf]
gfdf]lg;fg d]6fpg ;w}F tTk/ /xG5g\,
To:tf ‘;b\u'?Úsf] dfu{lgb]{zg k|fKt u/L
cufl8 a9\b} hfg kfpg] Pp6f ;fwf/0f
kz';/xsf] dfgj klg pRrtd lziodf
kl/0ft x'g ;Sb5 . ;+;f/Ls /fu/ªdf
8'Ag', dL7f] vfg', /fd|f] nfpg', e|d0f ug'{,
cfkm"nfO{ l;Ëfg'{, an, of}jg k|fKt ug'{,
ljjfx ug'{, kl/jf/sf] dfu / ;d:of
k"/f ubf{ub}{ /f]uL, hL0f{ z/L/ / cgluGtL
ck"/f t[i0ffx¿ af]s]/ kz't'No clt
;fdfGo d[To' k|fKt ug'{ lziosf] nIf0f
xf]Og . k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]j eGg'x'G5,
æl;+x‰f}F uh{gf ug]{, ljzfn lxdfno;dfg
b[9 jf:tljs ‘lzioÚ aGg] xf] eg]
3d08, cxÍf/ cflbn] c6];d6]; ePsf]
b'u{lGwt lz/ sf6]/ d]/f] ;fd' cfpm, d
ltdLnfO{ o:tf] clåtLo lzio agfOlbG5'
hf] hdLgdf a;L a;L cfsfznfO{ e]bg
ug{ ;Sg]5 .Æ
sfo/, 8/kf]s JolQm lzio aGg
;Sb}g, of] lglZrt 5 . hLjgdf
u'? k/LIff ag]/ cfO/x]sf ;fgfltgf
;d:ofx¿, ‰fG‰f6x¿, /f]uJoflwx¿ jf
cGo s]xL tŒjx¿;Fu le8\g 8/fpg]
sdhf]/ dfgl;stfo'Qm JolQm lzio
aGg] kydf cu|;/ x'g} ;Sb}g . jf:tljs
lzio aGgsf] nflu kf/ ug'{kg]{ ofqf
s]xL sl7gfO{x¿n] el/Psf] x'G5, s]xL
cfnf]rgf, s]xL ;ª\3if, s]xL lvrftfgL,
s]xL tgfj / ;Dk"0f{¿kdf leqL clg
aflx/L u'? k/LIffaf6 el/k"0f{ x'G5 .
;b\u'?sf lbJotd\ k|xf/x¿ Pskl5
csf]]{ ub}{ Hjfnfd'vL lj:kmf]6 eP´}F
d'6' g} sDkfodfg u/fpg] u/L ljikmf]6
x'g yfN5g\ . ha cfkm";Fu ePsf
;Dk"0f{ s'/fx¿sf] gfdf]lg;fg d]l6P/
JolQm l/Qf] aGb5 ta ;b\u'?n] To;
l/Qf] 7fpFdf lbJotd\ 1fg, u'0f, r]tgf
cflb el/lbg'x'G5 . jf:tljs lziodf
x'g'kg]{ ;Dk"0f{ ;fdYo{ To;kl5 p;df
nxnxfpFb5, xhf/f}F, nfvf}+ JolQmnfO{
1fg;fu/df 8'afO{ cfWoflTds kysf]
ofqfdf ca p;n] ;xh} cl3 a9fpg
;Sb5 .
of] d]l6g] k|lqmof clnslt b':s/
5, xhf/f}F, nfvf}Fsf] eL8af6 s]jn
b'O{rf/ kmf§km'§ JolQmn] dfq} lzioTjsf]
of] ofqf kf/ ug{ ;kmn x'G5g\ . tkfO{F
306f}F ;fwgf ug'{xf];\, Wofg ug'{xf];\,
of]uf;g, k|f0ffofd cflb h];'s} ug'{xf];\,
@)^* h]7 M uf]/If lglvn jf0fL 24
3/el/ b]jLb]jtfsf tl:j/x¿, u'?sf
tl:j/x¿ /fVg'xf];\, cf/tL ufpg'xf];\,
w"k, afNg'xf];\, k"hfkf7 cflb eP e/sf
;fwg ckgfpg'xf];\ t/ olb dgsf]
leqLeGbf leqL s'gfdf /f}F a/fa/sf] klg
v/fa k|j[lQnfO{ :yfg lbO/fVg'ePsf]
5 eg] ToxL v/fa k|j[lQsf] ljiffQm
k|efjn] tkfO{Fsf] ;Dk"0f{ d]xgt /
kl/>dnfO{ qmdzM w/fzfoL kfb}{ nfg]
lqmof ul//x]sf] x'G5, ;ts{ x'g'xf];\ ¤
;fwgfdf, Wofgdf, lzioTjsf] dfu{df
rfF8f]eGbf rfF8f] ;kmn x'g rfxg'x'G5
eg] ;j{k|yd /L; / qmf]w¿kL j[IfnfO{
h/};d]t pv]n]/ ÇofFlslbg'xf];\, d}n]
u'?sfo{ u/] F, d}n] u/]/ kmnfgf] sfd aGof],
d}n] ubf{ d]/f] kl/jf/ c8]sf] 5 cflb
k|sf/sf ;Dk"0f{ 3d08, cxª\sf/nfO{
TofUg ;Sg] Ifdtf cfkm"df Nofpg'xf];\,
cGo cfkm";Fu}sf bfh'efO, lbbLalxgL jf
cGo JolQm g} lsg gxf];\, s;}k|lt klg
Oiof{, 8fxf ug] {, pgLx¿sf] cfnf]rgf ug]
jf lrQdf 7]; k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon] xf]RofP/
af]Ng], Jojxf/ ug]{ afgLsf] ;d"n gfz
ug'{xf];\ . o;k|sf/sf lgDgsf]l6sf
ljrf/, efjgf jf afgL cflb cfkm"df
s]s] 5g\ tL ;a}nfO{ cfkm"dfly s'g} klg
¿kaf6 xfgL x'g glbg] alnof] dfgl;stf
agfpg'xf];\ . ha;Dd tkfOF{nfO{ o:tf
k|sf/sf b'u{Gwo'Qm z/L/efjx¿ lk|o
nfU5g\ / tkfO{Fn] logLx¿nfO{ hLjgdf
af/Daf/ ckgfO/xg'x'G5 ta;Dd aflx/
hlt g} ;fwgf, Wofg, k"hfkf7 u/] klg
Joy{ 5 . s;}n] gb]Vg] / yfxf gkfpg]

u/L tkfO{Fn] rfNg'ePsf] Ps Ps s'6Ln,
5no'Qm / :jfy{o'Qm sbdsf] af/]df
tkfO{Fn] s]xL ;f]Rg Eofpg'eGbf cufl8
g} ;b\u'?nfO{ yfxf eO;s]sf] x'G5 .
;f/f ;hLjlghL{j, r/fr/ hut\sf] s0f
s0fdf lg/fsf/¿kaf6 x/kn ljr/0f
ul//xg' x'g] lzj:j¿k ;b\u'?b]jnfO{
5Ng vf]Hg] < lzio aGg cufl8 a9]sf]
JolQm z/L/ efjsf] bnbndf kmF:g
yfn]kl5 ;xL / untsf] leGgtf a'‰g
g;Sg] x'G5 .
x/]s If0f ;fjwfg, ;ts{, rgfvf]
/xg'xf];\ ¤ ;do ;dodf cfkm"nfO{ cfkmF }n]
hfFRg] ug' {xf];\, cfkm"leq Wofgk"j{s ulx/f]
uf]tf nufpg'xf];\, Pp6fdfq ljsf/ km]nf
kgf{;fy To;nfO{ x6fOxfNg'xf];\ .
lzio aGgnfO{ ;xof]u k'Ug] vfnsf
ljleGg ;"qx¿ eujTkfb\ z°/frfo{n]
:ki6¿kdf lbg'ePsf] 5 . oL ;"qx¿nfO{
cWoog, dgg u/L Psk6s cfkm"nfO{
hfFr]/ x]/f}F, cfÇgf] hLjgdf oLdWo]
sltj6f ;"q tkfO{Fn] ;dflxt ug'{ePsf]
5 < cfÇgf] :t/ cfkm}Fn] Psk6s hfFr]/
x]g'{xf];\ .
lzio aGg cu|;/ JolQm
cfTdfaf6, k|f0faf6, Xboaf6 ;b\u'?;Fu
hf]l8Psf] xf];\, u'?lrGtg, u'?;]jf /
u'?of]hgf lj:tf/ ug]{ sfo{af6 cnlUug]
sNkgfdfqn] klg pm efjljÅjn xf];\,
;b\u'?sf] kfjg gfdsf] :d/0fdfqn] klg
pmleqsf] efj¿kL ;fu/ plDnP/ aflx/
5rlNsof];\ .
u'?;]jfk|ltsf] OdfGbf/Ltf p;df
oy]i6 xf];\, ;b\u'?sf] ;fd'Gg] slxNo}
pmaf6 ceb|tf, clzi6tfsf] k|bz{g
gxf];\, x/]s If0f hxfF eP klg, hf];Fu
klg ;b}j ljlgt Pj+ gd|¿kn] k|:t't
xf];\ . u'?;]jf h;sf] hLjgsf] cleGg cË
xf];\, leq}af6 k|0f u/L k|f0faf6 g} tg,
dg, cfTdf u'?;]jfdf nufpg' g} hLjgsf]
Psdfq p2]Zo ;D´]/ nfluk/f];\ . 1fg,
u'0f¿kL cd[twf/fsf] p;n] lgTo kfg
u/f];\ / hlt 1fgn] el/k"0f{ x'Fb} uPsf] 5
Tolt g} tn, c´ tn ´'Sb} hfcf];\ . dfg,
;Ddfg / kbk|lti7fdf gcndlnof];\ .
Wofg, ;fwgf cflbaf6 k|fKt b}jL
pmhf{ nf]ssNof0fsf/L sfo{df nufcf];\,
@)^* h]7 M uf]/If lglvn jf0fL 25
u'?sf] of]hgf ;kmnLe"t kfg]{ sfo{df
nufcf];\ / ;d:t ljZjsf] sNof0f ug]{
sfo{df nufcf];\ . p;n] cfÇgf] ult, dlt
;Dk"0f{ u'?nfO{ dfgf];\, cfkm"nfO{ k|fKt
k|To]s cf1f, cfb]z, lgb]{zgnfO{ lagf
;f]rljrf/ tTsfn :jLs[t ub}{ tf]lsPsf]
;doleq sfo{nfO{ k"/f u/f];\ / oxL g}
cfÇgf] st{Jo ;D´f];\ .
u'?nfO{ g} cfÇgf] Oi6 dfgf];\, u'?
g} cfÇgf] ;j{:j 7fgf];\ .
pko'{Qm ;"qx¿ h;n] hlt rfF8f]
hLjgdf ptfg{ ;S5, pm Tolt g} rfF8f]
pRrsf]l6sf] lziodf ¿kfGt/0f x'g
;S5 . ho u'?b]j ¤

z}jwd{sf] pTklQ / ljsf;;Fu;Fu} lzjnfO{ a]Unfa]Un} k"hf
pkf;gf ug]{ jf a]Un} dg / l;4fGtcg'¿k lzjeQm x'g] ju{x¿sf]
klg ljsf; ePsf] kfOG5 . sfnfGt/df log} ju{x¿åf/f a]Unfa]Un}
z}j ;Dk|bfox¿sf] ljsf; x'g k'Uof] . z}j cfudx¿df o:tf
a]Un} z}j ;Dk|bfox¿sf] ;+Vof lgwf{l/t ul/Psf] 5 . h;cg';f/
-!_ z}j -@_ kfz'kt -#_ sfkfln -$_ sfnfd'v .
o;/L hDdf rf/ ;Dk|bfox¿sf] ljj/0f z}j cfuddf k/]sf]
5 . sfnfGt/df z}j ;Dk|bfox¿df c´} a9f]Q/L ePsf] kfOG5
h;cg';f/ -%_ lj/ z}j jf ln+ufot ;Dk|bfo -^_ sflZd/L
z}Jof lqsbz{g ;Dk|bfo -^_ of]lugL sf}ndfu{ of gfy ;Dk|bfo
cflb kb{5g\ .
;a} z}j ;Dk|bfox¿df ;f´f¿kdf ‘ns'lnh’ ns'lnz
of nfs'n cflb ;Dk|bfosf] ;+:yfkssf] ¿kdf / lzjsf] k|yd
cjtf/sf] ¿kdf dflgG5g\ . z+s/sf !* cjtf/x¿dWo]
ns'lng cfB cjtf/ dflgG5g\ . /fhk'tfgf / To; jl/kl/sf
If]qdf ns'ln;sf d"lt{x¿ k|z:t kfOG5g\ . o;df ns'n;nfO{
h6fh"6wf/L afofF xftdf ‘nu'8’ -b08_ / bfofF xftdf ljhfk'/sf]
km"n ;dft]sf] b]vfOPsf] 5 . nu'8 ;dft]sf] x'gfn] g} lognfO{
nu'lnz, nsn of ns'lng dflgPsf] x'g ;S5 .
jfo'k'/f0f / ln+uk'/f0fcg';f/ o'ux¿sf] c7\7fO;f}F
k|Tofjt{gdf dzfgdf ÇoflnPsf] Ps d[t z/L/df k|lji6 eP/
ns'lng gfds a|Ådrf/Lsf ¿kdf cfkm"n] cjtf/ lng] s'/f
lzjåf/ elgPsf] kfOG5 . /fhk'tfgfsf] pbok'/b]lv !$ ldn
pQ/df Ps ln+uhLsf] dlGb/5]pdf /x]sf] Ps clen]vdf ‘e[u'af6
k"lht eP/ lzj e[u'sIf b]zdf Pp6f ns6wf/Lsf] ¿kdf
hlGdg]5g\’ eGg] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . lrGqk|zl:t gfdn] k|l;4
csf]{ Ps clen]vdf ‘lzj d4f/s ns'ln;sf] ¿kdf cjtl/t
x'g'eof]]] / ‘nf6’ b]zsf] sf/]x0fdf /xg'eof]’ eGg] jfSof+z kfOG5 .
o; clen]vdf klg ns'lngsf $ lziox¿sf] j0f{g k/]sf] 5 .
hf] qmdzM s'lzs uu{, sf}?io, d}q]o x'g\ . log} lziox¿af6
z}jwd{sf $ ;Dk|bfo x'g]5g\ eg]/ clen]vdf pNn]v ul/Psf]
5 . d};'/ k|fGtsf] ‘l;/tfn'sf’df ‘x]djtL’ eGg] :yfgaf6 k|fKt
csf]{ Ps clen]vdf ns'lnz cfÇgf] gfd / l;4fGtsf] /Iffsf
nflu d'lggfy lrNn'ssf ¿kdf k'gM cjtl/t x'g]5g\ eGg] j0f{g
ul/Psf] 5 . pk/f]Qm clen]vdWo] k|yd clen]vsf] ltly O{=(&!
xf] eg] bf];|f] clen]vsf] ltly O{= !@&$–!@(# dflgG5 / t];|f]sf]
O{= ($# dflgG5 . dy'/faf6 k|fKt O{= #*) sf] lznfn]vdf
plbtfrfo{n] cfkm"nfO{ lzjsf] bf];|f] eg]sf 5g\ . k|To]s cjtf/sf]
;do @% jif{ lgwf{/0f u/]df ns'lnz cjtl/t u/]sf] ;do
rfgr'g !%) O{ lt/ x'g cfpF5 . t/ k'/f0fx¿df eg] pgnfO{
@)^* h]7 M uf]/If lglvn jf0fL 26

jf;'b]j s[i0fsf] ;dsfnLg dflgPsf] 5 .
hDdf @* j6f z}j u|Gyx¿ z}j ;Dk|bfox¿sf d"n u|Gyx¿
dflgG5g\ . oL cfud u|Gyx¿ :jo+ dx]Zj/ / kfj{tLsf aLrsf
syf]ksygsf ¿kdf /rgf ul/Psf x'g\ . o;afx]s ;a} z}j
;Dk|bfox¿sf] lghL ;flxTo klg 5 . o:tf lghL ;flxTox¿ eg]
;Dk|bfolkR5]sf u'? jf ;+:yfksx¿åf/f /lrPsf dflgG5g\ .
z}j ;Dk|bfo
z}j ;Dk|bfo l;4fGtcg';f/ ;[li6df hutsf tLg sf/s
of /Tg 5g\ .
-!_ lzj -@_ zlQm -#_ ljGb' lzj stf{ x'g\ eg] zlQm
‘s/0f’ x'g\ . ljGb' ‘pkfbfg’ xf] . ctM z}j ;Dk|bfosf oL #
/Tgx¿ x'g\ . h;n] o; ;Dk|bfosf ;dy{sx¿nfO{ 1fg k|flKtsf]
k|]/0ff lbG5g\ . z}j ;Dk|bfojfbLx¿sf nflu lzjsf hDdf b'O{
zlQmx¿ 5g\ .
-!_ ;djflogL -@_ kl/u|x¿k . ‘;djflogL’ zlQm lglj{sf/
5 eg] ‘kl/u|x¿k zlQm’ cr]tg / kl/0ffdzflngL zlQm xf]
o;} zlQmnfO{ ‘ljGb'’ elgG5 . of] klg b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ M -!_
z'4 / -@_ cz'4 . z'4 ljGb' dxfdfof elgG5g\ eg] cz'4 ljGb'
nfO{ dfof elgG5 .
oL b'O{ ;Dk|bfonfO{ dfGb} rfgr'g Ps;o jif{ cl3dfq of]
;Dk|bfosf] pbo ePsf] dflgPsf] 5 . jL/ z}j l;4fGtnfO{ ‘zlQm
ljlzi6få}t’sf] l;4fGt dflgG5 lsgls o;df zlQm ljlzi6
‘hLj’ / zlQm ljlzi6 ‘lzj’ b'j}nfO{ k/:k/df Psfsf/¿kdf
lrGtg ul/Psf] 5 . :y"nzlQm / ;"Id lzjnfO{ cå}t elgPsf]
5 . o;afx]s o; dtdf lgisfd sd{sf] lrGtg 5 . o;nfO{
jL/dfu{ elgof] eg] lzj d'Vo b]jtf ePsf] x'gfn] o; dtsf]
gfd g} ‘jL/ z}j’ dt x'g k'Uof] .
‘jL/ z}j’ dtsf ljz]iftf Pj+ wfld{s / Jojxfl/s kIf
lgDgfg';f/ lzj tŒj O{Zj/ tŒj g} xf] hf] ;lRrbfgGb:j¿k
cflb / cGTo/lxt 5 . lzj k/d cxdtf / :jtGq 5 . lzjsf]
kl/efiff :y"n zAbaf6 ul/Psf] 5 . ;Dk"0f{ a|Ådf08 lzjdf
l:yt ePsf] / p;}df nLg x'g] x'gfn] p;nfO{ :yn elgPsf] xf] .
;d:t r/fr/ hut\, ;d:t zlQmx¿, ;d:t k|sfz k'~hx¿ /
;d:t cfTdfx¿ wf/0ff ug]{ x'gfn] klg lzjnfO{ :yn elgPsf]
xf] . o; cy{df lzj ;d:t k|f0fL nf]s / ;DklQsf] cf>o xf] .
k/dfgGb rfxg]x¿sf nflu lzj k/dkb xf] . To;}n] lzj Ps
tyf cå}t :yn xf] .cfgf] zlQmdf If]d pTkGg ePkl5 lzj¿kL
:yn b'O{ efudf ljeQm x'g] ub{5 . -!_ ln+u:yn -@_ c+u:yn .
ln+u:yn lzj of ?b| xf] hf] k"hgLo / pkf:o 5 . c+u:yn k"hs
of pkf;s hLjfTdf xf] . o;}u/L zlQm klg cfgf] OR5fn] g}
:jod\ b'O{ efudf ljeQm x'g] ub{5 . Psefu lzjdfly cfl>t
x'G5, h;nfO{ ‘snf’ elgG5 / csf]{ efu hLjdfly cfl>t x'G5
h;nfO{ ‘elQm’ elgG5 . ;[li6 lzjaf6 g} x'G5 / elQmsf] sf/0f
;[li6 lzjdf g} nLg x'g] ub{5 .
zlQmtŒj
zlQmtŒj eGgfn] lzj g} a'l´G5 . lzj¿kL of] zlQm @ efudf
ljeQm 5 . ;"IdzlQm lzj xf] eg] :y"nzlQm hLj xf] . t/ oyfy{df
b'j} Pp6} s'/f x'g\, To;}n] jL/ z}jdtsf] o; l;4fGtnfO{ ‘zlt
ljlzi6få}t’ elgG5 . hLjtŒj O{Zj/ tŒjs} :j¿k x'gfn] r/fr/
hut g} O{Zj/do 5 . cfuf] / cfuf]sf] kf]Ng] zlQm ;/x g} k/dfTdf
/ zlQmsf] cj:yf x'G5 . o; cy{df k/dfTdf / zlQmdf ;j{yf
ce]b 5 . cfuf]df kf]Ng] zlQm u'Kt¿kn] /x]sf] x'G5 . pgLx¿aLrsf]
;DaGwnfO{ ‘cljgfefj’ ;DaGw elgG5 cyjf h'g ;DaGw 5'6\ofpg
;ls+Fb}g, Tof] g} cljgfefj ;DaGw xf] . h:t}, ;"o{af6 pHofnf] .
huttŒj
jL/ z}j dtcg';f/ of] hut ;To xf] k/d lzjaf6 pTkGg
ePsf]n] ;Dk"0f{ r/fr/ hut ´"6f] x'g ;Sb}g . h'g k|sf/n]
km"n / kmn j[IfeGbf cnu x'Fb}g, 7Ls To;}u/L lzjaf6 pTkGg
of] hut klg lzjeGbf cnu xf]Og hut ;Todfq xf]Og lgTo
klg 5 . o;k|sf/ jL/ z}j dt cå}tjfbL x'Fbfx'Fb} klg z+s/sf]
cå}tdt ‘a|Åd ;Tod\ hut\ ldYof’eGbf km/s 5 .
hLjtŒj
jL/ z}jdtcg';f/ hLj klg lzjsf] ¿k xf] o; dtn] lzj
/ hLjdf Ps b[li6n] e]b ub{5 eg] csf]{ b[li6n] ce]b . h;/L
clUg / Hjfnfdf km/s 5, To;}u/L lzj / hLjdf km/s 5
t/ h;/L clUg / Hjfnf Ps} 5g\, To;/L g} lzj / hLj klg
Ps} x'g\, hLj;DaGwL o; dtnfO{ ‘e]bfe]b’ dt elgG5 h;nfO{
‘å}tfå}t’ klg elgG5 .
ln+utŒj
jL/ z}jdtfjnDaLx¿cg';f/ ln+usf tLg e]b 5g\ . -!_
efj ln+u -@_ k|f0f ln+u -#_ Oi6 ln+u . efj ln+u snfljxLg 5
hf] >4fåf/f ;fIfft\ x'g] ub{5 . k|f0f ln+u snfljxLg / snfo'Qm
5 / vfnL cfFvfn] b]Vg ;lsG5 . oL # j6} ln+unfO{ qmdzM ;t\,
lrt\ / cfgGb klg elgG5 . k/dtŒj efj ln+u, ;"IdtŒj k|f0f
ln+u / :y"ntŒj Oi6 ln+u xf] .
cGTodf e08f/s/sf cg';f/ ln+ufotx¿df ;jf]{Ts[i6 ju{
‘ln+uL’ a|f≈d0fx¿sf] 5 . ln+u wf/0f ug]{ c¿ hflt of ju{ log}
ln+uL a|f≈d0fx¿sf cg'ofoL dfq x'g\ . logLx¿df klg cfrfo{ /
k~rd\ b'O{ d'Vo ju{ 5g\ h;dWo] k~rd\x¿sf] ju{nfO{ lzjsf]
jf:tljs eQm elgG5 . k|frLg ;dodf ePsf jL/ z}jdtsf
kfFr cfrfo{x¿af6 k~rd\ju{ ljsl;t ePsf] xf] .
;fdfGotof jL/ z}jdfuL{x¿ $ >]0fLdf ljeflht 5g\ . -!_
h+ud\ -@_ lznj+t -#_ jl0fs -$_ k~rd\zfnL .
jL/ z}jx¿df pkgog ;+:sf/ ;/x g} bLIff ;+:sf/ ul/G5 .
bLIff ;+:sf/ jf:tjdf lzjln+u wf/0f ug]{ ;+:sf/ xf] . ufoqL
dGqsf] 7fpFdf ‘ç gd lzjfo’ / o1f]kjLtsf] 7fpFdf unfdf
lzjln+u wf/0f ul/G5 . of] ;+:sf/ :qL / k'?if b'j}sf] ul/G5 .
qmdzM ho u'?b]j ∕
@)^* h]7 M uf]/If lglvn jf0fL 27

z/L/rqm, sfnrqm / ;+;f/rqm
oL tLg k|d'v rqm dflgG5g\ . oL tLg}
rqmdf ultk|jfx lg/Gt/ eO/xG5g\ . of]
ultk|jfx cg's"n–k|lts"n klg x'g ;S5 .
z/L/rqmsf] l:ylt cg's"n gePdf ljleGg
k|sf/sf Joflwx¿n] 3]5{g\ . z/L/leq
z/L/rqm, a'l4rqm / lrQrqm :yflkt
5g\ . lgZro g} oL tLg}sf] cfk;df
3if{0f rln/xG5, tLg} a]Unfa]Un} 3'0f{gdf
3'Db5g\ . ha tLg} rqm Pp6} ultdf Ps}
lbzfdf ultzLn x'G5g\ ta k|f0fwfl/0fL
dxfk|af]wzfnL zlQmsf] hfu/0f x'G5
h;nfO{ ‘k|Tole1f’ cyf{t\ ‘d]wfwfl/0fL’
elgG5 .
ha tLg} rqm cyf{t\ z/L/, a'l4 /
lrQsf] ult leGgleGg x'G5, ta JolQmsf]
dfgl;s l:ylt slxNo} klg cg's"n x'Fb}g,
pm tgfju|:t x'g hfG5 . o;sf] k|efj
a'l4rqmdfly k5{ . o;sf/0f p;df
:jlg0f{o lng] Ifdtf x|f; x'G5 . oL b'j}sf]
k|efj z/L/df k/]kl5 z/L/n] a'l4 /
lrQcg's"n sfo{ ub}{g . To;kl5 z/L/df
ljsf/ pTkGg x'G5 . o;/L g} z/L/sf]
ljsf/n] lrQzlQmnfO{ k|efljt ub{5 /
lrQzlQmn] a'l4nfO{ cyf{t\ 1fgzlQmnfO{
k|efljt ub{5 .
;+;f/rqm / sfnrqm t lgoldt¿kn]
ultzLn /xG5 g}, tL rqmx¿sf ;fy
JolQm :jo+n] cfÇgf tLg} rqmsf ;fy
s;/L ;dfof]hg u5{g\ eGg] s'/f ;a}eGbf
dxŒjk"0f{ s'/f xf] . sfnrqm / ;+;f/rqm
k/dfTdfn] agfpg'ePsf] xf] . o;}k|sf/
k/dfTdfn] JolQmsf] lgdf{0f ug'{ePsf] 5 .
t/ JolQmn] cfÇgf tLg} rqm z/L/rqm,
a'l4rqm / lrQrqmsf] ;fd~h:o sfnrqm
/ ;+;f/rqml;t ug{ ;Sb}g . oxLFaf6
zlQmsf] ktg k|f/De x'G5 . k|s[ltsf]
lgodcg';f/ dflyaf6 tn cyf{t\ pFwf]
aUg' ;lhnf] x'G5, hnwf/fsf] ;/n
k|jfx lxdfnoaf6 z'? eP/ ;d'b|df
ljnLg x'G5 . tnlt/ cyf{t\ ktglt/
hfg' w]/} ;lhnf] x'G5 . o;df JolQmnfO{
cfkm"dfly lgoGq0f ug]{ cfjZostf kb}{g .
h] h;/L rln/x]sf] 5, To;/L g} rNb5
eg] la:tf/} z/L/l:yt tLg} rqmx¿sf]
ult pRrtfaf6 lgDgtflt/ k|jflxt
x'G5 . o;df JolQm :jo+n] s]xL ub}{g,
p;n] cfkm"nfO{ sfnrqm / ;+;f/rqmsf]
e/f];fdf 5f]8\5 .
s'08lngL zlQm cgGt zlQm;DkGg,
clåtLo:j¿k, rqm:j¿kwfl/0fL, hfu|t,
eujtL dxfzlQm xf] . of] cfwf/e"tf zlQm
xf]— of] zlQm pFwf]af6 pFef]lt/ pmWj{ultn]
a9\b5 . oxfF JolQmn] ;fws ag]/ cEof;
ug'{kg]{ x'G5 lsgls p;n] cfÇgf] hLjgdf
s]xL hfg]sf], ;'g]sf] 5 / To;nfO{ Pp6f
gofF lbzf lbg' kb{5 .
zlQmsf] :vng pFwf]lt/ x'g' clt g}
;lhnf] x'G5 . o;nfO{ ;+;f/df htftt} b]Vg
;lsG5 . t/ hf] a'l4dfgsf ;fy} 1fgjfg\
5\, p;n] cfÇgf] lrQzlQm / a'l4zlQm
b'j}sf] rqmnfO{ z/L/rqml;t ;fd~h:o
:yflkt u/]/ pFef] p7fpF5 . To;kl5 p;n]
cEo'bozlQm k|fKt ub{5 . o;kl5 dfq pm
k/dfgGbaf6 k"0f{ x'g ;S5 .
JolQmsf] lgwf/df #@ ljGb' x'G5g\
h;df !^ ljGb' JolQmsf] cfWoflTds
hLjgl;t ;DalGwt x'G5g\ / afFsL !^
ljGb' hLjgsf ef}lts ;Defjgfx¿l;t
;DalGwt x'G5g\ . 7Ls o;/L g} xTs]nfsf]
@)^* h]7 M uf]/If lglvn jf0fL 28
a"9Lcf}Fnfsf] klxnf] kf]/df !^–!^ ljGb'
ljBdfg\ 5g\ . ;dy{ u'?n] s[kfk"j{s cfÇgf]
cf}Fnfsf o; ljGb'x¿sf] tfbfTDo ;fwssf]
lgwf/sf ljGb'x¿l;t :yflkt ub}{ zlQm
k|jflxt ug'{x'G5 . of] Pp6f of]u/x:o
lqmof xf] . s'g ljGb'nfO{ slt / s;/L
bafpg'k5{, of] t of]usf] clt g} u"9 /
hl6n /x:o xf] h;nfO{ a|ÅdŒj l;l4kl5
dfq} a'‰g ;lsG5 . lgwf/sf oL ljGb'x¿sf]
;DaGw z/L/sf cGo gf8Lx¿l;t /
cGo rqmx¿l;t x'G5 . o;/L lgwf/sf]
:kz{dfq}n] klg z/L/sf ;d:t ;'Kt
rqmx¿nfO{ pmhf{ k|bfg ul/G5 . a]Unfa]Un}
bLIffx¿df log} ljGb'x¿nfO{ :kz{ ub}{
;DalGwt rqmx¿nfO{ hfu|t ug'{kg]{ x'G5
h;af6 ;fwssf] clei6 l;4 x'G5 .
zlQmkftsf nflu klxn] lh1f;f, km]l/
lgi7f, km]l/ cEof; / To;kl5 zlQmkftsf
1ftfaf6 o; pmWj{ulto'Qm zlQmkftnfO{
k|fKt ug'{ g} cfTdsNof0fsf/L dfu{ xf] .
oL rf/} l:yltx¿df s'g} Pp6fdf dfq}
sdhf]/L jf sdL ePdf tflGqs lqmofaf6
pmWj{ zlQmkft x'g ;Sb}g .
;b\u'?n] ha lziodf lh1f;f, lgi7f
/ cEof;sf] u'0fnfO{ k"0f{¿kdf b]Vg'x'G5
ta pxfF ;xh¿kdf k|;Gg x'g'x'G5 /
zlQmkftsf] lqmofnfO{ k|f/De ug'{x'G5 .
kl/kSjdnf o] tfg'T;bg x]t' zlQm
kft]g, obf o:o tbf o:o ljd'lQmgf{q
;+zoM .
j:t'tM ;b\u'?n] s?0ffk"j{s lziosf]
;]jfaf6 k|;Gg eP/ ‘zlQmkft’åf/f p;nfO{
:jo+jt agfpg'x'G5 . >L z+s/frfo{n] o;
;DaGwdf ‘ztZnf]sL’sf] k|f/Dedf Pp6f
;'Gb/ j0f{g ug'{ePsf] 5—

[i6fGtf g}j b[i6 l:qe'jg h7/]
;b\u'/f]1f{g bft'M, :kz{Zr]bq snKoM
;bolt obxf] :j0f{tfdZd ;f/d\ . g
:kz{Tj+ yflk l>t r/0fo'u] ;b\u'?M
:jLolzio], :jLo+ ;fDo+ ljwQ] ejlt
lg?kd :t]g jf nf}lsf]›,lk ..
cyf{t\ o; lqe'jgdf u'?sf] pkdf
lbgnfos s'g} b[i6fGt 5}g, u'?nfO{ kf/;sf]
pkdf lbg ;lsGg lsgls kf/;n] ;'g
dfq} agfpF5, j:t'nfO{ eg] kf/; agfpg
;Sb}g . t/ ;b\u'?n] t lzionfO{ :jo+ ;dfg\
agfpg'x'G5 .
o;} k|;Ggtfsf] j]udf zlQmkft
ug'{ePkl5 d}n] lzionfO{ zlQmn] k|a'4,
k|v/ / kl/k"0f{ u/]F eGg] ;b\u'?nfO{ k|;Ggtf
x'G5 . To;a]nf lzio u'?s[kfaf6 /f]dfl~rt
x'G5 . lziosf] k|;Ggtf b]v]/ u'? klg
k|;Gg x'g'x'G5 lsgls To;a]nf lziosf
nflu zlQmsf] pmWj{ v'n]sf] x'G5 .
;dy{ u'?n] cfÇgf z/L/sf gf8L
Pj+ tGt'x¿nfO{ cfnf]l8t–ljnf]l8t u/]/
;fwssf] lgwf/df cf}Fnf /fVg'x'Fb} p;nfO{
cfTd:y ug'{x'G5, To;kl5 p;sf] z/L/df
wf/0fzlQmnfO{ hfu|t ug'{x'G5 h;af6
;fwsn] u'?åf/f k|bfg ePsf] zlQmkftnfO{
;'/lIft /fVg ;S5 . o;k|sf/sf] lqmofdf
u'?n] tLa| tk:of pmhf{nfO{ k|jflxt ug'{kg]{
x'G5 . t/ o;k|sf/sf] lqmof pxfF oyf;Dej
gug]{ eP klg lziok|lt s?0ffn] cfk"l/t
eP/ cfÇgf] /utnfO{ lgrf]8]/} eP klg
pmWj{ult k|bfg ug'{ ;b\u'?sf] lrgf/L xf] .
o:tf] s]jn ;b\u'?n] dfq} ug'{x'G5 .
;b\u'?n] cfÇgf] lziodf zlQm ;+rf/
u/]/ p;sf] ;'Kt s'08lngLnfO{ cgfof;
g} hfu|t ug'{x'G5 . ;b\u'?sf] tfGqf]Qm
zlQmkftaf6 lzio cg'u|lxt ePkl5 p;sf]
z/L/åf/f :jo+ g} cf;g, k|f0ffofd, lqmof,
d'b|f, 1fg, Wofg k|f/De x'g hfG5 .
cGo of}lus cf;g, k|f0ffofd, d'b|f
cflbsf] cEof; s'08lngL zlQmnfO{
@)^* h]7 M uf]/If lglvn jf0fL 29
hufpgsf nflu ul/P klg of] slxn] ;kmn
x'G5 eg] slxn] c;kmn . t/ tfGqf]Qm
zlQmkftåf/f s'08lngL klxNo} hfu|t
ul/G5 / To;kl5 ;fwssf] z/L/e]b,
;+:sf/e]bcg';f/ Pj+ cfjZostfg';f/
:jtM g} cf;g, k|f0ffofd, od, lgod,
k|Tofxf/, Wofg cflb lqmof rflnt x'G5 .
o;sf nflu lzionfO{ oL ;a} s'/fsf] k"j{1fg
x'g'k5{ eGg] h?/L x'Fb}g .
tfGqf]Qm zlQmkft k|fKt ePkl5 klg
lg/Gt/ cEof;, lh1f;f / lgi7f x'g'kb{5
tadfq} ;fwsn] cfÇgf] cfTdfsf] ;QfnfO{
k|ToIf cg'ej ub}{ cfTdaf]waf6 ljef]/
x'g ;S5 / o; cfTdaf]wn] lbJozlQmsf]
:j¿k u|x0f ub{5 . ctM ;fwsn] lg/Gt/
l:y/tfsf nflu lqmofzLn x'g'kb{5 . of]
cfTdzlQmsf] l:y/tf cfnlDagL d'b|fåf/f
k|fKt x'G5 . oxL if8\rqmhfu/0f s'08lngL
dxfdfof zlQm xf] .
ho u'?b]j ¤

;
kgfsf] af/]df xhf/f}F jif{cl3b]lv zf]w, cg';Gwfg x'Fb}
cfO/x]sf] 5 . t/ klg clxn];Dd o;sf] /x:o h:tfsf]
t:t} /x]sf] 5 . ;kgfn] jf:tljs hLjgdf klg s'g} dxŒj /fV5
of /fVb}g < s]xL dflg;x¿ o;nfO{ dgsf] ljs[lt atfpF5g\
eg] s]xL dflg;x¿sf] wf/0ffdf ;kgf jf:tjdf g} eljiosf]
kyk|bz{s xf] . hxfF JolQm clN´G5, s'g} af6f] gkfO{ cGof}ndf
kb{5, ta ;kgfn] p;nfO{ d2t ub{5 .
j}1flgsx¿sf] egfO 5— xfd|f] dlit:ssf] jl/kl/ rf}aL;
s/f]8 /QmjflxgL / lz/fx¿sf] df]6f] u'h'N6f] ag]sf] 5 h;n]
dfgjsf] r]tg cr]tg, b[Zo cb[Zo ljDanfO{ lnG5 / To;df
;'/lIft¿kdf hDdf u/]/ /fVb5 . ;do cfPkl5 ltg} ljDax¿
g} ;kgfsf] cfsf/ lnP/ JolQm;fd' pkl:yt x'G5g\ .
?;L j}1flgsx¿sf cg';f/ ;kgfnfO{ Joy}{sf] 7fg]/ gsfg{
;lsFb}g . jf:tjdf ;kgf k"0f{¿kn] oyfy{ / jf:tljs x'G5 .
of] cnUu} s'/f xf] o;sf] ;dLs/0f, l;4fGt / cy{nfO{ xfdL
a'‰g ;Sb}gf}F . csf]{ s'/f ;kgf s]xL If0fsf] nflu dfq cfpF5
/ cb[Zo x'G5 h;af6 k|ftMsfn p7\bf JolQmn] tL ;kgfx¿nfO{
la;{G5 t/ of] s'/f lglZrt xf] ls Pp6f :j:y JolQmn] k|To]s
/ft tLgb]lv lnP/ ;ftk6s;Dd ;kgf b]V5 .
cd]l/sfsf k|l;4 :jKg ljz]if1 hh{ lxrn] cfÇgf] k':ts
‘l8«d’df ;k|df0f :ki6 kf/]sf 5g\ ls JolQmn] ;kgfsf] dfWodaf6
cfÇgf] hLjgdf k"0f{tf k|fKt ug{ ;S5 . xfd|f] hLjgsf hlt klg
cK7\of/fx¿ 5g\, ;d:ofx¿ 5g\, tL ;a}sf] xn ;kgf;Fu 5
/ k|s[ltn] dfgjz/L/sf] /rgf o;k|sf/n] u/]sL l5g\ ls hxfF
dfgjsf] hLjgdf /x:o, kL/, lrGtf, afwf / ´+´6, ´d]nf 5,
ToxLF oL ;d:ofx¿sf] xn klg k|s[ltn] ;kgfsf] dfWodaf6
lbO/x]sL x'lG5g\ . dfgjz/L/leq b'O{ k|sf/sf l:yltx¿ 5g\—
r]tg dg / cr]tg dg . r]tg dgn] aflx/L b[Zo / kl/j]znfO{
:jLsf/ u/L hDdf ub{5 eg] cr]tg dg xfd|f k"j{hGdsf
36gfx¿;Fu ;DalGwt /xG5 . dflg;sf] hGd af/Daf/ x'G5 /
ljut hLjgsf sfo{, b[Zo / 36gfx¿sf] k|efj klg o; hLjgdf
kb{5, To;nfO{ jxg ul//x]sf] x'G5 eGg] s'/fdf b'O{dt 5}g .
of] cr]tg dg g} ;kgfsf] jf:tljs cfwf/ xf] / of] dg;Fu
cfÇgf] s'/f atfpg], ;D´fpg], a'´fpg] c¿ s'g} af6f] 5}g .
kmn:j¿k p;n] lgb|fsfndf dfgjnfO{ r]tfjgL klg lbG5 / tL
b[Zox¿nfO{ :ki6 klg ul/lbG5 . o;/L p;sf] kyk|bz{g klg
ub{5 . o; b[li6af6 cr]tg dg g} JolQmsf] nflu Hofbf ;xof]uL
/ hLjg lgdf{0fdf ;xfosl;4 x'G5 eGg ;lsG5 .
xfd|f] hLjgsf s'g} klg 36gf Joy{ x'Fb}gg\ . ;fjwfg /
;ts{ JolQmn] k|To]s 36gfaf6 kmfObf p7fpF5 cyf{t\ s'g} klg
36gfnfO{ Joy}{ 7fg]/ p;n] 5f]8\b}g . hLjgdf ;kmntf / k"0f{tf
k|fKt ug'{5 eg] r]tgfj:yfdf hLjgsf sfo{ / k|oTg ;xfosl;4
t x'G5g\ g}, o;afx]s ;kgfsf] dfWodaf6 klg cfÇgf] ;d:of
lg/fs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . ;+;f/df x]g]{ xf] eg] ;kgfn] JolQmsf]
hLjgdf w]/} 7"nf7"nf kl/jt{gx¿ NofPsf s}of}F pbfx/0fx¿
kfOG5g\ . oltdfq xf]Og, ;kgfn] j}1flgs vf]h / cg';Gwfgdf
klg dxŒjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbPsf 5g\ . k|mfG;sf k|l;4 bfz{lgs
l8 dfu{/];sf] o:tf] afgL a;]sf] lyof] ls pgL af/Daf/ sfddf
h'l6/xGy] / sfd ub}{ hfFbf ha ul0ftsf] s'g} ;dLs/0f jf
lj1fgsf] s'g} ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg k|fKt x'Fb}gYof], ta pgL ToxLF
;'ltlbGy] / ;kgfaf6 To; ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg pgnfO{ k|fKt
x'GYof] .
jf:tjdf g} ;kgf cfkm}Fdf Pp6f cnUu} lj1fg xf] .
slxn]sfxLF ;kgf ;Lwf / :ki6¿kaf6 cfpFb}gg\ t/ u"9 /x:osf]
¿kdf b]lvG5g\ / o;sf] dflg;nfO{ :d/0f /xG5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf
JolQmn] To; ;kgfsf] cy{nfO{ a'‰g] k|of; ug'{kb{5 cyjf ;kgf
@)^* h]7 M uf]/If lglvn jf0fL 30

ljz]if1;Fu ;Nnfx lnP/ To;}cg';f/ ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg k|fKt
ug'{kb{5 .
l;nfO{ d]l;gsf cfljisf/s Olnxf; xf]j cfÇgf] l;nfO{
d]l;g agfpg Jo:t lyP . b'O{ jif{sf] kl/>dkl5 klg pgn]
;kmntf xft kfg{ ;s]sf lyPgg\ . hlxn] klg 5]paf6 wfuf]
l5/fpFy] / d]l;gn] l;nfO{ ug{ ;Sb}gy] . To:t}df Pslbg k|of;
ubf{ub}{ s]xL gnfu]kl5 pgL ToxLF ;'t] . To; /ft pgn] ;kgfdf
b]v] ls Pp6f /fIf; cfP/ pgnfO{ ¿vdf afFWof] . To; /fIf;n]
cfÇgf cg'r/x¿nfO{ cf1f lbof] ls o;sf] lz/sf] 7Ls aLr
efudf efnf /f]lklbg" . cg'r/x¿n] klg To;} u/] . Tolt g}
a]nf xf]jsf] cfFvf v'Nof] . 8/n] pgsf] z/L/ sfFlk/x]sf] lyof] .
;f/f z/L/ k;Lgfn] leh]sf] lyof] . pgn] ;kgfsf] cy{ ljZn]if0f
ug{ yfn] . ;f]Rb} hfFbf pgn] cfÇgf] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ToxL
;fÍ]lts ;kgfsf] dfWodaf6} k|fKt u/] ls l;of]df 5]paf6 wfuf]
xfNg'sf] ck]Iff l;of]sf] aLrdf g} Kjfn kfl/lbof] eg] l;nfO{
ug{sf nflu ;kmntf k|fKt x'g ;Sb5 . laxfg p7]/ pgn] To;}
u/] / ;kmntf k|fKt u/] . kmn:j¿k ;+;f/n] l;nfO{ d]l;g
pkxf/sf] ¿kdf kfof] .
cd]l/sfsf k/fj}1flgs ld= 8An' nf]xjL gf8L ;+:yfgsf
;+j]ux¿sf] cWoogdf h'6]sf lyP . o; ;d:ofsf] xn pgnfO{
k|fKt eO/x]sf] lyPg . Ps/ft pgn] ;kgfdf b]v] ls s;}n]
pgsf] z/L/nfO{ efnfn] /f]lk/x]sf] 5 . olQs}df pgsf] cfFvf
v'Nof] . o;}af6 pgn] cfÇgf] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg k|fKt u/] ls
;+j]ux¿sf] k|jfx a/fa/ jt'{n bjfasf] sf/0faf6 g} ;Dej
x'G5 / oxL k4ltnfO{ ckgfP/ g} pgn] cfÇgf] sfd cl3 a9fP .
kl5 pgn] cfÇgf] If]qdf k"0f{ ;kmntf k|fKt u/] / oxL vf]hsf
nflu gf]a]n k'/:sf/;d]t k|fKt ug{ ;kmn eP .
cd]l/sfsf ld= 8f]/f]yLn] af/Daf/ Pp6} ;kgf b]lVyg\ .
pgL ;w}F u]?j:q wf/0f u/]/ kxf8 rl9/xlGyg\ . lxpFdfly
klg cf/fdn] lxF8\lyg\ . kxf8d'lg xhf/f}F dflg;x¿ pgsf] ho
hosf/ ul//x]sf x'Gy] .
pgn] s]xL klg a'l´/x]sL lyOgg\ . ;kgfdf kxf8 r9\g]
a]nfdf pgL;Fu} Pp6f cToGt} eJo, t]h:jL ;+Gof;L klg u]?j:q
wf/0f u/L kyk|bz{g ub}{ lxFl8/x]sf lyP . olQs}df pgsf]
cfFvf v'Ng uof] .
k"0f{ ef}ltstf Pj+ ljnfl;tfdf /x]sL, s/f]8klt afa'sL
5f]/Lsf] nflu of] crDdsf] ;kgf lyof] . pgn] o;sf] cy{ a'‰g
;ls/x]sL lyOgg\ t/ klg of] ;kgf af/Daf/ cfO/xGYof] .
Pslbg pgL ;kgfs} cfwf/df ef/tsf] l6s6 sf6]/ lbNnL
cfO/x]sL lyOg\ .
pgn] 5 dlxgf;Dd ef/tsf dxŒjk"0f{ tLy{:ynx¿sf]
e|d0f ul/g\ t/ pgnfO{ pQm ;+Gof;Lsf] bz{g k|fKt x'g ;s]g
h;nfO{ pgn] ;kgfdf b]v]sL lyOg\ . pgL pQm c1ft, cgfd,
ckl/lrt ;+Gof;Lsf] vf]hLdf w]/} ;do;Dd nflu/lxg\ . ;g\
!(*# clk|ndf Pp6f ;fwgf lzlj/df pgn] s;}sf] k|]/0ffåf/f
efu lng] lgZro ul/g\ . ToxfF pgn] b]lvg\ ls hf] ;+Gof;L
af/Daf/ pgsf] ;kgfdf cfO/x]sf lyP, pg}nfO{ cfÇgf] cufl8
pleO/x]sf] kfOg\— ToxL cg'xf/, ToxL d':s'/fx6, ToxL lxF8fO{ .
pgnfO{ o:tf] nfUof] ls oL ;+Gof;L;Fu t pgL s}of}F jif{b]lv
kl/lrt lyOg\, / pgL pgsf] r/0fdf kl/g\ .
o;kl5 8f]/f]yLn] pQm ;+Gof;L;Fu} lxdfnosf ljleGg
:yfgx¿sf] ofqf ul/g\ . To; bf}/fg pgnfO{ o:tf] nfUof] ls ;a}
:yfg / b[Zo x'ax' To:t} 5g\ h'g pgn] klxn] ;kgfdf b]v]sL
lyOg\ . ;+Gof;L;Fu} cl3 a9\b} hfFbf pgn] ;kgfdf b]v]cg';f/
pgn] ;a} s'/f atfpFb} uOg\ . clnslt cufl8 afofFlt/ ;kgfdf
b]v]sf] u'kmf klg ToxfF b]lvof] . o;k|sf/ o:tf ;of} F 36gfx¿ 5g\
h;n] ;kgfsf] jf:tljstf / j}1flgstfnfO{ k'li6 ub{5g\ .
;kgf xfd|f] hLjgsf] pknlAw xf] . j}1flgsx¿sf cnfjf
s}of}F n]vsx¿n] klg ;kgfaf6 k|]/0ff lnP/ cfÇgf] /rgfnfO{
k"0f{tf lbPsf 5g\ . :s6Nof08sf k|l;4 n]vs Pn :6Le]G;gn]
t cfÇgf] k|l;4 pkGof; ‘l8jfOg’ ;kgfsf] cfwf/df g} n]v]sf
x'g\ . ;kgfdf pgn] h] k9\y], To;}nfO{ sfuhdf n]Vy] . o;/L Tof]
pkGof; tof/ eof] / ;fteGbf a9L cGt/f{li6«o k'/:sf/x¿ klg
k|fKt u¥of] . s}of}F pRrsf]l6sf ;ËLtsf/x¿n] klg cfÇgf gofF
gofF w'gx¿ ;kgfs} dfWodaf6 ;[hgf u/]sf 5g\ . ljZjljVoft\
;ËLtsf/ df]hf6{n] cfÇgf] k|l;4 w'g ‘ljyjg’ ;kgfåf/f k|fKt
u/]/ agfPsf x'g\ .
jf:tjdf g} ;kgf k"0f{¿kn] lj1fg xf] h;nfO{ /fd|f];Fu a'‰g'
h?/L x'G5 . o;sf u"9 /x:ox¿ / o;df lglxt xnnfO{ a'‰g'
h?/L x'G5 . klZrddf t ;kgfdfly olt w]/} k':tsx¿ n]lvPsf
5g\ ls tL ;a}nfO{ Pslqt ug]{ xf] eg] Pp6f 7"nf] k':tsfno
el/g ;S5 . o;}u/L s}of}F ;+:yfx¿ 5g\ hxfF ;kgfsf] ljZn]if0f
x'g] ub{5 . xfn cfP/ ef/tjif{df klg kmf§km'§ o;;DaGwL
k':tsx¿ n]lvg yfn]sf 5g\ .
;kgfsf] efiff ;fdfGo efiff x'Fb}g . ha ;kgf b]lvG5
ta cGtd{gdf clÍt tYo g} aflx/ cfpg] ub{5 . cGtd{g
xfd|f] jt{dfg hLjg;Fu klg hf]l8Psf] x'G5 / o; hLjgeGbf
cufl8sf hLjgx¿;Fu klg o;sf] ;DaGw /x]sf] x'G5 . o;}n]
To; cGtd{gåf/f h'g ;Gb]z k|fKt x'G5, slxn]sfxLF xfdLnfO{
tL /x:odo / sfNklgs nfUg ;S5g\ . k/Gt' s'g} klg ;kgf
Joy{ x'Fb}g . k|To]s ;kgfsf] Pp6f lglZrt cy{ / p2]Zo x'G5 .
olb xfdLn] tL p2]Zo / cy{x¿nfO{ a'‰of}F eg] cfÇgf] hLjgnfO{
Hofbf cg's"n Pj+ ;'vdo agfpg ;Sb5f}F .
ho u'?b]j ¤
@)^* h]7 M uf]/If lglvn jf0fL 31

x]bf{ ;fdfGo t/ c;fdfGo k4lt
j}
lbs / k"j{j}lbssfnb]lv g} /f]u lgjf/0f Pj+ :jf:Yo /Iffsf
nflu hnsf] ;d'lrt k|of]u x'Fb} cfPsf] kfOG5 . hn of
kfgL dflg;, kz'k+IfLdfq xf]Og jg:kltsf nflu klg lbg/ft
geO{ gx'g] lrh xf] . of]u, k|fs[lts lrlsT;f, cfo'j]{bh:tf
k|frLg :jf:Yo u|Gyx¿df hnsf] Jofks vf]h / k|of]u kfOG5 .
leGgleGg 7fpF / leGgleGg cj:yfdf kfOg] hnsf] u'0f, bf]if
/ k|efjsf af/]df oL k|frLg u|Gyx¿n] ljifb\ vf]h u/]sf 5g\ .
xfd|f k|frLg :jf:Yofrfo{x¿n] hnlrlsT;fsf] snf, ;+:s[lt /
lj1fgnfO{ a'´]/ hLjgz}nLsf] Ps c+us} ¿kdf :yflkt u/]sf
lyP . j}lbs Crfx¿n] o; s'/fnfO{ k'li6 u/]sf 5g\ . o:tf
s}og cGo Crfx¿ klg 5g\—
cfk Oåf pe]ifhf]/fof] ceLj rftsLM .
cfk;\ ;j{:o eif]hf]:tf:t' s[0jGt' e]ifhd\ ..
-CUj]b ()÷!#&÷^_
efjfy{M hn g} cf}iflw xf] . hnn] /f]u gfz ub{5 . o;n]
;a} /f]unfO{ gfz ub{5 . ctM o;n] ltd|f] /f]unfO{ klg gfz
ub{5 .
cfkf] Oåf e]ifhf]/fof] ceLj rftgLM .
cfk; ;j{:o e]ifhf]:tf:t] d'~hGt' ;f}qoM ..
-cyj{j]b #÷&÷%_
efjfy{M hn g} cf}iflw xf] . hnn] /f]u gfz ub{5 . hnn]
;a} /f]unfO{ eufpF5 . of] hnn] ltdLnfO{ klg s7Lg /f]usf]
k~hfaf6 arfpg]5 .
cK:jGt/d[t+ e]ifhd\ . ckfd[t k|z:to] ..
-CUj]b !@÷#÷!(_
efjfy{M hndf cd/ agfpg] zlQm 5 . hndf /f]u d'Qm
u/fpg] u'0f 5 .
— 8f= xl/k|;fb kf]v/]n
jl/i7 ljz]if1
of]u tyf k|fs[lts lrlsT;f
cfkf] lxi6fdof] e'jM . tfg pmh]{ bwftg . dx]/0fforIf;] ..
-CUj]b !)÷(÷!_
efjfy{M x] hn ¤ ltdL xfd|f] :jf:Yosf sf/0f xf} . ctM
xfdLnfO{ o:tf] :jf:Yo / zlQm k|bfg u/ h;åf/f xfdLn] ;Tosf]
;'ud dfu{ k|fKt ug{ ;sf}F .
cfw'lgs cf}iflw lrlsT;fk|0ffnLsf hGdbftf dflgg]
lxkf]qm]l6h -$^) b]lv #&& jif{ O;fk"j{sf_ n] klg cfÇgf] hLjge/
k|fs[lts lgodsf ;fy /f]uf]krf/ ug]{ s'/fsf] k|rf/ ug'{eof] .
k|fs[lts lrlsT;f / To;df klg hn lrlsT;fsf] af/]df oy]i6
k|of]ux¿ ug'{eof] . o;f] x'Fbfx'Fb} klg hn lrlsT;fsf] cfw'lgs
Oltxf; ;g\ !*@( df u|]km]gju{sf] Ps lrlsT;fu[xaf6 z'? x'G5 .
o; lrlsT;fu[xn] lr;f] kfgLsf] k|of]uaf6 xhf/f}F /f]uLnfO{ lgsf]
kf¥of] / lrlsT;f hutdf xnrn Nofof] . o;sf] >]o lj+;]h lk|l:gh
-Vinceng Priestniz_ gfds ls;fgnfO{ hfG5 . ;a}n] ;fwf/0f a'l4sf]
/ clzlIft eg]/ x]nf u/]sf] o; ;[hgzLn JolQmTjn] cfZro{hgs
sfo{ ug{ ;kmn eof] . of] lrlsT;fu[xdf ;+;f/sf dflg; x'n nfu]/
cfpg yfn] / pgsf] k|l;l4n] cflQPsf k'/ftgkGyL lrlsT;s Pj+
cGo dfG5]x¿n] pgnfO{ b'Mv lbg z'? u/] . ufnL, a]OHhtLb]lv
cbfntsf] rSs/ sf6\g] sfd;Dd ug'{k¥of] . lj/f]wLx¿sf] ´"7f]
/ cdfgjLo sfo{x¿n] lk|l:ghsf] sfo{df s'g} sdL cfPg . lgsf]
ePsf la/fdLn] lbgfg'lbg pgsf] sLlt{ / k|lti7fnfO{ a9fP . qmdzM
hf]xf]g :qmfy, ;]j]l:6og SgfO{k, cf/gfN8 l/SnL, n"O{ s'g], h]=Pr=
s]nfu, x]g/L ln08Nxf/h:tf dxfg\ JolQmx¿n] hn lrlsT;fsf]
If]qdf pNn]vgLo of]ubfg ug'{eof] .
o;/L hn lrlsT;fn] cfkm"nfO{ ;Dj[4 ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . o;
hn lrlsT;fdf :jf:Yosf] /Iff ug]{ / /f]uLsf] /f]uf]krf/ u/]/
:j:y agfpg] ;of}F ;/n, ;xh / ;fj{ef}d ;"qx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .
jfik:gfg, sl6:gfg, /L9:gfg, kfb:gfg, x:t:gfg, s'lxgf:gfg,
kmf]x/f :gfg, ;jf{·:gfg, lr;f]kl§, ;]s, Plgdf, s'~hn, hng]lt
cflb ;of}F pkrf/ ljlwlj1fg hnlrlsT;fleq /x]sf 5g\ .
o;dWo]sf ;/n / dxŒjk"0f{ pkrf/ ljlwx¿sf] rrf{ oxfF
ul/G5 .
hnlrlsT;f ;:tf] / bLuf] :jf:Yo;]jf xf] . o;sf] ;d'lrt
k|of]u ug{ l;sfpg] xf] eg] k|To]s JolQmn] cfÇgf] :jf:Yosf] /Iff
/ /f]uf]krf/ ;/n¿kdf 3/d} a;]/ ug{ ;Sb5 .
@)^* h]7 M uf]/If lglvn jf0fL 32

{
kl/ro
k|frLg of]uLx¿n] :y"n z/L/sf] z'l4s/0fsf nflu 5j6f
j}1flgs of}lus k|lqmofx¿sf] ljsf; u/] h;nfO{ ‘if6\sd{’
elgG5 . if6\sd{leqsf] dxŒjk"0f{ sd{ jf k|lqmof, h;åf/f
gfl;sfk|b]z of gfssf] z'4Ls/0f ul/G5, nfO{ g]lt elgG5 . g]lt
w]/} k|sf/sf 5g\ . To;dWo] ;a}eGbf ;/n / ;a}eGbf dxŒjk"0f{
hng]lt xf] . k|frLg ;dodf g]kfnL s?jf oxL gng]ltsf nflu
ag]sf] oGq of efF8f lyof] . oxL g]kfnL s?jf jf o:t} 6'6Lbf/
efF8fsf] dfWodn] ;kmf kfgL gfssf] Pp6f Kjfnaf6 xfNg] / csf]
Kjfnaf6 ´fg]{ u/L gfs ;kmf ug]{ ljlwnfO{ hng]lt elgG5 .
ljlw
!= g]kfnL s?jf jf o:t} hng]ltsf nflu ag]sf] 6'6Lbf/ efF8f
lng] .
@= pdfn]/ dgtftf] -z/L/sf] tfkqmd a/fa/_ ePsf] kfgL
! ln6/df cfjZostfcg';f/ ! b]lv @ lrofrDrf g'g
ldnfpg] .
#= s?jf jf hng]ltsf] efF8fdf tof/ kfgL eg]{ . ;f] efF8fsf]
6'6L la:tf/} gfssf] afofF Kjfndf /fVg] . 6fpsfnfO{ la:tf/}
bflxg]lt/ ´'sfpg] . ca efF8fnfO{ la:tf/} dfly p7fpFb} hfg] .
kfgLsf] k|jfx gfssf] afofF Kjfntkm{ xf];\ . efF8fnfO{ dfly
p7fpFb} hfFbf efF8fsf] d'vaf6 kfgL kf]lvg] x'g'x'Gg .
g]ltdf k|of]u x'g] ljleGg
y/Lsf 6'6Lbf/ efF8fx?
$= gfssf] afofF Kjfnaf6 kfgL k7fPdf bflxg] Kjfnaf6 aflx/
cfpF5 . o;/L g} km]l/ bflxg] Kjfnaf6 6f]6L hf]8]/ kfgL
k7fpg] / 6fpsf] afofFlt/ ´'sfpg] u/]df afofF Kjfnaf6
kfgL cfpF5 . o;/L b'j} Kjfnaf6 cfjZostfcg';f/ cfwf
cfwf ln6/ kfgL k7fpg] .
%= gfssf] Kjfnaf6 kfgL k7fpg] sfo{ k"/f ePkl5 gfsnfO{
;'Vvf agfpg ;fy} kfgLn] 3f]n]sf] gfsleq hDdf ePsf
kmf]x/x¿nfO{ lgsfNg Pp6f ljlw ;DkGg ug'{kb{5 .
b'j} v'§f Ps cfk;df ldnfP/ l;wf pleg] . b'j} xftnfO{
sfgsf] glhs} nu]/ cf}Fnfn] sfg aGb ug]{ . ca sDd/af6
z/L/nfO{ cufl8 ´'sfpg] . 6fpsf] dfly p7fpg] . o;kl5
6fpsf] dfly tn, bfofF afofF ub}{ hf]8hf]8n] Zjf; ÇofFSg] .
o;n] gfsleqsf] kmf]x/ / kfgL lgsfNg ;xof]u ub{5 .
^= ca hng]lt k"/f eof] . xftd'v wf]P/ s]xL a]/ cfFvf aGb
u/]/ cf/fd ug]{ .
@)^* h]7 M uf]/If lglvn jf0fL 33

;fjwfgL
!= gfsdf hng]ltsf] efF8fsf] 6f]6L hf]8\g'sf ;fy} d'v vf]n]/
d'vaf6 Zjf; k|Zjf; z'? ug' {k5{ . gfsaf6 kfgL klg /fVg]
/ Zjf; k|Zjf; klg ugf{n] kfgL kmf]S;f]tkm{ uO{ b'3{6gf x'g
;S5 .
@= ljlw g+= % df eg]h:t} u/L gfsnfO{ k"/f ;'Vvf agfpg] .
gfsleq kfgL /Åof] eg] hng]lt u/]sf] s]xL ;dokl5 6fpsf]
b'Vg], ?3f nfu]h:tf] x'g] / cGo c;'ljwf x'g ;S5 . gfssf]
kfgL ;kmf ug]{ qmddf a"9Lcf}Fnf / rf]/Lcf}Fnfn] gfs ;dftL
hf]8n] l;Fl;F ug'{ x'Fb}g . o;n] sfgnfO{ v/fa u5{ .
#= kfgL hlxn] klg gfssf] Pp6f Kjfnaf6 /fv]/ csf] { Kjfnaf6
cfpg'kb{5 . gfssf] Kjfnaf6 /fv]sf] kfgL d'v jf 3fF6Ldf
cfof] eg] Wofg lbg' ls 6fpsf] 9NsfPsf] ldn]g . 7Ls
tl/sfn] 6fpsf] 9NsfPkl5 d'v jf unfdf kfgL guO{ gfssf]
csf]{ Kjfnaf6 aflx/ cfpF5 .
$= hng]ltdf k|of]u ug]{ kfgL ;kmf / pdfn]/ dgtftf] ePsf]
x'g'kb{5 . kmf]x/ jf h:tf] kfof] To:tf] kfgLsf] k|of]u slxNo}
ug'{ x'Fb}g .
%= w]/} lr;f] jf w]/} tftf] kfgLsf] k|of]u ug'{ x'Fb}g .
kmfObf
!= k6sk6s eO/xg] ?3fsf] ;d:of / gfs aGb x'g], uGw
yfxf gkfpg] Pj+ lkgf;df of] ljlw PSn} klg cToGt ;kmn
pkrf/ xf] .
@= cfFvfsf] ljz]if /f]usf sf/0f geO{ ;fdfGotM b]Vg] Ifdtfdf
sdL x'Fb} uO/x]sf cj:yfdf o;n] cToGt kmfObf ub{5 .
r:dflagf grNg]x¿n] hng]ltsf] lgoldt PSnf] k|of]un]
r:df 5f8]sf w]/} pbfx/0f 5g\ .
#= unt'08Lsf zf]ydf klg of] nfebfos 5 . ;du|df eGg'kbf{
gfs, sfg, 3fF6L, cfFvf / 6fpsf]sf ljleGg ;d:ofdf o;n]
kmfObf ub{5 .
$= lduL{, lx:6]l/of, pGdfb, ljIf]k / kfunkgdf nfebfos
5 .
%= cfwf jf k"/} 6fpsf] b'Vg], clgolGqt qmf]w / clgb|fdf kmfObf
ub{5 .
^= z/L/ / dl:tissf] cfn:onfO{ x6fO{ :km"lt{ lbG5 .
&= vf]sL, bd / Zjf; k|Zjf; k|0ffnLsf] PnhL{df kmfObf
ub{5 .
*= c;dodf /f}F v:g], km'Ng]h:tf ;d:ofx¿df kmfObf u5{ .
(= xfd|f]h:tf] w"nf], w' Fjfn] k|b"lift :yfgdf hng]lt lgoldt ugf{n]
o;af6 x'g] 3fts s'k|efjaf6 aRg ;lsG5 .
!)= of]u ;fwsx¿nfO{ cf1frqm hfu/0fdf ;xfotf ub{5 .
l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|sf
;Dks{ sfof{nox?
=lrtjg, e=g=kf– @, If]qk'/ kmf]gM )%^–%@!#*%
=uf]/vf, ;f}/kfgL—# kf]v/L,
kmf]gM (&$^)!**&*, (&$!!@&&$%
=sf:sL, kf]=p=d=g=kf=–!), /fd3f6,
kmf]gM )^!–%#)&*^
=;nf{xL,a/xyjf–&, P:dfnL 6f]n,
kmf]gM )$^–%$))!!
=kfNkf, tfg;]g, kmf]gM (*$&)–@*!**
=nlntk'/, nugv]n, kmf]gM@@@))@!
=uf]/vf, a;kfs{, kmf]gM )^$–$@)#$*
=tgx'F, bdf}nL, Jof; u'kmf, kmf]gM )^%–%^!^^@
=ndh'ª, a]F;Lzx/, eLd;]g6f]n
=eQmk'/, s6'Gh]–!, kmf]gM )!–^@!#$%%
=sfe|], ag]kf, g=kf= sfof{no k5fl8
kmf]gM )!–^@@%!&@
=sf:sL, n]vgfy rf]s, kmf]gM )^!–@@(!()
=l;Gw'nL, /ftdf6f kmf]gM (*$$)$)*((
=:ofª\hf, :ofª\hfahf/ kmf]gM (*$^)–$$#%$
=lrtjg, uf}/Lu~h
=l;Gw'kfNrf]s, afx|la;] kmf]gM )!–^(!^%(#
=sf:sL, cr{naf]6, ljGWojfl;gL
=sf7df8f}F, k'/fgf]afg]Zj/, kmf]gM )!–@!)!!@^
=sf7df8f}F, l;dn6f/
=sf7df8f}F, tLgs'g] -d'lg e}/j_
=nlntk'/, uf]bfj/L
@)^* h]7 M uf]/If lglvn jf0fL 34

gfy ;Dk|bfodf
s'08n wf/0f
o; ;Dk|bfosf] bLIff ljz]if u/L jif{df Psk6s j;Gtk~rdLsf
lbg lbOG5 . bLIff lng]nfO{ ;j{k|yd cfÇgf] sfg lrg{ nufP/
To;df s'08n wf/0f ug{ nufOG5 . oxL s'08n g} gfy ;Dk|bfosf]
k|d'v lrÅg xf] . sfg lrg'{ gfy ;Dk|bfodf k|j]zsf nflu klxnf]
l;F9L xf] . o; sfo{nfO{ s'g} z'e cj;/sf lbg klg ;DkGg ug]{
ul/G5 . sfg lrg]{ a]nf cfk"mglhs /h:jnf ePsL :qL gcfpmg\
eGg]df gfyof]uLx¿ lgs} ;ts{ x'G5g\ .
>L >L dxfof]uL u'? uf]vgfyn] gfykGysf of]uLx¿nfO{
cGo kGyeGbf k[ys\ /fVg sfg lr/]/ s'08n wf/0f ug]{ k|yf
rnfpg'ePsf] xf] . >L >L dxfof]uL u'? uf]/vgfyn] ;j{k|yd
et{[xl/sf] sfgdf df6f]sf] s'08n wf/0f u/fpg'ePsf] lyof] .
tfldngf8'sf] pQ/L lhNnfdf k/z'/fd]Zj/sf] gfdn] kl/lrt
k|frLg dlGb/ 5 h'g dlGb/df /x]sf] eujfg\ lzjsf] d"lt{df klg
7Ls To:t} k|sf/sf] s'08n b]Vg ;lsG5 h'g s'08n gfyof]uLx¿n]
@)^* h]7 M uf]/If lglvn jf0fL 35
wf/0f ub{5g\ . Pnf]/f, Plnk]mG6fsf u'kmfx¿df eujfg\ lzjsf
o:tf cg]s d"lt{x¿ kfOG5g\ h;df eujfg\ lzjn] gfyof]uLx¿n]
h:t} s'08n wf/0f ug'{ePsf] b]Vg ;lsG5 . oL d"lt{x¿ cf7f}F
ztfAbLlt/sf dflgG5g\ . o;}sf] cfwf/df klg gfyof]uLx¿sf]
s'08n wf/0f ug]{ k|rng lgs} k'/fgf] dfGg ;lsG5 . t/ >L >L
dxfof]uL u'? uf]/vgfyn] cfÇgf] ;dodf gfyof]uLx¿sf nflu
s'08n wf/0f ;fwgfsf nflu clgjfo{ c· agfOlbg'ePsf] lyof] .
of] k|yf cfh klg ljBdfg 5 .
gfykGysf hf] of]uL sfg lr/]/ s'08n wf/0f ub} {gg\, ltgnfO{
…c3f]/LÚ eGg] rng 5 . :d/0fLo 5, k|To]s gfyof]uL sfg lrg'{cl3
c3f]/L g} sxnfOG5g\ / sfg lr/fPkl5 log} c3f]/L sfgkm§f jf
sfglr?jf sxnfOG5g\ . u'? dT:o]Gb|gfy tyf >L >L dxfof]uL u'?
uf]/vgfy sfglr?jf of]uL x'g'x'GYof] . t/ u'? hfnGw/gfyn] slxNo}
sfg lr/fpg'ePg / cfhLjg c3f]/L x'g'eof] . cfh hlt klg c3f]/L

kfOG5g\, pgLx¿ u'? dT:o]Gb|gfy, >L >L dxfof]uL u'? uf]/vgfy
/ u'? hfGw/gfynfO{ cfÇgf u'? dfG5g\ / pgLx¿sf] ljZjf;
5 ls oL tLg} u'?x¿ cd/ x'g'x'G5, ;w}F ljr/0f ul//xg'x'G5 /
si6df t'?Gt ;xfotfsf nflu pkl:yt x'g'x'G5 .
s'08n wf/0f gfyof]uLx¿sf] klxrfg klg xf] . oxL
klxrfgsf] dfWodn] ubf{ klg sfgkm§f of]uLx¿sf] ;dfhdf cfÇg}
lsl;dsf] ljlzi6 :yfg /x]sf] kfOG5 . s'08n wf/0fsf nflu
ljleGg lgodx¿sf] kfngfkl5 dfq} JolQm sfg lrg]{ clwsf/L
aGb5 . ;fdfGotof s'g} sfg lr/]sf cyf{t\ sfgkm§f of]uLx¿n]
g} cfÇgf] lzio agfP/ c¿ JolQmnfO{ sfg lrg]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 .
o;/L sfg lrg{ OR5's JolQmx¿ ha o:tf sfgkm§f of]uLx¿sf]
;+;u{df k'U5g\ ta ;DalGwt u'?n] cfjZos k/LIff lnO{ of]Uo
7x¥ofPdf sfg lrg]{ ul/G5 . ;fdfGotof rfnL; lbgb]lv tLg
jf 5 dlxgf;Dd cfÇgf] /]vb]vdf /fv]/ hfFr u/]kl5 dfq u'?n]
ljrf/ u/L k/LIff lnO{ of]Uo 7x¥ofPdf sfg lrg]{ ul/G5 . oL
lgodx¿ slt xb;Dd kfngf eO/x]sf 5g\ eGg] ljifo cfk}mFdf
ljjfbf:kb x'g ;S5 . sfgkm§f of]uLx¿sf] xfnsf] kl/j]znfO{
cWoog ubf{ sfg lrg]{ k|yf dlGb/sf] k"hfcfhf rnfpg] sfglr?jf
hf]uLx¿sf] dfu k"/f ug]{ dfWod ag]sf] kfOG5 . k|foM eujfg\
lzjuf]/Ifsf w]/}h;f] dlGb/x¿, eujfg\ e}/j Pj+ cGo ljleGg
gfyof]uLx¿sf zlQmkL7x¿df sfgkm§f of]uLx¿ g} k"hf/Lsf
¿kdf a:g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . k"hf/Lsf] cefjdf klg s}of}F kl/l:yltdf
sfg lrg]{ k|yf Pp6f cf}krfl/s k|yfsf] ¿kdf klg ljsl;t x'Fb}
cfO/x]sf] kfOG5 .
o;/L sfg lrl/lbg] u'?n] of]Uo 7x¥ofPkl5 Ps ljz]if
;df/f]xdf sfg lrg]{ sfo{ ;DkGg ul/G5 . sfg h'g;'s} pd]/df
klg 5]8\g] ul/G5 . t}klg JolQmsf] O{R5f Pj+ p;sf cleefjssf]
;xdltsf cfwf/df sfg 5]8\g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . ljz]if cj;/
x¿nufot j;Gtk~rdL Pj+ ljz]if dlxgfx¿ k';, df3, kmfu'g,
r}qdf klg sfg 5]8\g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . sfg 5]8\g] k|yfdf sfg
5]8fpg] JolQmn] :gfgflb u/L rf]vf] x'g] / e]6Lsf ¿kdf Pp6f
gl/jn, k"mn, ld7fO{ cflb j:t' lbg] k|fjwfg klg kfOG5 . sfg
5]8\gsf nflu ljz]if vfnsf] rSs' k|of]u ul/G5 h;sf] b'j}lt/
wf/ x'G5 . o:tf] rSs'n] tLgk6s lrg] { k|fjwfg x'G5 . olb JolQmn]
cfÇgf] sfgsf] Kjfn 7"nf] agfpg rfx]df Tof] klg ug{ ;S5g\ .
o;/L 5]8]sf] sfgdf lgdsf] sf7 /flvG5 / kl5 rSs'nfO{ e'OFdf
ufl8G5 . o;/L sfg 5]8]kl5 ljz]if cj;/df pkl:yt x'g'kg]{
k|fjwfg x'G5 . o;/L sfg 5]8]kl5 ljleGg lsl/of v'jfpg] -jfrf
u/fpg]_ k|rng /x]sf] kfOG5 cyf{t\ s] ug{ x'g], s] ug{ gx'g]
cflbsf af/]df ;DalGwt of]uLnfO{ hfgsf/L lbOG5 . o;/L sfg
5]8]kl5 ;fdfGotof s'g} Jofkf/, Joj;fodf gnfUg], hflu/ gvfg],
cfk"m;Fu vt/gfs xftxltof/x¿ g/fVg], gl/;fpg], sf6df/ gug]{,
ljjfx gug]{, h:tf];'s} kl/l:yltdf klg sfgsf] ;'/Iff ug]{ cflb
jfrf u/fOG5 . To;kl5 dfq p;n] dGq k|fKt u/L bLIff k|fKt
ub{5 . bLlIft eO;s]kl5 p;nfO{ kx]Fnf] jf /ftf] /ªsf] sk8f
lbOG5 / u'?n] p;nfO{ lziosf ¿kdf :jLsfb{5g\ . o;kZrft\ pQm
JolQmsf] skfn sfl6G5 / pQm skfnnfO{ gbLdf nu]/ aufOG5 .
slxn]sfxLF u'?–r]nf b'j} gbLdf ghfFbf;Dd ‰ff]nfdf /flvG5 /
kl5 cg's"n ldnfP/ aufpg] ul/G5 .
o;/L sfg 5]l8;s]kl5 ljleGg l/ª, d'b|f /fVg] k|rng
5 . o;/L nufOg] l/ª ljleGg cfsf/ / tf}nsf x'g] ub{5g\ .
z'?–z'?df df6f]sf] l/ª rnfpg] rng lyof] . kl5 df6f]sf] l/ª
6'6k'm6 x'g] ;Defjgf a9L ePsf] sf/0f gk'm6\g] vfnsf] l/ª, d'b|f
cyjf s'08nsf] vf]hL ePsf] kfOG5 . ;fdfGotf o;/L nufpg]
l/ª b'O{ k|sf/sf 5g\ .
s_ r]K6f] l/ª– uf]nfsf/ ¿ksf] l/ªnfO{ r]K6f] l/ª dflgG5 .
@)^* h]7 M uf]/If lglvn jf0fL 36

o:tf l/ª ljleGg ;fOhdf kfOG5g\ . o:tf] l/ª nufpg]nfO{ …bz{gL
of]uLÚ eGg] u/]sf] kfOG5 / o:tf of]uLx¿ pRr:t/sf dflgG5g\ .
oL l/ªx¿sf] kl/lw ef/tsf] klZrdlt/ ;ft O~r;Ddsf] ePsf]
klg kfOG5 .
v_ j]ngfsf/ (Cylindrical)— j]ngfsf/ l/ªnfO{ s'08n
dflgG5 . o:tf] j]ngfsf/ l/ª nfdf] vfnsf ljleGg cfsf/df
klg k|of]u u/]sf] kfOG5 . uf]nf] l/ªsf] ¿kdf lrlgg] l/ªnfO{
…s'08n wf/0fÚ egL lrGg] ul/G5 . ;fdfGotof l/ªnfO{ kljqL
(Holy or sacred) elgG5 .
dfly j0f{g ul/Psf l/ªx¿ ljleGg j:t'x¿af6 lgdf{0f ePsf]
kfOG5 . u}F8fsf] l;ªaf6 agfOPsf] l/ª of]uLx¿sf] dgkg]{ / b'n{e
l/ª dflgG5 . To:t}, ljleGg wft'x¿ Pj+ ;'gsf d'b|f agfO{ lz/df
wfuf]n] afFw]/ klg nufOPsf] kfOG5 . ef/tsf s}of}F zlQmkL7sf
dxGtx¿n] o;/L k|of]u u/]sf] kfOG5 . To;}u/L ;L;f, 9'·f, df6f],
sfFr, cflbsf] s'08n wf/0f u/]sf] klg gfkfOg] xf]Og .
o;/L ljleGg gLltlgod, cg'zf;gdf a;]/ cufl8 a9\g]
of]uLx¿ g} jf:tljs¿kdf gfyof]uLx¿ x'G5g\ . sfg lrg]{ k|yf
s'g} ;fdfGo k|lqmof xf]Og . of] t cfWoflTds¿kdf cufl8 a9\gsf
nflu ul/g] bl/nf] ;°Nk xf] . of] ;°Nk cfÇgf] nIodf k'Ugsf nflu
;fdflhs¿kdf lbOPsf] :jLs[lt Pj+ k|ToIf k|df0f klg xf] . o;}n]
klg v/fa cfr/0f, ;·t, vfgkfg cflbaf6 dfly p7]/ k/dfy{
k|flKtsf] lbzfdf cufl8 a9\g] dfWod xf] sfg 5]8\g] k|yf .
t/ o;nfO{ cfhsf] ;dfhsf dflg;x¿n] s;/L lnPsf 5g\,
Tof] cfk}Fmdf ;f]rgLo ljifo xf] . sfgkm§f of]uLdf cyf{t\ sfglr?jf
of]uLx¿df x'g'kg]{ u'0fx¿, cfjZos cfwf/e"t s'/fsf] kfngf
slQsf] ePsf] 5, o;sf] ljZn]if0f x'g' h?/L 5 . ;fy} o:tf
s'/fx¿k|lt sfgkm§f of]uLx¿n] klg a'‰g'kg{], cfTdlrGtg ug'{kg]{
clt clgjfo{ 5 . ;dfhdf b]lvPsf w]/} sfglr?jf hf]uLx¿sf]
cj:yf a8f] bogLo 5 . pRr lsl;dsf] cg'zf;gdf a:g g;Sg',
cfjZos gLltlgodx¿nfO{ k"0f{¿kn] cfTd;ft ug{ g;Sg',
cfjZos ;fwgf, Wofg, hk, tkdf cToGt sdL cfpg' cflbh:tf
sf/0fx¿n] sfglr?jf hf]uLx¿n] cfÇgf] ul/df, cfÇgf] klxrfg
Pj+ ;fdflhs ¿ksf] pRr b[li6sf]0f cflbnfO{ u'dfPsf 5g\ . sl7g
gLltlgoddf a;]/ cufl8 a9\g g;Sg' g} ;a}eGbf 7"nf] sdhf]/L xf]
eGbf b'O{dt gxf]nf . gLltlgodx¿;Fu ;D‰ff}tf ub}{ cufl8 a9\g',
gfddfqsf] sfg lrg'{n] vf;} w]/} dxŒj /fVb}g . t}klg tL sfg
lrg]{ of]uLx¿ kSs} klg ;fw'jfbsf kfq 5g\ lsgls ztfAbLcf}Fb]lv
rlncfPsf] k/Dk/fnfO{ hLjGttf lbg sd;]sd sfg lr/]/ kx]Fnf]
e]ife"iff -hf]uL njfO_ nufpg] lxDdt t u/]sf 5g\ . To;}n]
cfhsf] cfjZostf eg]s} xfd|f k|frLg k/Dk/fx¿nfO{ hLjGttf
lbg] To:tf JolQmTjx¿sf] xf] h;n] gfyof]uLsf l;4fGtx¿nfO{
k"0f{¿kn] kfngf ug{ ;s"g\ .
gfyof]uLx¿sf] klxrfgsf] Pp6f dfWodsf] ¿kdf /x]sf]
sfg lr/L s'08n nufpg] k|yfn] hLjGttf kfO/xg' lgtfGt
cfjZos 5 . t/ s'g} of]uL sfg glr/]/} klg Ps ;kmn, ;Ifd
gfyof]uL aGg ;Sb5 eGg] ;TotfnfO{ klg xfdLn] c·Lsf/ ug'{
cTofjZos 5 . sfg glrg]{x¿ gfyof]uL g} x'Fb}gg\ eg]/ ;D‰fg'
xfd|f] c1fgtf x'g]5 .
gfy ;Dk|bfodf e:d wf/0f
gfy ;Dk|bfosf ljljw e]ife"iff, rfnrng, /x:ofTds
ultljlwx¿nfO{ lj:t[t¿kdf rrf{ ug]{ sf]lzz ub}{ cfO/x]sf
5f}+ . o;} qmddf gfy ;Dk|bfodf k|rlnt e:d wf/0fsf] ljifodf
s]xL rrf{ ug]{ hdsf]{ u/]sf 5f}F .
e:d eGg]lalQs} v/fgL cyjf lje"lt eg]/ lrlgG5 .
jf:tjdf s'g} klg k|sf/sf sf7, cflb j:t'x¿nfO{ hnfpFbf
afFsL /x]sf] v/fgLnfO{ g} e:d elgG5 . o; e:dnfO{ z/L/df
nufpg] sfd g} e:d wf/0f xf] .
x'g t ljleGg ;Dk|bfodf e:d wf/0f ug] { cf–cfÇg} lsl;dsf]
rng rlncfPsf] 5 . t}klg gfy ;Dk|bfodf o;sf] k|rng a9L
b]lvG5 . o;f] x]bf{ ljleGg of]uL, ;+Gof;L, afaf, c3f]/Ln] e:d
wf/0f ug]{ ub{5g\ . t/ ;a}n] cf–cfÇg} ljlw–ljwfgcg';f/ e:d
wf/0f ug]{ ub{5g\ . s;}n] lgwf/df, 3fF6Ldf, xftdf, v'§fdf,
k]6df, 5ftLdf, s'g} ljz]if 7fpFdf dfq e:d nufpg] u5{g\ eg]
s;}n] ;Dk"0f{ z/L/el/ g} e:d wf/0f u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ljz]if
u/]/ gfy ;Dk|bfodf ;Dk"0f{ z/L/el/ e:d wf/0f ug]{ rng
a9L /x]sf] kfOG5 . gfy ;Dk|bfosf of]uLx¿ o;nfO{ e:d :gfg
eGg] ub{5g\ . ;a}eGbf klxn] e:d wf/0fsf] rng eujfg\ zÍ/
af6 z'? ePsf] dflgG5 . elgG5, u'? dT:o]Gb|gfyn] 3f]/ tk:of
ug'{ePkl5 ha zÍ/ eujfg\ k|s6 x'g'eof] / j/bfg dfUgsf]
nflu dT:o]Gb|gfynfO{ eGg'eof], To;a]nf dT:o]Gb|gfyn] eujfg\;Fu
cfÇgf] :j¿ksf] bfg ug{sf] nflu eGg'eof] . ta zÍ/ eujfg\n]
;aeGbf klxnf pxfFsf] lgwf/df e:d nufOlbg'eof], tTkZrft\
pxfFsf] ;Dk"0f{ z/L/nfO{ e:d :gfg u/fpg'eof], cyf{t\ ;Dk"0f{
z/L/df e:d 3l;lbg'eof] . o;k|sf/n] dT:o]Gb|gfynfO{ cfÇgf]
:j¿ksf] bfg ul/;s]kl5 lzjhLn] eGg'eof], æx] dT:o]Gb| ¤ o;
e:d :gfgsf] tfTko{ of] xf] ls of]uLn] dfg, ckdfgsf] ljrf/
gu/L :jo+nfO{ k[YjL;dfg h8 ;lD´g'k5{ . h;/L clUgsf] ;+of]
uaf6 sf7 hN5, To;}u/L of]uLn] To; 1fgflUgåf/f s7f]/tf cflb
b'u'{0fx¿nfO{ hnfP/ gi6 ul/lbg'k5{ tyf cfÇgf ;a} sd{x¿nfO{
1fgflUgdf e:d ul//xg'k5{ .
>Ls/+ r kljq+ r zf]s/f]ulgjf/0fd\ ¤
@)^* h]7 M uf]/If lglvn jf0fL 37

nf]s] jzLs/+ k|f]St+ e:d+ q}nf]Sokfjgd\ ..
o;/L eujfg\ dxfb]jn] dT:o]Gb|gfynfO{ e:d wf/0f u/fO{
o;sf] dxŒj atfpg'ePsf] k|;Ë kfOG5 . o;/L dT:o]Gb|gfynfO{
e:d wf/0f u/fO;s]kl5 eujfg\ zÍ/n] dT:o]Gb|gfynfO{
eGg'eof]— æk[YjL;dfg ;b}j w}o{jfg\ / ;xgzLn x'g" . ;b}j /
fd|f], g/fd|f], h:tf];'s} Jojxf/ u/] klg cl8u /xg" . k[YjLh:t}
u/L ;f/f dflg;x¿n] kL8f lbFbf klg, cTofrf/ ubf{ klg slxNo}
b'MvL geO{ ;bf Ps/; alg/xg" . h;/L k[YjL h8;dfg x'g'x'G5,
To;/L g} h8 aGg" . r]tgf s]jn cfTdf]Ggltsf] nflu cyf{t\
cfTdf]4f/sf] nflu ;D´g" . h;/L sf7nfO{ e:d u/fPkl5 cfÇgf
;Dk"0f{ u'0fx¿ sf7n] gi6 ub{5, To;/L g} e:d wf/0fkZrft\
cfÇgf k"j{ ;+:sf/x¿sf] :d/0f ug{ x'Fb}g / ;f+;fl/s k|k~raf6
6f9f lgM:k[x efjaf6 ;+;f/df ljr/0f ug{'kb{5 .Æ
gfy of]uLx¿ e:d wf/0f ug'{nfO{ gfy kGysf k|ltkfbs
>L >L dxfof]uL u'? uf]/vgfyn] rnfpg'ePsf] k/Dk/fcg'¿k
cfWoflTds¿kdf cufl8 a9g] k|of]ufTds ljlwsf] ¿kdf
lnG5g\ . sltko of]uL, ;+Gof;Lx¿ cfWoflTds pRrtfsf] nflu
cfTdefj cToGt cfjZos x'g] / To;sf] nflu z/L/sf] ;Lldt
kl/lwaf6 dfly p7\g z/L/el/ e:d nufP/ z/L/efjaf6
cfTdefjdf ¿kfGt/0f eO{ cflTds zlQm cfh{g ug{ ;Sg] s'/
fdf ljZjf; ub{5g\ .
gfy of]uLx¿df ljz]if¿kdf k|rlnt /x]sf] e:d wf/0fsf]
af/]df :jf:Yo lj1fgdf klg kmfObfhgs ePsf] s'/f pNn]v
kfOG5 . e:d wf/0f cyjf e:d n]kgsf] j}1flgs¿kdf klg
cfÇg} lsl;dsf] ljz]if dxŒj /x]sf] kfOG5 eg] cfWoflTds
¿kdf t ´g\ o;sf] dxŒj rrf{eGbf w]/} k/ /x]sf] 5 . lagf
e:d wf/0fsf] t s'g} klg of]uLsf] sNkgf klg ug{ ;lsFb}g .
h'g;'s} ¿kdf eP klg, h'g;'s} t/Lsfn] eP klg e:d wf/0fn]
ljleGg ;+3 ;Dk|bfodf cf–cfÇg} lsl;dsf] ljlzi6 dxŒj /fv]sf]
kfOG5 . o;/L x]bf{ e:d wf/0f of]uLx¿sf], ;fws ;flwsfx¿sf]
klxrfg xf], uj{ xf] .
e:d wf/0fnfO{ u[x:y Pj+ ;+Gof;L ;a}n] cf–cfÇg} k|sf/n]
k|of]u u/]sf] kfOG5 . wfld{s cf:yfsf] Ps ;zQm s8L ag]sf] 5
e:d wf/0f . cfhef]ln wd{df cf:yf /fVg] w]/} >4fn' eQmhgn]
;d]t lgwf/df e:d cyf{t lje"lt wf/0f u/]/ lxF8]sf] kfOG5 .
e:d wf/0f u[x:yx¿n] ;'/Iffsf] sjr, u'? s[kf, afafsf] s[kf,
eujfg\sf] cfzLjf{bsf] dfWodsf] ¿kdf cËLsf/ u/]sf] kfOG5 .
o;/L ;fdfGo¿kdf x]bf{ klg e:d wf/0f ;a}n] cf–cfÇg} ¿kdf
cf–cfÇg} sf/0fsf] nflu u/]sf] kfOG5 .
gfy of]uLx¿df e:d wf/0f lzio agfpg] k|lqmofsf] ¿kdf
k|rlnt /x]sf] kfOG5 . s'g} gofF lzio agfpFbf klg e:dn] :gfg
u/fpg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . e:d :gfgnfO{ ee"t :gfg elgG5 . s}of}F
gfy of]uLx¿n] cfkm"n] u/]sf uNtL, sdL–sdhf]/Lsf] k|folZrQsf]
¿kdf klg ee"t :gfg ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 .
e:d wf/0f k|lqmof kfz'kt bLIff ljlwdf ljz]if ¿kdf ug]{
u/]sf] kfOG5 . o; ljlwdf klxnf hn :gfg u/fO{ lr;f] z/L/
df e:d n]kg ul/G5 .
o;/L bLlIft ePsf lziox¿nfO{ cf8aGw nuf}F6L nufO{
Pp6f xftdf vKk/, Pp6f xftdf lrD6f / lqz"n cyjf 8d? 5]
pdf ´f]nf–a6'jf lbO{ u'?n] o:tf] k|sf/n] pkb]z lbg'x'G5 h;nfO{
lzion] k"0f{¿kn] kfngf ub}{ cufl8 a95g\ . o; ;DaGwdf uf]/
vjf0fLsf] o; jfSon] klg efj :ki6 ub{5—
le:of xdf/L sfdw]g' af]lno], ;+;f/ xdf/L af8L .
u'/k/;fb] le:of kfOaf cGtsflng xf]OuL ef/L ..
o;/L bLlIft ePsf of]uLx¿n] s'g} ¿vsf] d'lg jf s'g} 3/
of dlGb/sf] glhs w'gL hufpFb5g\ / ;a} k|sf/sf k|fs[lts
k|lts"ntfx¿nfO{ ;xFb} b[9tf k|flKt ub{5g\ h;n] ubf{ pgLx¿nfO{
cfÇgf] nIo l;4 ug{ ;xof]u k'Ub5 . o;/L of]uLx¿ /flqsf] rf}
yf] k|x/df :gfg u/L e:d wf/0f u/L pGdlg Wofgdf a:b5g\ /
@)^* h]7 M uf]/If lglvn jf0fL 38

o; cjlwdf ljleGg ufoqL dGq h:t} chkf ufoqL, åfbz sfn
ufoqL, u0f]z ufoqL, hn ufoqL, lzj ufoqL, lqsfn ufoqL, cflb
dGqx¿ qmdzM hKb5g\ . t/ klg e:d ufoqL ;j{k|d'v x'G5
h;nfO{ kfz'kt j|twf/L of]uLnfO{ klxn] g} s07:y u/fOG5 . hn
:gfgkZrft\ e:d wf/0f ub}{ e:d ufoqL kf7 ub{5g\ . ljleGg
u'?cg';f/ e:d ufoqLsf s]xL zAbx¿ tndfly ePsf] kfOG5 .
;fdfGotof ;'s]sf] uf]a/nfO{ hDdf ul/G5, w'gL hufOG5 /
5fg]/ /fd|f] ee"t lgsflnG5 clg ;jf{Ëdf nufOG5 . ;fy} o;}af6
lqk'08« klg nufOG5 . jf:tjdf of]uLx¿n] e:d n]kg u/L d'b|f, ;]
nL, z[ËL wf/0f u/L cf;gdf l:yt x'g'kb{5 . o:tf] ug] { of]uLx¿df
:jtM g} ;f}Dotf, zflGt, df]xstf Pj+ cfsif{0f k|:km'l6t x'G5g\ .
cGo JolQmx¿ pgLx¿sf] cufl8 gtd:ts x'G5g\ . oyfy{df
o:tf of]uLx¿ lzj¿kdf k|ltli7t x'G5g\ . gfy ;Dk|bfodf o:tf
of]uLx¿nfO{ lzjof]uL elgG5 . e:d wf/0fsf] dxŒjsf] af/]df,
o;sf] jf:tljs /x:osf] af/]df w]/} vf]h cg';Gwfg ug{ afFsL
g} 5 . t}klg cfhsf j}1flgsx¿n] v/fgLdf ePsf] /f]u;Fu
n8\g ;Sg] Ifdtf -PlG6jfof]l6s OghL{_ ePsf] h;af6 s}of}F /f]
ux¿sf] pkrf/ klg ;Dej ePsf] kQf nufPsf 5g\ . z/L/df
e:d wf/0fn] hf8f] / udL{af6 aRg ;lsG5 h;sf] pbfx/0f s}
of}F of]uLx¿ gfË} e:d n]kg u/]/ lxF8]sf]af6 klg k|dfl0ft x'G5 .
h] xf];\, e:d wf/0fsf j}1flgs Pj+ cfWoflTds kIfx¿ k|z:t
5g\ . o;sf] af/]df lj:t[t vf]h cg';Gwfglagf ;Dk"0f{ s'/fnfO{
;d]6\g vf]Hg' d"v{tf x'g]5 . ho u'?b]j ¤
@)^* h]7 dlxgfdf kg]{ rf8kj{x?
h]7 @ ut] >L lzj uf]/If xjg
h]7 # ut] uf]/If k|s6 lbj;, a'4 hoGtL
cf7f}F /f]6 dxf]T;j z'ef/De
tfGqf]Qm j6's e}/j xjg
tfGqf]Qm u0fklt xjg
h]7 $ ut] tfGqf]Qm dxfnIdL xjg
tfGqf]Qm ljGWojfl;gL xjg
h]7 % ut] tfGqf]Qm junfd'vL xjg
tfGqf]Qm dxlif{ j]bJof; xjg
h]7 & ut] lbJo u'? dxf]T;j
h]7 !! ut] uf]/vsfnL k"hf
h]7 !# ut] /f]6 dxf]T;j ;dfkg
h]7 !$ ut] ck/f PsfbzL
h]7 !& ut] l;yLrx|] k"hf
h]7 @^ ut] uf]/vsfnL k"hf
h]7 @* ut] u+uf bzx/f
h]7 @( ut] lgh{nf PsfbzL, t'n;L aLhf/f]k0f
k|To]s a[x:kltaf/ laxfg !)M)) ah]—u'? k"hg
k|To]s lbg ;f“´ %M)) ah]—cf/tL
hGd
:juf{/f]x0f
@)!*÷#÷*
@)^&÷!@÷@&
:j= z+s/k|;fb ;fksf]6f
z+v', sfe|]df u'?sfo{ ug]{ ;lqmo sfo{stf{
z+s/k|;fb ;fksf]6fsf] c;fdlos lgwg ePsf]df
b'Mv JoQm ub}{ zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/hgdf
;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5f}F . pxfFsf] rL/ zflGtsf
nflu ;b\u'?b]jx?;Fu k|fy{gf ub{5f}F .
— l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|
a;'Gw/f, sf7df8f}+
hGd
:juf{/f]x0f
@)$(÷%÷!!
@)^*÷!÷@
:j= s[i0fb]jL /fhynf
af]8], eQmk'/df u'?sfo{ ug] { ;lqmo sfo{stf{
s[i0fb]jL /fhynfsf] c;fdlos lgwg ePsf]df
b'Mv JoQm ub}{ zf]s ;GtKt kl/jf/hgdf
;dj]bgf k|s6 ub{5f}F . pxfFsf] rL/ zflGtsf
nflu ;b\u'?b]jx?;Fu k|fy{gf ub{5f}F .
— l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|
a;'Gw/f, sf7df8f}+
@)^* h]7 M uf]/If lglvn jf0fL 39

cfkm\gf] xft cfkm} x]/f}“
o; :tDecGtu{t x:t/]vf lj1fgcg';f/ x:t/]vf;DaGwL hfgsf/Lx? kf7sju{;dIf /fVb}
cfO/x]sf 5f}F . cfzf 5, o;af6 oxfFx? nfeflGjt x'g'x'g]5 .
ljjfx/]vf
xfd|f] z/L/df ;a}eGbf sdnf] / ljlrq h'g cjoj 5,
To;sf] gfp Xbo xf] . Ps k|sf/n] eGg] xf] eg] z/L/df o;sf]
;a}eGbf a9L dxŒj 5 . Psflt/ o;n] ;Dk"0f{ z/L/df /ut
k'¥ofpg] sfo{ ub{5 eg] csf]{lt/ of] cfkm}Fdf olt sdnf] x'G5
ls s}of}F efjgfx¿nfO{ dgdf ;hfP/ /fVb5 . sdnf] ljrf/,
ljk/Lt of]lgk|ltsf] efjgflb o;}af6 ;DkGg x'G5 . of] olt w]/}
sdnf] x'G5 ls clnsltdfq} klg ljk/Lt 3ftaf6 o;nfO{ 7];
k'¥ofpg] xf] eg] of] 6'6\g hfG5 . dfgjLo sNkgfx¿sf] of] Pp6f
;'Gb/ k|tLs xf] . s?0ff, bof, ddtf, :g]x / k|]d cflb efjgfx¿
o;}sf] dfWodaf6 ;+rflnt x'G5g\ .
Pp6f Xbon] csf]{ Xbol;t ;Dks{ :yflkt ug{ rfxG5 .
cfk;df b'j}sf] k|]d /xf];\, b'j} Xbo Ps dw'/ sNkgfn] cf]tk|f]t
xf];\ . ha b'j} Xbo Pp6f ;"qdf afFlwg hfG5 ta ;dfhn]
To;nfO{ ljjfxsf] gfd lbG5 .
j:t'tM dfgjhLjgsf] k"0f{tf tadfq dflgG5 hals p;sf]
c4f{+u klg ;'Gb/ xf]pmg\, ;d´bf/ xf]pmg\, k|]dsf] efjgfn]
el/Psf] xf]pmg\ tyf b'j} Xbo Psfk;df ldNg] Ifdtfn] o'Qm
xf];\ . h;sf] 3/df ;'zLn, ;'Gb/, :j:y / lzlIft kTgL x'lG5g\,
Tof] 3/ lgZro g} OGb|sf] ejgeGbf w]/} ;'vs/ dflgG5 . o;}n]
x:t/]vf ljz]if1n] hLjg/]vfnfO{ hlt dxŒj lbG5, plQs} dxŒj
ljjfx /]vfnfO{ klg b]pmg\ lsgls o; /]vfsf] dfWodaf6 dfq}
dfgjhLjgsf] k"0f{tfsf] 1fg x'g ;S5 .
dfgjhLjgsf] ofqfnfO{ /fd|f]l;t kf/ ug{sf nflu Ps
o:tf] ;xof]uLsf] cfjZostf x'G5 hf] b'Mvdf ;xfos xf]pmg\,
tgfjx¿df lxDdt a9fpg] xf]pmg\ tyf hLjgdf sfFwdf sfFw
ldnfP/ lxF8\g] Ifdtf /fVg]
xf]pmg\ .
xTs]nfdf ljjfx/]vf jf
jf;gf/]vf cyjf k|0fo/]vf x]bf{ t ;fgf] x'G5 t/ o;sf] dxŒj
;a}eGbf a9L x'G5 . of] /]vf sfG5L cf}Fnfsf] tn, Xbo/]vfsf]
dfly, a'w kj{tsf] 5]pdf xTs]nf aflx/ lg:sg] a]nfdf h'g
/]vfx¿ b]lvG5g\, tL /]vfx¿ g} ljjfx /]vf x'g\ .
xTs]nfdf o:tf /]vfx¿ b'O{–tLg jf rf/ x'g ;S5g\ .
t/ tL ;a} /]vfx¿df Pp6f /]vf k|d'v x'G5 . olb oL /]vfx¿
Xbo/]vfeGbf dfly 5 eg] ljjfx/]vf dflgG5 / o:tf] JolQmsf]
ljjfx lgZro g} x'G5 . olb xTs]nfdf b'O{ jf tLg ljjfx /]vfx¿
5g\ eg] h'g /]vf ;a}eGbf a9L nfdf], k'i6 / :j:y 5 To;}nfO{
g} ljjfx/]vf dfGg'kb{5 . afFsL /]vfx¿ eg] o; s'/fsf] ;"rs
dflgG5 ls of t ljjfxk"j{ ;DaGw /x]/ 5'6\5 cyjf ljjfxkl5
Tolt g} ;ª\Vofdf :qLx¿l;t ;Dks{ /xG5 .
t/ o;sf cltl/Qm h'g ;fgf /]vfx¿ x'G5g\, tL /]vfx¿
k|0fo/]vfx¿ sxnfOG5g\ . hltj6f /]vf x'G5g\ Tolt g}
k/:qLx¿l;t ;Dks{ /xG5 . oxL s'/f :qLx¿sf ;DaGwdf
klg nfu" x'G5 .
t/ s]jn oL /]vfx¿nfO{ x]/]/ dfq} o:tf] dt l:y/ ug{ eg]
ldNb}g . kj{tx¿sf] cWoog klg o;sf] ;fydf x'g' cfjZos
x'G5 . olb o; k|sf/sf /]vfx¿ 5g\ / u'? kj{t w]/} k'i6 5 eg]
lgZro g} o:tf] JolQmn] k|]d ;DaGw :yflkt ub{5, t/ p;sf]
k|]d ;flŒjs / lgbf]{if x'G5 . olb zlg kj{t ljz]if p7]sf] 5 eg]
@)^* h]7 M uf]/If lglvn jf0fL 40

o:tf /]vfx¿ b]lvG5g\ eg] JolQmn] cfkm"eGbf h]7L :qLx¿l;t
k|]d ;DaGw :yflkt ub{5 . olb xTs]nfdf ;"o{ kj{t k'i6 5
/ o:tf /]vfx¿ 5g\ eg] JolQmn] w]/} ;f]rL;D´L dfq} cGo
:qLx¿l;t k|]d ;DaGw :yflkt ub{5 . olb a'w kj{t ljsl;t
5 tyf k|0fo/]vfx¿ xTs]nfdf b]lvG5g\ eg] o:tf] JolQmnfO{ klg
k|]ldsfx¿af6 wgnfe x'G5 . olb xTs]nfdf k|0fo/]vfx¿ 5g\ /
rGb| kj{t ljsl;t 5 eg] JolQm sfdnf]n'k tyf ;'Gb/ :qLx¿sf]
kl5 nfUg] x'G5 . olb z'qm kj{t clt g} ljsl;t 5 tyf k|0fo
/]vfx¿ 5g\ eg] Tof] JolQm cfÇgf] hLjgdf s}of}F :qLx¿l;t
;DaGw :yflkt ub{5 tyf k"0f{ ;kmntf k|fKt ub{5 .
k|0fo/]vfsf] Xbo/]vfl;t ulx/f] ;DaGw x'G5 . oL k|0fo
/]vfx¿ Xbo /]vfl;t hlt w]/} glhs x'G5g\, JolQmn] Tolt
g} sd pd]/df k|]d;DaGw /fVb5 . Xbo/]vfaf6 hlt w]/} oL
k|0fo/]vfx¿ 6f9f x'G5g\ JolQmsf] hLjgdf k|]d ;DaGw Tolt
g} l9nf] x'G5 .
olb xTs]nfdf k|0fo/]vf 5}g eg] JolQm cfÇgf] hLjgdf
;+oldt /xG5 tyf Tof] sfdnf]n'k x'Fb}g .
olb k|0fo/]vf ulx/f] tyf :ki6 5 eg] To; JolQmsf] k|0fo
;DaGw klg ulx/f] x'G5 . t/ oL /]vfx¿ 5f]6f tyf sdhf]/
5g\ eg] To; JolQmsf] k|0fo ;DaGw klg w]/} sd ;do;Dd
dfq rNg ;S5 .
olb b'O{ k|0fo /]vfx¿ ;fy;fy} cufl8 a9]sf] 5 eg] p;sf]
Ps};fy b'O6L :qLx¿l;t k|]d ;DaGw rN5 . olb k|0fo /]vfdf
qm;sf] lrÅg 5 eg] JolQmsf] k|]d aLrd} 6'6\5 . olb k|0fo /]vfd
åLksf] lrÅg 5 eg] p;n] k|]dsf] If]qdf abgfdL ef]Ug'kg]{ x'G5 .
olb k|0fo /]vf ;"o{ kj{tlt/ uP/ b'O{ efudf ljeflht x'G5 eg]
To; JolQmsf] k|]d ;DaGw rfF8} 6'6\5 . olb k|0fo /]vfaf6 s'g}
;xfos /]vfx¿ xTs]nfsf] tnlt/ uPsf b]lvG5g\ eg] p;n] o;
If]qdf abgfdL ;xg'kg]{ x'G5 . olb k|0fo /]vfaf6 s'g} ;xfos
/]vf xTs]nfsf] dflylt/ a9]sf] 5 eg] p;sf] k|0fo ;DaGw l6sfp
x'G5 tyf hLjgel/ cfgGb pkef]u ub{5 . olb k|0fo /]vf aLrdf
b'6]sf] 5 eg] p;sf] k|]d ;DaGw aLr}df 6'6\5 .
ljjfx/]vf;DaGwL s]xL tYox¿ kf7sx¿ ;fd' /flvG5—
!= olb ljjfx/]vf :ki6, lgbf]{if tyf nflndfo'Qm 5 eg] To;
JolQmsf] j}jflxs hLjg clt g} ;'vdo x'G5 .
@= olb n'j} xTs]nfdf ljjfx /]vfx¿ k'i6 5g\ eg] JolQmn]
bfDkTohLjgdf k"0f{¿kdf ;kmntf k|fKt ub{5 .
#= olb ljjfx/]vf sfG5L cf} Fnfsf] bf];|f] kf]/;Dd r9]sf] b]lvG5
eg] JolQm cfhLjg cljjflxt /xG5 .
$= olb ljjfx /]vf tnlt/ ´'s]/ Xbo/]vfnfO{ :kz{ ug{ nfu]sf]
5 eg] kTgLsf] d[To'sf] ;+s]t eg]/ a'‰g'kb{5 .
%= olb ljjfx/]vf 6'6]sf] 5 eg] hLjgsf] dWosfndf of t
kTgLsf] d[To' x'G5, of p;sf] j}jflxs hLjg clt g} b'Mvdo
x'G5 cyjf tnfs x'G5 .
^= olb z'qm kj{taf6 s'g} /]vf lg:s]/ ljjfx/]vfl;t ;Dks{
:yflkt ub{5 eg] p;sf] j}jflxs hLjg clt g} b'Mvdo
x'G5 .
&= olb ljjfx/]vf cufl8 a9]/ b'O{ d'vsf] aGg hfG5 eg] o;
k|sf/sf] bfDkTohLjg ;'vdo dfGg ;lsGg tyf p;sf]
j}jflxs hLjg snxk"0f{ alg/xG5 . qmdzM
dGq tGq oGq lj1fg;DaGwL
g]kfns} klxnf] /]l8of] sfo{qmd
uf]/If lglvn ;Gb]z
gnsandesh@ssk.org.np
:yfg ;do -laxfg_ :6]zg d]ufxh{
kf]v/f ;f]daf/ %M)%—%M$% df5fk'R5«] FM (!
lrtjg ;f]daf/ %M))—%M$) sflnsf FM (%=@
wgu9L ;f]daf/ %M#)—^M)) lbg]z FM (#=*
;'v]{t zlgaf/ %M!%—%M$% /]l8of] e]/L FM (*=^
uf]/vf ;f]daf/ %M))—%M#) /]l8of] uf]/vf FM (@=*
e}/xjf laxLaf/ %M))—%M$% ¿kGb]xL FM !)@
bfª 3f]/fxL laxLaf/ %M#)—^M)) /]l8of] dWoklZrd FM (!=$
kfNkf laxLaf/ %M))—%M#) /]l8of] d'lQmgfy FM ()=*
l;Gw'nL laxLaf/ %M))—%M#) l;Gw'nLu9L FM !)#=^
bfª ndxL z'qmaf/ %M#)—^M)) /]l8of] b]pv'/L FM !)%=*
kf]v/f laxLaf/ %M#)—^M)) /]l8of] ;/f°f]6 FM !)$=^
bdf}nL laxLaf/ %M@%—%M%% bdf}nL FM ($=@
sf]xnk'/ laxLaf/ %M#)—^M)) sf]xnk'/ FM !))=@
lrtjg ;f]daf/ %M))—%M$) lqj]0fL FM !))=^
bdf}nL a'waf/ %M)%—%M#% dfbL;]tL FM !)%=*
bdf}nL a'waf/ %M!)—%M#) /]l8of] tgx"F FM (&=@
@)^* h]7 M uf]/If lglvn jf0fL 41

xfd|f] ;+:s[ltdf lgwf/df ltns nufpg] k/Dk/f
k|frLgsfnb]lv g} k|rlnt 5 . xfd|f Clifdxlif{, ;fw';Gt tyf
ljleGg k|sf/sf ;fws tyf ;+:sf/jfg\ / u[x:yx¿n] rGbg,
s];/, s'+s'd, s:t'/L, ci6uGw, e:d cflbsf ltns lgwf/df
nufP/ c;Ld ;'v, zflGt / d+un cg'e"lt ub{y] . o; k/Dk/fnfO{
l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|n] ;+/If0f / ;+j4{g ul//x]sf] 5 . lbJo u'?
dxf]T;j, k"hg, ljleGg xjg cflbdf cf>dn] ltns nufOlbg]
ub{5 . wfld{s cg'i7fg, df+ulns sfo{, ljhof]Nnf;, ljbfO
;df/f]x tyf :jfut;Tsf/ cflbdf ltns nufpg] nf]slk|otf
cfh klg ;j{q kfOG5 .
xfd|f k|frLg u|Gyx¿df ltnssf] ul/dfsf] ljifodf cTolws
u'gufg ul/Psf] 5 . /fhfnfO{ ul/g] /fhltnsn] pgnfO{ k|hfsf]
k|ltlglwTj k|bfg u/]/ st{Jolgi7fsf] efg u/]]sf] kfOG5 .
lgwf/df ltns nufpg' xfd|f] ;+:s[ltsf] Pp6f cleGg c+u xf] .
cflbsfnb]lv g} ljleGg b]jLb]jtfx¿sf pkf;sx¿n] cfÇgf
k/Dk/f tyf /Lltcg';f/ lgwf/df ltns wf/0f ub}{ cfO/x]sf
5g\ . k|frLgsfndf /fHofleif]sdf /fhu'?n] ljlw ljwfg;lxt
gj/fhfnfO{ /fhltns u/fpFy] . o'4sf] ;dodf, k|:yfg ug] { a]nfdf
kTgLx¿ cfÇgf ;}lgs >Ldfg\sf] lgwf/df ljhoL>Lsf] sfdgfsf
;fy ltns nufOlblGyg\ . of]4fx¿ b]zsf nflu n8fOF ubf{ clt
g} pT;fxsf ;fy dft[e"ldsf] df6f]nfO{ lgwf/df wf/0f ub{y] .
k"hfkf7 tyf wfld{s Pj+ df+ulns cg'i7fgx¿df ltns
nufpg] k/Dk/f t 5Fb}5, /IffaGwg, ltxf/h:tf kj{df lbbL
alxgLx¿n] cfÇgf bfh'efOx¿sf] gf8Ldf /Iff;"q afFw]/ ltns
nufOlbP/ cfTdLotf k|bfg ub} { bL3{hLjg Pj+ ;'v ;d[l4sf] sfdgf
ub{5g\ . kfl/jf/Ls bfloTjsf] lgjf{x Pj+ xflb{s z'esfdgfx¿df
w]/} ;Xbotf, ;+j]bgzLntf tyf c;Ld sNof0fsf] sfdgf ;dfPsf]
x'G5 . cfdfn] cfÇgf 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿nfO{ / kTgLn] cfÇgf kltb]jnfO{
ltns nufOlbP/ /0fIf]qdf ljho k|flKtsf nflu k7fpFbf /
pgLx¿ ljho eP/ kms{g] a]nfdf cf/tL ptf/]/ d+un ltns
nufOlbO{ :jfut ub{5g\ . zf:qLo efiffdf ltns To; zf]efsf/L
cyjf k|tLs lrÅgnfO{ elgG5 h;nfO{ rGbg, s'+s'd jf e:d
cflbåf/f lgwf/ tyf z/L/sf cGo efudf nufOG5 . ltns
;f}Gbo{j[l4 tyf cfsif{s b]lvgsf nflu nufOG5 .
tkfO{F klg slxn]sfxLF dlGb/ hfFbf k"hf/Ln] tkfO{FnfO{
cjZo} ltns nufOlbPsf xf]nfg\ . s'g} klg wfld{s cg'i7fgdf
hfFbf ToxfFsf k'/f]lxt, ToxfF pkl:yt ;a} >4fn'hg ;a}nfO{
ltns nufOlbG5g\ . gj/flq xf];\ jf hGdfi6dLsf] cj;/, ;a}
k"hf cr{gfsf a]nf ltns nufOG5 . /Iff aGwgdf lbbLalxgLn]
cfÇgf bfh'efOx¿sf] lgwf/df ltns nufOlbg] ub{5g\ . >f4
ug]{ ;dodf klg ltns nufpg] ul/G5 . eGg'sf] cy{ xf] ls
hLjgdf s}of}F o:tf cj;/x¿ cfpF5g\ h'ga]nf JolQmn] k|;Gg
eP/ ltns nufpF5g\ . h;nfO{ ltns nufOlbPsf x'G5g\ To;
JolQmk|lt ltns nufOlbg]sf] d+unefjgf /xG5 / ltnssf ;fy
p;nfO{ cfzLjf{b k|fKt x'G5 .
ltnssf] dxŒj w]/} wfld{s u|Gyx¿df atfOPsf] kfOG5 .
a|Ådj}jt{ k'/f0fcg';f/—
:gfg+ bfg+ tkf] xf]df] b]jtflkt[ s[Dd{ r .
tT;j{ lgikmn+ oflg nnf6] ltns lagf .
a|fÅd0f l:tNs+ s[Tjf s'øof{;+Wof~r tk{0fd\ .
cyf{t\, ltnslagf :gfg, xf]d, tk, b]jsfo{ cflb ;a} s[To
lgikmn x'g hfG5g\ . a|fÅd0fn] ltns wf/0f u/]kl5 dfq tk{0f
@)^* h]7 M uf]/If lglvn jf0fL 42

cflbsf] sfo{ u?g\ .
k|ltlbg :gfg u/]kl5 ltns wf/0f ug' { ;a} j0f{sf] st{Jo xf] .
lgTo, g}ldlQs, sfDo oL ;a} tLg k|sf/sf sd{ tyf lkt[x¿sf]
>f4 ltns wf/0flagf lgikmn x'g hfG5g\ . zf:qdf elgPsf]
5— lagf ltns / s'z :gfg, ;+GWof, k~ro1, o1–xjg tyf
>f4 cflb ;d:t sd{ lgikmn x'g hfG5g\ .
‘kb\dk'/f0fdf elgPsf] 5— hf] cz'lr / cgfrf/ 5 tyf
h;sf] dgdf ;bf s'ljrf/ el/Psf] x'G5, To; dg'io klg
lqk'08«s ltns wf/0f u/]/ ;d:t kfkaf6 d'Qm x'g hfG5 .
pmWj{k'08«s ltns wf/0f ug]{ dg'iosf] rfx] h'g;'s} :yfgdf
d[To' eP klg, d[Tokl5 p;n] rf08fnsf] ¿kdf hGd lnP klg
pm :ju{nf]s hfG5 .
ltns ;fdu|L M
ltns nufpgsf nflu cflbsfnb]lv g} cg]sf}F k|sf/sf
;fdu|L k|o'Qm ul/Psf] kfOG5 . l;Gb"/, dx, o1 tyf xjgs'08sf]
e:d, uf]a/, ufO{sf] r/0fsf] w"nf] jf df6f] -uf]kb d[lQsf_, l3p,
bxL, uf]/f]rg, s:t"/L hn tyf df6f], uf]kLrGbg, o1sfi7, a]n,
kLkn tyf t'n;Lsf] lj?jfsf] h/f glhssf] df6f], dxflgDa
-asfOgf]sf] ¿v_, t'n;L sfi7, kmNu' -c+hL/_, uGwsfi7 -cu'?_,
;]tf] rGbg, /ftf] rGbg, wfqLd"n -cdnf_, s'+s'd, a];f/, sfnf]
a];f/ tyf ci6uGw cflb . k"hfcr{gf / ;GWoflb sfo{df pQm
;fdu|Lsf] ltns nufOG5 .
j}i0fjwd{sf cg'ofoL uf]kLrGbg, ;]tf] rGbg tyf kfjg
tLy{sf] df6f] tyf hnn] cg]s cfs[lt agfP/ ltns nufpFy] .
pgLx¿sf] ltns ;fdu|Ldf åfl/sfk'/Lsf] uf]kLrGbg g} ;jf{lws
dxŒjk"0f{ b]lvG5 . ci6uGw b]jLx¿sf] ltnssf nflu k|o'Qm
ul/G5 .
eujfg\ lzjsf pkf;s z}j tyf b]]jLx¿ -zlQm_ sf
pkf;s zfQmx¿sf nflu e:d g} ltnssf] d'Vo ;fwg xf] .
b]jLx¿nfO{ s'+s'd tyf /Qm rGbgsf] tyf lkt[x¿nfO{ ;]tf]
rGbgsf] ltns nufOlbg] k/Dk/f 5 . ;"o{, xg'dfg tyf zlQmsf
k|tLs b]jL sfnL, tf/f / b'uf{ cflbnfO{ /Qm rGbgsf] ltns
nufOlbg] ul/G5 .
ltns wf/0f ug]{ ljlw M
ltns wf/0f ug]{ klg s]xL ljz]if ljlwx¿ wd{df atfOPsf
5g\ h'g o;k|sf/ 5g\— b]jLb]jtfx¿nfO{ ;flxFnL cf} Fnfn], :jo+nfO{
df´L cf}Fnfn] / lkt[u0fnfO{ rf]/L cf}Fnfn] tyf a|fÅd0f cflb >]i7
JolQmnfO{ a"9Lcf}Fnfn] ltns nufOlbg] rng 5 .
ltnssf k|sf/ M
pmWj{k'08« M >Llji0f'sf pkf;s cyf{t\ j}i0fj wdf{jnDaL
cfÇgf] lgwf/df pmWj{k'08«s wf/0f ub{5g\ . o;df lgwf/ -nnf6_
df b'j} cfFvLef}Fsf] aLraf6 hxfFaf6 gfl;sf cf/De x'G5
To; :yfgaf6 dflysf] lbzfdf lz/sf] skfn -/f}F_ ;Dd ;Lwf
/]vf ltns nufOG5 . j}i0fjwd{df o; ltnssf] 7"nf] dxQf
atfOPsf] 5 . j}i0fj wdf{jnDaLx¿sf ljleGg ;Dk|bfox¿df
o; pmWj{k'08«s ltnssf ljljwtf b]Vg ;lsG5 .
lqk'08«s— z}j;Dk|bfosf] wfld{s lrÅg xf] of] . of] ;f+s]lts
ltns zfQm -b]jLsf pkf;s_ åf/f klg Jojxf/df NofOG5 .
of] lzj Pj+ zlQmsf] PsTjsf] lgb]{z lrÅg xf] . lqk'08«s b'j}
cfFvLef}Fsf] ;dfgfGt/ lgwf/df Ps 5]paf6 csf]{ 5]p e:dsf]
tLg /]vfn] c+lst ul/G5 . lqk'08«ssf] lrÅg 5ftL, e'hf tyf
z/L/sf cGo c+ux¿df klg c+lst ul/G5 .
s;/L ltns nfpg' /fd|f] x'G5 <
ltns nufpg] lgod 5 . ltns ;b}j a;]/ g} nufpg'
kb{5 . lgwf/sf] bflxg] efudf >L a|ÅdfhL, jfdkfZj{df eujfg\
lzjhL tyf dWo efudf eujfg\ s[i0f lgjf; ug'{x'G5 . o;}n]
aLrsf] :yfg l/Qm /fVg'kb{5 h;af6 lgwf/df >L lji0f'sf] lgjf;
alg/xg kfOof];\ . cf/fWo b]jLb]jtfnfO{ r9fP/ ar]sf ltnsaf6
g} rGbg nufpg'kb{5 . ;fws / eQmx¿n] cfÇgf nflu dfq}
rGbg lk:g' x'Fb}g .
s:tf] ltns ;xL x'Fb}g <
zf:qfg';f/ uf]n, 6]9f]d]9f], l5b|/lxt, 5f]6f], nfdf] / km}lnPsf]
oL 5 k|sf/sf] ltns cdfGo 5 . ctM o; k|sf/sf] lg/y{s
ltns nufpgfn] pkf;snfO{ s'g} klg kmfObf x'Fb}g .
pmWj{k'08«ssf] dWodf l5b| -l/Qm :yfg_ agfOGg eg] Tof]
klg wd{lj?4 x'G5 . s;}n] z/L/df z+v, rqm, kb\d tyf cGo
k|sf/sf lrÅg nufpg wft'sf] ;fdu|LnfO{ pkof]u u5{g\ h;nfO{
tftf] u/]/ nufpg] ul/G5 / o:tf lrÅgx¿ k|foM :yfoL x'G5g\ .
t/ o; k|sf/sf] lrÅg zf:qdf wd{lj?4 atfOPsf] kfOG5 .
o:tf] s[To ug]{ kftfnnf]ssf jf;L x'G5g\ .
xfdL ;a}n] ltnssf] dxŒjnfO{ a'´]/ lgTo ltns wf/0f
ug]{ u/f}F . ho u'?b]j ¤
@)^* h]7 M uf]/If lglvn jf0fL 43

t'n;:of+ ;sn b]jfM j;lGt ;tt+ otM .
ct:tfdro]Nnf]sM ;jf{Gb]jfg;dr{og ..
cyf{t\, t'n;Ldf ;d:t b]jtfx¿sf] lgjf; ;b}j /xG5 .
o;}n] h;n] t'n;Lsf] k"hf u5{, p;nfO{ cgfof; g} ;a} b]jtfsf]
k"hfsf] nfe k|fKt x'G5 .
t'n;L xfdL ;a}n] b]v]sf] lrg]sf] jg:klt xf] . o;nfO{ lxGb'
;dfhdf eujfg\sf] ¿kdf >4felQmn] k"hf ul/G5 . g]kfnsf
k|foM ;a} 3/, d7, dlGb/df o;nfO{ /f]Kg] k|rng 5 . h]i7z'Sndf
kg]{ lgh{nf PsfbzLsf lbg o;sf] lah 5l/G5 . ciff9z'Sndf
kg]{ xl/zogL PsfbzLdf pd|]sf la?jfnfO{ lglZrt :yfgdf ;fg]{
ul/G5 . sflt{sz'Sndf kg]{ xl/af]lwgL PsfbzLdf ljlwk"j{s
t'n;Lsf] ljjfx ul/G5 .
/ªsf] lx;fan] t'n;L ;]tf] / sfnf] b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ .
o;sf] d"n xfFufaf6 y'k}| zfvfx¿ lg:s]sf x'G5g\ . o;sf]
kft ´'; ePsf] / ;'ulGwt x'G5 . kftx¿ b'O{ O~r;Dd nfdf
x'G5g\ . t'n;Lsf] kft dfq} geP/ ;Dk"0f{ af]6 g} ;'ulGwt x'G5 .
o;sf] xfFufsf] 6'Kkfdf KofhL jf j}hgL /ªsf ;;fgf km"nx¿
km'N5g\ .
;+:s[t efiffdf of] j[Gbf, j}i0fjL, kljqf, kfk£gL, s[i0fjNnef,
kfjgL, dfwjL cflb y'k}| gfdn] lrlgG5 .
wfld{s b[li6n] t'n;Lsf] hlt dxŒj 5, cf}iflwsf] ¿kdf klg
plQs} dxŒj 5 . of]u, k|fs[lts lrlsT;f, cfo'j]{bh:tf k'/fgf /
j}1flgs :jf:Yolj1fgn] t'n;LnfO{ 7"nf] cf}iflwsf] ¿kdf k|of]u
ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 .
t'n;Lsf] kft, km"n / 8fF7 ;a} cf}iflwsf] ¿kdf k|of]u ug{
;lsG5 t/ klg kft a9L dfqfdf k|of]u ul/G5 . o;sf] /;n]
;a} k|sf/sf Hj/f]nfO{ kmfObf k'¥ofpF5 . dn]l/ofsf] Hj/f]nfO{ t
o;sf] /;n] 7"nf] kmfObf u5{ .
Ps rDrf t'n;Lsf] kftsf] /;df Ps rDrf dx / b;
yf]kf cb'jfsf] /; ldnfP/ lbgdf b'O{–tLgk6s rf6\gfn] ?3f,
vf]sL / bdnfO{ kmfObf k'¥ofpF5 . t'n;Lsf] /; d'6'sf] nflu klg
ljz]if nfebfos 5 . jfo' / skm a9]/ x'g] ;d:ofsf nflu t'n;L
cToGt} nfesf/L x'G5 . t'n;Lsf] kft ;kmf u/]/ To;} rkfpFbf
klg pN6L ePsf] / af8'nL nfu]sf] /f]lsG5 . lk;fa kf]Ng] /
;kmf;Fu lk;fa gx'g]nfO{ cfwf rDrf hlt t'n;Lsf] aLh lk;]/
kfgL;Fu vfg lbgfn] lk;fa v'N5 .
;;fgf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ a/fa/ ?3fvf]sLn] ;tfO/xG5 .
o:tf]df pgLx¿nfO{ t'n;Lsf] /;, dx / dgtftf] kfgL ldnfP/
b'O{ rDrfb]lv rf/ rDrfsf b/n] lbgdf b'O{–tLg k6s v'jfpgfn]
;~rf] x'G5 . ?3f / lkgf; /f]u nfu]df lgsf] kfg{ t'n;Lsf] /;
ld;fPsf] kfgLn] gfs ;kmf ug'{k5{ . t'n;Lsf] kft lk;]/ agfPsf]
n]bf]n] cg'xf/ jf ;Dk"0f{ z/L/df dfln; ugf{n] 5fnfsf] /f]u lgsf]
x'G5 Pjd\ rds klg cfpF5 .
t'n;Lsf] ld>0f ePsf ;of}F cf}iflwx¿ kfOG5g\ . t/ tfhf
t'n;L g} ;aeGbf nfebfos x'G5 . b}lgs rf/ j6fb]lv kfFr
j6fdfq kft d'vdf /fv]/ r':g] xf] eg] klg s}og /f]uaf6 aRg
;lsG5 .
t'n;Lsf] ;'uGwn] dg zfGt x'G5 . o;sf] jl/kl/sf] xfjf
k|f0fjfo'o'Qm x'G5 . t'n;Lsf] af]6 ePsf 7fpFdf z/L/nfO{ xflg
ug]{ ls6f0f'x¿ a:g ;Sb}gg\ . 3/jl/kl/ t'n;L /f]Kgfn] 3/sf]
jftfj/0f /fd|f] x'G5 .
t'n;Lsf] dxŒjnfO{ a'´L o;nfO{ htftt} /f]kf}F . t'n;Lsf]
k|of]u u/L :jf:Yo / ;'Gb/tf a9fcf}F .
ho u'?b]j ¤
@)^* h]7 M uf]/If lglvn jf0fL 44

j/fxldlx/n] ztflAbof}F k"j{ sfnu0fgf u/]/ of] s'/f l;4 u/]sf lyP ls k|To]s lbg dflg;sf] z'e / cz'e b'j} k|sf/sf
;do cfpF5g\ / sfn1fgcg';f/ z'e ;dodf sfo{ u/]df lgZro g} sfo{df ;kmntf k|fKt x'G5 . oBlk Hof]ltifdf lbzf;"n,
of]lugL, rGb|df cflbsf] pNn]v 5 / of] klg atfOPsf] 5 ls oL ;a} s'/fx¿nfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ g} z'esfo{ k|f/De ug'{ kb{5 . t/
ldlx/frfo{n] atfPsf 5g\ ls olb xfdLnfO{ sfn1fg 5 eg] oL s'/fx¿nfO{ Wofgdf /fVg' cfjZos 5}g lsgls of] If0f cfkm}Fdf
cToGt dxŒjk"0f{ 5 . o;}n] o;df Joltkft, lbzf;"n cflbsf] cz'e k|efj kb}{g . ofqf, ljjfx, e]63f6nufotsf s'g} klg z'esfo{
k|f/De ubf{ sfn1fgcg';f/ ul/Pdf tL sfo{x¿ ;kmn x'G5g\ g}, ldlx/frfo{ eGb5g\ .
k|:t't z'e ;dox¿ -;j{>]i7 tyf >]i7_ k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]j 8f= gf/fo0fbQ >LdfnLåf/f /lrt ‘Hof]ltif cf}/ sfn lg0f{o’
u|Gydf cfwfl/t /x]/ tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] .
@)^* h]7 !, *, !%, @@ / @( ut] cfOtaf/
;j{>]i7— lbg #M#^–$M@$, /flq $M@$–^M))
>]i7— lbg ^M))–*M@$, !!M#^–@M$*
/flq ^M$*–!)M)), !@M@$–@M$*
@)^* h]7 @, (, !^, @# / #) ut] ;f]daf/
;j{>]i7— /flq @M$*–#M#^
>]i7— lbg ^M))–&M@$, (M!@–!!M#^ /flq *M@$–!!M#^
@)^* h]7 #, !), !&, @$ / #! ut] d+unaf/
;j{>]i7— /flq %M!@–^M))
>]i7— lbg !)M))–!!M#^, $M#^–^M)),
/flq ^M$*–!)M)), !@M@$–@M$*
@)^* h]7 $, !!, !* / @% ut] a'waf/
;j{>]i7— lbg ^M$*–*M@$
>]i7— lbg *M@$–!)M)), @M$*–%M!@
/flq &M#^–(M!@, !@M@$–@M$*
@)^* h]7 %, !@, !( / @^ ut] laxLaf/
>]i7— lbg ^M))–&M#^, !)M))—!!M#^, $M@$–^M))
/flq (M!@–!!M#^, @M))–$M@$
@)^* h]7 ^, !#, @) / @& ut] z'qmaf/
;j{>]i7— /flq !)M@*–!!M#^
>]i7— lbg ^M))–^M$*, &M#^–!)M)), !@M@$–#M#^
/flq &M#^–(M!@, !M!@–@M$*
@)^* h]7 &, !$, @! / @* ut] zlgaf/
;j{>]i7— lbg ^M))–^M$*, /flq *M@$–(M!@
>]i7— lbg !)M#^–!@M@$
/flq (M!@–!)M$*, @M$*–#M#^, %M!@–^M))
gf]6M lbg eGgfn] laxfg ^M)) b]lv ;fFem ^M)) ;Dd
/flq eGgfn] ;fFem ^M)) b]lv csf]{ laxfg ^M)) ;Dd
@)^* h]7 M uf]/If lglvn jf0fL 45

l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|sf ultljlw
46
xjg sfo{qmd
l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|af6 x/]s dlxgf ;DkGg x'Fb} cfO/x]sf dfl;s sfo{qmdcGtu{t xjg sfo{qmdx¿ ut dlxgf
lgDgfg';f/ ;DkGg eP—
j}zfv % ut] ;f]daf/— >L lzj uf]/If xjg, uf]/vgfy dlGb/, kz'klt, d[u:ynL, laxfg *M))–(M)) ah] .
j}zfv ^ ut] d+unaf/— tfGqf]Qm j6's e}/j xjg, j6's e}/j dlGb/, nugv]n, laxfg &M))–*M)) ah] . j}zfv &
ut] a'waf/— tfGqf]Qm dxfnIdL xjg, dxfnIdL dlGb/, nugv]n, laxfg *M))–(M)) ah] . j}zfv ! ut] laxLaf/—
tfGqf]Qm junfd'vL xjg, junfd'vL dlGb/, kf6g, laxfg *M))–(M)) ah] . To:t} dfl;s xjgs} qmddf j}zfv &
ut] a'waf/— tfGqf]Qm ljGWojfl;gL xjg, ljGWojfl;gL dlGb/, kf]v/f, sf:sL, laxfg *M))–(M)) ah], j}zfv ! ut]
laxLaf/— tfGqf]Qm j]bJof; xjg, j]bJof; u'kmf, tgx'F, laxfg *M))–(M)) ah], j}zfv ^ ut] d+unaf/— tfGqf]Qm
u0fklt xjg, ;"o{ljgfos, eQmk'/, laxfg &M))–*M)) ah], j}zfv ^ ut] d+unaf/— tfGqf]Qm r08]Zj/L xjg, r08]Zj/L
dlGb/, sfe|], laxfg &M))–*M)) ah] ;DkGg eof] .
cf/tL ;+rfng s]Gb|x?sf] cjnf]sg e|d0f
l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|cGtu{t pkTosfsf ljleGg 7fpFdf /x]sf cf/tL ;+rfng s]Gb| / sG6\ofS6 KjfOG6x¿sf]
cjnf]sg e|d0f xfn} ;DkGg eof] . cf/tL ;+rfng s]Gb| dR5]ufpF, af3e}/j sLlt{k'/, ;fgf]e¥ofª, gofFahf/, ljzfngu/,
l;gfd+un, k'tnL;8s cflbnufotsf cf/tL ;+rfng s]Gb| / sG6\ofS6 KjfOG6x¿sf] cjnf]sg e|d0fdf ;d;fdlos
ljifodf s'/fsfgL x'gfsf ;fy} /f]6 dxf]T;jsf af/]df hfgsf/L u/fOPsf] lyof] .
o; qmddf uf]/If lglvn jf0fL klqsfnfO{ hg hgdf s;/L k'¥ofpg ;lsG5 eGg] ;DaGwdf klg ljrf/ljdz{
ul/Psf] lyof] . klqsfsf] cWoogaf6 dflg;df cfpg] ;sf/fTds ;f]r / cfWoflTds tyf ef}lts¿kdf x'g] pGglt
k|ultsf nflu ;a}n] klqsfsf] u|fxs agfpg] u'?sfo{df gofF hf]z / hfFu/sf ;fy v6\g'kg]{ cfjZostfdfly klg pQm
cj;/df hf]8 lbOPsf] lyof] .
cjnf]sg e|d0fdf ;fj/kGyL ;b:o /fdhL cof{n, ;fj/dft[sf ljGb]Zj/L a/fnnufot u'?;]jf bnsf ;b:ox¿sf]
klg ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] . cjnf]sg e|d0fdf uf]/v u'kmfsf k|d'v k'hf/L k|lbkgfy of]uLHo" klg sltko 7fpFdf ;xefuL
x'g'ePsf] lyof] . o;}aLr e|d0f 6f]nLn] ljleGg ;Dks{ sfof{nox¿sf] klg cjnf]sg u/]sf] lyof] .
cfWoflTds ;xg]t[Tjstf{x?sf nflu tflnd tyf k|lzIf0f
l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|sf] dfl;s sfo{qmdcGtu{tsf] tflnd tyf k|lzIf0f sfo{qmddf ut j}zfv #! ut] ;xg]t[Tj
txsf] tflnd tyf k|lzIf0f sfo{qmd ;DkGg eof] . uf]/If lglvn Hof]lt lbJo ljBf>ddf ;DkGg pQm tflnd tyf k|lzIf0f
sfo{qmddf pkTosfnufot ljleGg lhNnfaf6 u'? ;]js;]ljsf sfo{stfx¿ ;xefuL x'g'x'GYof] .
laxfg (M)) ah]af6 :t'ltjGbgfaf6 z'? ePsf] pQm tflnd tyf k|lzIf0f sfo{qmddf ljleGg ljifodf k|lzIffyL{x¿nfO{
hfgsf/L u/fOPsf] lyof] . sfo{qmddf ehgsLt{gnufotsf sfo{qmdx¿ klg ;DkGg ePsf lyP .
gof“ahf/sf]
rf}yf] jflif{sf]T;j
l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb| cf/tL ;+rfng
s]Gb| gofFahf/n] cfÇgf] rf}yf] jflif{sf]T;j
dgfPsf] 5 . ut j}zfv !( ut] k/dk"Ho
;b\u'?b]jx¿sf] :t'ltjGbgfaf6 z'ef/De
ePsf] pQm sfo{qmd ;fF´;Dd rn]sf]
lyof] . sfo{qmddf ehgsLt{gnufot
g[Tox¿ klg k|:t't ul/Psf lyP .
@)^* h]7 M uf]/If lglvn jf0fL 46

z'esfdgf cfbfg k|bfg sfo{Ød
‘xfd|f] cfWoflTds hLjg cufl8 a9f];\, ;b\u'?sf]
;fdLKotf k|fKt xf];\’, l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb| u'?;]jf bnsf
;b:o 1fg' /]UdLn] gofF jif{ @)^* ;fnsf] z'esfdgf
cfbfg k|bfg sfo{qmddf :jfutdGtJo lbg] qmddf o:tf]
pb\uf/ JoQm ug'{eof] .
ut j}zfv # ut] uf]/If lglvn Hof]lt lbJo ljBf>ddf
:t'ltjGbgf, k|fy{gfaf6 z'? ePsf] pQm sfo{qmd
cf}krfl/stfeGbf klg cfTdLotfdf ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] .
sfo{qmdnfO{ cgf}krfl/s agfpg] qmddf ljleGg v]nx?
klg v]nfOPsf] lyof] . sfo{qmddf ‘ho u'?b]j v]n’n]
ljz]if cfsif{0f lbPsf] lyof] . o; v]ndf #) ;]s]G8sf]
lgwf{l/t ;dodf ;a}eGbf a9L ‘ho u'?b]j’ eGg]nfO{ klxnf]
k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . k|ltof]lutfdf ;flwsf
;Ltf sfsL{n] lgwf{l/t ;dodf ^% k6s / ;fws dfwj
j:g]tn] ^) k6s ‘ho u'?b]j’ eg]/ qmdzM k|yd / låtLo
k'/:sf/ k|fKt ug'{ePsf] lyof] .
sfo{qmddf csf]{ cfsif{s v]n ‘k|Zgf]Q/’ v]n lyof] .
pQm v]ndf ;a}eGbf a9L k|Zgsf] hjfkm lbP/ ;fws
;flnu|fd l;njfnn] k|yd k'/:sf/ xft kfg{'eof] eg] l8gf
k|hfkltn] låtLo k'/:sf/ lhTg'ePsf] lyof] .
sfo{qmdsf] t];|f] v]n ‘;f+uLlts k|:t'lt’df ;fws
nf]saxfb'/ g]kfnLn] ;a}eGbf lgs[i6 ufP/ / ;a}eGbf
lgs[i6 ahfP/ lzj/fdhLn] k'/:sf/ xft kfg'{ePsf]
lyof] .
;fj/kGyL ;fws /fdhL cof{nn] z'esfdgf JoQm
ug'{x'Fb} xfd|f] hLjg xfdLx?sf] xftdf geO{ k/dk"Ho
;b\u'?b]jx?sf] xftdf /x]sf] / ;fwsTj / lzioTjsf]
ljsf; geP;Dd xfdLn] s]xL klg ug{ g;Sg] atfpg'eof] .
pxfFn] gofF jif{nfO{ ;fwsTj / lzioTjsf] ljsf;df nufpg'
kg]{ cfjZostfdfly hf]8 lbg'x'Fb} @)^& ;fndf ePsf
@)^* h]7 M uf]/If lglvn jf0fL 47
sdL sdhf]/LnfO{ x6fP/ gofF jif{ @)^* ;fnnfO{ ;d'Ggt
ug'{kg]{df hf]8 lbg'eof] .
pxfFn] eGg'ePsf] lyof], ‘xfd|f] nflu ;a}eGbf 7"nf]
k'/:sf/ eg]sf] u'?sf] b[li6df /fd|f] x'g' xf], u'?sf] nflu
v6\g' cfkm\g} nflu v6\g' xf] .’
ut jif{sf] df3df ;DkGg lzlj/ / clegGbg
;df/f]xsf] ;kmntf / o;;DaGwL xf]nL k"l0f{df lzlj/ tfsf
hf]wk'/df rn]sf] k|z+;fnfO{ klg pxfFn] sfo{qmddf ;+:d/0f
ug'{ePsf] lyof] .
sfo{qmddf ;fj/dft[sf ljGb]Zj/L a/fnn] z'esfdgf
JoQm ug'{x'Fb} ;+:yfsf] :jl0f{d If0f l56f]eGbf l56f] cfcf];\
eGg] sfdgf ug'{eof] . pxfFn] ;+:yf / uf]/If lglvn jf0fLnfO{
gofF ?kdf nfg'kg]{ cfjZostfdfly hf]8 lbFb} klqsfnfO{
a9LeGbf a9L dflg;x?df nfgsf nflu of]hgfx?nufot
klqsfsf nflu 5'§} l6dsf] Joj:yf ePsf] klg atfpg'
eof] . pxfFn] cg'zf;gsf] kfngfaf6} ;a}lt/ pGglt k|ult
x'g] atfpg' x'Fb} ;a}n] lbuf] cg'zf;gnfO{ kfngf ug'{kg]{
cfjZostfdfly hf]8 lbg'x'Fb} ljefu, pkljefusf] ;lqmotf
a9\g] qmddf /x]sf] atfpg'eof] .
sfo{qmddf u'?;]jf bn ;b:o xl/ e§/fO{n] gofF
jif{sf] z'esfdgf JoQm ug'{x'Fb} ;DkGg x'g] sfo{qmdsf]
sfo{–afF8kmfF8sf] ;"lrnfO{ k9]/ ;'gffpg'ePsf] lyof] .
sfo{qmddf ;flwsf 8flndf ldhf/n] ‘uf]/If lglvn
cfpm’ sljtf jfrg ug'{ePsf] lyof] . l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|n]
xfn} eQmk'/sf] nf]sGynLdf ;ft /f]kgL hUuf k|fKt u/]sf]
/ xfn ToxfF lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg eO/x]sf] hfgsf/L klg
u/fOPsf] lyof] . vrfvr el/Psf] cf/tL sIfdf kl/rosf]
qmd klg /flvPsf] lyof] . pQm sfo{qmddf hf]wk'/af6
NofOPsf] xf]nL k"l0f{dfsf] km"n6Lsf klg ljt/0f ul/Psf]
lyof] .
ljBf>d ;ft jif{df kbfk{0f
k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]jåo >L >L dxof]uL u'? uf]/vgfy Pj+ k/dx+; :jfdL >L lglvn]Zj/fgGb dxf/fhsf] s[kf,
cg'sDkf:j¿k ;+rflnt uf]/If lglvn Hof]lt lbJo ljBf>dn] cfÇgf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/sf] sfo{nfO{ cufl8 a9fO/x]sf]
5 . ljBf>dsf] lgoldt sIff ;+rfng ut j}zfv $ ut]b]lv z'? ePsf] 5 . ;fy} ljBf>dn] ut j}zfv % ut] cfÇgf]
:yfkgfsf] 5}6f}F jif{ k"/f u/]/ ;ftf}F jif{df k|j]z u/]sf] pknIodf ljBf>d k|fË0fdf Ps sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf u/]sf] lyof] .
pQm cj;/df ;ftf}F jflif{sf]T;jsf] x/]s kIfdf & c+snfO{ ljz]if hf]8 lbOPsf] lyof] . sfo{qmdsf] z'ef/Dedf ljBf>dsf
& hgf lzIfs lzlIfsfn] u'? k"hg ug]{ zf}efUo k|fKt ug'{ePsf] lyof] . u'? k"hgs} qmddf ;b\u'?b]jx¿nfO{ & lsl;dsf
ksjfg, & lsl;dsf km"n r9fpg'sf ;fy} & j6f bLof] aflnPsf] lyof] . ;fy} k"hgsf] qmddf k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]jx¿sf]
kfb'sfdf & j6f blIf0ff r9fOPsf] lyof] eg] :yfkgfsfnb]lv xfn;Dd cWoog/t & hgf ljBfyL{nfO{ ljz]if k|;fb tyf
pkxf/ k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] .
pQm cj;/df >L lji0f'bQ kf08]nfO{ ljBf>dsf] lk|lG;knsf] ¿kdf gjlgo'lQm lbOPsf] lyof] . l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|sf
;+of]hs Pj+ ;fj/kGyL ;b:o >L /fdhL cof{nhLn] pxfFnfO{ km"ndfnf tyf u'? k|;fb lbP/ :jfut ug'{ePsf] lyof] .

u'? / lziosf] ;DaGwnfO{ ;a}eGbf lg:jfy{ ;DaGw
dflgG5. ;+;f/sf] x/]s ;DaGw :jfy{df cfwfl/t x'G5. x/]s
dfofsf] k5fl8 s'g} g s'g} :jfy{ n's]sf] x'G5. t/ u'?sf]
lziok|ltsf] k|]ddf s'g} :jfy{ n's]sf] x'Fb}g. u'?n] lzioaf6
kfpg' kg]{ s'/f klg s]xL x'Fb}g. t;y{ u'? t s]jn k|bftf
x'g'x'G5. pxfF s'g} g s'g} ?kdf lzionfO{ k|bfg ul//xg'
x'G5 / lzion] lg/Gt/?kdf u'?af6 k|fKt ul//xG5. t;y{
ha JolQmn] u'? k|fKt ub{5 ;Dk"0f{sf] k|flKt ub{5. o;y{
ha JolQmn] u'? k|fKt ub{5 Tof] If0f p;sf] hLjgsf]
;jf{lws ;f}efUosf] If0f elgG5.
;Dk"0f{ ljZja|x\df08 u'? cem} egf}F eg] ;b\u'?åf/f
rnfodfg 5. pxfFsf] s[kfn] g} hLjn] hLjg kfpFb5,
k|To]s Zjf; kfpFb5. ;fFRr} eGg] xf] eg] dg'iohLjg g}
;b\u'?b]jsf] ;'Gb/ pkxf/ xf]. ;b\u'?b]jaf6 ha dg'ion]
olt w]/} s'/f k|fKt ub{5 eg] pxfFk|lt s[t1 aGg' klg p;sf]
k/d st{Jo aGb5. t/ b'Mvsf] s'/f of] 5 ls dfgjhLjgdf
of] r]tgfsf] cfleef{j g} x'Fb}g. ;fdfGo l:yltdf hLjg
olQs} laTb5 ef}lts k|k~rx?df x/fpFbf x/fpFb}. dg'iodf
of] r]tgfsf] pbo ta dfq x'G5 ha pm ;b\u'?b]jsf]
z/0fdf k'Ub5.
ta dfq dg'ion] cfkm\gf] hLjgsf] cf}lrTo / dd{
a'em\b5. ta dfq dg'ion] ;b\u'?b]jsf] cfkm"dflysf] C0f
r'sfpg] k|oTg ub{5. o;sf] nflu p;n] cg]sf}F sd{x?
ug{ sf]lz; ub{5. log} sf]lz;x?dWo] ‘/f]6’ ck{0f klg
Pp6f pTs[i6 sf]lz; xf]. /f]6 ;b\u'?b]j >L >L dxfof]uL
u'? uf]/vgfysf] clt lk|o j:t' xf]. cfkm\gf ;b\u'?b]jsf]
lk|o j:t' pxfFnfO{ ck{0f ug'{ pxfFk|ltsf] cfkm\gf] ckf/ >4f,
elQm ck{0f ug]{ / cfkm\gf] pxfFdflysf] C0faf6 pC0f x'g]
Pp6f k|of; xf].
l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb| g]kfnn] ljut ;ft jif{b]lv
;jfnfv /f]6 ck{0f sfo{qmd cfof]hgf u/]/ ;b\u'?b]jsf]
r/0fsdndf efjelQm ck{0f ug]{ sf]lz; ul//x]5. of] Pp6f
o:tf] dxfg\ cg'i7fg xf] h;df x/ sf]xL JolQm ;xefuL
x'g ;Sb5 / x/ sf]xL JolQmn] ;b\u'?b]jk|ltsf] cfkm\gf]
efjelQm ck{0f ug{ ;Sb5 / pxfFsf] s[kf, cfzLjf{b k|fKt
ug{ ;Sb5. ;b\u'?b]jsf] cl:tTj, pxfF;Fusf] cfkm\gf]
;DaGw, pxfFk|ltsf] cfkm\gf] st{JonfO{ lal;{/x]sf] cfhsf]
;dfhdf of] dxfcg'i7fg Pp6f o:tf] lbJotd\ cj;/ xf]
h;df ;xefuL eP/ x/]s JolQmn] Pp6f c;fdfGo / clt
b'n{e dxfg\ sfo{ ug{ ;Sb5.
s'g} JoQm jf JolQmsf] ;d"x dfqn] o:tf] dxfcg'i7fg
ug{ b'is/ 5. l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|n] ;jfnfv /f]6 ck{0f
sfo{qmd cfof]hgf u/]/ nfvf}Fnfv dflg;x?nfO{ Pp6f
pRrtd\ ;f}efUo k|flKtsf] ;'cj;/ k|bfg ul//x]sf] 5 /
Pp6f cToGt 7"nf] nf]ssNof0fsf/L dxfcg'i7fgdf ;xefuL
x'g] df}sf lbO/x]sf] 5. c:t'.
48
@)^* h]7 M uf]/If lglvn jf0fL 48

@)^* h]7 M uf]/If lglvn jf0fL 49

@)^* h]7 M uf]/If lglvn jf0fL 50