2066 Bhadra issue

.. ç x|L+ S|of+ If+ u'? uf]/vgfyfo gdM ..
.. ç k/d tTjfo lglvn]Zj/fo u'?Eof] gdM ..
= jif{ !! = c° ! = efb| @)^^ = k"0ff{° !@!
=lrtjg, e=g=kf– @, If]qk'/
kmf]gM )%^–%@!#*%
=uf]/vf, ;f}/kfgL—# kf]v/L,
klqsf Joj:yfkg ;ldltåf/f ;Dkflbt Pj+
kmf]gM (&$^)!**&*, (&$!!@&&$%
l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|åf/f k|sflzt
=sf:sL, kf]=p=d=g=kf=–!), /fd3f6,
lkt[ ljz]if
kmf]gM )^!–%#)&*^
d"No ?= #)÷–, jflif{s ?= #%)÷–
=;nf{xL, a/xyjf–&, P:dfnL 6f]n,
kmf]gM )$^–%$))!!
=kfNkf, tfg;]g,
kmf]gM (*$&)–@*!**
cfkm\g} s'/f #
=nlntk'/, nugv]n,
lkt[ %
kmf]gM@@@))@!
Ps ;fwssf] cg'ejdf lkt[nf]s ^
=uf]/vf, a;kfs{,
o;/L af]nfOG5 lkt[ !)
kmf]gM )^$–$@)#$*
lkt[ t[lKt lsg / s;/L < !@
=tgx'F, bdf}nL, Jof; u'kmf,
lkt[ :tf]q !^
kmf]gM )^%–%^!^^@
cfkmGtsf] cGTofj:yfdf s] ug]{, s] gug]{ !&
=ndh'ª, a]F;Lzx/, eLd;]g6f]n
d[tfTdf;Fu s'/fsfgL !*
=eQmk'/,s6'Gh]–!,
d"lt{k"hfk|lt s6fIf lsg < @)
kmf]gM )!–^@!#$%%
lj/xleqsf] k|]d @@
=sfe|], ag]kf, g=kf= sfof{no k5fl8
k|]/s k|;+u @$
kmf]gM )!–^@@%!&@
;Dks{ sfof{no kl/ro @%
=sf:sL, n]vgfy rf]s,
==!! cf}F jif{df k|j]z, cf≈jfg xft]dfnf]sf] @^
kmf]gM )^!–@@(!()
gj/flqdf dftf b'uf{sf] k"hg @(
=l;Gw'nL, /ftdf6f
efb| dlxgfsf] ;"Id sfn ljj/0f #@
=:ofª\hf, :ofª\hfahf/
b[9 cfTdljZjf;sf] ckTofl/nf] ;To #^
kmf]gM (*$^)–$$#%$
k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]jsf] cjt/0f ofqf #*
=lrtjg, uf}/Lu~h
u'? uLtf $)
=l;Gw'kfNrf]s, afx|la;]
cfkm\gf] xft cfkm}F x]/f}F $!
kmf]gM )!–^(!^%(#
dw'd]x $#
=sf:sL, cr{naf]6, ljGWojfl;gL
cf>d ultljlw $^
=sf7df8f}F, k'/fgf]afg]Zj/,
>L lzj uf]/If–gfy+k|bfo $(
lkt[ kmf]gM ljz]if )!–@!)!!@^
hfFbf hfFb} %@
1

l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb| k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"gcg';f/ ljlwjt\
¿kdf btf{ ePsf] Ps cg';Gwfgd"ns cfWoflTds ;+:yf xf]
/ o;sf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{no xfn a;'Gw/f, sNsL dlGb/;Fu}
sf7df8f}Fdf /x]sf] 5 . k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]jåo k/dx+; :jfdL
>L lglvn]Zj/fgGb dxf/fh Pj+ g]kfnLx¿sf uj{sf k|ltd"lt{
dxfof]uL >L lzj uf]/Ifsf] cg'sDkf, s[kf Pj+ cfzLjf{bsf]
kmn:j¿k o; s]Gb|sf] hGd ePsf] xf] . cfÇgf] 5'§} klxrfg,
:jtGq cl:tTj Pj+ cfÇg} lsl;dsf] :jfledfg af]s]sf] of] ;+:yf
b]z ljb]zdf /x]sf cGo s'g} ;+3, ;+:yf jf cf>dsf] zfvf,
pkzfvf jf ;Dks{ sfof{no gePsf] Joxf]/f ;DalGwt ;a}sf
nflu hfgsf/L u/fOPsf] 5 . of] s]Gb| dxfg\ u'?x¿sf] :ki6 ;"Id
dfu{lgb]{zgdf cfWoflTds o'u k'glg{df{0fsf] nIodf ultzLn
5 . oxfF ;+rfng eO/x]sf ;Dk"0f{ sfo{qmd tyf ultljlwx¿
o;} s]Gb|dfkm{t ;f]´} lgb] {lzt 5g\ . oxfFaf6 pknAw x'g] ;Dk"0f{
;fdu|Lx¿sf] k|f0f–k|lti7f ljz]if¿kdf oxL cf>daf6 ul/Psf]
x'G5 . To;}n] Ps :jtGq / cfkm}df ;Ifd o; ;+:yfnfO{ cGo
s'g} ;+3, ;+:yf jf cf>d;Fu t'ngf ug{ vf]Hg', To:t} k|sf/sf
s'/fx¿ oxfFaf6 nfu" u/fpg, k|fKt ug{ vf]Hg' o; ;+:yfsf]
cjx]ngf u/] ;/x x'g]5 h] hlt sfo{qmdx¿ oxfF ;+rfng
eO/x]sf 5g\ / cfufdL lbgx¿df klg ;+rfng x'Fb} hfg]5g\,
hfg sf/L
k/fdz{ ;]jf;DaGwL ;"rgf
l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|df k/fdz{ ;]jf;DaGwL k|fKt ;'ljwf lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] hfgsf/L u/fOG5 .
:yfg ;do af/
s]Gb|Lo sfof{no ;fF´ $M#) ah]kl5 ;f]daf/ / d·naf/
nlntk'/ ;Dks{ sfof{no lbp“;f] $M)) ah]kl5 d+unaf/ / laxLaf/
eQmk'/ ;Dks{ sfof{no lbp“;f] $M)) ah]kl5 zlgaf/ / a'waf/
ag]kf ;Dks{ sfof{no lbp“;f] $M)) ah]kl5 k|To]s cfOtaf/
cf>dsf lgoldt sfo{qmdx¿
cf>d v'Ng] ;do M k|To]s lbg laxfg !)M)) ah]b]lv ;f“´ ^M)) ah];Dd .
uf]/If lglvn k':tsfno v'Ng] ;do M k|To]s lbg !)M)) ah]b]lv ;f“´ %M)) ah];Dd .
k/fdz{ ;]jf;DaGwL e]63f6 M ck/fÅg #M)) ah]kl5 .
cf/tL M k|To]s ;f“´ %M)) ah] .
u'? k"hg M k|To]s j[x:kltaf/ laxfg !)M)) ah]b]lv .
ljz]if u'? k"hg M k|To]s c+u|]hL dlxgfsf] @! tf/Lv, laxfg !)M)) ah]b]lv .
cfWoflTds zlQm cg';Gwfgd"ns g]kfnsf] Ps dfq dfl;s klqsf ‘uf]/If lglvn jf0fL’sf] lgoldt k|sfzg .
ljleGg rf8–kj{ Pj+ cj;/x¿df ljz]if sfo{qmd .
ljz]if xjgM k|To]s dlxgfsf] klxnf] ;f]djf/ >L lzj uf]/If xjg, klxnf] d·njf/ tfGqf]Qm j6's e}/j xjg,
klxnf] a'wjf/ tfGqf]Qm dxfnIdL xjg / klxnf] laxLjf/ tfGqf]Qm aunfd'vL xjg sfo{qmd ;+rfng .
cfj/0f tyf leqL sDKo'6/ ;]l6·
l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|, sDKo'6/ pkljefu
tL ;a} k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]jx¿s} OR5f Pj+ lgb]{zgcg';f/
;DkGg x'g]5g\ . To;}n] cgfjZos ts{–ljts{, z°f–pkz°f
u/L, e|d km}nfpFb} o; ;+:yfsf] 5ljdfly cgfjZos 6Lsf–
l6Kk0fL ug'{ ;Totf / jf:tljstfdfly g} k|ZglrÅg nufpg'
xf] . k|To]s JolQmsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;Dk"0f{ k|sf/sf
dfu{lgb]{zg k|bfg u/L ef}lts ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg ub}{
cfWoflTds pRrtf k|bfg ug{, k"0f{tfdf n}hfg of] s]Gb| ;Ifd
5 . ljZjf; cljZjf;eGbf dfly, ;fwf/0f JolQmsf] ;Lldt
;f]rfO, ljrf/ / sNkgfeGbf k/sf] o; clåtLo cf>ddf
cfa4 eO{ cfÇgf] hLjgnfO{ pTsif{df k'¥ofpg ;Sg' g} xfd|f]
cxf]efUo x'g]5 . o:tf k|sf/sf cgfjZos e|daf6 ;ts{ x'Fb}
k"0f{¿kdf :ki6 eP/ dfq cl3 a9\g x'g ;Dk"0f{ dxfg'efjx¿df
l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb| xflb{s cg'/f]w ub{5 . ;fy} s]Gb|sf] cfÇg}
k|sf/sf] gLlt, lgod / cg'zf;g ePsf]n] o;nfO{ kfngf ug{
g;Sg] JolQmx¿sf nflu o; s]Gb|df s'g} :yfg /xg] 5}g /
o;;DaGwL s'g} lsl;dsf] ;'g'jfO klg gx'g] Joxf]/f cjut
u/fOPsf] 5 . ;fy}, cfWoflTds zlQm cg';Gwfgd"ns o;
dfl;s klqsfdf k|sflzt n]v, /rgf, lrqflbdf ;+:yfsf]
;xdlt x'g cfjZos g/x]sf] Joxf]/f cjut u/fOG5 .
d'b|0f
e]/fO6L lk|G6;{ k|f=ln=
s'n]Zj/, sf7df8f}“ .
klqsfsf] sfof{no
a;'Gw/f, sNsL dlGb/, sf7df8f}“, g]kfn
kmf]g g+M @)&!@)),@!))!%#, klqsf ljt/0f kmf]g g+M )!–^@@%!&& (CDMA Phone), URL: www.gnv.org.np, Email: info@gnv.org.np
2
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^^ efb|

;dfhnfO{ cWofTdtkm{ cu|;/ u/fpg, cfWoflTds r]tgfsf] ljsf; u/fpg ;b\u'?sf]
dxŒj a'emfpFb} cfWoflTds w/f]x/x¿sf af/]df vf]h cg';Gwfg u/L ;dfhdf phfu/ ub}{
cfWoflTds zlQm cg';Gwfgd"ns dfl;ssf] ¿kdf uf]/If lglvn jf0fLn] ;uf}/j !) jif{ k"/f
u/]sf] ;xif{ hfgsf/L u/fpFb5f}F. z'?df ;+:yfsf] d'vkqsf] ¿kdf lg:s]sf] uf]/If lglvn
jf0fL klqsf cfh b]zs} /fli6«o dfl;s klqsfsf] ¿kdf dfq geO{ ;/sf/L dfGotfdf klg
‘s’ ju{sf] klqsfsf] ¿kdf :yflkt ePsf] 5. klqsfsf] k|sfzg cf/De cfkm}df sl7g sfo{
xf] eg] To;eGbf klg sl7g sfo{ eg]sf] klqsf lg/Gt/¿kdf k|sflzt ug{' /x]5. ;dfhdf
r'gf}tLsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] klqsf k|sfzg / o;sf] lg/Gt/tfsf] !) jif{ xfd|f] nflu w]/} ptf/r9fj
ljleGg ;+3if{x¿sf jfah'b JotLt x'Fb} uP. cGo klqsfsf] t'ngfdf cfWoflTds klqsf
k|sfzg cem} b'is/ sfo{ /x]5. ;dfh cfkm\g} tfndf cufl8 al9/x]sf] 5, ef}ltstfsf] /;df
r'n'{Dd 8'a]sf] ;dfhdf cfWoflTds klqsf lgsfnL cfWoflTds efje"ld agfpFb} cufl8 a9\g'
sl7g /x]5. t}klg xfd|f cfb/0fLo kf7sx¿sf] ;xof]u, xfd|f z'elrGtsx¿sf] cfTdLotf,
xfd|f sfo{stf{x¿sf] v6fO cflbn] g} klqsfn] lg/Gt/tf kfPsf]df b'O{dt 5}g. o;}n] klqsfn]
;uf}/j !) jif{ kf/ u/]sf] kfjg cj;/df xfd|f cflTds kf7sx¿df, k|ToIf Pj+ ck|ToIf¿kdf
;xof]u ug]{ ;Dk"0f{ z'elrGts dxfg'efjx¿df xflb{s wGojfb JoQm ug{ rfxG5f}F / cfpFbf
lbgx¿df klg oxfFx¿ ;a}sf] ;xof]u lg/Gt/¿kdf k|fKt eO/xg]5 eGg] cfzf /fVb5f}F.
;a}eGbf k|d'v¿kdf t k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]jx¿sf] c;Ld s[kf Pj+ cfzLjf{bn] g} klqsfn]
ljleGg ;d:ofx¿, sl7g kl/l:yltx¿ kf/ u/L cufl8 a9\g ;s]sf]df ;b\u'?b]jx¿k|lt
gtd:ts x'Fb} sf]l6sf]l6 gdg ck{0f ub{5f}F.
o;kfnLsf] c+snfO{ xfdLn] ‘lkt[ ljz]if’sf] ¿kdf lgsfn]sf 5f}F. lxGb' wd{ ;+:s[ltdf
dflg;sf] hLjgsfndf dfq} xf]Og hLjgkZrft\ klg cfb/ ;Ddfgsf ;fy 7"nf] dxŒj lbPsf]
kfOG5. z/L/ x'Fbf;Dd z/L/ut ;+:sf/ ul/G5 eg] d/]kl5 klg lkt[sf] nflu eg]/ km]l/
ljleGg k|lqmof ul/G5. cfTdfnfO{ p4f/ ug{, ;zQm u/fpg, tNnf of]lgx¿df e6\lsPsf
cfTdfnfO{ sNof0f ug{ >f4, tk{0fnufotsf ljleGg k|lqmof ug]{ ul/G5. dg'ionf]s
eg]h:t} lkt[nf]ssf] klg cfkm\g} cl:tTj /x]sf] kfOG5. dg'iosf] d[To'kl5 lkt[nf]s x'Fb}
d[tfTdfx¿n] cfkm\gf] ofqf to u/]sf x'G5g\. pgLx¿sf] ofqf ;xh xf];\ egL 5f]/fgfltn]
>f4 ug]{ ub{5g\. pgLx¿k|lt >4f ck{0f ug]{, :d/0f u/L cfTdLotf k|s6 ug]{, p4f/ ug]{
k|of]hgn] ul/g] k|lqmofnfO{ >f4 eGg] ul/G5. lkt[x¿sf af/]df zf:qdf ljleGg cfVofg
klg kfOG5g\. s}of}F ef}ltsjfbLx¿ lagfvf]h cg';Gwfg lkt[nf]ssf] af/]df cljZjf; JoQm
ub{5g\. ljZjf; cljZjf;eGbf k/sf] lkt[nf]ssf] af/]df o; c+sdf s]xL rrf{ u/]sf 5f}F.
Jofks / lj/f6\ cy{ af]s]sf] lkt[;Qfsf] af/] cem} y'k|} vf]h cg';Gwfgsf] vfFrf] dx;';
u/]sf 5f}F, To;}n] cf+lzs¿kdf ;d]l6Psf ljifonfO{ k"0f{ g7fGg'xf]nf.
cGtdf o; c+sdf ePsf sdL sdhf]/Lsf nflu oxfFx¿;Fu / k/dk"Ho
;b\u'?b]jx¿;dIf Ifdf dfUb} cfjZos ;Nnfx ;'emfjsf] ck]Iff ub{5f}F.
c:t'π
lkt[ ljz]if 3

4
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^^ efb|

lkt[
b]jLb]jtf pRr ;Qfsf x'G5g\, k|]tx¿sf] ;Qf
tNnf] x'G5 . lkt[;Qf oL b'j}sf] dWosf] ;Qf xf] . lkt[
o:tf pRr cfTdf x'G5g\ hf] cfÇgf] pRr :jefj /
;+:sf/sf sf/0f c¿nfO{ oyf;Dej ;xfotf ul//xG5g\ .
logLx¿df dg'iodf eGbf a9L zlQm /x]sf] x'G5 . ;"Id
hut\;Fu ;DaGw /xg] ePsf]n] pgLx¿nfO{ hfgsf/L
klg clws dfqfdf x'G5 . hf];Fu pgLx¿sf] ;DaGw
x'g k'Ub5, p;nfO{ ljleGg k|sf/sf ;xfotf k'¥ofpF5g\,
eljio1fg ePsf] x'gfn] ;Da4 JolQmx¿nfO{ ;ts{ klg
ub{5g\ tyf w]/} k|sf/sf sl7gfOx¿ x6fpFb} ;kmntfsf]
nflu ;xfotf ug]{ k|oTg klg ub{5g\ . o:tf lbJo
lkt[x¿ ;bfzoL, ;b\efj;DkGg / ;xfg'e"ltk"0f{ x'G5g\ .
pgLx¿ s'dfu{df nfUg]b]lv c;Gt'i6 x'G5g\ / ;Tdfu{df
lxF8\g]x¿;Fu k|;Gg x'G5g\ . ;Tkfqx¿nfO{ logLx¿n]
;Tk|]/0ff tyf dft[lkt[jt\ :g]x k|bfg ub{5g\ . logLx¿
cz/L/L x'G5g\, z/L/wf/L;Fu ;Dks{ /fVgdf pgLx¿sf]
cfÇg} ;Ldf x'G5 . hf];'s};Fu klg logLx¿ ;Dks{ ug{
;Sb}gg\ . sf]dntf / lgeL{stf, >4f / ljj]s–b'j}sf] hxfF
plrt ;Gt'ng / ;fd~h:o x'G5, o:tf] cg's"n efje"ld
g} lkt[x¿;Fu ;Dks{sf nflu cg's"n x'G5 .
lkt[x¿sf klg cg]s :t/ x'G5g\ / ;f]xLcg';f/
pgLx¿n] ;xfotf ub{5g\ . ljb]zL n]vs ;L= 8ANo"=
n]8aL6/n] cfÇgf] k':ts …Invisible HelpersÚdf n]v]sf
5g\ ls ;ft nf]sx¿df dflysf 5 nf]s;Fu ;DalGwt
5 k|sf/sf lkt[ cfTdf x'G5g\ / k|To]s :t/sf bfloTj
tyf ultljlwx¿ leGg–leGg x'G5g\ . k|s[lt, ;+:sf/,
of]Uotf Pj+ cle?lrcg'¿k oL lkt[ ;xfotf Pj+ dfu{bz{g
ub{5g\ . n]8aL6/n] cfÇgf] pk/f]Qm k':tsdf ljZjsf
ljleGg ;d'bfodf k|rlnt lkt[;DaGwL wf/0ffx¿sf]
ljj/0f k|:t't ub}{ of] :ki6 u/]sf 5g\ ls k'/fgf] o'gfgL
Pj+ /f]dg ;Eotfdf oL cf:yf s]jn c:ki6 wf/0ffsf]
¿kdf ljBdfg 5g\ . t/ OlhK6 tyf rLgsf] ;f+:s[lts
cf:yfdf lkt[;DaGwL lj:t[t syf tyf sd{sf08sf]
ljBdfgtf 5 . OlhK6–;Eotfsf wd{u|Gyx¿sf] ;f/;Gbe{
…The Book of DeadÚ gfds k':tsdf ;+u|lxt 5 . To;df
lkt[x¿sf] ultljlwx¿sf] lg¿k0f ug]{ lgod tyf
k|lqmofx¿ :ki6¿kdf lbOPsf] kfOG5 . pgn] cfÇgf]
k':tsdf eg]sf 5g\ ls lxGb'x¿df >f4sf] h'g k|lqmof
k|ltli7t 5 tyf To;;Fu ;DalGwt h'g ljj/0f 5g\,
tL ;jf{lws k|fdfl0fs Pj+ j}1flgs 5g\ . t/ clxn] tL
klg dfq sd{sf08sf ¿kdf cjlzi6 5g\ / k/Dk/fut
/Llt–l/jfh ag]/ /x]sf 5g\ . To;sf] k5fl8 ;lGglxt
tŒj1fgnfO{ clwsf+z lxGb'n] lal;{;s]sf 5g\ . To;}n] g
:jo+n] g} To; k|lqmofåf/f lkt[af6 ;d'lrt / kof{Kt nfe
lng ;s]sf 5g\, g t lkt[ tyf :juL{o cfTdfx¿nfO{
cfÇgf] >4f–efjgfsf] plrt nfe k'¥ofpg ;s]sf
5g\ .
pgn] eg]sf 5g\ ls cz/L/L cfTdfx¿;Fusf]
;Dks{sf] d"n cfwf/ ;+sNk / ljrf/ g} xf] . h8 j:t'
Pj+ lgik|f0f sd{sf08sf] dfWodaf6 lkt[x¿;Fu cfbfg–
k|bfgsf] qmd rNg ;Sb}g lsgls tL ;f/f lqmofsnfk
efjgfTds Pj+ ljrf/k/s g} x'G5g\ . sd{sf08sf
k|lqmof cfjZos t 5g\ t/ tL t s]jn pks/0f x'g\ .
ltgsf] k|of]u t x'G5 t/ tL :jo+ eg] k|of]u / ;~rfng
Pj+ kl/0ffdx¿sf] k|ltkfbgdf c;dy{ 5g\ . lagf1fg s'g}
klg pks/0fsf] plrt k|of]u / ;xL kl/0ffdsf] k|flKt
c;Dej 5 . To;}n] lkt[x¿sf] ;Qfsf] ;xL :j¿knfO{
a'‰g / pgLx¿;Fu ;Dks{ ug{sf nflu kfqtf :jo+df
ljsl;t ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 . o:tf] x'g ;S5 eg]
lkt[x¿af6 b]j:t/sf] ;xof]u k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 h;af6
hLjgnfO{ ;d[4, ;fy{s Pj+ ;kmn agfpg ;lsG5 .
lkt[x¿sf cg]s ju{ x'G5g\ / b]j;Qfs} h:tf]
pgLx¿sf lqmofsnfkx¿sf If]q klg leGgleGg 5g\ .
k|ToIf dfu{bz{g, u"9 ;+s]t, lbJo k|]/0ff tyf cfsl:ds
;xfotf pgLx¿af6 pknAw x'G5g\ . ljklQaf6 qf0f
kfpg, ;Tdfu{df cu|;/ x'g / dfgjLotfsf] If]qnfO{
lj:t[t ug{, ;fdflhs k|ultsf] ky–k|z:t ug{df
lkt[x¿sf] lbJo cg'bfg b}jL j/bfg ag]/ xfd|f] ;fd'
cfpg ;Sb5 . ;"Id zlQmx¿sf] ¿kdf To;} klg ltgLx¿
lqmofzLn x'G5g\ . cgLlt, cTofrf/ / cGofosf qmdnfO{
cfsl:ds ck|Toflzt /Lltaf6 pN6\ofOlbg] rdTsf/L
k|lqmofx¿ ljleGgk6s pgLx¿sf] cg'u|xaf6 g} ;DkGg
lkt[ ljz]if 5

x'g hfG5g\ . o:tf >]i7 lkt[x¿ jf:tjd} >4fof]Uo 5g\ .
clt k|r08 ;+sNkzlQm ePsf o:tf s}of}F cfTdfx¿sf]
kl/ro ;do–;dodf ldNb5 / dflg; logLx¿nfO{ …lkt[Ú
gfdaf6 b]j:t/sf] ;+1f lbP/ k"Hb5g\ . logLx¿ cfÇgf]
cl:tTjsf] k|df0f cfZro{hgs ¿kaf6 lbO/xG5g\ .
;+sNk ;Qfsf ;fIfft\ lju|x:j¿k oL …lkt[Ú
OsfOx¿ cfÇgf] ;+/rgfdf ;lGglxt tŒjcg'¿k
g} ultljlw ub{5g\ . cyf{t\, logLx¿ s]xL ;Lldt
k|of]hgx¿df dfq} ;xof]uL x'g ;Sb5g\ . k|of]hgx¿sf]
6
h'g 9fFrfdf oL ;+sNk ;Qfx¿sf] clws kl/ro–nufj
x'G5, To;sf] k"lt{df tL ljz]if ;xfos l;4 x'g ;Sb5g\ .
k|fy{gf–pkf;gf, O{Zj/–cf/fwgf, ;fdflhs st{Joljz]if
cflbdf cfsl:ds ;xfotfsf] ¿kdf o:tf lkt[;Qfx¿sf]
cgfof; cg'u|x jif{G5 . JolQmsf lkt[x¿ k|;Gg 5}gg\
eg] b]jLb]jtfsf] cfzLjf{b k|fKt ug{ klg ;Dej 5}g .
JolQmsf] cfWoflTds pRrtf k|flKtsf nflu lkt[x¿sf]
dxŒjk"0f{ of]ubfg /xG5 . ho u'?b]j ∕
-;Gbe{M d/0ff]Q/ hLjgM tYo Pj+ ;To_
Ps ;fwssf] cg'ejdf lkt[nf]s
cfTdLo kf7sju{, o; ;fdu|Ldf lkt[nf]ssf ljleGg
/x:ox¿sf af/]df n]vs -Ps ;fws_ n] k|fKt ug'{ePsf]
cg'ej h:tfsf] t:t} ptfl/Psf] 5 .
lkt[nf]s olt lj/f6\ /x]5 ls hxfF ;Dk"0f{ s'/f 5g\ h:tf]
nfUof]— tnb]lv dfly;Dd . ;d:t a|Ådf08df lkt[nf]ssf]
cfÇg} 5'§} lsl;dsf] klxrfg /x]5 . lkt[nf]ssf] >fk
k¥of] eg] b]jnf]s klg sdhf]/ x'g] /x]5 . sf/0f s] eGbf
lkt[nf]ssf] sf/0faf6 dg'ionf]sdf kmfObf tyf pGglt x'g]
/x]5 . dg'ionf]ssf] pmhf{sf] sf/0faf6 b]jnf]ssf] cl:tTj
/xg] /x]5 . o:t} cGo nf]s;Fu klg lkt[nf]ssf] ;DaGw x'g]
/x]5 . o; ¿kaf6 x]bf{ lkt[nf]saf6 w]/} /fd|f] x'g] ePsf]n]
g} dnfO{ of]uLHo"n] s[kf u/L oxfF k7fpg'eof] . gq eg] dnfO{
t s]xL klg yfxf lyPg . lkt[nf]ssf] j[QfGt s;/L z'? u?F,
s;/L cufl8 a9fpF / s;/L cGt u?F < d ;fx|} c;d~h;df
kl//x]5' . ;a} s'/f pNn]v ug{ dg nfU5 t/ pNn]v ug{sf]
nflu, a'´fpgsf] nflu d;Fu zAb g} x'Fb}g . clg Tolta]nf
d clt b'MvL x'G5' . /fd|f] ;+:sf/jfnf dfly–dfly /xg kfpg]
x'Fbf /x]5g\ . To;}u/L, ;'ljwf klg /fd|f] x'g] /x]5 . ;+:sf/
gePsfx¿ tn–tn /xg'kg]{ x'Fbf]/x]5 . ToxLcg';f/ ;l'jwf
klg x'F'bf] /x]5 . lkt[nf]s eg]/ s] ug'{ s'g} 7fpF o:tf] /d0fLo
5 h;sf] JofVof ug{ ;lsFb}g . To:t} s'g} 7fpF o:tf] uPu'h| ]sf]
5 h;sf] gLr zAbdf eGg'kbf{ JofVof ug]{ zAb g} 5}g .
olt gfh's cj:yf x'g]/x]5 ls ToxfFsf] cj:yf x]/]/ bof
ug{ yfNof] eg] Tof] JolQm :jo+ ToxLF k'l/G5 / pm klg To:t}
aG5 . km]l/ pm :jo+ dfly cfpg ;Sb}g / p;nfO{ km]l/ dfly
cfpg xhf/f}F jif{ nfUg ;S5 . lkt[nf]s o:tf] e/kbf]{ 7fpF
/x]5 h;sf] dfWodaf6 ;Dk"0f{ Clifd'lg, b]jb]jL, u'? cflb
;Dk"0f{;Fu ;DaGw sfod u/L cufl8 a9\g ;Dej /x]5 .
To;sf/0f klg lkt[nf]ssf] dlxdf ufOPsf] /x]5 . To;}n] t
;dfhdf clxn] klg s]xL plQmx¿ kfOG5g\ . h:t}, …b]jtfn]
e/0f u/]sf] -lbPsf]_ s'/f lkt[n] x/0f -x6fOlbg] sfd_ ul/lbg
;S5g\ .Ú oxL cfwf/df lkt[nfO{ dfGg] k|yfsf] z'?cft ePsf]
x'g'k5{ eGg] d]/f] dfGotf 5 . lkt[nfO{ dfGbf jf ;Ddfg
ubf{ s] kmfObf 5, gdfGbf jf ckdfg ubf{ s] a]kmfObf 5
eGg] s'/f d}n] aNn a'´]F . s'g} lkt[nf]s -lkt[nf]sleqsf]
pknf]s_ olt gfh's cj:yfdf kfOof] ls hxfFsf lkt[x¿n]
xhf/f}F jif{ lalt;Sbf klg Ps c~h'nL kfgL lkpg gkfPsf]
36gf cflTds¿kdf cjut x'g cfof] . x'g t kfgL r9fP/
lkt[x¿n] Tof] s;/L kfpg ;S5g\ eGg] nfUg ;S5, lbPsf
s'/f s;/L vfg ;S5g\ eGg] ts{ cfpg ;S5 . ts{ cfpg'
/ gcfpg'sf] ;+;f/eGbf cToGt anjfg\ k|s[lt /x]5 h;n]
;f/fsf ;f/f /x:ox¿nfO{ cfkm"df ;dflxt u/L l5kfP/
/flv/x]sf] 5, kfln/x]sf] 5, x'sf{O/x]sf] 5 . h'g lkt[x¿
gfh's cj:yfdf 5g\ ltgLx¿s} zfvf–;Gtfgaf6 o:tf ts{
/ k|j[lQ lg:sg] /x]5g\ h;sf] sf/0fjz ;w}Fel/ ;'Vvf eP/
al;/xg kg]{ /x]5 . pgLx¿nfO{ tfg{ -dfly tfGg_ sf] nflu
Pp6f g Pp6f JolQm hlGdP/ /fd|f] ;+:sf/ k|fKt u/]kl5
dfq ;Dej x'g]/x]5 . xf]Og eg] lkt[ /fd|f 5}gg\ eg] hlt
g} d]xgt u/] klg, tk:of u/] klg, tL bl/b|:j¿k lkt[n]
dfly k'Ug g} lbg] /x]g5g\ . Psk6s lkt[nfO{ kfgL r9fpFbf
xhf/fF} lkt[nfO{ /fxt k'Ug] /x]5 / pgLx¿n] cfkm" dfly
cfpg kfPsf] v'lzofnLdf d2t ul/lbg] /x]5g\ / JolQmn]
cfkm"nfO{ s]xL d2t ePsf] cg'ej ug]{ /x]5 . xfdLn] slxn]
klg vf]tNg] r]i6f u/]gf}F . s] sf/0fn] dfG5]x¿ cfTdxTof
u5{g\ < s] sf/0f 3/df czflGt x'G5, dgdf 8fx 56k6L
x'G5 < oL ;Dk"0f{sf] k5fl8 s]xL g s]xL sf/0f cjZo x'G5 .
w]/}–yf]/} cGo sf/0f klg x'g ;S5g\ t/ clwsf+zt dg'io
hLjg ;kmn / c;kmn x'g'df lkt[nf]ssf] sf/0f g} x'g] /x]5 .
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^^ efb|

To;}n] zf:qdf ‘lkt[b]jf] ej’ elgPsf] /x]5 . jf:tjdf of]
egfO zt k|ltzt w|'j;To 5 . h;n] lkt[nfO{ dfGb}gg\,
l9nf] rfF8f] b'Mv, si6, afwf, c8\rg cfpg] g} /x]5 . lkt[
v'zL x'gf;fy dg'io hfltdf klg v'zL 5fpg] /x]5, b'MvL
x'Fbf b'Mvn] 3]g]{ /x]5 . ;Gtfg ;'vL x'g' / gx'g'df klg oxL
sf/0f x'g] /x]5 .
s'g} txsf lkt[n] hLjgsfndf -dg'io hLjg 5Fbf_
;+:sf/jfg\ sfo{ s]xL klg u/]sf 5}gg\ eg] d[To'kZrft\
pgLx¿sf] ;"Id z/L/ ToxL txdf uP/ /xFbf] /x]5 . p;sf
5f]/f–gfltn] u/]sf] k'0osd{sf] cfwf/df qmlds¿kdf dfly
cfpFbf] /x]5 . olb 5f]/f, gflt, kgflt cflb s'g} klg k':tfn]
To:tf k|sf/sf lqmof–sdf{lbdf efu lnPgg\ eg] tL lkt[x¿n]
b'Mv kfpFbf /x]5g\ / To:tf] k|sf/sf] b'Mv kgf{;fy ltgLx¿n]
-lkt[x¿n]_ cfÇgf 5f]/f, gfltx¿nfO{ lkbf{ -b'Mv lbFbf_ /x]5g\ .
To;/L lkbf{ tL ;kgfdf obfsbf -cfSsn–´'Ssn_ b]lvFbf
/x]5g\ . Tolta]nf tL lkt[x¿df b]x -;"Id z/L/_ ;'Vvf
x' Fbf]/x]5 . kfgL Kof; -ltvf{_ nfUg] /x]5 . ToxfF s;}n] s;}nfO{
d2t ug{ gldNg] cj:yf x'Fbf] /x]5 . Ps lsl;dn] eGg] xf]
eg] kZrfQfk ug]{ nf]s klg /x]5 . To;/L ;kgfdf lkt[x¿
b]vf k/] eg] lkt[sf] gfddf tk{0f lbFbf -kfgL r9fpFbf_ pQm
lkt[sf] ;"Id z/L/n] Tof] k|fKt ubf]{ /x]5 cyf{t\ ;"Id z/L/
:jo+n] pQm hn -kfgL_ lnP/ ;Gt'i6 x'g] /x]5 . To;kl5 lkt[
s]xL xb;Dd ;Gt'i6 x'g] /x]5 / ;kgfdf b]lvg 5f8\bf] /x]5 .
;dfhdf o:tf 36gf 3l6/xG5g\ t/ xfdL ofb ub}{gf}F . lkt[n]
lkg{ -b'Mv lbg_ yfn] eg] ;wF} 3/–kl/jf/df cfgGb, zflGt
gldNg] /x]5 . 3/–kl/jf/df ´}´u8f eO/xg] /x]5 . Pp6f
g Pp6f /f]u nflu/xg] /x]5 . lkt[ v'zL x'gf;fy :jtM g}
;a} s'/f /fd|f] eP/ cfpg] /x]5 .
lkt[nf]sdf Ps lbgdf Ps 5fs vfg kfpg] Joj:yf
x'g] /x]5 . ToxfFsf] sltko s'/f atfpFbf oxfFx¿nfO{ crDd
nfUb5 . s'/f kTofpg ufx|f] x'G5, sNkgfsf s'/fh:tf] nfUg
;S5 . jf:tjdf of] ;To xf] . s'g} lkt[nfO{ xfdLn] jif{sf]
Psk6s >f4 ->4f_ u¥of}F eg] ToxfFsf] Pslbg x'g]/x]5 .
o;¿kaf6 eGg'kbf{ jif{lbgsf] cGt/df xfdLn] >f4 ubf{
ToxfF b}lgs¿k g} x'Fb} hfFbf] /x]5 . sltko cj:yfdf o:tf]
cfklQhgs / ckTofl/nf] x'g] /x]5 ls xfdLnfO{ jflxoft
-sfd gnfUg]_ s'/fh:tf] nfUg ;S5 t/ klg tL s'/fx¿
nfu" eO/x]sf x'G5g\ . s'g}–s'g} lkt[ d/]sf] cyf{t\ dg'io
hLjg Tofu u/]sf] Ps jif{ -jif{ lbg_ jf b'O{ jif{ lkt[nf]sdf
a:gf;fy dg'iob]x wf/0f ug{ kfpg] x'Fbf /x]5g\ / hGd lnP/
cfO;s]sf x'Fbf /x]5g\ . ToxfF pQm lkt[ t x'Fb}g t/ p;sf]
5f]/fn] lgTo kfgL r9fPsf] x'G5, :d/0f ul//x]sf] x'G5 . t/
crDdsf] s'/f s] eg] 5f]/fn] lkt[sf] gfddf kfgL r9fpF5,
7Ls To;} ;dodf k[YjLt6df hlGd;s]sf] lkt[ -afa'_ rflxFnfO{
kfgL lkpg dg nfU5 / lkpF5 . 5f]/fn] r9fpg] / afa'n]
lkpg] ;do 7\ofSs} lx;fa ubf{ ldNg hfG5 .
dg'io hLjg / lkt[nf]ssf] hLjgdf s]xL cGt/ 5, :y"n
/ ;"Iddf s]xL e]b 5g\ . csf]{ s'/frflxF lkt[nf]ssf] /+u ;]tf]
cfj/0fleq /x]5 To;sf/0f lkt[x¿ ;]tf] /+udf g} /dfpg]
xF'bf /x5]g\ . o; k|sf/sf] e]bn] klg sf]xL dfG5] d¥of] eg]
p;sf] a/vL afbf{ ;]tf] klx/gdf /xg] rng a;]sf] xf] .
o;f] ubf{ lkt[x¿nfO{ w]/} g} ;lhnf] x'g] /x]5 . cfÇgf 5f]/f,
gflt /fd|f x'Fbf pgLx¿nfO{ klg /fd|f] x'g] /x]5 . lkt[nf]ssf]
k|efjaf6 ;Tdfu{ u'?dfu{df nfUgnfO{ w]/} 6]jf k'Ug] /x]5 .
csf] {¿kdf eGg'kbf{ k[YjLnf]s -dg'ionf]s_ df /xFbf /fd|f] sd{
/ g/fd|f] sd{ u/]afkt ef]Ug] 7fpF g} lkt[nf]s /x]5 . ef]Ug]
ef]ufO ;lsPkl5 dg'io b]xdf hGd lng kfpg] /x]5 .
sf]xL lkt[ hf] dflyNnf] yGsf -txsf_ x'G5g\, lkt[nf]saf6
dg'io b]x wf/0f gu/L b]j÷b]jL nf]sdf klg hfg kfpg] x'Fbf
/x]5g\ . o:tf] x'g'df hf] cfkm" dg'io 5Fbf g} b]j÷b]jLnfO{ k|fKt
ug]{ / s]xL l;l4, zlQm k|fKt ul/;s]sf 5g\ ltgLx¿ dfq
b]jnf]sdf ¿kfGt/ x'g ;Sbf /x]5g\ . ;"Idtfsf] cfwf/af6
eGg'kbf{ lkt[nf]ssf] dfWodaf6 h'g;'s} nf]sdf hfgsf] nflu
tfnd]n ldnfpg ;lsG5 . lkt[nf]ssf] af/]df j[QfGt s'/fx¿
;d]l6Psf] h'g ;+s]t k|fKt eof] jf:tjdf Tof] g} d]/f] nflu
7"nf] ;f}efUo lyof], h;sf] sf/0f d}n] olQsf 1fg xfl;n
ug]{ df}sf kfPF . k|To]s lkt[sf] cnu–cnu /+u ePtf klg
aflx/L cfj/0fdf ;]tf] /+u g} k|d'v /x]5 .
d ha dfly hfFb} lyPF crDdsf] 7fpF cfOk'Uof] .
cToGt dgdf]xs 7fpF /x]5 . ;'ljwfn] e/k"/ If]q lyof] .
/d0fLo au}Frfx¿ lyP . t/ ToxfF hfg g} gldNg] /x]5 .
x]/]/ cfgGb lng] /x]5 . km"nx¿ -jg:klt_ olt w]/} /Ësf
lyP ls sltko /+u k[YjLt6df kfOFb}gg\ . lkt[x¿n] au}Frfsf]
tkm{af6 klg cfkm"nfO{ zlQm;DkGg agfpFbf /x]5g\ . sltko
/+usf km"nx¿n] olt w]/} zlQm k|bfg ubf{ /x]5g\ h'g xhf/fF}
jif{sf] tk:ofaf6 klg Tolt zlQm k|fKt ug{ ;lsFb}g . hlt
dflyNnf] txsf lkt[ eP, To:tf k|sf/sf zlQm cfh{g ug]{
dfWod x'Fbf]/x]5 . t/ tn–tnsf lkt[x¿sf] nflu o:tf] cj;/
b'n{e g} x'g] /x]5 . lkt[x¿n] rfxFb}df o:tf] b'n{e Pjd\ lbJo
km"n -jg:klt_ sf] bz{g ug{ gkfOg] /x]5 . cfkm"v'zL s;}n]
s]xL ug{ gkfOg] /x]5 . k|To]s 7fpFdf lgod k"/f u/]/ dfq
To; If]qdf k|j]z ug{ kfpFbf /x]5g\ . k|To]s 7fpFdf lgodsf]
kfngf k"0f{¿kn] ug'{kg]{ x'Fbf] /x]5 .
t/ dnfO{ crDd nflu/x]sf] 5 ls o:tf] lbJo 7fpFsf]
bz{g ug]{, 1fg xfl;n ug]{ lbJo cj;/ d}n] ;lhn} kfO/x]sf]
5' . zfob u'?s[kf xf]nf . slxn]sfxLF o:tf] nfU5 ls d}n]
lkt[ ljz]if 7

s]xL u/]s} 5}g . tk:of klg u/]s} 5}g h:tf] nfU5 t/ klg
dnfO{ lsg oltlj£g -w]/}_ cj;/ k|fKt ePsf 5g\ . d t'R5
k|f0fLsf] nflu k/dk"Ho u'?b]jn] olt s[kf ug' {ePsf] 5 . dnfO{
c;ª\Vo u'? C0f nfu]sf] 5 . d}n] s;/L u'? C0f r'Qmf
ug]{ xf]nf eGg] efjn] cfTdfdf klg 8fx / 56\k6L x'G5 .
slxn]sfxLF c;Ld u'?s[kf al;{Psf] sf/0f cfTdz/L/ xif{sf]
k/fsfi7fdf k'Ubf]/x]5 . Tolta]nf cfTdf cv08¿kaf6 ?g]
/x]5 . u'?sf] ofb ugf{;fy ?g] /x]5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf k'u]sf]
cfTdfn] ;Dk"0f{ s'/f la;]{/ s]jn u'?nfO{ dfq ;D´g] /x]5 .
s]jn u'? dfq b]Vg] /x]5 . ;Dk"0f{ b]jb]jLx¿ u'?leqaf6
k|fKt ubf]{/x]5 . lkt[nf]sdf cfP/ of] txdf cfPkl5 d}n]
u'?s[kfsf] af/]df yfxf kfpg] df}sf kfPF . xfdLn] vf;}¿kdf
s]xL gubf{ klg u'?n] slt x]l//xg'ePsf] /x]5 eGg] s'/f rfn
kfPF . u'?b]jsf] slt pRr ;Ddfg ubf{ /x]5g\ lkt[nf]sdf .
Tof] klg pxfFsf] lbJo bz{gsf] nflu xf]Og . hfaf] dh:tf]
t'R5 k|f0fL h;n] s]xL u/]sf] 5}g, g t tkf]wgL g} xF' . s]jn
u'?af6 bLIff lnP/ pxfFsf] lzio dfq aGg kfPsf] xF' . of]Uo
lziosf] s'/} 5f8fF} u'?b]jsf] lzio -t'R5_ nfO{ t olt w]/}
;Ddfg 5 eg] === .
pxfFsf] r/0fsf] bz{gsf] nflu t ;Dk"0f{ lkt[nf]s g} ´'Sg
tof/ 5 h:tf] nfUof] . h:tf];'s} ;Ddfg lbg klg lkt[nf]s
tof/ 5 h:tf] nfUof] . dnfO{ stf–stf vNnf] dx;';
eO/x]sf] 5 . o:tf JoQm ug{ g;lsg] k/d dxfzlQm:j¿k,
k/d t]h:jL, a|Ådf08¿kL dxfg\ JolQmTj k[YjLt6df k'Ubf
k[YjLaf;Lsf] tkm{af6 vf;} dxŒj lbOPg, ;Ddfg ul/Pg .
;fx|} ckx]ngf u/]h:tf] nfUof] dnfO{ . x'g t s;}n] ;Ddfg
u/f];\ eg]/ u'?b]j hfg'ePsf] xf]Og t/ klg xfdL lzio
egfpFbfx¿n] klg s]xL ug{ ;s]gf}F . dnfO{ cfTdUnflg
eO/x]sf] 5 . a]r}gL eO/x]sf] 5 . Pp6f g Pp6f lgx'F
/ axfgfn] k|To]s lzio eflu/x]sf 5g\, s'lb/x]sf 5g\ .
a|Ådf08df k|To]s 36gf u'?sf] OR5fa]u/ 36\bf] /x]g5 eGg]
u'? /x:o klg d}n] lkt[nf]sdf g} yfxf kfPF . oxfF u'? k|fKt
ug'{ eg]sf] t b'n{e g} dflgFbf] /x]5 . ;b\u'?sf] ;flGgWotf
k|fKt ug]{ sf]xL JolQmsf] lkt[nfO{ klg oxfF pRr ;Ddfg
ul/Fbf]/x]5 . c¿sf] t s'/f g} k/ ;f/f}F . ca oL s'/fx¿
oxLF g} 5f8f}F . d}n] csf]{ lbJo cj;/ k|fKt ug]{ df}sf kfPF .
dnfO{ hxfF k'¥ofOPsf] lyof], o; lkt[nf]ssf] h'g tx 5,
oxfF d]/f] lkt[b]j /xg'x'Fbf] /x]5 . dnfO{ pxfFsf] bz{g Pj+ e]6
jftf{sf] nflu df}sf k|fKt eof] . dnfO{ ;fx}| v'zL nfUof] .
To; 7fpFdf k'Ug' -hfg'_ eGbf cufl8 d}n] cflTds¿kdf d]/f
cf/fWo u'?x¿ k/dx+; :jfdL >L lglvn]Zj/fgGb dxf/fh
Pj+ >L >L dxfof]uL u'? uf]/vgfynfO{ :d/0f u/]F . pxfFx¿n]
v'zL;fy ;"Id cg'dlt k|bfg ub}{ eGg'eof]— …tF ToxfF uP/
8
TolQs} kmls{g] xf]Og . t]/f] lkt[b]jn] pm;Fu ePsf] ljBf tFnfO{
x:tfGt/0f ug]{ x]t'n] of] cfof]hgf ul/Psf] 5 . ca pm oxfF
w]/} /xFb}g . t}Fn] pQm ljBf /fd|f] htg u/L /fVg" . ;do
cfPkl5 xfdL cfb]z lbpFnf, ;f]xLcg';f/ ug" { . t]/f] lkt[b]jnfO{
xfdLn] cfZjf;g lbPsf 5fF} . u'? cfb]zsf] ckx]ngf gug"{ .Ú
d xif{n] efjljef]/ ePF .
slxn] ToxfF k'Ug] xf]nf egL cfTdfdf cfs'ntf /
Jofs'ntf k|fKt x'g cfof] . Tof] 7fpF olt 6f9f /x]5 ls ToxfF
hfgsf] nflu ljBf k|of]ua]u/ ;Dej /x]g5 . d}n] ToxL 7fpFdf
a;]/ lkt[b]jnfO{ tLgk6s ;D´]F . ;lhn};Fu d}n] pxfF -lkt[b]j_
;Fu cflTds ;Dks{ ug{ ;kmn ePF . cflTds ;Dks{ -sg]S;g_
olt zL3| Pj+ ;"Id /x]5 ls o;sf] t/Ë cToGt r]tgfo'Qm
Pj+ lbJotd x'g] /x]5 . If0fft\ l;l4 ljBfsf] ;b'kof]uåf/f d
ToxfF k'Ug] k|k~r /lrof] -of]hgf to eof]_ . of] olt tLI0f
ljBf xf] ls ;f]Rgf;fy g} tf]s]sf] 7fpFdf k'Ug ;lsG5 . t/
To;sf] nflu tk zlQmrflxF lgs} g} hDdf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ha
d ToxfF k'uF] d]/f] lkt[b]j hlt a]nf klg ToxLF x'g'x'G5 xf]nf,
uP/ k|ydtM 9f]u ug]{5' -;Ddfg ug]{5'_ eGg] d]/f] dg;fo
k"/f ePg . pxfF lglZrt ;dodf dfq ToxfF x'g'xF'bf] /x]5 .
cGo ;dodf pxfF v} stf x'g'x'G5, kQf nfUbf] /x]g5 . d
cfÇgf] vf]hfO / /f]hfOsf] 7fpFdf k'u]F h:tf] nfUof] . oBlk
pxfF;Fu e]6 ug{sf] nflu d}n] s]xL ;do k|tLIff ug'{kg]{ eof] .
d cfÇg} v'zLdf /dfO/x]sf] lyPF . ToxfF Psl5g latfPF xf]nf
eGbf klg :y"ntfdf w]/} ;do lalt;s]sf] x'g] /x]5 .
cs:dft\ ToxfFsf] jftfj/0fdf Psk|sf/sf] /f}gs
-pT;fx_ cfof] . pxfF -lkt[b]j_ cfpg] s'/f dnfO{ :jtM
1ft x'g cfof] . pxfF :jo+ d ePlt/ cfO/xg'ePsf] lyof] .
d nDk;f/ k/]/ 9f]Ug nfu]sf] lyP . pxfFn] c:jLsf/ ub}{
eGg'eof], …ltd|f] lz/df u'?x¿ lj/fhdfg x'g'x'G5 . ltdLn]
efjdf cfP/ d]/f] r/0fdf 9f]Ubf u'?x¿nfO{ ckx]ngf u/]sf]
h:tf] x'g hfG5 . To;sf/0f cflTds¿kdf gdg ug"{ .Ú d
cjfs\ ePF lsgls d]/f] lkt[b]jsf] s[kf, cfzLjf{bn] ubf{ o:tf
dxfgtd u'?;dIf k'Ug] df}sf kfPF, hf]l8g] df}sf kfPF . cfh
o; If0fdf aNn–aNn pxfFnfO{ kfpFbf klg 9f]u ug{ gkfpFbf
a8f] gdHhf -vNnf]_ nfUof] . d}n] d]/f cf/fWo u'?x¿;Fu
k'gM k|fy{gf u/]F / 9f]Ugsf] nflu cg'dlt dfu]F . k/dk"Ho
u'?b]jn] lkt[b]jsf] 3'F8fdf 9f]Ug kfpg] cg'dlt lbg'eof], d
xif{n] ub\ub\ ePF . of] k|ydk6s xf] u'?b]jn] d]/f] OR5fnfO{
;b/ ul/lbg' ePsf] . pxfF slt lziojT;n x'g'x'Fbf] /x]5 eGg]
s'/f d}n] o; If0fdf cg'ej ug{ kfPF . k/dk"Ho u'?b]jsf]
cfb]z kfPkl5 d}n] lkt[b]j;dIf k'uL 9f]u u/]F, dnfO{ cfgGb
cfO/x]sf] lyof] . pxfFn] dnfO{ cfzLjf{b ;lxt wfk dfb{}
eGg'eof] …d;Fu ePsf ljBf ca ltdLn] g} rnfpg" t/ olt
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^^ efb|

jif{sf] ePkl5 dfq .Ú oxfF d pQm jif{ v'nfpg c;dy{ 5'
lsgls ;"Id z/L/sf] ;do / :y"n z/L/sf] ;dodf lx;fa
ubf{ slxn]sfxLF 7\ofSs} eGg g;lsg] cj:yf x'Fbf] /x]5 .
To;kl5 xfdL -d / lkt[b]j_ cs}{ sIf -sf]7fh:tf]_ df uof}F .
Tof] sf]7f crDdnfUbf] lyof] . s]xL klg lyPg t/ ToxfF ;Dk"0f{
rLhaLhn] el/e/fp ePsf]h:tf] cfef; x'GYof] . ToxfF xfdL
b'O{hgf dfq lyof}F . t/ ToxfF s}of}F cGo JolQmTjx¿ klg
x'g'x'G5 eGg] cfef; eof] dnfO{ .
dnfO{ Ps If0f Wofg ug{sf] nflu lkt[b]jn] lgb]{z
ug'{eof] . d WofgdUg ePF . crDdsf] s'/f s] eg] pQm
Ps If0fsf] Wofgdf d}n] olt w]/} s'/f l;Sg]
/ a'‰g] df}sf kfPF ls To;af/]df eGg]
xf] eg], n]Vb} hfg] xf] eg] :y"ntfdf
dlxgf}F lbg nfU5 xf]nf . sf/0f s]
eg] ToxfFsf] Ps If0fdf :y"ntfsf]
w]/} ;do g} lalt;s]sf] x'g] /x]5 .
s'g} ljifoj:t' o:tf lyP ls ToxfF
Ps ´ns -PskN6_ dfq x]/]sf]
xf] t/ To;af6 plAhPsf s}of}F
k|Zgx¿ Pj+ k|To]s k|Zgsf] leqaf6
plAhPsf -hGd]sf_ lh1f;f clg
To;sf ;dfwfgsf kIfx¿, ;fy} k|To]s
ljifoj:t'n] hLj Pj+ hut\df kfg]{ k|efjx¿,
To;}u/L eljiodf hGdg ;Sg] ;Defjgfx¿ Pj+
r'gf}tLx¿, oL ;Dk"0f{sf] 1fg Ps};fy k|fKt x'g] /x]5 . h;/L
s'g} ;+oGqn] k|s[ltsf b[Zox¿ Ps;fy k|fKt u/]/ ;+k|]if0f
ub{5, 7Ls To;eGbf klg cufl8 /x]/ cfTdz/L/n] df}sf
kfpgf;fy xtf/sf ;fy ;Dk"0f{ ljBf Pj+ 1fg Ps;fy k|fKt
ug{ vf]Hbf] /x]5 . t/ ToxfF cfTdfsf] Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df
w]/} / yf]/} k|fKt ug]{ /x]5 . zlQmzfnL cfTdfn] Ps If0fdf
klg w]/} ljBf Pj+ 1fg k|fKt ug{ ;Ifd x'Fbf]/x]5 . To;}u/L
sd zlQmzfnL cfTdfn] cln sd ljBf Pj+ 1fg xfl;n ug]{
/x]5 . cfTdfdf l5k]/ /x]sf] ;+:sf/bf]if, 3d08, cx+sf/,
cflbn] ljBf k|flKtdf ;fx|} g} c;/ kfg]{ /x]5 . To;}n], cfTd
z/L/n] cfÇgf] :y"n z/L/nfO{ ;b}j efj lbP/ ;+ut z'l4
k|bfg u/]/ ;t\lrGtg u/fP/ cflTds pmhf{nfO{ j[l4 u/fpg]
/x]5 . cfTdfn] cfÇgf] p2]Zo, nIo k"/f u/fpg z/L/ wf/0f
ug]{ /x]5 . o;/L z/L/ wf/0f ug]{ qmddf slxn] dg'io z/L/,
slxn] b]j z/L/ cflb cflb k|fKt u/L cufl8 a9\g] /x]5 .
cfTdz/L/n] cg]sf}F snf, pksnf hfg]sf] /x]5 . hxfF
h'g s'/fsf] cfjZostf kb{5 ToxLcg';f/ cufl8 a9\g] /x]5 .
dnfO{ crDd nflu/x]sf] 5 o; ljzfn a|Ådf08leq 1fgsf
e08f/ slt /x]5g\ eg]/ . slxn]sfxLF t l;s]/ g} ;lsFb}g
ls h:tf] nfUb5 . cfTdz/L/n] To; sf]7f -lkt[b]jn] nu]/
a;fpg'ePsf] sf]7f_ df Ps If0f WofgdUg x'gf;fy g} d}n]
k|fKt u/]sf pknlAwx¿dWo] Pp6f ljifo d oxfF k|i6\ofpg
uO/x]sf] 5' . ha d Wofgdf uPF d :jo+ g} ToxfFaf6 p8]/
st} uO/x]sf] h:tf] nfUof] . d h:tf] x'G5 To;nfO{ g} lk5f
ub}{ uPF . hfFbfhfFbf KofhL /+usf] k|sfz b]vf kg{ yfNof] .
To;kl5 cg]sf}F vfnsf b[Zox¿ b]vf kg{ yfn] . oL ljljw
k|lqmof x'Fb} lyP, d]/f] cfTdz/L/nfO{ lkt[b]jn] :kz{ ug'{ePsf]
h:tf] cg'ej eof] . To;kl5 dnfO{ ck|Toflzt¿kdf
s/]G6sf] ´6\sf dx;'; eof] . d tflgFb} uPF . pxfF
hfg'ePsf] lbzftkm{ Ps;fy ;Fu;Fu} hfg d
;dy{ ePF . dnfO{ crDdsf] cfgGb k|fKt
eO/x]sf] lyof] . dleqaf6 olt w]/}
>4fefj j[l4 eP/ cfof] ls h;sf]
af/]df d oxfF JofVof ug{ c;dy{
5' . hfFbf–hfFbf Pp6f ;"o{h:tf]
rlDsnf] Pj+ k|sfzn] e/k"/
rqm b]vfk¥of] . pQm rqmleq
xfdL -lkt[b]j / d_ ;lhn} l5g{
-k|j]z ug{_ ;kmn eof}F . To;kl5
t o:tf] /d0fLo ;+;f/ cfOk'Uof] ls
ToxfFsf] af/]df s;/L JofVof u¿F d .
t/ klg d ;Dej eP;Dd pNn]v ug]{5' .
oL JofVofx¿nfO{ s]jn sNkgfsf] b[li6af6rflxF
gx]l/of];\, ga'l´of];\† s]jn cfTdfsf] cg'ejsf] ¿kdf
a'l´of];\ eGg] rfxG5' . v'Nnf cfsfz u+ufdf :jtM g}
ljleGg vfnsf Wjlg u'l~ht lyP . ljleGg vfnsf ;Í]tx¿
:jtM g} ljr/0f ul//x]sf lyP . h;/L gju|x / gIfqx¿n]
kl/qmdf ub{5g\ To;}u/L tL lbJo ;Í]tx¿ cf–cfÇg} r/0fdf
ljr/0f ul//x]sf lyP . dfq bz{gn] klg c;ª\Vo zlQm
k|fKt eO/x]sf] h:tf] nfUof] . Tof] s'g nf]s xf]nf hxfF xfdL
cfOk'u]sf 5fF} eGg] ljifon] dnfO{ sf}t'xn hfu]/ cfof] /
>4fk"j{s lkt[b]j;Fu d}n] Ifdf dfUb} cfÇgf] lh1f;f k|s6
u/]F . To;kl5 pxfF v'zL x'Fb} dnfO{ pQm gofF 7fpFsf] af/]df
JofVof ug{ nfUg'eof] . …of] 7fpF jf:tjdf b]jnf]s g} xf], s'g}
;dodf ljz]if sf/0fn] b]jnf]saf6 cln k[ys\ /flvof] /
o; 7fpFnfO{ lkt[nf]ssf ljz]if -dxfg\_ cfTdfx¿nfO{ s]jn
tk:ofdf nLg x'g -8'Ag_ sf] nflu 5'6\ofOof] . ha lkt[x¿
b]jnf]sdf k|j]z ug{sf] nflu Ifdtfjfg\ aGb5g\ To;kl5
o; nf]s -lkt[±b]j˜lkt[b]j_ af6 lkt[nfO{ b]jnf]s k7fOFbf]
/x]5 / ltgLx¿ -lkt[x¿_ b]jnf]s k|j]z ubf{/x]5g\ . b]jnf]s
k|flKtkZrft\ lkt[x¿ Tot}lt/ /xFbf /x]5g\ / b]jnf]ssf] ef]u
ubf{ /x]5g\ .Ú==== ho u'?b]j ∕
lkt[ ljz]if 9

vf]h
;
dfhdf b]jLb]jtfsf] cl:tTj 5 ls 5}g, e"t
k|]tsf] cl:tTj 5 ls 5}g, lkt[x¿sf] cl:tTj
x'G5 ls x'Fb}g, ;"Id ;Qfsf] cl:tTjnfO{ dfGg] ls gdfGg]
eGg]h:tf k|Zgx¿ pl7/x]sf] kfOG5 . o; 3f]/ ef}ltsjfbL
;dfhdf dflg;x¿n] o:tf s'/fx¿nfO{ xNnfsf] ¿kdf
lng] u/]sf] kfOG5 . d/]kl5 sxfF k'luG5 eGg] s;nfO{
s] yfxf < d/]/ sf] kms]{/ cfPsf] 5 / < eGg] k|Zgx¿
pl7/xg] x'gfn] klg ;"Id ;Qfk|ltsf] dflg;x¿sf] wf/0ff
gsf/fTds aGg uPsf] dx;'; x'G5 . o;/L lkt[, ;"Idtf,
b]jLb]jtfx¿nfO{ gdfGg] Pp6f kIf ;dfhdf b]lvG5 .
e"t, k|]t, lkt[, b]jLb]jtfx¿ x'Fb}gg\ eGg] dflg;x¿sf]
wf/0ffnfO{ ;"Id ;Qfsf] cl:tTj :jLsf/ ug]{x¿ eg]
c;To / unt wf/0ff 7fGb5g\ . To;}n] ;dfhdf ;"Id
;Qfsf] cl:tTjnfO{ dfGg] / gdfGg]x¿sf aLr c3f]lift
j}rfl/s o'4 rln/x]sf] dx;'; x'G5 . t/ ;dfhdf csf]{
Pp6f tKsf klg 5 hf] laxfg p7\bfb]lv /flt g;'Tbf;Dd
dfq xf]Og, ;kgfdf klg cfÇgf ;Dk"0f{ lqmofsnfk,
;f]rfO tyf Jojxf/x¿ log} ;"Id ;Qf cfTdf, k/dfTdf,
b]jLb]jtf / lkt[x¿sf] jl/kl/ 3'ld/x]sf] x'G5 . k|fy{gf,
:tf]q kf7, dGq hk, xjg, Wofg, k"hgaf6 oL tKsfn]
;w} F ;"Id ;Qfsf] ;xfotf / cfzLjf{b vf]lh/x]sf x'G5g\ .
;fIfft\¿kdf lkt[, b]jLb]jtfx¿ cfP/ cfzLjf{b lbg'x'G5
eG5g\ pgLx¿ . hLjgdf cfZro{hgs kl/jt{g Nofpg,
¿kfGtl/t x'g / cfkm" ;an eO{ cGonfO{ ;xfotf, ;xof]u
ug{ ;Sg] aGg k|fy{gf, :tf]qkf7, Wofg, hk k|d'v ;xfos
/x]sf] uj{ oL tKsfsf dflg;x¿df kfOG5 . oxL tKsfn]
ubf{ cfhsf] o; 3f]/ slnsfndf klg dflg;x¿nfO{ ;"Id
;Qflt/ 8f]¥ofpg pmhf{ ldln/x]sf] s'/fdf dflg;x¿
ljZj:t 5g\ . oxL tKsfs} sf/0fn] ubf{ cfh dflg;x¿df
eujfg\k|ltsf] >4f, ljZjf; hufpg ;lsPsf] / hGd
lbP/ 7"nf] u'g nfpg] lkt[b]jx¿k|lt xfdL gtd:ts aGg
;s]sf] ljZjf; dflg;x¿df kfOG5 .
d/]sf dflg;x¿sf cfTdfnfO{ af]nfpFbfv]l/ …cfpF5
/]Ú eGg] ;'lgG5 . …d/]kl5 8'd} /fhfÚ eGg]x¿sf nflu of]
s'/f TolQ g} ckTofl/nf] xf]nf hlt l;of]sf] Kjfnaf6
xfQL l5¥of] /] eGg] ;'g]/ x'G5 . lkt[nfO{ af]nfpg ;lsG5
jf ;lsFb}g eGg] ;DaGwdf ;TotYo a'‰g xfd|f s]xL
k|ltlglwx¿ s]xL lbgcl3 sf:sLsf] ;'Gb/ zx/ kf]v/f
x'OFlsPsf lyP .
10
cfTdf af]nfpg] zx/ eg]/ klg lrlgg yfn]sf]
kf]v/fsf] sflnsf:yfg, dfbLa]F;L–( a:g'x'g] zLtn
xdfnn] xfd|f k|ltlglwx¿nfO{ lkt[ af]nfP/ b]vfpg'eof] .
pxfFn] lkt[x¿sf] ;Ddfgdf rfdn, kmnkm"n, blIf0ff /fv]/
lkt[ af]nfP/ s'/fsfgL u/]/} b]vfpg'eof] . lkt[x¿;Fu
s'/fsfgL u/]sf], ljleGg k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lkt[x¿n]
lbg'ePsf] b]Vbf, ;'Gbfsf] If0f eg] clt g} cfZro{nfUbf]
x'g] xfd|f k|ltlglwx¿nfO{ dx;'; ePsf] lyof] .
lkt[x¿n] g]kfnLd} hjfkm lbg] ug'{eP klg s'g}–s'g}
lkt[n] pxfFx¿s} efiffdf hjfkm lbg'ePsf] lyof] h'g
a'‰g g;lsg] lyof] . 3/fo;L ;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfo,
;fdflhs ;d:ofnufot lkt[x¿sf] p4f/sf nflu klg
pxfFx¿nfO{ k|Zg ;f]Wg ;lsg] /x]5 . cfÇg} z/L/df
cfÇgf lkt[x¿ cfP/ af]Ng'x'Fbf nfUg] cg'e"lt cgf}7f]
x'g] s'/f ToxfF lkt[ r9]sf] JolQmn] eGg'ePsf] lyof] .
lkt[ r9]sf] JolQmnfO{ lkt[ af]nfpg]n] dfq xf]Og c¿n]
klg k|Zg ug{ ;lsg] /x]5 . xfd|f k|ltlglwx¿n] klg
o; cj;/nfO{ u'dfpg'ePg / s]xL k|Zgx¿ /fVg'eof]
t/ To;sf] pQ/ ga'l´g] efiffdf k|fKt eof] . t/
cfkmGtx¿n] tkfOF{x¿sf] gfddf r9fPsf ;fdu|Lx¿
tkfO{Fx¿n] s;/L k|fKt ug'{x'G5 < eGg] k|Zgsf] lkt[sf]
ga'l´g] pQ/nfO{ zLtnHo"n] g} g]kfnLdf cg'jfb u/]/
;'gfpg'ePsf] lyof] . pxfFn] cGo lkt[x¿n] lbg'ePsf
cGo pQ/x¿nfO{ klg g]kfnLdf pNyf u/]/ ;'gfpg'ePsf]
lyof] . t/ lk08, k'gh{Gdh:tf sltko k|Zgsf] pQ/
eg] lkt[n] g]kfnLdf g} lbg'ePsf] lyof] .
lkt[kIfsf] a]nfdf lkt[ af]nfpg zLtn xdfnsxfF
w]/} dflg;x¿sf] 3'OFrf] nfUg] u/] klg cGo lbgdf
klg cfÇgf lkt[ af]nfpg nufP/ s'/f ug{ dflg;x¿
cfpg] s'/f xdfnHo"n] xfd|f k|ltlglwx¿nfO{ hfgsf/L
lbg'eof] .
vf]h] gkfOg] / lxF8] gk'lug] 7fpF x'Fb}g eg]h:t}
kf]v/f k'u]/ oqtq vf]hL k:bf cf7 jif{sf] pd]/b]lv g}
b}jLzlQm r9]sf] atfpg'x'g] pdfb]jL sf]O/fnf;Fu klg e]6
eof] . pxfFn] eGg'ePsf] lyof]— …xfn;Dd d}n] y'k|} lkt[x¿
af]nfO;s]sL 5' .Ú pxfFsf] ljrf/df lkt[ Pp6f cfTdf xf] /
To; cfTdfnfO{ h;n] klg af]nfpg ;Sb5g\ . t/ o;sf
nflu JolQmn] vfgkfg, ljrf/, efjgfb]lv lnP/ ;a} s'/fdf
z'4, kljq, rf]vf]lgtf] eO{ ;fwgfdf nfUg'kb{5 .
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^^ efb|

dflg; d/] klg cfTdf cd/ /xG5 eGg] zf:qLo
dfGotf /x]sf] 5 . zf:qsf cg';f/ cfTdfn] rf}/f;L nfv
of]lgdWo] h'gdf klg hGd lng ;Sb5g\ . sf]O/fnfHo"n]
o; ;DaGwdf atfpg'ePsf] lyof]— olb s'g} cfTdf ;k{
eP/ hGd]sf] 5 eg] o:tf] cj:yfdf p;sf cfˆgf dfG5]n]
lkt[ af]nfpg cfpg'eof] / To; qmddf pgnfO{ af]nfOof]
eg] To; cfTdfn] …d clxn] ;k{ ePsf] 5'Ú eGb5g\ . olb
r/f eP/ hGd]sf] eP …r/f ePsf] 5'Ú eGb5g\ . Pj+
k|sf/n] olb s'g} 7fpFdf dfG5] eP/ hGd]sf] eP …d}n]
kmnfgf] ldltdf kmnfgf] 7fpFdf hGd lnPsf] 5'Ú eGb5g\ .
pxfFn] eGg'eof]— Ps jif{sf] dfq xf]Og, xhf/f}Fxhf/
jif{cufl8sf lkt[x¿nfO{ klg af]nfpg ;lsG5 .
kf]v/fsf] aufn] 6f]nsL e'jg]Zj/L >]i7n] ljut s]xL
jif{ cufl8b]lv g} lkt[ af]nfpg] sfo{ ub}{ cfpg'ePsf]
xf] . pxfFsf] ljrf/df klg lkt[ af]nfpg] eg]sf] cfTdfnfO{
af]nfpg] xf] . af]nfOPsf cfTdfx¿ ;a} ;b\ult ePsfx¿
dfq x'G5g\ eGg] 5}g . pxfFsf cg';f/ s'g}–s'g} cfTdfx¿
plrt sfhlqmof, ;+:sf/ gkfP/ e6\lsPsf x'G5g\ / o:tf
cfTdfnfO{ …8'n'jf cfTdfÚ elgG5 . o:tf cfTdfx¿n] hf]
sf]xLnfO{ klg b'Mv lbg ;Sb5g\ eGg] pxfF 7fGg'x'G5 .
dflg;n] cfˆgf] hLjgdf /fd|f] sd{ u/] csf]{ h'lgdf
klg dflg; eP/ hGdg ;Sb5 t/ sd{ v/fa, kz't'No
ePdf kz' eP/ klg hGdg ;Sb5 eGg] wf/0ff pxfFsf]
lyof] . pxfFsf cg';f/ s'g}–s'g} lkt[x¿n] cfkm" kmnfgf]
7fpFdf e6\lsPsf] / cfˆgf] p4f/sf] nflu …of] ul/lbg",
Tof] ul/lbg"Ú egL pkfo klg atfpg] ub{5g\ .
lkt[ r9\bf cgf}7f] cg'ej x'g] s'/f Psflt/ 5 eg]
o;/L r9\bfsf] cg'ejsf] cg'e"lt ug] {x¿sf] cg'ej ;'Gbf
klg ;'Gg]nfO{ klg cgf}7f] nfUg] x'G5 . cfÇgf lbj+ut
a'af, cfdf, xh"/a'af, xh"/cfdf, sfsf, sfsL, dfdf,
dfOHo" hf] sf]xL klg dfWodsf] z/L/df cfP/ ;f]lwPsf
s'/fx¿sf] hjfkm lbFbf ;a} cfZro{df kg]{ ub{5g\ .
lkt[nfO{ af]nfP/ pxfFs} efiffdf, pxfFs} z}nLdf, pxfFs}
:j/df s'/fsfgL ubf{ ;fdfGohg dfq xf]Og, o;af6
j}1flgsx¿n] ;d]t crDd dfGg] u/]sf 5g\ .
lkt[ r9\bfsf] cg'ejaf/] >]i7Ho"n] atfpg'eof]—
z/L/df lkt[ r9\bf z'?df h'g cj:yfdf To; cfTdfn]
z/L/ Tofu u/]sf] xf], ToxL cj:yfsf] cg'ejaf6 z'?
x'G5 . h:tf] ls sf]xL cfuf]n] kf]n]/ d/]sf] /x]5 eg]
ToxL lsl;dsf] cg'e"lt z'?df x'G5 . pxfFn] cufl8
eGg'eof]— s'g} cfTdfn] cfˆgf] hLjgsfnsf ct[Kt
OR5fx¿ k|s6 ub{5g\ . hLjgdf s'g} vfg]s'/fsf] nt jf
cDdn a;]sf] /x]5 eg] p;n] tL vfg]s'/f jf cDdnx¿
cfˆgf] gfddf s;}nfO{ vfg b]pm jf r9fOb]pm eGb5g\ .
r'/f]6sf] cDdn ePsf] cfTdfn] …kmnfgf]nfO{ d]/f] gfddf
r'/f]6 b]pmÚ egL eGg] ub{5g\ .
e'jg]Zj/LHo"n] lkt[ af]nfpg] sfo{df nfUbf Pp6f
cg'ej ;FufNg'ePsf] /x]5 . pxfFn] pQm cg'ej ;'gfpFb}
eGg'eof]— Pshgf km'6an v]nf8L la/fdL k/]/ cNkfo'd}
lat]sf /x]5g\ . pgsf] cfTdfnfO{ af]nfpFbf cfTdfn]
‘km'6an v]nf8Lx¿nfO{ ;xof]u ul/b]pm, km'6an v]Ng]
rf}/ bfg ul/b]pmÚ OToflb OR5fx¿ k|s6 u/]sf lyP .
ljut !%÷!^ jif{cufl8 dfq} kf]v/fdf b}jLzlQm
r9\g], lkt[ af]nfpg] JolQmx¿ cf}Fnfdf uGg ;lsg]
;+Vofdf lyP . t/ cfhef]ln 6f]n 6f]ndf o; lsl;dsf
b}jLzlQm pkrf/, lkt[ af]nfpg], tGq–dGq, Hof]ltif,
cfvt x]/fpg] 7fpFx¿ hxfFtxLF b]Vg ;lsG5 . o:tf
:yfgx¿df dflg;x¿sf] eL8 klg w]/} b]lvG5 . o;af6
dflg;x¿n] w]/} kmfObf p7fO/x]sf klg 5g\ eGg] :yfgLo
dflg;x¿sf] wf/0ff /x]sf] kfOG5 . cfhsf] j}1flgs
o'udf klg o:tf lqmofsnfkn] Psflt/ dflg;x¿nfO{ nfe
k'¥ofO/x]sf] b]lvG5 eg] csf]{lt/ lj1fgsf] nflu klg
of] r'gf}tL eP/ b]vf k/]sf] 5 . o; ;DaGwdf ;TotYo
vf]Hg] sfd lj1fgsf] xf] .
ho u'?b]j ¤
lkt[ ljz]if 11

lkt[–t[lKt lsg / s;/L <
lkt[x¿sf nflu xfdLn] ub}{ cfO/x]sf k'0otd
sfo{x¿df >f4 klg kb{5 . >f4af6 s;/L lkt[x¿nfO{
t[Kt u/]/ pxfFx¿sf] cfzLjf{b, s[kf kfpg] eGg]
;DaGwdf ;a} lj1 geP klg hfgL ghfgL xfdLn] >f4
eg] ug]{ ub{5f}F . >f4 s] xf], s;/L ug]{, o;sf clwsf/L
sf] x'g\, >f4af6 xfdLnfO{ s]–s] kmfObf x'G5, lkt[x¿nfO{
>f4af6 s]–s] k|fKt x'G5 eGg] ;DaGwdf oxfF rrf{
ul/Psf] 5 .
>f4sf] kl/efiffM
h'g sd{ lkt[x¿nfO{ t[Kt u/fpg] p2]Zoaf6
>4fk"j{s ul/G5 To;nfO{ >f4 elgG5— ‘>4of lkt[g\
pl2Zo ljlwgf lqmot] oTsd{ tt\ >f4d\ .’ >4faf6 g}
>f4 zAbsf] pTklQ x'G5— ‘>4fy{ldb+ >f4d\’, ‘>4of
s[t+ ;Dkflbtldbd\’, ‘>4of bLot] o:dft\ tR5«f4d\’
tyf ‘>4of Ob+ >f4d\’ . cyf{t\ cfÇgf d[t lkt[u0fsf]
p2]Zoaf6 >4fk"j{s ul/g] sd{ljz]ifnfO{ >f4sf] gfdaf6
hflgG5 . o;nfO{ g} lkt[o1 klg elgG5 h;sf] j0f{g
dg':d[lt cflb wd{zf:q, k'/f0fx¿ tyf jL/ldqf]bo,
>f4sNkntf, >f4tŒj, lkt[blotf cflb cg]s u|Gyx¿df
k|fKt x'G5 .
dxlif{ k/fz/sf cg';f/ ‘b]z, sfn tyf kfqdf
xljioflb ljlwåf/f h'g sd{ ltn, s'z tyf dGqx¿af6
o'Qm eP/ >4fk"j{s ul/G5, ToxL >f4 xf] .’
dxlif{ a[x:klt tyf >f4tŒjdf jl0f{t dxlif{ k'nT:osf]
jrgfg';f/— ‘h'g sd{ljz]ifdf b"w, l3p / dxo'Qm
;';+:s[t -/fd|f] t/Lsfn] ksfOPsf]_ pQd Jo~hgx¿nfO{
>4fk"j{s lkt[u0fsf] p2]Zon] a|fÅd0fflbnfO{ k|bfg
ul/G5, To;nfO{ >f4 elgG5 .Ú
o;}k|sf/ a|Ådk'/f0fdf klg >f4sf] nIf0f n]lvPsf]
5— ‘b]z, sfn / kfqdf ljlwk"j{s >4faf6 lkt[x¿sf]
p2]Zon] a|fÅd0fnfO{ bfg lbOG5 eg] o;nfO{ >f4
elgG5 .’
lkt[sf] dfq geO{ >f4 ug]{sf] klg
sNof0f
h;n] ljlwk"j{s zfGt dgn] >f4 ub{5, pm
;a} kfkx¿af6 /lxt eP/ d'lQm k|fKt ub{5 / km]l/
;+;f/rqmdf cfpFb}g . ! ctM k|f0fLnfO{ lkt[u0fsf] ;Gt'li6
tyf cfÇgf] sNof0fsf] nflu klg >f4 cjZo} ug'{kb{5 .
o; ;+;f/df >f4 ug]{x¿sf nflu >f4eGbf sNof0fsf/L
pkfo 5}g . o; tYosf] k'li6 dxlif{ ;'dGt'åf/f klg
>f4df lbOPsf cGgflbsf] k|flKt s;/L <
of] lh1f;f :jfefljs xf] ls >f4df lbOPsf cGgflb ;fdu|Lx¿ lkt[x¿nfO{ s;/L k|fKt x'G5 < ljleGg
sd{sf cg';f/ d[To'kl5 hLjnfO{ leGgleGg ult k|fKt x'G5 . sf]xL b]jtf aG5g\, sf]xL lkt[, sf]xL k|]t, sf]xL,
xfQL, sf]xL sldnf, sf]xL t[0f . >f4df lbOPsf ;–;fgf lk08af6 xfQLsf] k]6 s;/L el/G5 . o;}k|sf/
sldnfn] olt 7"nf] lk08nfO{ s;/L vfg ;Snf < b]jtfx¿ cd[taf6 t[Kt x'G5g\, lk08af6 pgLx¿nfO{
s;/L t[lKt ldNb5 < oL k|Zgx¿sf] zf:qn] ;':ki6 hjfkm lbPsf] 5 ls gfd–uf]qsf] ;xf/fn] ljZj]b]j Pj+
clUgijfQ cflb lbJo lkt[x¿n] xJo–sJonfO{ lkt[x¿nfO{ k|fKt u/fOlbG5g\ . olb lktfnfO{ b]jof]lg k|fKt ePsf]
5 eg] lbOPsf cGgflb cd[tsf] ¿kdf kl/jlt{t eP/ pxfFnfO{ ToxfF k|fKt x'G5 . dg'ioof]lgdf cGg¿kdf
tyf kz'of]lgdf t[0f¿kdf ToxfF k|fKt x'G5 . gfuflb of]lgx¿df jfo'¿kdf, oIfof]lgdf kfg¿kdf tyf cGo
of]lgx¿df klg p;nfO{ >f4Lo j:t' ef]uhgs t[lKts/ kbfy{x¿sf] ¿kdf k|fKt eP/ cjZo t[Kt ub{5 . &
+h;/L uf}zfnfdf 5lnPsL dftfnfO{ afR5fn] h;/L klg vf]Hb5, To;}k|sf/ dGqn] tQb\ j:t'hftnfO{ k|f0fL;dIf
s'g} g s'g} k|sf/af6 k'¥ofOlbG5 . gfd, uf]q, Xbosf] >4f Pj+ plrt ;+sNkk"j{s lbOPsf kbfy{x¿nfO{
elQmk"j{s pRrl/t dGqn] pm;dLk k'¥ofOlbG5 . hLjn] rfx] ;}s8f}F of]lgnfO{ kf/ ul/;s]sf] eP klg t[lKt
t p;sf] ;dLk k'Ub5 g} .
12
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^^ efb|

ePsf] 5—
>f4ft\ k/t/+ gfGoR5«]o:s/d'bfXtd\ .
t:dft\ ;j{k|oTg]g >f4+ s'of{lårIf0fM ..
cyf{t\ o; hut\df >f4eGbf >]i7 cGo s'g}
sNof0fk|b pkfo 5}g . ctM a'l4dfg\n] oTgk"j{s >f4
ug'{kb{5 .
olt dfq sxfF xf] / < >f4n] cfÇgf cg'i7ftfsf]
cfo'nfO{ a9fpF5, k'q k|bfg u/]/ s'n k/Dk/fnfO{ cIf'00f
/fVb5, wgwfGosf] tfFtL nufpF5, z/L/df an–kf}?ifsf]
;+rf/ ub{5, k'li6 k|bfg ub{5 / ozsf] lj:tf/ u/]/ ;a}
k|sf/sf] ;'v k|bfg ub{5 . @
>f4af6 d'lQm
o;k|sf/ >f4n] ;f+;fl/s hLjgnfO{ ;'vdo agfpF5,
k/nf]snfO{ ;'wfb{5 / cGtdf d'lQm klg k|bfg ub{5—
cfo'M k|hf+ wg+ ljBf+ :ju{+ df]If+ ;'vflg r .
k|oR5lGt tyf /fHo+ lkt/M >f4tlk{tfM ..
-dfs{08]ok'/f0f_
cyf{t\ >f4af6 ;Gt'i6 eP/ lkt[u0fn] >f4stf{nfO{
bL3{ cfo', ;Gtlt, wg, ljBf, /fHo, ;'v, :ju{ Pj+ df]If
k|bfg ub{5g\ . clq;+lxtfsf cg';f/ hf] k'q, e|ftf -efO_,
kf}q -gflt_ cyjf bf}lxq -5f]/Lsf] 5f]/f]_ cflb lkt[sfo{
lkt[tLy{ k'is/df eujfg\ >L/fd, >f4df a|fÅd0f ef]hg u/fpFb}
b]jsfof{blk ;bf lkt[sfo{+ ljlziot] .
b]jtfEof] lx k"j{+ lkt[0ffdfKofog+ j/d\ ..
-x]dflb|df jfo' tyf a|Ådj}jt{sf] jrg_
b]jsfo{sf] ck]Iff lkt[sfo{sf] ljz]iftf dflgPsf] 5 .
ctM b]jsfo{eGbf klxn] lkt[x¿nfO{ t[Kt ug'{kb{5 .
>f4ft\ k/t/+ gfGoR5]«o:s/d'bfXtd\ .
t:dft\ ;j{k|oTg]g >f4+ s'of{b\ ljrIf0fM ..
-x]dflb|df ;'dGt'sf] jrg_
>f4eGbf 7"nf] sNof0fsf/L c¿ s'g} sd{ 5}g, ctM
k|oTgk"j{s >f4 ub}{ /xg'kb{5 .
Pj+ ljwfgtM >f4+ s'of{t\ :jljejf]lrtd\ .
cfa|Åd:tDako{Gt+ hut\ k|L0fflt dfgjM ..
-a|Ådk'/f0f_
>f4af6 cfkm" tyf cfÇgf lkt[x¿ dfq ;+t[Kt
x'Fb}gg\, hf] JolQmn] ljlwk"j{s uR5]cg';f/ >f4 ub{5,
p;n] a|Ådfb]lv lnP/ t[0f;Dd ;d:t k|f0fLx¿nfO{
;+t[Kt ub{5 .
of]›g]g ljlwgf >f4+ s'of{b\ j} zfGtdfg;M .
Jok]tsNdiff] lgTo+ oflt gfjt{t] k'gM ..
-x]dflb|df s"d{k'/f0fsf] jrg_
h;n] zfGt dg eP/ ljlwk"j{s >f4 ub{5 pm ;Dk"0f{
kfkaf6 d'Qm eP/ hGd–d[To'sf] aGwgaf6 5'6\b5 .
->f4fg'i7fg_ df ;+nUg /xG5, p;n] lgZro g} k/d
ult k|fKt ub{5 . # oxfF;Dd klg elgPsf] 5 ls h;n]
>f4 ub{5, h;n] To;sf] ljlw–ljwfgnfO{ hfGb5, h;n]
>f4 ug{ ;Nnfx lbG5 / h;n] >f4sf] cg'df]bg ub{5,
oL ;a}nfO{ >f4sf] k'0okmn k|fKt x'G5 .
pkb]i6fg'dGtf r nf]s] t'Nokmnf} :d[tf} ..
-a[x:klt_
>f4 gugf{n] xflg
Zff:qn] >f4 gugf{n] x'g] xflgnfO{ pNn]v u/]sf] 5 .
>f4 tŒjaf6 kl/lrt x'g' tyf To;sf] cg'i7fgsf nflu
tTk/ x'g' cToGt cfjZos 5 . of] ;j{ljlbt 5 ls d/]sf]
JolQmn] dxfofqfdf cfÇgf] :y"n z/L/nfO{ t nfg ;Sb}g
eg] kfy]o -cGg, hn_ s;/L n}hfg ;Snf < To; a]nf
p;sf gftf–s'6'Dax¿n] >f4ljlwaf6 p;nfO{ h] hlt
lbG5g\, ToxL p;nfO{ k|fKt x'G5 . zf:qn] d/0ff]k/fGt
lk08bfgsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;j{k|yd zjofqfcGtu{t
^ lk08 lbOG5 h;af6 e"ldsf clwi7ft[ b]jtfx¿sf]
k|;Ggtf tyf e"t–lkzfrx¿åf/f x'g] afwf lg/fs/0f
lkt[ ljz]if 13

cflb k|of]hg l;4 x'G5 . o;sf ;fy;fy} bzufq -d/]sf]
bz lbg;Dd lbOg] bz lk08af6 qmdzM d[tfTdfsf]
z/L/ aGb} hfg] / bzf}F lbgdf k"0f{ z/L/ aGg] lqmof_
df lbOg] bz lk08åf/f hLjnfO{ cltjflxs -;"Id z/L/_
k|fKt x'G5 . of] d[t JolQmsf] dxfofqfsf] k|f/Desf] s'/f
eof] . To;kl5 p;nfO{ af6f]sf] ef]hg, cGg, hnflbsf]
cfjZostf kb{5 h'g pQdiff]8zL -d/]sf] afx|f}F lbgb]lv
jif{lbgleq ul/g] dfl;s >f4_ df lbOg] lk08bfgaf6
p;nfO{ k|fKt x'G5 . olb gftf–s'6'Da, 5f]/f–gfltn] o:tf]
lk08 lbFb}gg\ eg] ef]sKof;n] p;nfO{ ToxfF c;fWo} b'Mv
x'G5 . $
>f4 gug]{nfO{ si6
>f4 gug]{n] knkndf si6sf] ;fdgf ug'{kb{5 . d[t
k|f0fL afWo eP/ >f4 gug]{ cfÇgf gftf–s'6'Dax¿sf]
/ut r':g nfUb5g\— >f4+ g s'?t] df]xft\ t:o /Qm+
lkalGt t] . -a|Ådk'/f0f_ . ;fy;fy} lkt[n] o;/L >fk
klg lbG5g\—
===lkt/:t:o zfk+ bŒjf k|oflGt r . -gfu/v08_
km]l/ o; clezKt kl/jf/n] hLjgel/ si6}si6
´]Ng'kg]{ x'G5 . To; kl/jf/df k'q pTklQ x'Fb}g, sf]xL
klg lg/f]uL /xFb}g, sf]xL klg nfdf] cfo';Dd afFRb}gg\,
s'g} k|sf/sf] klg sNof0f k|fKt x'Fb}g / d/]kl5 g/s
klg hfg'kg]{ x'G5 . %
a|fx\d0f–ef]hgaf6 klg >f4sf] k"lt{
;fdfGotM >f4sf b'O{ k|lqmof 5g\— != lk08bfg /
@= a|fÅdg–ef]hg . d[To'kl5 hf] b]jnf]s jf lkt[nf]sdf
k'Ub5g\, pgL dGqåf/f af]nfOPkl5 tt\tt\ nf]sx¿af6
tTIf0f >f4:yndf cfpF5g\ / lgdlGqt a|fÅd0fsf]
dfWodaf6 ef]hg ub{5g\ . ;"Idu|fxL x'gfn] ef]hgsf]
;"Ids0fsf] cf3|f0faf6 -af:gf ;' F3]/_ pgn] ef]hg ub{5g\,
pgL t[Kt x'G5g\ . j]bdf atfOPsf] 5 ls a|fÅd0fx¿nfO{
ef]hg u/fpgfn] Tof] lkt[x¿nfO{ k|fKt x'G5—
Oddf]bg+ lg bw] a|fÅd0f]if' lji6fl/0f+ nf]slht+
:ju{d\ . -cy{j{j]b $.#$.*_
-Odd\ cf]bgd\_ o; cf]bgf]knlIft ef]hg -rfdn
ksfP/ tof/ ePsf] ef]hg_ nfO{ -a|fÅd0f]if' lg bw]_
a|fÅd0fx¿df :yflkt ub}{5' . of] ef]hg lj:tf/o'Qm 5
/ :ju{nf]snfO{ lhTg] 5 . o; tYonfO{ :ki6 ub}{ dg'n]
n]v]sf 5g\—
o:of:o]g ;bfZglGt xJoflg lqlbjf}s;M . sJoflg
r}j lkt/M ls+ e"tdlws+ ttM .. -dg[:d[lt !.!%_ cyf{t\
a|fÅd0fsf] d'vaf6 b]jtfn] xJo / lkt[n] sJosf] ;]jg
14
wgsf] cefjdf klg >f4
wg ;a};Fu gx'g ;S5 . o;sf] cefjdf >f4 gug]{
t eGg] k|Zg p7\g ;S5 . t/ zf:qn] wgsf] cefj
ePsf] cj:yfsf] nflu s]xL Joj:yf u/]sf] 5—
!_ olb cGg–j:q lsGg k};f 5}g eg] To; kl/
l:yltdf ;fukftaf6 >f4 ug'{kb{5—
t:dfR5«|f4+ g/f] eSTof zfs}/lk oyfljlw .
@_ olb ;fukft lsGg] k};f klg 5}g eg] sf7–kft
bfp/f cflb a]r]/ k};f hDdf u/f];\ / To; k};fn] ;fukft
lsg]/ >f4 u/f];\ . clws >daf6 of] >f4 ul/Psf]
x'gfn] o;sf] kmn klg nfvf}F x'G5 .
#_ b]zljz]if / sfnljz]ifn] bfp/f klg kfOPg
eg] o:tf] kl/l:yltdf zf:qn] atfPsf] 5 ls 3fF;af6
>f4 x'g ;Sb5 . 3fF; sf6]/ ufO{nfO{ v'jfpg] Joj:yf
kb\dk'/f0fdf kfOG5— Ptt\ k'0ok|;fb]g utf]›;f}
;'/dlGb/d\ . -kb\dk'/f0f, ;[li6) %@.#!(_
$_ 3fF; klg k|fKt ug{ g;lsg] kl/l:yltdf >f4stf{
PsfGt :yfgdf hfcf];\ / b'j} e'hfnfO{ p7fP/ lgDglnlvt
Znf]saf6 lkt[x¿nfO{ k|fy{gf u/f];\—
g d]›l:t ljQ+ g wg+ r gfGoR5«f4f]kof]Uo+
:jlkt[[Ggtf]›l:d .
t[KoGt' eSTof lkt/f] do}tf} s[tf} e'hf} jTd{lg
df?t:o ..
-lji0f'k') #.!$.#)_
cyf{t\, x] d]/f lkt[u0f ¤ d;Fu >f4sf nflu pko'Qm
g t wg 5, g wfGo . d;Fu t xh"/sf] nflu >4f /
elQm 5 . d o;}åf/f xh"/nfO{ t[Kt ug{ rfxG5' . xh"/
t[Kt x'g'xf];\ . d}n] -zf:qsf] cfb]zfg';f/_ b'j} e'hfnfO{
cfsfzdf p7fO/x]sf] 5' .
>f4sfo{df ;fwg;DkGg JolQmn] ljQzf7\o
-sGh':ofOF_ ug'{ x'Fb}g . cfkm";Fu ePsf ;fwgx¿af6
ljz]if >4fk"j{s >f4 cjZo ug'{kb{5 .
ub{5g\ .
lkt[x¿sf] ;DaGwdf n]lvPsf] kfOG5 ls logLx¿
cfÇgf] sd{jz cGtl/Ifdf jfojLo -jfo'sf]_ z/L/ wf/0f
u/]/ /xG5g\ . cGtl/Ifdf /xg] oL lkt[x¿nfO{ …>f4sfn
cfO;s]sf] 5Ú eGg] ;'g]/ dfq} klg t[lKt ldNb5 . of]
‘dgf]hjÚ x'G5 cyf{t\ lkt[x¿sf] ult dgsf] ult;dfg
x'G5 . oL :d/0faf6 g} >f4:yndf cfpF5g\ / a|fÅd0fsf
;fy ef]hg u/]/ t[Kt x'G5g\ . logLx¿nfO{ s;}n] klg
gb]Vgfsf] sf/0f logLx¿sf] z/L/ jfojLo x'gfn] xf] .^
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^^ efb|

o; ljifodf dg':d[ltdf elgPsf] 5 ls >f4df
lgdlGqt a|fÅd0fdf lkt[ u'Kt¿kdf lgjf; ub{5g\ .
k|f0fjfo'h:t} a|fÅd0f lxF8]kl5 lxF8\5g\ / a;]sf] a]nf
a:5g\ . >f4sfndf lgdlGqt a|fÅd0fsf ;fy g} k|f0f¿kdf
jf jfo'¿kdf lkt[ cfpF5g\ / a|fÅd0fx¿sf ;fy a;]/
ef]hg ub{5g\ . d[To'kl5 lkt[ ;"Id z/L/wf/L x'G5g\ .
o;}n] pgnfO{ s;}n] b]Vb}gg\ . ztky a|fÅd0fdf klg
elgPsf] 5— …lt/ Oj j} lkt/f] dg'io]EoMÚ -@.#.$.@!_
cyf{t\ ;"Id z/L/wf/L x'gfsf] sf/0f lkt[ dg'ioaf6
n's]sf x'G5g\ . ctM ;"Id z/L/wf/L x'gfn] lkt[ hn,
clUg / jfo'k|wfg x'G5g\, To;}n] nf]snf]sfGt/df cfpg,
hfg /f]sfj6 x'Fb}g .
>f4sf clwsf/L
lktfsf] >f4 ug]{ clwsf/ d'Vo¿kdf 5f]/fnfO{
x'G5 . w]/} 5f]/f ePdf cGTo]li6b]lv lnP/ Psfbzfx
tyf åfbzfx;Dd ;a} lqmofx¿ h]7f] 5f]/fn] ug'{kb{5 .
ljz]if kl/l:yltdf 7"nf] bfh'sf] cf1f lnP/ efOn] klg
ug{ ;Sb5g\ . olb ;a} bfh'efOsf] ;+o'Qm kl/jf/ xf] eg]
jflif{s >f4 klg h]7f] 5f]/fåf/f Ps} 7fpFdf ;DkGg x'g
;Sb5 . olb 5f]/fx¿ cnu–cnu 5g\ eg] pgLx¿n]
jflif{s >f4 cnu–cnu g} ug'{kb{5 .
olb 5f]/f 5}gg\ eg] zf:qdf >f4flwsf/Lsf nflu
ljleGg Joj:yf ul/Psf] kfOG5 . :d[lt;+u|x tyf
>f4sNkntfcg';f/ >f4sf clwsf/L 5f]/f, gflt, bf}lxq
-5f]/Lsf 5f]/f_, kTgL, efO, elthf, lktf, dftf, a'xf/L,
alxgL, ef~hf, ;lk08 -:jo++b]lv lnP/ k"j{sf ;ft
lkF9L;Ddsf kl/jf/_ tyf ;f]bs -cf7f}{Fb]lv lnP/ rf}wf}F
lkF9L;Ddsf k"j{h kl/jf/_ x'G5g\ .logdf klxn]–klxn]sf
g/x]kl5 qmdzM kl5sfnfO{ >f4 ug]{ clwsf/ x'G5 .
lji0f'k'/f0fcg';f/ 5f]/f, gflt, kgflt, efO, elthf cyjf
cfÇgf ;lk08 ;Gtltdf pTkGg ePsf] k'?if g} >f4flb
lqmof ug]{ clwsf/L x'G5 . olb oL ;a}sf] cefj x'G5
eg] ;f]bssf ;Gtlt cyjf dft[kIfsf ;lk08 cyjf
;f]bsnfO{ o;sf] clwsf/ x'G5 . dft[s'n / lkt[s'n b'j}
gi6 ePdf :qLn] g} o; lqmofnfO{ u/f];\ cyjf olb :qL
klg 5}gg\ eg] s'g} ;fyLaf6 g} u/f];\ jf afGwjxLg
d[tssf] wgaf6 g} /fhfn] g} p;sf] ;Dk"0f{ k|]tsd{
u/fcf];\ .
dfs{08]ok'/f0fdf atfOPsf] 5 ls /fHok|d'v ;a}
j0f{sf aGw' x'g\ . ctM ;a} >f4flwsf/Lhgsf] cefjdf
pgn] d[t JolQmsf] wgaf6 p;sf] hfltsf afGwjx¿åf/f
/fd|f];Fu bfx cflb ;a} cf}Wj{b}lxs lqmof u/fpmg\ .
!= of]›g]g ljlwgf >f4+ s'of{b\ j} zfGtdfg;M . Jok]tsNdiff] lgTo+
oflt gfjt{t] k'gM.. -s"d{k'/f0f_
@= cfo'M k'qfg\ ozM :ju{+ sLlt+{+ k'li6+ an+ l>od\ . kz"g\ ;f}Vo+ wg+
wfGo+ k|fKg'oft\ lkt[k"hgft\ ..
-od:d[lt, u?8k'/f0f, >f4k|sfz_
#= k'qf] jf e|ft/f] jflk bf}lxqM kf}qs:tyf . lkt[sfo]{ k|;Qmf o] t]
k/df+ ultd\ ..
$= nf]sfGt/]if' o] tf]o+ neGt] gfGgd]j r . bQ+ g j+zh}o]{iff+ t] Joyf+
oflGt bf?0ffd\ .. -;'dGt'_
%= -s_ g tq jL/f hfoGt] gf/f]Uo+ g ztfo'ifM. g r >]of]›lwuR5lGt
oq >f4+ ljjlh{td\ .. -xf/Lt:d[lt_
-v_ …>f4d]tGg s'jf{0ff] g/s+ k|ltkBt] ..Ú -lji0f':d[lt_
^= t:o t] lkt/M >'Tjf >f4sfnd'kl:ytd\ . cGof]Go+ dg;f WofTjf
;DktlGt dgf]hjfM .. a|fÅd0f}:t] ;xfZglGt lkt/f] ÅoGtl/IfufM .
jfo'e"tf:t' lti7lGt e'STjf oflGt k/f+ ultd\ .. -s"d{k'/f0f p)lj)
@@.#–$_
&= gfddGqf:tyf b]zf ejfGt/utfglk . k|fl0fgM k|L0foGTo]t]
tbfxf/Tjdfutfg\ .b]jf] olb lktf hftM z'esdf{g'of]utM . t:ofGgdd[t+
e"Tjf b]jTj]›Kog'uR5lt .. dTo{Tj] ÅoGg¿k]0f kz'Tj] r t[0f+ ej]t\ .
>f4fGg+ jfo'¿k]0f gfuTj]›Ko'klti7lt .. kfg+ ejlt oIfTj] gfgfef]us/+
tyf .-dfs{08]ok'/f0f, jfo'k'/f0f, >f4sNkntf_
ho u'?b]j ∕
lkt[ ljz]if 15

16
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^^ efb|

cfkmGtsf] cGTofj:yfdf
s] ug]{, s] gug]{
ha s'g}
J o l Q m
s'g} ofqfdf
hfg nfUb5
eg] kl/jf/sf
;b:ox¿ p;sf]
o f q f n f O {
; ' v d o
agfpgsf nflu tg, dg / wgn] h'6\b5g\ . t/ o;sf]
ljk/Lt k|foM s] b]lvG5 eg] kl/jf/sf] s'g} ;b:osf]
d[To'sf] a]nf eg] dflg;x¿ zf]sdf 8'Ab5g\, ?g] s/fpg]
ub{5g\ . o:tf] a]nf d[To' klg Ps ofqf xf] / o;nfO{
klg ;'vdo agfpg] k|of; ug'{kb{5 eGg] s'/f pgLx¿
e'Nb5g\ . ;To t of] xf] ls d[To' ofqf dfq xf]Og,
‘dxfofqf’ xf] . o;}n], kl/jf/sf k|To]s ;b:on] cfÇgf]
lk|ohgsf] o; dxfofqfnfO{ ;'vdo agfpgsf nflu
klxn]eGbf klg clws k|of; ug'{kb{5 .
-s_ d[To'sf] a]nf e'n]/ klg ?g], s/fpg]
ug'{x'Fb}g lsgls o:tf] a]nf ?gfn] d[tfTdfnfO{ 3f]/
kL8f ldNb5 . cfkmGt ?Fbf h'g cfF;' / skm lg:sG5,
To;nfO{ d[tfTdfn] afWo eP/ lkpg'kb{5 . d[To' ;fwf/0f
ofqf xf]Og . ;fwf/0f ofqfdf ofqL ;Dk"0f{ sfdsf nflu
:jtGq x'G5 . p;n] rfÅof] eg] cfTdLohgn] lbPsf]
kbfy{ vfg ;S5, grfx] vfFb}g klg . t/ d/]kl5 p;sf]
of] :jtGqtf vf]l;G5 / cfTdLox¿n] h] lbG5g\, ToxL
g} p;n] vfg'kb{5 . To;afx]s cGo s'/f p;n] vfg
kfpFb}g . zf:qn] eg]sf] 5—
Zn]idf>' afGwj}d{'Qm+ k|]tf] e'ª\Qm] otf]›jzM . ctf] g
/f]lbtJo+ lx lqmofM sfof{M :jzlQmtM .. -of1jNSo:d[lt,
k|folZrQfWofo !.!!† u?8 k'/f0f, k|]tv08 !%.%*_
cyf{t\, d[tssf nflu cfTdLohgn] e'n]/ klg ?g'
x'Fb}g, clkt' p;sf] k/nf]snfO{ ;'wfg{sf nflu x/;Dej
k|of; ug'{kb{5 . ?gfn] cfFvfaf6 h'g cfF;' / gfsd'vaf6
h'g skm lg:sG5, d[t k|f0fLn] o;}nfO{ g} afWo eP/
vfg', lkpg'kb{5 lsgls p;sf] gfddf c?n] h] lbG5g\,
Tof] p;n] vfg}kb{5 . z/L/ ePsf] a]nfdf h:tf] dg
nfu] vfg], dg gnfu] gvfg] ug{ kfOFb}g .
t;y{ o:tf] a]nf /f]P/ xfdL cfÇgf d[tshgnfO{
s]jn skm / cfF;'h:tf 3[l0ft j:t'dfq v'jfpFb}gf}F,
pxfFx¿nfO{ :ju{af6 klg tn lu/fpFb5f}F—
zf]rdfgf:t' ;:g]xf afGwjfM ;'Xb:tyf . kftolGt ut+
:ju{d>'kft]g /f3j .. -jfNdLls/fdfo0f_
sxfF d[tfTdf cfÇgf] k'0osf] ann] :ju{ k'u]sf] lyof]
t/ xfd|f] ?g] e"nn] p;nfO{ ToxfFaf6 tfg]/ tn v;fOlbof]
eg] of] e"n slt kL8fbfoL x'G5 < ctM g/fjtf/ ch'{gn]
h:t} zf]s, df]xnfO{ 6f9f /fv]/ d[tJolQmsf] k/nf]s
/fd|f] agfpg] k|of;df nfUg'kb{5 . d/0ff;Gg JolQmsf]
;fd'Gg] zf]ssf] k|bz{g t ug}{ x'Fb}g .
zf:qdf ?g] ljwfg klg 5, t/ slxn] < ha bfxlqmof
-hnfpg] lqmof_ åf/f d[tssf] z/L/nfO{ ;+:sf/ ug{
nfluG5 ta skfnlqmof -zjbfxsf] a]nf zjsf] vKk/
kmf]g]{ lqmof_ u/]kZrft\ kl/jf/hg pRr :j/df ?g'
kb{5 . Tolta]nf p;nfO{ cfÇgf cfTdLox¿af6 k|]dsf]
:jfb cfjZos kb{5 . o:tf] a]nf cfÇgf lk|ohgsf
k|]df>'sf] cf:jfb kfP/ pm k|km'lNnt x'g hfG5 .
/f]lbtJo+ ttf] uf9d]j+ t:o ;'v+ ej]t\ .
-u?8 k'/f0f, k|]tv08 !%.%!_
-v_ k|foM dflg;x¿ zf]ssf] cfj]udf cfP/ dg{
nfu]sf] JolQm;Fu ;f]Wb5g\— ‘tkfO{F dnfO{ lrGg'x'G5 <
d tkfO{Fsf] 5f]/f x'F’, ‘d tkfO{Fsf] ldq x'FÚ cflb . o:tf]
r]i6f slxNo} klg ug'{ x'Fb}g . o:tf] ubf{ eofgs e"n x'g
hfG5 . o;f] ubf{ xfdL d[tssf] cfTdfnfO{ o; ;+;f/df
g} l3;f/]/ NofpF5f}F / ;f+;fl/s aGwgdf afFlwlbG5f}F .
To:tf] a]nfdf xfd|f] k|of; t d/0ff;GgnfO{ lg/Gt/
eujfg\sf] g} :d/0f x'Fb} /xf];\ eGg] x'g'kb{5 tfls
PsIf0fsf nflu klg nf}lss ;+;f/sf] ;Demgf gcfcf];\ .
ctM eujfg\sf] gfd g} :d/0f u/fO/xg'kb{5 .
ho u'?b]j ∕
lkt[ ljz]if 17

d[tfTdf;Fu s'/fsfgL
tkfO{F xfd|f] rf/}lt/ Pp6f o:tf] ;+;f/ klg 5 h'g
b]lvFb}g . o; cb[Zo ;+;f/sf k|f0fLx¿ o;sf nflu a/fa/
k|oTg ub{5g\ ls tkfO{F xfd|f] dfWodaf6 cfÇgf s'/f
eGg ;lsof];\ tyf cfÇgf] OR5f k"/f ug{ ;lsof];\ . o;}
;DaGwdf Pp6f /f]rs n]v oxfF k|:t't 5 .
xfdLn] h] b]v]sf 5f}F, h] ;'g]sf 5f}F, h] :kz{ u/]sf
5f}F, of] g} ;a}yf]s xf]Og . of] t s]jn :y"n ¿k xf] .
o; :y"n z/L/df klg cGo ;ft k|sf/sf z/L/ x'G5g\,
h'g qmdzM ;"Idt/ x'Fb} hfG5g\ . oL z/L/x¿nfO{ OR5f
z/L/, efjgf z/L/, ;"Id z/L/ cflb elgG5 .
o; k[i7e"lddf d[To'nfO{ a'´f}F . xfd|f] ef}lts z/L/
;dfKt ePkl5, o;sf] ljv08g x'gf;fy OR5f z/L/
:jtM g} ;lqmo x'G5 / cfÇg} ultn] sfo{ ug{ yfNb5 .
OR5f z/L/sf] klg Pp6f ;Ldf x'G5, lglZrt hLjg
x'G5 . o;kl5 of] OR5f z/L/ klg ljvl08t x'G5 /
o;af6 klg ;"Id z/L/ lqmofzLn x'G5 . of] lglZrt xf]
ls ha d[To' x'G5, of] s]jn afx\ofsf/sf] x'G5 . o;sf]
d"nfwf/ cfTdfsf] d[To' x'Fb}g . o;af6 cfTdf ;"Id z/L/df
/x]/ lqmofzLn x'G5 . ;"Id z/L/ ef}lts z/L/sf] ;"Id
¿k xf] . ctM o;df OR5fx¿, cfsf+Iffx¿, efjgfx¿
klg klxn]h:t} hLljt g} /xG5g\ . ;"Id z/L/ oL OR5f,
cfsf+Iffx¿sf] k"lt{df af/Daf/ lqmofzLn /xG5 . t/ ;"Id
z/L/df :y"n b]xsf] cefjdf tL OR5fx¿ k"/f ug]{ Ifdtf
/xFb}g / tL ;"Id z/L/df /xg] cfTdfx¿ OR5fk"lt{sf
nflu Jou| /xG5g\, oL cfTdfx¿ o;} ;+;f/glhs} e6\lsFb}
/xG5g\ . pgLx¿sf] OR5f x'G5 h;/L klg s'g} dfgj
z/L/ ldnf];\ h;sf] dfWodaf6 cfÇgf] OR5f k"0f{ ug{
;lsof];\ . h'g JolQmdf hlt w]/} ;+j]bgzLntf x'G5, Tof]
JolQm Tolt g} /fd|f] dfWod aGb5 .
cGo dfWodlagf klg ;"Id z/L/sf] efiff a'‰g
;lsG5 . of]uLhg o;f] ug{ ;Sb5g\ . t/ o;sf] nflu
Psfu|tf h?/L x'G5 h'g Wofg, of]u cflbaf6 k|fKt
ug{ ;lsG5 . To;}n] klg Wofg, of]u, ;fwgf ug]{x¿n]
;xh¿kdf cfTdfsf] efiff a'‰g ;Sb5g\ . cfTdf;Fu
s'/f ug]{ w]/} k4ltx¿ k|rlnt eP klg ;a}eGbf e/kbf]{
dfWodrflxF Wofg ;fwgfaf6 pRrtf xfl;n u/]/ tyf
;"Id z/L/sf] dfWodaf6 s'/f ug'{ g} xf] / o;}tkm{ nfUg'
g} >]o:s/ x'G5 .
oL cfTdfx¿;Fu ;Dks{ :yflkt ug{sf nflu s}of}F
;fwgx¿ 5g\, h;df Kn]lGr6 k|of]u, ltkfO{ k|of]u, :jtM
18
n]vg k|of]u, dfWod k|of]u cflb k|rlnt 5g\ .
o; c+sdf Kn]lGr6 k|of]usf af/]df s]xL hfgsf/L
lbg uO/x]sf 5f}F .
Kn]lGr6 k|of]uM
cfTdfx¿;Fu ;Dks{ :yfkgf ug{ Kn]lGr6 k|of]u
w]/} klxn]b]lv ul/Fb} cfPsf] kfOG5 . of] ljlw klZrdL
d'n'sx?df klg w]/} k|of]u
ePsf] kfOG5 . o;nfO{ klg
w]/} t/Lsfaf6 ul/G5– s'g}
n]Vg], s'g} cIf/x¿ 5f]Kg], s'g}
cIf/x¿ b]vfpg] cflb .
oL cfTdfx¿n] xNnfvNnf
tyf rxlsnf] k|sfz ;xg
;Sb}gg\ . ctM logLx¿ dw'/f]
k|sfz tyf zfGt jftfj/0fdf
g} cfpF5g\ . o;}n] o;sf nflu pko'Qm ;do eg]sf]
-;"of{:tkl5_ ;fF´ cyjf /fltsf] x'G5 . sf]7fdf clnslt
‰ofn vf]n]/ dw'/f] k|sfzdf -jf d}gaQLsf] k|sfzdf_ of]
k|of]u ubf{ cfTdfnfO{ cfpg c´}
;lhnf] kb{5 . sf]7f :jR5 / ;kmf
x'g'kb{5, ;'ulGwt jftfj/0fsf
nflu sf]7fdf ;'ulGwt w"k
-cu/aQL_ afNg ;Sg'x'g]5 .
sDtLdf # hgf JolQm dfWodsf]
¿kdf tyf c¿ bz{ssf] ¿kdf /xg'kb{5 . clg km]l/
cfkm"n] rfx]sf] cfTdfnfO{ af]nfpFbf ToxL cfTdf gcfpg
klg ;S5, olb ;DalGwt cfTdfsf] ;"Id z/L/ dflyNnf]
nf]sdf k'lu;s]sf] /x]5 eg] o:tf] cj:yfdf cfpg
;Qm}gg\ . Pp6f s'/f s] Vofn ug'{k5{ eg] d[tfTdf Psbd}
;+j]bgzLn x'G5, To;}n] p;nfO{ af]nfpFbf, s'/f ubf{ tyf
ljbf ubf{ gd| efiffdf ;Ddfgk"j{s ug' {xf];\ tyf d[tfTdfsf]
lvNnL p8fpg], 76\6f ug]{ gug'{xf];\, p;n] eGg grfx]sf]
s'/f af/af/ ;f]lw/xg] gug'{xf];\, xF;L dhfssf] nflu
klg of] gug'{xf]nf .
klxnf] t/LsfM
o;sf] nflu dfly lrqdf b]vfOPh:t} KnfOj'8 jf
o:t} sf7sf] &–* ORrhlt nDafO rf}8fO ePsf] 6'qmfnfO{
rf/s'g] cyjf kfg cfsf/sf] h:tf] agfpg'xf];\ . dfly
lrqdf b]vfPh:t} o;nfO{ # j6f v'6\6f xfn]/ k5fl8sf]
b'Oj6f v'6\6fsf] 6'Kkfdf an laol/ª /fv]/ cyjf o:t}
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^^ efb|

:jtGq¿kn] rf/}tkm{ u'8\g;Sg] agfpg'xf];\ / cufl8sf]
v'6\6fsf] :yfgdf k]lG;nsf] k|of]u ug'{xf];\ .
ha k|of]u z'? ul/G5 ta dfly plNnlvt ;do
/ jftfj/0fdf ;dtn ;txdf sfuhsf] kfgf /fv]/
To;dfly To; sf7sf] oGqnfO{ /fVg'xf];\ . tLg jf rf/
hgfn] cfÇgf] Ps–Ps cf}Fnf xNsf;Fu To;dfly /fVg'xf];\ .
clg k|To]sn] dgdg} s'g} Ps Ps d[tfTdfnfO{ cfÅjfg
ug'{xf];\ . s]xL a]/ nuftf/ cfÅjfg u/]kl5 s'g} Ps
d[tfTdf cjZo g} cfpF5 . ha s'g} cfTdf cfpF5 Tof]
k]lG;n cfkm} ;g{ yfNb5 . o;sf] k|df0fsf] nflu tkfO{Fn]
;f]Wg ;Sg'x'g]5 ls ‘s] tkfO{F cfpg'eof]

cr]nsf tGg]/Lx? cWofTdk|lt sxfF
rf;f] /fV5g\ / < eGg] z+sfn'x?n]
tL zx/L o'jfx?nfO{ x]/] k'U5, hf] sf7df08f}sf
a;x?df r9\bf glhs} dlGb/ b]lvP bflxg]
xftnfO{ l56f]l56f] 5ftL / lgwf/aLr xNnfp5g\
tLgk6shlt . dfgjzf:qL 8f]/axfb'/ lji6sf
cg';f/ w]/}n] sd{nfO{ eGbf efUonfO{ k|fyldstf
lbg] g]kfnL ;dfh ulx/f] ?kdf wfld{s 5 . t/
;a}eGbf wfld{srflxF xf]Og . hgj/L @))$ df
aL=aL=;L=n] !) d'n'sdf u/]sf] ;j]{If0fn] ljZjd}
gfOh]l/of ;a}eGbf wfld{s ePsf] b]vfPsf]
lyof] . clk|msL d'n'ssf () k|ltzteGbf a9Ln]
eujfg\df ljZjf; ug]{, lgoldt k|fy{gf ug]{ /
cf:yfsf nflu dg]{ atfPsf lyP . n]agfg /
cd]l/sfdf &! k|ltztn] eujfg\ jf cf:yfsf
nflu dg{ tof/ /x]sf] atfP eg] w]/}h;f] b]zdf
*) k|ltzteGbf a9Ln] eujfg\ jf s'g} To:tf]
pRr zlQmk|ltsf] ljZjf;n] cfkm"nfO{ /fd|f] dfgj
agfPsf]df ;xdlt hgfP . of] l6Kk0fL @)^%
ebf} !$ ut] zlgaf/sf] …sflGtk'/ b}lgsÚ df
20
k|sflzt n]vaf6 lnOPsf]
xf] . gk?Gh]n unf{g\ gunf{g\
cfˆgf] 7fpFdf 5 t/ k/]kl5 x]
eujfg\ Û egL k'sfg]{ xf] ls,
aln r9fpg], efsn /fVg]
xf] ls, d7 dlGb/ wfpg]
xf] ls, caL/ cIftfn] O{Zj/
efSb} d"lt{ k"Hg] xf] ls, s]–s]
ug]{ / ug'{kg]{ xf] dflg;n]
s'g} s;/ afFsL g/fVnf . of]
JolQmut, ;fd"lxs / /fi6«ut
s'g} bfo/fdf dfq ;Lldt
ePsf] b]lvFb}g . ljZjsk
km'6an k|ltof]lutfdf cfˆgf /fli6«o v]nf8Lx?
ljhoL x'g\ eg]/ clk|msfsf cf:yfjfg\ JolQmx?n]
k/Dk/fut tflGqs k"hg u/]sf ;dfrf/ uPsf]
@))^ sf] ljZjsk k|ltof]lutftfsf 6]lnlehg /
cvjf/df 5\ofk5\ofKtL b]lvPsf lyP . ef/tdf
t có cfˆgf lk|o g]tf, cleg]tf, ufos,
;+uLtsdL{, snfsf/, cflbsf gfddf j|t pkjf;
a:g], b]jLb]ptfsf 7"n} cg'i7fg g} ug] { u/]sf] klg
yfxf kfOPs} s'/f xf] .
dflg; efjgfTds k|f0fL xf] . efjgfn] g}
p;nfO{ c;n cyjf v/fa sd{tkm{ 8f]¥ofpF5 .
efjgfaf6} eQmn] O{Zj/nfO{ ;fsf/ ub{5, O{Zj/;Dd
k'Ub5 . efjgfs} dfWodn] p;n] cfkm"leq O{Zj/sf]
af; kfpF5 . oltdfq geO{ hut\sf s0fs0fdf
O{Zj/nfO{ b]Vg k'U5 . efjgfsf] ;jf]{Rrtfn] g}
p;nfO{ O{Zj/do l:yltdf k|lji6 u/fOlbG5 .
d7 dlGb/, dl:hb, u'?åf/, luhf{3/ cflb aGg'
;a} efjgfs} pkh x'g\ . efjgfn] g} lghL{jnfO{
klg ;hLjem}F hLjGttf k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . oxL
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^^ efb|

{
efjgfaf6} dflg;n] lghL{j 9'ËfnfO{ O{Zj/ lju|xsf]
:j?k lbof], p;sf] efjgfsf] pbfQ zlQmn] g} 9'Ëf
cflbsf] d"lt{df klg :jod\ O{Zj/ / p;sf] zlQm
k|ltli7t x'g ;Dej eof] .
zf:qx?df eg] xhf/f}F k|sf/sf JofVofx?
kfOG5g\ . Pp6f JofVofcg';f/ O{Zj/ lgu'{0f,
lg/fsf/, cflb cgGt, cb[Zo zlQm xf] h;nfO{
s'g} klg :j?kdf k|ltljlDat ug{ ;lsFb}g . csf]
l;4fGtcg';f/, k"hf, pkf;gf, ;fwgf, elQm cflb
sfo{x?sf] nlu s'g} g s'g} :j?ksf] lrq, d"lt{,
lju|xsf] cfjZostf kb{5 h;nfO{ ;fd'Gg] /fv]/
cfˆgf] efjgf k|s6 ug{ ;lsof];\ . oxL sf/0f xf]
ljZjdf nfvf}Fnfv k"hf:yn, tLy{:yn, dlGb/,
dl:hb, u'?åf/, luhf{3/ cflb ag]sf . ToxfF k'Ubf
dflg;df h'g k|sf/sf] leGb} efj ;[hgf x'G5 ToxL
efj cGoq kfpg ;Dej x'Fb}g . 3/df klg k"hf
:yfgdf d"lt{, lrq cflb :yflkt ul/Psf] 5 eg]
ToxfF cg'e"t x'g] jftfj/0f 3/sf cGo sf]7fx?df
kfOFb}g . To;}n] elQm, ;fwgfsf] k|yd l:yltdf
o; k|sf/sf] lju|xsf] cfjZostf kb{5 eGg]
dfGotf /x]sf] kfOG5 . d"lt{, lrq cfWoflTds
afNosfnsf] Pp6f cfwf/ xf] . pkf;gfsf]
k|f/Dedf s'g} cfsf/ tyf :j?ksf] cfjZostf
cjZo kb{5 . of] s]jn k/dfTdfsf] Pp6f afXo
k|tLs jf :j?k xf] h;n] O{Zj/sf] ;xh :d/0f
ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpFb5 . d"lt{s} sf/0fn] ljleGg
k|sf/sf k"hf kf7sf k4ltx? ;Dej ePsf 5g\
h'g :j?kn] xfdLnfO{ af}l4s ljrf/tkm{ pGd'v
u/fpFb5 lsgls o;af6 dl:tissf] :yfloTj
k|fKt x'G5 . k/dfTdfdf ;Lw} Wofg nufpg],
;dflw:y x'g] ;fdYo{ k|To]s JolQmnfO{ k|fKt
x'Fb}g, ;a}nfO{ of] ;Dej klg 5}g ls k|f/lDes
cj:yfd} ;a} ;fIffTsf/ xf];\ . o;}n] o:tf
Wofgf]kf;gf lqmofx?sf] nflu s'g} klg k|sf/sf]
lju|xsf] cfjZostf kg]{ g} eof] . jt{dfg o'udf
;a} k|sf/sf, ;a} cflTds cj:yfsf dg'iox?sf]
nflu d"lt{k"hf g} ;/n / ;j{Jofks k"hfk4lt
x'g k'u]sf] 5 .
d"lt{ k"hf lxGb' wd{df dfq xf]Og ;a}h;f]
wd{df s'g} g s'g} k|sf/n] ljBdfg /x]s} 5 .
O{;fO{ ;d'bfon] qm;sf] ?kdf, d';ndfgx?
sfjfsf] ?kdf O{Zj/nfO{ ljlDat u/]s} x'G5g\ .
sxLF st} pRr:t/sf of]uL Pj+ j]bfGtLx?afx]s
;+;f/sf ;a} wd{ ;Dk|bfodf s'g} g s'g} :j?kdf
O{Zj/nfO{ lj/fhdfg ePsf] dfGb5g\ lsgls
dfgl;s sNkgf klg Ps k|sf/n] d"lt{s}
k|f?k xf] . ljifofGt/n] oL b'O{df s'g} 7f];
e]b gePtf klg Tof] cf+lzs dte]b dfq
xf] lsgeg] pRr:t/sf pkf;s, lrGtsx?
klg cfˆgf] dl:tisdf kl/slNkt d"t{
:j?kd} Wofg ub{5g\ . o;k|sf/ ;a}h;f]
cf:yfjfg\x? d"lt{k"hs g} x'G5g\ . a'l4nfO{
;"Id ;f/tŒjsf] ck]Iff /xG5, rfx] 5fofÍg
lrqfÍg o;sf dfWod g} lsg gx'g\ hals
Pp6f tŒj1fgL j]bfGtLnfO{ klg e6\ls/x]sf] dg
s]lGb|t ug{sf] nflu cf]d -ç_ ?kL cfs[ltsf]
cfwf/ cfjZos /xG5 . d"lt{ k"hfsf] h–h;n]
hlt;'s} cfnf]rgf u/] klg o;nfO{ b]vfj6L
9f]+u, ?9Ljfb, kfv08, eg] klg, d"v{tf sxnfP
klg of] ;a}df cl:tŒjjfg\ lyof], 5 / /lx/xg]
5 . d"lt{ lj/f]wL Tof] JolQm olb s'g} b]zsf]
dxfg\ g]tf, jL/ of]4f, zlxb, ;flxTosf/ cflb
eof] eg] pm d/]kl5 7fpF7fpFsf ;8s, uNnLsf
rf]sx?df p;sf] ;flns 78fOPs} kfOG5 .
ltg} d"lt{lj/f]wL lzIffaf6 bLlIft r]nfx? klg
d/]sfnfO{ ;flnsdf km"ndfnf r9fO{ >4f~hln
lbg k'u]s} x'G5g\ . o;/L ;a}df ;j{:yflkt
d"lt{k"hfnfO{ oqf] s6fIf lsg < dflg;sf
ultljlw, rfnrng, /Lltl/jfh, p;sf nflu
dfGo–cdfGo, ;dy{g–cfnf]rgf cflb ;a}
efjgfs} lj:tf/ x'g\ . oL ;j} ljifodf c;nkg,
;':j?ktf ePdf dfq Tof] nf]s sNof0fsf/L x'g
;Sb5 . To;n] g} ;fdflhs ;/ntf, ;xhtf,
;'Joj:yf NofpFb5 . ctM dflg;df ;'efjgfsf]
lj:tf/ g} d'Vo / dxŒjk"0f{ xf] . o;}n] xf]nf
zf:qdf elgPsf] M
;j]{ ejGt' ;'lvgM ;j]{ ;Gt' lg/fdofM .
;j]{ eb|fl0f kZoGt' df slZrb\ b'Mv efUej]t\ ..
ho u'?b]j Û
lkt[ ljz]if 21

;b\u'?b]j k|jrgf+z
o; :tDecGtu{t k/dk"Ho
;b\u'?b]j 8f= gf/fo0f bQ
>LdfnLHo"n] cfkm\gf]
cjt/0fsfndf ljleGg
;dodf ljleGg ljifodf
lbg'ePsf] k|jrgnfO{
wf/fjflxs¿kdf k|:t't ug]{
qmddf ‘csy sxfgL lk|t
sL’ ljifosf] k|jrgnfO{
cg'jfb u/L k|sfzg
ul/Psf] 5 .
lx/bo dfxL k|]d hf] gogg ´ns] cfo,
lj/x ljyf sf;"+ sx"+ sf}g ldnfj] wfo .
d}n] s] ug{ ;S5' < leqsf] k|]dsf] l´Nsf] t
cfFvfaf6 k|s6 eO{ g} xfN5=== o;nfO{ dflg;x¿n]
k9\5g\=== o;nfO{ lnP/ s'/f ug{ yfN5g\ . pgLx¿n]
h] h:tf] ;f]R5g\, ;f]Rg lbcf}F . d}n] t cfÇgf] hLjgsf]
Pp6f af6f] to u/]sL 5', d To; af6f]df lxF8\5' g}, d
t p;nfO{ kfpF5' g} lsgls c¿ s'g} db{ o; ;+;f/df
5}g, hlt 5g\ gfdb{ 5g\—
gfdbf]{+ sf Sof s?+ db{ uof] df]x] Tofu,
d}+ tf] Sjf+/L xL /xL t'´ lag sO{ lglz hfu .
hLjgel/ d t s'df/L g} /x]F=== hLjgel/ gfdb{ t
e]l6P=== t/ gfdb{x¿nfO{ kfpg' / s'df/L /xg' a/fa/
5 . cfjZostf 5 ls s'g} db{ e]l6of];\=== ltdL e]l6pm
/ d lglZrGt x'g kfpmF .
clug a/] lxo/f h/] eo] sn]h] 5]b .
cfuf] aln/x]sf] 5, o:tf] nflu/x]sf] 5 h:tf] ;f/f
Xbo hln/x]sf] 5 / sn]hf]df Kjfn k/]sf] 5 . Ps–Ps
22
Kjfnn] ltd|f] ;D´gfnfO{, ltd|f] c+sdfnnfO{ ;D´fO/x]sf]
5=== o:tf] cj:yfdf lgb|f nfUb5 klg s;/L < lsgls
Pp6f o:tf] rf]6 k/]sf] 5 h;n] XbonfO{ l5ofl5of
kf/]sf] 5—
hf] sf]O{ lj/xL gfd s] ltgsf] s};L gL+b,
z:t/ nfuf g]x sf uof lxo] sf] aL+w .
d]/f] lk|o† jf0fn] d]/f] sn]hf]nfO{ 5]l8/x]sf] 5===
p;sf] k|tLIff ul//x]sL 5' To;}n] t cËcË 6'6]sf 5g\ .
ca o; z/L/df s'g} hf]8 nufpg ;lsGg . ca t s]jn
pm cfP/ g} o; z/L/nfO{ hf]8\g ;Sb5—
lkj d]/f] ;abL afg x} cË cË 8f/] tf]8,
k|]d v]t 3fon lu/] 6f+sf nu] g hf]8 .
ca d cGo t/Lsfn] cfÇgf] hLjg cl3 a9fpg
klg rfxGg lsgls h'g tL/ dnfO{ nfu]sf] 5, d To;sf]
;xf/fn] g} cfÇgf] hLjgnfO{ sf6\g rfxG5' . d t s] eg' F <
of] t csy sxfgL xf], d}n] t w]/} k|tLIff u/]sL 5'—
cf+vl8≥of+ ´f+O{ k8L k+y lgxfl/ lgxfl/,
he8≥Nof 5fnf k8≥Øf /fd k'sfl/ k'sfl/ .
ca t lha|f]df klg 5fnf kl/;s]sf] 5,
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^^ efb|

af/Daf/ lkplkp /6\bf/6\b}
s/f]8f}Fk6s ltd|f] gfd lnPF
ls lha|f]df 5fnf k¥of] .
ca t af]Ng klg ;lSbg,
ca t s]jn Pp6} s''/f
afFsL 5—
O; tg sf bLjf s¿+
aftL d]n"+ hLj,
nf]lx g ;L+r"+ t]n Hof]+
sa d'v b]v"+ lkj .
ca z/L/nfO{ g} bLof]
agfpmF, d]/f] h'g k|f0f 5
To;nfO{ d bLof]sf] aQL agfpmF / To; t]nh:t} cfÇgf]
/utnfO{ hnfO/x"F=== / k|tLIff ul//x"F=== ltd|f] Ps
´ns kfpgsf] nflu . hLjgsf] clGtd If0fdf klg olb
ltdL;Fu e]6 x'G5 eg], ldng x'G5 eg] t d]/f] p2]Zo
k"/f x'G5=== lsgls dnfO{ ltd|f] cfzf 5, dnfO{ ljZjf;
5 ls Ps g Ps lbg of] d]/f] ofqf, of] d]/f] af6f] dnfO{
k|fKt x'G5 g} .
g}gg tf] ´l/ nfluof /x6 ax] lb; af/,
kkLxf Ho" lkp–lkp /6"+ lkof ldng sL cf; .
Ps–Ps If0f d pm;Fu ldNg] cfzfdf, lkp–lkp ub}{
/xG5' . o;sf cltl/Qm t dnfO{ s]xL cfpFb}g klg, g
t d cGo s'g} zAb g} k|of]u ug{ rfxG5' . d]/f] d'vaf6
c¿ s'g} zAb glg:sf];\, s]jn lkp zAb dfq lg:sf];\
lsgls o;} zAbsf] ;xf/fdf o; sl7g af6f]nfO{ kf/
u5'{ . dflg; slt kfun 5g\ ¤ pgLx¿ d la/fdL ePsf]
7fGb5g\ / j}BnfO{ af]nfpF5g\=== pgn] s] a'‰nfg\ < pgn]
d]/f] /f]unfO{ a'‰b5g\ klg s;/L <
saL/f j}B a'nfOof ks8≥ s b]lv af+x,
j}b g hfg] j}buL, s/s sn]h] df+lx .
j}B cfÇgf] ljBf hfGb}gg\, pgnfO{ pkrf/ ug{
cfpFb}g lsgls d]/f] z/L/df s'g} klg /f]u 5}g . ddf
h'g 3fp 5 Tof] sn]hf]leq 5 . ha;Dd sn]hf]sf] 3fpsf]
pkrf/ ul/Gg ta;Dd d s;/L 7Ls x'G5' <
/, d t cfÇgf] hLjgdf lagf lkp kfgLaf6 aflx/
lgsflnPsf] df5fh:t} t8\lk/x]sL 5' . o:tf] nflu/x]sf]
5 ls s'g} If0f d[To' cfpF5 / d ;dfKt x'G5' . x/]s
If0f d k|tLIff ul//xG5' ls d[To' clxn] g} cfcf];\,
s'g} t ;xf/f ldnf];\, ls t lj/xsf] ;xf/f 5 ls t
d[To'sf] . t/ dnfO{ s'g} klg k5'tf] 5}g . olb d[To' klg
d]/f] ;dLk cfpF5 eg] dnfO{ s'g} klg k|sf/sf] b'Mv
x'g] 5}g— cfpF5 eg] cfcf];\,
lsgls d[To'kl5 d p;sf]
;dLk hfg ;S5' .
gL/ lag' dLg b'MvL IfL/
lag lzz' h};],
kL/ hfs] cf}ifw lag' s};]
/Åof] hft x} .
h;sf] sn]hf]df lrGtf
5, pm s'g} cGo cf}iflwn]
s;/L 7Ls x'g ;Sbl5g\, d
s;/L 7Ls x'g ;S5' < afFsL
cf}iflwx¿sf] s] cy{ < lsgls
d]/f] t b'MvfO c¿ g} xf], dnfO{ dfq d]/f] b'MvfO yfxf
5 . o;af/] d ;dfhnfO{ atfpg klg ;lSbg / 3/sfnfO{
eGg klg ;lSbg .
rfts Hof]+ :jflt a"+b, rGb| sf] rsf]/ h};],
rGbg sL rfx sl/, ;k{ cs'nft x} .
lgw{g Hof]+ wg rfx], sfldgL lkp sf] rfx],
P];L hfsL rfx, tfsf] s5' g ;'xft x} .
k|]d sf] k|efj P];f], k|]d txfF g]x s};f],
;'Gb/ sxt ox, k|]d sL xL aft x} .
—hxfF k|]d 5 ToxfF ldng s;/L < hxfF k|]d 5
ToxfF pbf;L s;/L < ToxfF t ltn–ltn u/]/ hNg' g}
k|]dsf] /Llt x'G5 .
of] af6f] g} o:tf] xf] ls o;df t/jf/sf] wf/df
lxF8\g'k5{ . o; af6f]df t kfp /QmfDo x'G5 / h;sf]
kfp /QmfDo x'G5 pm g} of] k|]d kydf lxF8\g ;S5===
/ hf] o;df lxF8\5 p;nfO{ t of] vt/f ;xg} kb{5, o;
s'/fsf] dnfO{ k5'tf] 5Fb}5}g, o;kl5 klg d]/f] lrGtg
t oxL 5 ls d x/ xfntdf cfÇgf lkj;dLk k'U5'
g}=== z[+uf/ u5'{=== ;lhG5'=== p;nfO{ l/´fpF5', gfR5'===
ufpF5'=== h;/L pm v'zL x'G5, d To;} ub{5' .
d]/f] hLjgsf] Ps dfq lrGtg oxL xf] ls d
p;nfO{ v'zL t'NofpmF . d t c¿ s'g} k|sf/sf] Ond,
s'g} k|sf/sf] elQm, s'g} k|sf/sf] ;fwgf hflGbg===
/ s'g} k|sf/sf] ;fwgf hfGg] dnfO{ hLjgdf h?/t
klg 5}g lsgls hLjgnfO{ d}n] bfpdf nufPsL 5' /
d}n] o; s'/fsf] snf hfg]sL 5' ¤ h'g lbg d}n] o;
3'DtLdf kfp /fv]sL lyPF To;}a]nfb]lv d}n] a'´]F ls
of] 3'DtL cToGt} pma8vfa8 5, o;df t sfF8}sfF8f
5g\ . qmdzM
ho u'?b]j ¤
lkt[ ljz]if 23

24
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^^ efb|

lkt[ ljz]if 25

Uff]/If lglvn jf0fL !! cf}F jif{df k|j]z
cfWoflTds zlQm cg';Gwfgd"ns dfl;s Uff]/If
lglvn jf0fL b;f}F jif{ k"/f u/L P3f/f}F jif{df kbfk{0f u/]sf]
5 . )%^ efb|df k|sfzg cf/De u/]sf] o; klqsfn]
Ps bzs nfdf] ofqfnfO{ kf/ u/L o;} cÍb]lv P3f/f}F
jif{df k|j]z u/]sf] 5 . o; cjlwdf klqsfn] Pp6f cÍ
klg g6'6fO{ cfkm"nfO{ lg/Gt/¿kdf kf7sx¿sf] ;]jf ug]{
;'j0f{ cj;/ xft kf¥of] eg] ut jif{ o; klqsfn] k|];
sfplG;nsf] klqsf juL{s/0fdf ‘sÚ >]0fLdf kg]{ ;kmntf
klg kfof] . cfWoflTds klqsf …sÚ >]0fLdf kg{ ;kmn
ePsf] g]kfns} nflu of] klxnf] ;'vb 36gf xf] .
dGq–tGq–oGq, Hof]ltif, cfo'j]{b, of]u, Wofg, ;Ddf]xg,
;d'b|lj1fg, ;"o{lj1fg, /;foglj1fg, x:t/]vflj1fg
cflbh:tf Clifd'lg, of]uL, tk:jLx¿sf] k|frLg
w/f]x/nfO{ kf7s;dIf k:sg] klqsfsf] 68\sf/f]
cefjnfO{ dx;'; u/L k|sfzgsf] z'ef/De ePsf] o;
klqsfn] k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]jx¿ >L >L dxfof]uL u'?
uf]/vgfy / k/dx+; :jfdL >L lglvn]Zj/fgGb
dxf/fhsf] lrGtgnfO{ lj:tf/ ub}{ cufl8
al9/x]sf] 5 . ljZjdf cfWoflTds zLtntf 5b}{
cufl8 al9/x]sf] o; klqsfn] o; ofqf;Dd
cfOk'Ubf w]/} ptf/rtfjnfO{ kf/ ug]{ cj;/
k|fKt u¥of] eg] tL ;Dk"0f{ ptf/rtfjaf6
o; klqsfn] kl/:s[t x'g] cj;/ klg kfof] .
k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]jx¿s} 5q5fofF kfP/ o;
of] klqsf c;fWo} /fd|f] 5 . n]vx¿ k|fdfl0fs 5g\ . o;sf ;fy} ultljlwsf ljj/0fx¿ klg /fd|f];Fu lbOPsf] 5 .
;fh;Hhf klg lgs} /fd|f 5g\ . g]kfn;DaGwL s'/fx¿ af/Daf/ lbOG5 / To;df klg a9L k|fdfl0fs 9Ëaf6 lbOPsf]
kfOG5 . of] o;sf] cToGt /fd|f] kIf xf] . o;f] ePtf klg o;df s]xL sdL–sdhf]/L klg b]lvG5g\ . 5f]6s/Ldf eGg' kbf{
s]xL s'/f elgG5—
o; klqsfsf] leqL k[i7df cf>dsf ultljlwx¿ lbOG5g\ . Pp6} k[i7df !%–!% j6f lrq lbOPsf x'gfn] ;a}nfO{ ;d]6\g]
b[li6sf]0fn] t of] /fd|f] 5 . o;f] ePtf klg Hofb} ;fgf ;fgf kmf]6f ePsfn] tL kmf]6fx¿ k|i6 b]lvFb}g . a? kmf]6fx¿ /fVbf
k|i6 ePsf] v08df h;sf] kmf]6f] 5flkof] pgLx¿sf nflu / sfnfGt/df Oltxf;sf] b[li6sf]0fn] klg pko'Qm x'G5 .
o; klqsfsf k|To]s cÍdf ;+:s[t Znf]sx¿ lbOPsf x'G5g\ . c¿ w]/} klqsfx¿sf] cg'kftdf oxfF lbOPsf ;+:s[t
Znf]ssf p4/0f a9L z'4 x'G5g\ tfklg k"0f{¿kn] tL z'4 5}gg\ . cfufdL cÍx¿df ltgnfO{ a9L z'4;Fu k|sfzg ug]{lt/
;Dkfbs d08nsf] Wofg hfg' cfjZos 5 . clxn] xftdf k/]sf] lj=;+= )^^ >fj0fsf] cyf{t\ k"0ff{Í !@) ;fdu|Lsf]
b[li6sf]0fn] /fd|f] 5 . o;df g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df >L lzj uf]/If eGg] zLif{sdf uf]/Ifgfy;DaGwL g]kfn;Fu Oltxf; lbg
vf]lhPsf] 5 . o;f] ePtf klg To;df sddf klg lnR5ljsfnb]lv kfOg] >L uf]/Ifgfysf] k|fdfl0fs Oltxf;nfO{ cfbz{ of]uL
gfds ;fdfGo k':tssf] pNn]vaf6 z'? ubf{ vNnf] x'g uPsf] 5 . jf:tjdf g]kfnsf] k|fdfl0fs Oltxf;sf b[li6sf]0fn]
rf}yf] ztfAbLsf] clGtd ;dolt/ g]kfndf af}4 /fhf dlxGb|b]j lyPgg\ . o:tf cg'>'ltnfO{ lnR5ljsfnsf k|fdfl0fs
/fhf g/]Gb|b]jsf s'/fx¿ lbOPkl5 clGtddf a9Ldf cg'>'ltsf] ¿kdf /fVg ldNg] s'/f x'g\ . To;}u/L ToxL k[i7df b|Jo
zfxsf] ;do lj=;+= !!!@ egL lbOPsf] klg cz'4 xf] . hol:ylt dNnsf] g]=;+= $(( -lj=;+= !$#_ sf] tfd|kqdf eg]/
ToxL k[i7df n]lvPsf] 5 . g]=;+= / lj=;+= sf] cGt/ (#^÷(#& x'g] x'gfn] of] ldNb}g eGg] kSsf 5 . o:tf s]xL ;fdfGo
q'l6 5f]8]/ of] klqsf /fd|f] 5 . 5kfO{ lrQfsif{s 5, sfuh klg /fd|f] 5 . of] klqsf lg/Gt/ rNb} hfcf];\ / o; If]qsf]
cg';Gwfgsf] If]qdf o;n] dxŒjk"0f{ :yfg lng ;sf];\ eGg] z'esfdgf k|s6 ub{5' .
—k|f= lbg]z/fh kGt, jfNdLls ljBfkL7
26
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^^ efb|

klqsfn] cfkm"nfO{ kf7s;fd' lrgfpg ;kmn
eof] eg] kf7sx¿s} dfof, ddtf, pT;fx,
;xof]u kfP/ o; klqsf cfh 3/–3/sf nflu
k9\g} kg]{ klqsf aGg ;kmn ePsf] 5 .
;ª\VofTds¿kdf o; klqsfsf] :yfoL ;b:o
;ª\Vof eg]sf] @% xhf/eGbf a9L 5 . t/ xfdL
o;nfO{ nfvf}Fsf] ;ª\Vof dfGg clnslt klg
lxrlsrfpFb}gf}F lsgls of] klqsf o:tf] klqsf xf]
h;nfO{ 3/ kl/jf/dfq geO{ :jhg ldqhg;d]tn] k9\g]
ug'{x'G5 . Pp6f u|fxssf] 3/df klqsf k'Ubf sDtLdf
% b]lv !% hgf;Ddn] o;sf] cWoog ug]{
u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . o;sf] cWoogaf6 dflg;sf]
rfl/lqs pTyfg x'G5, ;Tosf] 1fg x'G5 h;af6
dflg;sf] x]/fO ablnG5, p;sf] ;+;f/nfO{ x]g]{
b[li6sf]0f ablnG5, p;sf] lbzf ablng hfG5,
of] lbzf kof{Kt 5— p;sf] cfÇg} ¿kfGt/0fsf
nflu, p;sf] kl/jf/sf] ¿kfGt/0fsf nflu /
;dfhsf] ¿kfGt/0fsf nflu .
dflg;n] cfÇgf] …:jÚnfO{ glrg];Dd p;sf]
¿kfGt/0f klg ;Dej 5}g / p;n] cfÇgf] uGtJo
klg 7Dofpg ;Sb}g . cfÇgf] …:jÚsf] 1fg ePkl5
dfq dflg;nfO{ cfÇgf] st{Josf] af]w x'G5 cyf{t\
…s}jNo kbÚ g} cfÇgf] nIo xf] eGg] 7x/ dflg;nfO{
x'g k'Ub5 . cfÇgf] …:jÚdf a;]/, cfkm"nfO{ b|i6f dfg]/,
lgldQ dfg]/ ;+;f/ ;fu/df /dfpg' / cGonfO{ klg
oxL af6f]df 8f]¥ofpg] rfl/lqs JolQmx¿sf] 7"nf]
hdftsf] lgdf{0f x'g' lgtfGt cfjZos 5 . rfl/lqs
d uf]/If lglvn jf0fL klqsfsf] lgoldt kf7s x'g yfn]sf] s]xL jif{ dfq} ePsf] 5 . of] klqsf d}n] klxnf]k6s
@)^! ;fndf k|fKt u/]kl5 sl/a lgoldt¿kd} cWoog ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5' . k'/fgf cÍx¿ klg ;s];Dd / ldn];Dd k9\g]
k|of; ul//x]sf] 5' . o; klqsf xft k/]kl5 k|To]s ;fdu|Lx¿nfO{ g5'6fOsg k9\g] k|of; u/]sf] 5' . g]kfns} ct'ngLo
cfWoflTds klqsfsf] wf/df /x]sf] o; klqsf Pp6f kf7ssf] b[li6sf]0faf6 d"Nof+sg ubf{ o;sf] lg/Gt/tf / o;sf]
:t/Lotf g} v'zLsf] ljifo ag]sf] 5 .
d]/f] cfÇgf] ljrf/df klxn]sf cÍx¿df ´}F ljleGg wd{, dxfk'?ifx¿sf /f]rs k|;Ëx¿ Pj+ ;dfhdf cfWoflTds
ofqfdf nfu]sf y'k|} JolQm–JolQmTjx¿sf n]vx¿ / cGtjf{tf{x¿ klg ;dfj]z ul/Psf] eP c´} a9L kf7sx¿nfO{ cfsif{0f
ug{ ;lsGYof] . Pp6f cfWoflTds cg';Gwfgd"ns klqsfsf] gftfn] s'g} ljlzi6 wd{sf ljifoj:t'eGbf dfly p7]/ ;a}nfO{
;d]6\g ;lsg] u/L ;do ;dodf c¿ wd{, ;+:s[ltsf Jojxfl/s kIfnfO{ cg';Gwfg ub}{ s]xL v'/fs klqsfdfkm{t\ k|sflzt
ub}{ cufl8 a9\g'kg]{ h:tf] nfU5 .
—lzj nfld5fg], lq=lj=lj= sLlt{k'/ .
;j{k|yd o; cfWoflTds dfl;s klqsf k9\g kfpFbf v'zL nfu]sf] 5 . o;af6 ;b\u'?b]jx¿;Fu hf]l8g] cj;/ k|fKt
ePsf] 5 . o; klqsfdf gofF–gofF cfWoflTds 1fgx¿ ;/n 9Ëaf6 ;xh t/Lsfn] k|sflzt eOlbPdf xfdLh:tf gofF
kf7sx¿nfO{ u'? dfu{df k|]l/t x'gsf] nflu ;xof]u ldNg]5 .
—ljho dfgGw/, rfalxn
cfWoflTds cg';Gwfgd"ns dfl;s Psbd} pRr:t/Lo nfU5 . o;sf x/]s ljifox¿ pTs[i6 5g\, ;fy} 1fgj4{s 5g\ .
;b\u'?b]jx¿;Fu s;/L hf]l8g ;lsG5, ;fwgf, Wofg OToflb ubf{ s;/L u'? k|fKt x'G5, u'? dfu{df nfUbf s;/L pRrtf
k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 cflb ljifo qmdzM k|sflzt x'Fb} uPdf cf>ddf gofF k|j]z ug]{x¿sf nflu c´ /fd|f] x'g] lyof] .
—d's'Gb cfrfo{, af}4, l;dn6f/—^
lkt[ ljz]if 27

cfb/l0fo kf7sj[Gb ¤ olb oxfFx?;Fu klg cfWoflTds zlQm cg';Gwfg d"ns dfl;s ‘uf]/If lglvn jf0fL’
df k|sflzt n]vx?sf] ;DaGwdf s'g} lh1f;f, u'gf;f], ;Nnfx–;'emfj cflb 5g\ eg] s[kof xfdLnfO{ k|ltlqmof
lbg'xf]nf . xfdLnfO{ kq n]Vg] 7]ufgf o;k|sf/ 5— uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, kf]=j=g+= !)%!!, sf7df8f}F, g]kfn .
o;}u/L xfdLnfO{ Od]naf6 info@gnv.org.np df klg ;Dks{ /fVg ;Sg'x'G5 . oxfFsf] ;Nnfx, ;'emfj, u'gf;fx?
xfd|f nflu dxŒjk"0f{ x'g]5g\ . ;fy} cg'ej cg'e"lt, sljtf, d7dlGb/sf ;DaGwdf k|fdfl0fs n]v, wd{, cWofTd
cflb ;DaGwdf s'g} df}lns n]v /rgf cflb 5g\ eg] klg k7fpg ge'Ng'xf]nf .
JolQmTj lgdf{0fsf] o; k'gLt sfo{df of] klqsf
k|f/Deb]lv nflu/x]sf] 5, eljiodf klg o;n] cfÇgf]
o; clj/n ofqfnfO{ hf/L /fVg]5 .
o; ofqfdf xfdL;Fu;Fu} lxF8\g] tL nfvf}F ;fws–
;flwsf, z'e–lrGts, lj1fkgbftf, n]v–/rgf k|bftf,
lh1f;' kf7sj[GbnfO{ xfdL d'/Ld'/L wGojfb lbFb} …ho
u'?b]j ¤Ú sf] clejfbg ub{5f}F . pxfFx¿ ;a}sf] ;xof]u
/ z'e]R5fn] o; klqsfn] cfh o; ¿kdf kf7sx¿
;fd' k|:t't x'g] z'e–cj;/ kfO/x]sf] 5 . o;df
;a}sf] e"ldsf :t'To 5, ;a}sf] e"ldsf ct'ngLo 5 .
eljiodf klg ;a}sf] e"ldsf c6'6 /xg]5 / o;n]
cfÇgf] ofqfnfO{ ;kmntfk"j{s kf/ ug]{5 eGg]df klg
xfdL ljZj:t 5f}F .
klqsf lg:sg' dfq 7"nf] s'/f xf]Og . k|d'v s'/f
t klqsfn] kf7snfO{ …s] lbg ;s]sf] 5

gj/flqdf dftf b'uf{sf] k"hg u/f}“
k|
ftM :gfg cflbaf6 lgj[Q eP/ gj/flqsf] k|yd
lbg z'e–d'x"t{df klxnf g} z'4 ul/Psf] k"hf
:yfgdf kxF]nf] cf;g cf]5\ofP/ k"j{ jf pQ/lt/ kmls{P/
a:g'xf];\ . cufl8 lksf{dfly /ftf] sk8f la5\ofpg';\
/ To;dfly eujtLsf] Pp6f cfsif{s kmf]6f] :yflkt
ug'{xf];\ . k"hf ug'{eGbf cufl8 k"hfsf ;a} ;fdfgx¿
cfÇgf] cufl8 7Ls kf/]/ /fVg'xf]nf .
k"hg ;fdu|L
/ftf] sk8f, w"k, bLk, k'ik, kmn, snz, ld7fO{, k~rfd[t,
gl/jn, sk8f, b'uf{ o+q, gf}j6f l;+uf] ;'kf/L bfgfx¿,
j}b"o{ -Ps k|sf/sf] /Tg_ / xsLs dfnf .
o;kl5 b'uf{ k"hg cf/De ug'{xf];\ .
;aeGbf klxnf tLgk6s cfrdg u/]/ xft w'g'xf];\ .
kljqLs/0f
ç ckljqM kljqf] jf ;jf{j:yf+ utf]›lk jf .
oM :d/]t\ k'08/LsfIf+ ; afÅofEoGt/M z'lrM .
o; d+qnfO{ k9]/ cfkm"nfO{ / k"hg ;fdu|Lx¿nfO{ klg
hn 5s]{/ kljq kfg'{xf];\ . cfÇgf] bflxg]lt/ w"k / bLk
afNg'xf];\ . bLknfO{ s'+s'd / cIftfn] k"hf ug'{xf];\ .
;+sNk
bflxg] xftdf hn lnP/ To;df s'+s'+d, cIftf / k'ik
ldnfP/ lgDg d+q k9\g'xf];\—
ç lji0f'lj{i0f'lj{i0f'M >Ldb\eujtf] dxfk'?if:o a|Åd0ff] ›lÅg
låtLo] k/f4]{ Zj]tjf/fxsNk] hDa"åLk] ef/tv08] =====
ltyf} ===jf;/] ===== uf]qf]TkGgM ;sn l;l4 k|flKt lgldt+
;'v ;f}efUo wg wfGo k|fKto] u0fklt k"hg+ b'uf{ k"hg+
r cx+ sl/io] . hnnfO{ e"lddf 5f]8f}F .
u0fklt k"hg
b'j} xft hf]8]/ u0fkltnfO{ :d/0f u/f}F—
ç vj{F :y"ntg'+ uh]Gb|jbg+ nDaf]b/+ ;'Gb/+,
k|:oGbGdb uGwn'Aw dw'k Jofnf]n u08:ynd\ ..
bGtf3ft ljbfl/tfl/?lw/}M l;Gb"/ zf]efs/+,
jGb] z}n;'t+ u0fklt+ l;l4k|b+ sfdbd\ ..
ef] u0fkt] Ox cfuR5 Ox lti7 l:y/f] ej .
u0fkltsf] nflu Pp6f k'iksf] cf;g lbcf}F .
u+ u0fkto] gdM :gfg+ ;dk{ofld
j:q+ ;dk{ofld gdM .
ltns+, cIftfg\, k'ikfl0f ;dk{ofld gdM ..
g}j]B+ lgj]bofld gdM ..
b'j} xft hf]8]/ k|fy{gf u/f}F—
ç uhfgg+ e"t u0fflw;]ljt+,
slkTy hDa" kmn rf? eIf0fd\ .
pdf;'t+ zf]s ljgfzsf/s+,
gdfld lj£g]Zj/ kfb k+shd\ ..
u'? k"hg
u'?sf] Wofg u/f}F—
u'?a|{Ådf u'?lj{i0f'M u'?b]{jf] dx]Zj/M .
u'?M ;fIfft\ k/a|Åd t:d} >L u'/j] gdM ..
u'?sf] k~rf]krf/af6 >4fk"j{s k"hg ;DkGg u/f}F .
snz :yfkgf
o;kl5 s'+s'daf6 /lËPsf] cIftfaf6 cfÇgf] afofFkl§
lkt[ ljz]if 29

cfapplegf] clwsf/
k|of]u ubf{ c?sf]
clwsf/k|lt ;hu
/ ;r]t x'g' c;n
gful/ssf] st{Jo
xf] .
g]kfn ;/sf/
;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno
;"rgf ljefu
30
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^^ efb|

e"lddf …:jl:tsÚ agfP/ To;dfly snzdf hn e/]/
:yflkt u/f} F, snzsf] rf/}lt/ rf/ 6Lsf nufcf} F .
To;dfly gl/jn /fvf}F . cIftf tyf k'ik snzdf r9fcf}F .
km]l/ b'j} xft hf]8]/ j?0f b]jtfsf] cfjfxg u/f} F—
j?0fM kfze[t\ ;f}DoM k|tLRof+ ds/f>oM .
kfzx:tfTdsf] b]jf] hn/fZoflwsf] dxfg\ ..
b'uf{ lrqsf] ;fd' Pp6f cf;gdf …b'uf{ o+qÚnfO{ :yflkt
u/f} F . To;sf] rf/}tkm{ gf}j6f l;+uf] ;'kf/LnfO{ klg :yflkt
u/f}F . o;sf] ;fd' tf]/Lsf] y'k|f]df …j}b"o{Úsf] :yfkgf u/f}F .
o+q tyf j}b"o{nfO{ s'+s'd, cIftf tyf k'ikaf6 k"hg u/f}F .
k'gM iff]8zf]krf/af6 eujtLsf] k"hg u/f}F .
Wofg
b'u]{ :d[tf x/l; eLltdz]if hGtf]M .
:j:y}M :d[tf dlt dtLj z'ef+ bbfl; ..
bfl/b|Ø b'Mv eoxfl/0fL sf TjbGof .
;jf]{ksf/s/0ffo ;bfb|{lrQf ..
cfjfxg
Pp6f k'ik r9fcf}F / lgDg ;Gbe{sf] pRrf/0f u/f}F—
ç cfuR5]x dxfb]lj ¤ ;j{;DkTk|bflolg ¤ .
ofjb\j|t+ ;dfKo]t tfjŒj+ ;lGgwf} ej ..
cf;g
k'iksf] cf;g lbcf}F / lgDg d+qsf] pRrf/0f u/f}F—
cg]s /Tg ;+o'Qm+ gfgfdl0fu0fflGjtd\ .
sft{:j/do+ lbJo+ cf;g+ k|ltu[Åotfd\ ..
kfB
hn r9fcf}F–
u+uflb ;j{ tLy]{Eof] dof k|fy{gofXtd\ .
tf]od]tT;'v:kz{+ kfBfy{+ k|ltu[Åotfd\ ..
c£o{
c£o{sf] hn r9fcf}F–
lgwLgf+ ;j{ /Tgfgf+ Tjdg£o{u'0flGjtf .
l;+xf]kl/l:yt] b]lj ¤ u[xf0ff£o{+ gdf]›:t't] ..
cfrdg
tLgk6s cfrdgLaf6 hn r9fcf}F—
sk"{/]0f ;'uGw]g ;'/le :jfb' zLtnd\ .
tf]odfrdgLofy{+ b]lj ¤ Tj+ k|ltu[Åotfd\ ..
:gfg
cfrdgLaf6 eujtLnfO{ hn r9fcf}F—
dGbflsGofM ;dfgLt}x{df+ef]?xjfl;t}M .
:gfg+ s'?ij b]j]lz ¤ ;lnn}Zr ;'ulGwleM ..
k~rfd[t :gfg
b"w, bxL, £o", dx / lrgL ldnfP/ :gfg u/fcf}F—
kof] blw 3[t+ r}j dw' r zs{/flGjtd\ .
k+rfd[t+ dofgLt+ :gfgfy{+ k|ltu[Åotfd\ ..
o;kl5 z'4 hnn] :gfg u/fP/ j:qåf/f k'5f}F .
j:q
b'O{j6f j:q eujtLnfO{ r9fcf}F—
k§s"no'u+ b]lj ¤ s+r's]g ;dlGjtd\ .
kl/w]lx s[kf+ s[Tjf b'u]{ ¤ b'u{ltgflzlg ..
rGbg
s'+s'd, rGbg jf s]z/L n]kg u/f}F—
>Lv08rGbg+lbJo+ uGwf9Ø+ ;'dgf]x/d\ .
ljn]kg+ r b]j]lz ¤ rGbg+ k|ltu[Åotfd\ ..
cIft
cIftflGgd{nfg\ z'4fg\ d'Qmfdl0f;dlGjtfg\ .
u[xf0f]dfGdxfb]lj ¤ b]lx d] lgd{nf+ lwod\ ..
dfnf
o;kl5 ;'Gb/ km"naf6 ag]sf] dfnf r9fcf}F—
dGbf/kfl/hftflb kf6nL s]tsflg r .
hftL rDks k'ikfl0f u[xf0f]dflg zf]eg] ¤ ..
w"k / bLk b]vfP/ g}j]B clk{t u/f}F—
cGg+ rt'lj{w+ :jfb' /;}M if8\leM ;dlGjtd\ .
g}j]B+ u[Åotf+ b]lj ¤ elQm+ d] Åornf+ s'? ..
tLg cfrdgL hn cfrdgsf nflu k|bfg u/f}F tyf kmn
clk{t u/f}F . km]l/ d'v z'l4sf nflu cfrdg u/f}F— NjfË
/ cn}FrLn] o'Qm :jflbnf] kfg clk{t u/f}F .
blIf0ff
k"hfsf] k"0f{tfsf] nflu s]xL b|Jo ck{0f u/f}F—
k"hfkmn;d[Woy{+ tjfu|] :j0f{dLZjl/ ¤ .
:yflktf t]g d] k|Ltf k"0ff{Gs'? dgf]/yfg\ ..
ca xsLs dfnfaf6 lgDg d+qsf] tLg dfnf d+q hk u/f} F—
.. x"+ P]+ P]+ x|L+ rfd'08fo} gdM ..
o;kl5 cf/tL ;DkGg u/f}F / b'j} xftdf k'ik lnP/
eujtLnfO{ r9fcf} F . k|0ffd u/]/ kl/jf/;lxt k|;fb u|x0f
u/f}F . ;dflKtsf] lbg o+qnfO{ 3/sf] k"hf ug]{ 7fpFdf
:yflkt u/]/ / cGo ;fdu|LnfO{ gbLdf lj;h{g ul/lbg]
/ pQm d+qsf] ! dfnf lgTo hk ug{ ;lsg] 5 .
ho u'?b]j ∕
lkt[ ljz]if 31

Hof]ltif / sfn lg0f{o
efb| dlxgfsf] ;"Id sfn ljj/0f
cfb/0fLo kf7sj[Gb, ljleGg dlxgfsf ljleGg af/x?df kg]{ sfnx?sf] hfgsf/L tyf ;"Id sfn
lg0f{osf ;DaGwdf ljutsf cª\sx¿df k|sflzt ul/Psf] lyof] . o; c+sdf efb| dlxgfdf kg]{ ljleGg
rf/j6f sfnx?sf] klg %–% ldg]6sf] cGt/fnsf] kmnx?nfO{ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 h;nfO{ x]g{ ;Fu} lbOPsf]
tflnsfnfO{ cfwf/ agfpg' xf]nf .
efb| dlxgfsf] dx]Gb| sfn
! b]lv % ldg]6;Dd M Jofkf/ sfo{sf nflu of]
;dosf] 5gf}6 ljz]if z'e /xG5, o; ;dosL clwi7fqL
‘nIdL’ x'g\, b"w k|;fb vfP/ sfo{ k|f/De ug'{ z'e
dflgPsf] 5 .
^ b]lv !) ldg]6;Dd M ofqf, h'jf, xflg–nfe,
;§f, efUo k/LIff, ldqtf, nfebfos sfo{ cflbsf nflu
of] ;do plrt 5 . o; ;dosf :jfdL ‘sft{jLof{h'{g’
x'g\, bxL vfg' z'e dflgPsf] 5 .
!! b]lv !% ldg]6;Dd M s'g} klg k|sf/sf] ofqf
Pj+ ;kmntfsf nflu of] ;do ljz]if z'e Pj+ cg's"n
5 . o; ;dosf b]jtf ‘;"o{’ x'g\, ;Vv/ vfP/ ofqf
cyjf sfo{ k|f/De ug'{kb{5 .
!^ b]lv @) ldg]6;Dd M Jofkf/, ;kmntf, lzIff,
v]n, k|0fo k|;Ë, ljjfx tyf ofqf cflbsf nflu o;
;donfO{ 5gf}6 ug'{kb{5 . o; ;dosf b]jtf ‘uf}td’
x'g\, kfg rkfP/ sfo{ k|f/De ug'{ z'e dflgPsf] 5 .
@! b]lv @% ldg]6;Dd M ofqf, z'e sfo{, s'/f
l5Gg], ljjfx, dfËlns sfo{, Jofkfl/s sfo{, h'jf
cflbsf nflu of] ;do cg's"n / z'e 5 . o; ;dosf
b]jtf ‘rGb|’ x'g\, bxL vfg' z'e dflgPsf] 5 .
@^ b]lv #) ldg]6;Dd M efUof]bo, r'gfj, k/LIff
lbg], ;kmntf;DaGwL sfo{, l:y/ sfo{, efUof]bosf nflu
o; ;dosf] 5gf}6 ug'{kb{5 . o; ;dosf :jfdL ‘lji0f'’
x'g\, rfdn vfP/ sfo{ k|f/De ug'{ ljz]if z'e dflgPsf]
5 .
#! b]lv #% ldg]6;Dd M ofqf, ljho sfo{, wg
;+u|x, lsgd]n / z'e sfo{sf nflu of] ;do cg's"n
5 . o; ;dosf clwi7ftf ‘a|Ådf’ x'g\, kfg vfP/ sfo{
k|f/De ug'{ z'e /xG5 .
#^ b]lv $) ldg]6;Dd M ofqf, ljjfx, Jofkf/
sfo{, ldqtf, pGglt sfo{ cflbsf nflu o; ;dosf]
5gf}6 ug'{kb{5 . o; ;dosf clwi7fqf ‘d?t’ x'g\, ltn
32
vfg' z'e dflgPsf] 5 .
$! b]lv $% ldg]6;Dd M ofqfsf] b[li6af6 o;
;dosf] ljz]if dxŒj 5, o; ;dosf clwi7ftf ‘u0f]z’
x'g\ . ctM u0f]zsf] :d/0f u/]/ ofqf k|f/De ug'{kb{5 .
b"af] rkfpg' z'e dflgPsf] 5 .
$^ b]lv %) ldg]6;Dd M z'e sfo{ Pj+ Jofkf/sf
nflu ;j{yf cg's"n 5 . o; sfnsf :jfdL ‘lzj’ x'g\,
sfo{ k|f/De ug'{k"j{ wlgofF vfg' cg's"n /xG5 .
%! b]lv %% ldg]6;Dd M pGglt sfo{, ljjfx,
k|0fo, k|]d k|bz{g, nfe sfo{, v]n, ofqf cflbsf nflu
of] ;do z'e 5 . o; ;dosf clwi7ftf ‘sfdb]j’ x'g\,
dx vfP/ sfo{ k|f/De ul/of] eg] ljz]if z'e /xG5 .
%^ b]lv ^) ldg]6;Dd M s'g} klg k|sf/sf] pGglt,
Jofkf/, hflu/, ofqf cflbsf nflu o; ;donfO{ 5gf}6
ug'{ z'e dflgPsf] 5 . o; ;dosL clwi7fqL ‘uf}/L’
x'g\, xl/b|f vfg' z'e dflgPsf] 5 .
efb| dlxgfsf] cd[t sfn
! b]lv % ldg]6;Dd M ljjfx, s'/f l5Gg] cflbsf
nflu k|:yfg, cGtjf{tf{, d'2f dfldnf cflbsf nflu of]
;do z'e 5 . o; ;dosf clwi7ftf ‘xg'dfg\’ x'g\,
;Vv/ eIf0f u/]/ sfo{ k|f/De ug'{ z'e x'G5 .
^ b]lv !) ldg]6;Dd M ofqf, Jofkf/, pGglt sfo{
Pj+ ;d:t z'e sfo{sf nflu of] ;do pko'Qm 5 .
o;sf k|wfg b]j ‘lji0f'’ x'g\, dL7f] ksjfg vfg' z'e
dflgPsf] 5 .
!! b]lv !% ldg]6;Dd M :yfoL sfo{, Jofkf/,
pGglt tyf ofqflbsf nflu z'e ;do 5 . o; ;dosL
clwi7fqL ‘uf}/L’ x'g\, b"af] rkfpg' z'e /xG5 .
!^ b]lv @) ldg]6;Dd M ofqf, dxŒjk"0f{ /
pGglt sfo{x¿sf nflu o; ;dosf] 5gf}6 /fd|f] x'G5 .
o; ;dosf b]jtf ‘?b|’ x'g\, sfo{ k|f/De ug'{ cufl8
;Vv/sf] k|of]u z'e dflgPsf] 5 .
@! b]lv @% ldg]6;Dd M ofqf, :yfloTj;DaGwL
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^^ efb|

}q, j}zfv, >fj0f, efb|, df3 / kmfNu'0f dlxgfdf kg]{ ljleGg sfnx¿
cfOtaf/ ;f]daf/ d+unaf/ a'waf/ laxLaf/ z'qmaf/ zlgaf/
;do sfn ;do sfn ;do sfn ;do sfn ;do sfn ;do sfn ;do sfn
^M))–*M@$lbg cd[t ^M))–&M#^lbg jqm ^M))–*M@$lbg cd[t ^M))–^M$*lbg z"Go ^M))–&M#^lbg z"Go
cd[t
/fx'
^M))–^M$*lbg dx]Gb| ^M))–&M#^lbg
&M#)–(M))
&M#^–*M@$ jqm
*M@$–(M!@ z"Go &M#^–(M!@ cd[t *M@$–(M!@ z"Go ^M$*–!M!@
!)M#)–!@M)) cd[t
/fx'
jqm
/fx'
^M$*–!)M)) cd[t &M#^–!)M$*
&M#)–(M))
z'Go
/fx'
cd[t
/fx'
!)M))–@M)) jqm !)M$*–!M!@ cd[t (M!@–!)M)) jqm (M!@–!!M#^ jqm (M!@–!)M$* z"Go !M!@–$M@$ jqm *M@$–(M!@
(M))–!)M#)
cd[t /fx'
!)M$*–!M!@ cd[t $M@$–%M!@ cd[t (M!@–!@M@$
(M))–!)M#)
!M!@–@M)) z"Go !M!@–$M@$ jqm %M!@–^M)) z"Go !@M@$–!M!@ z'Go
!@M))–!M#) /fx' !M#)–#M)) /fx'
@M))–#M#^ jqm $M@$–^M)) cd[t ^M))–&M#^/flq jqm !M!@–@M)) jqm
!M!@–#M#^ jqm !)M))–!@M@$ cd[t !!M#^–!M!@
!@M))–!M#)
z"Go
/fx'
@M))–%M!@
$M#)–^M))
z"Go
/fx'
cd[t
/fx'
%M!@–^M)) $M#)–^M)) cd[t /fx'
#M#^–%M!@ cd[t !@M@$–#M#^
#M))–$M#)
^M))–^M$*/flq z"Go %M!@–^M)) z"Go #M#^–%M!@
#M))–$M#)
^M$*–&M#^ dx]Gb| ^M))–&M#^/flq jqm %M!@–^M)) z"Go #M#^–$M@$ dx]Gb| ^M))–&M#^/flq jqm &M#^–*M@$ z"Go @M))–#M#^ z"Go
&M#^–*M@$ z"Go &M#^–(M!@ dx]Gb| ^M))–&M#^/flq jqm $M@$–^M)) cd[t &M#^–(M!@ dx]Gb| *M@$–!)M$* cd[t #M#^–%M!@ cd[t
*M@$–!)M)) cd[t (M!@–!)M)) cd[t &M#^–(M!@ dx]Gb| ^M))–^M$*/flq z"Go (M!@–!)M)) cd[t !)M$*–!M!@ jqm %M!@–^M)) z"Go
!)M))–!)M$* z"Go !)M))–!M!@ jqm (M!@–!)M)) cd[t ^M$*–(M!@ cd[t !)M))–!M!@ jqm !M!@–#M#^ dx]Gb| ^M))–*M@$/flq jqm
!)M$*–!M!@ jqm !M!@–@M$* cd[t !)M))–!@M@$ jqm (M!@–!)M$* dx]Gb| !M!@–@M$* cd[t #M#^–$M@$ z"Go *M@$–!)M$* cd[t
!M!@–#M#^ z"Go @M$*–$M@$ z"Go !@M@$–@M)) cd[t !)M$*–!@M@$ jqm @M$*–$M@$ z"Go $M@$–^M)) cd[t !)M$*–!@M@$ jqm
#M#^–$M@$ dx]Gb| $M@$–%M!@ jqm @M))–@M$* z"Go !@M@$–@M)) z"Go $M@$–^M)) cd[t !@M@$–@M)) z"Go
$M@$–^M)) cd[t %M!@–^M)) z"Go @M$*–#M#^ jqm @M))–^M)) cd[t @M))–#M#^ cd[t
#M#^–$M@$ dx]Gb| #M#^–$M@$ z"Go
$M@$–^M)) cd[t $M@$–^M)) cd[t
k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]j 8f= gf/fo0fbQ >LdfnL -k/dx+; :jfdL >L lglvn]Zj/fgGb dxf/fh_ åf/f /lrt ‘Hof]ltif cf}/ sfn lg0f{o’ k':tsdf cfwfl/t .
dx]Gb|sfn– ;j{>]i7, cd[tsfn– >]i7, jqmsfn– ;fdfGo, z"Gosfn– lgs[i6 . z'esfndf /fx'sfn klg ldl;Psf] 5 eg] Tof] ;do klg cfkm}F cz'e x'G5 .
;"Id sfn ljj]rgf ug'{kbf{— ;j{k|yd s'g af/ xf] / slt ah]sf] ljj]rgf ug'{ 5, To;cg';f/ s'g sfn k/]sf] 5 -dx]Gb|sfn, cd[tsfn, jqmsfn jf z"Gosfn_
Tof] tflnsf x]/]/ kQf nufpg' kb{5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu @)^^ >fj0f @% ut] cfOtaf/ laxfg &M%% ah]sf] ;"Id ljj]rgf u/f}F . cfOtaf/ k|ftM ^M$* b]lv
!)M)) ah];Dd cd[tsfnsf] ;do 5 . xfd|f] ;do cd[tsfndf k/]sf] 5 . ca xfd|f] ;do &M%% af6 xfd|f] sfn z'? ePsf] ;do ^M$* 36fcf}F . afFsL
/x\of] !M)& cyf{t\ ! 306f & ldg]6 . ca 306f hlt eP klg To;nfO{ 5f]l8lbP/ ldg]6df dfq ljrf/ ug'{xf];\– & ldg]6 . To;kl5 r}q dlxgfsf] cd[tsfndf
& ldg]6 sxfF kb{5 x]g'{xf];\ . ToxfF n]lvPsf] 5— ^ b]lv !) ldg]6;Dd M ofqf, dxŒjk"0f{ / pGglt sfo{x¿sf nflu o; ;dosf] 5gf}6 /fd|f] x'G5 . o;
;dosf b]jtf ‘?b|’ x'g\, sfo{ k|f/De ug'{ cufl8 ;Vv/sf] k|of]u z'e dflgPsf] 5 . ca oxfF n]lvPcg';f/ ug{ ;Sg'x'g]5 .
lkt[ ljz]if 33

sfo{, Jofkf/ k|f/De d'x"t{ cflbsf nflu o; ;dosf]
5gf}6 z'e 5 . o; ;dosL b]jL ‘nIdL’ x'g\, b"w k|;fb
vfP/ u/]/ sfo{ k|f/De ug'{ z'e x'G5 .
@^ b]lv #) ldg]6;Dd M h'jf, Jofkf/, ofqf cflbsf
nflu ;do pko'Qm 5 . o; ;dosf b]j ‘zlg’ x'g\, ltn
vfP/ sfo{ k|f/De ug'{ z'e dflgPsf] 5 .
#! b]lv #% ldg]6;Dd M k/LIff, r'gfj, cGtjf{tf{
tyf ofqf cflbsf nflu ;do z'e 5 . o; ;dosf
clwi7ftf ‘rGb|’ x'g\, bxL vfFbf z'e x'G5 .
#^ b]lv $) ldg]6;Dd M s'g} klg Jofkf/ sfo{sf
nflu of] ;do z'e 5 . o;sf b]jtf ‘g[l;+x’ x'g\,
n8\8'sf] k|of]u u/]/ sfo{ k|f/De ug'{
z'e x'G5 .
$! b]lv $% ldg]6;Dd M
ofqfsf nflu of] ;do z'e
5 . o;sf b]jtf ‘u0fklt’
x'g\, ;Vv/sf] k|of]u u/]/
sfo{ k|f/De ug'{ z'e
dflgPsf] 5 .
$^ b]lv %) ldg]6;Dd
M ofqflbsf nflu ;jf{lws
pko'Qm ;do 5 . o; ;dosL
clwi7fqL b]jL ‘;/:jtL’ x'g\,
d'uLsf] bfgf rafP/ ofqf k|f/De
ug'{ z'e /xG5 .
%! b]lv %% ldg]6;Dd M h'jf, Jofkf/
k|f/De ug{, s'g} klg 3/ jf k;nsf] d'x"t{ cflbsf nflu
of] z'e ;do xf] . o;sf b]jtf ‘lji0f'’ x'g\, lrgL vfg'
z'e x'G5 .
%^ b]lv ^) ldg]6;Dd M h'jf, Jofkf/, Joj;fosf
nflu ofqf, o1, k"hg, cg'i7fg cflbsf nflu of] ;do
z'e 5 . o; ;dosf b]jtf ‘lzj’ x'g\, rfdnsf] k|of]u
u/]/ sfo{ k|f/De ug'{ z'e dflgPsf] 5 .
efb| dlxgfsf] jqm sfn
! b]lv % ldg]6;Dd M ofqf cflbsf nflu ljz]if
cg's"n 5 . o;sf k|wfg b]j ‘u0fklt’ x'g\, ;Vv/sf]
k|of]u z'e dflgPsf] 5 .
^ b]lv !) ldg]6;Dd M h'jf, bf}8, l;g]df, Jofkf/
cflbsf nflu of] pko'Qm ;do xf] . o;sf k|wfg b]j
‘z'qmfrfo{’ x'g\ . dL7f] ksjfg vfP/ sfo{ k|f/De ug'{
z'e x'G5 .
!! b]lv !% ldg]6;Dd M ofqfsf nflu s]xL
34
afwsf/s t/ cGTodf 7Ls . o;sf k|wfg b]j ‘clUg’
x'g\, tf]/L rkfP/ sfo{ ubf{ pQd /xG5 .
!^ b]lv @) ldg]6;Dd M Jofkf/flb sfo{x¿sf
nflu of] z'e ;do 5 . o;sf k|wfg b]j ‘u'?’ x'g\,
a];gsf] k|of]u z'e dflgPsf] 5 .
@! b]lv @% ldg]6;Dd M k|]d, jfB, h'jf cflbsf]
nflu z'e ;do 5 . o;sf k|wfg b]j ‘k'ikwGjf’ x'g\,
dx vfFbf z'e x'G5 .
@^ b]lv #) ldg]6;Dd M Jofkf/, Joj;fosf nflu
;fdfGo cg's"n . o;sf k|wfg b]j ‘rGb|df’ x'g\, bxL
vfg' z'e dflgPsf] 5 .
#! b]lv #% ldg]6;Dd M ofqflbsf nflu
of] ;do cg's"n 5 . ‘d?t’ o;sf b]j
x'g\ . ;Vv/ vfP/ hfFbf /fd|f] x'G5 .
#^ b]lv $) ldg]6;Dd M
hf;";L, e]b 1ft ug]{, ;fd'Gg]
ePsf] JolQmnfO{ k|efljt ug]{
cflbsf nflu of] ;do 7Ls
5 . o;sf k|wfg b]j ‘jft’
x'g\, rfdn vfP/ hfg'xf];\ .
$! b]lv $% ldg]6;Dd M
ldqtf a9fpg, clwsf/ k|fKt
ug{, :yfgfGt/0f cflbsf nflu of]
;do pko'Qm 5 . o;sf k|wfg b]j
‘;"o{’ x'g\, hL/fsf] k|of]u ul/of] eg] ljz]if
cg's"n /xG5 .
$^ b]lv %) ldg]6;Dd M h'jf v]Ngsf] nflu
pko'Qm ;do . o;sf k|wfg b]j ‘j?0f’ x'g\, bxL vfP/
ofqf ug'{xf];\ .
%! b]lv %% ldg]6;Dd M k|]d k|bz{g, k|0fo cflbsf
nflu o; ;dosf] 5gf}6 7Ls /xG5 . o; ;dosf
k|wfg b]j ‘sfdb]j’ x'g\, dx vfP/ hfg'xf];\ .
%^ b]lv ^) ldg]6;Dd M Jofkf/ cflbsf nflu
ck]Iffs[t 7Ls 5 . k|f/Dedf ljnDa / kl5 l;l4 .
o;sf k|wfg b]j ‘u?8’ x'g\, xl/b|f vfP/ sfo{ k|f/De
ul/of] eg] z'e /xG5 .
efb| dlxgfsf] z"Go sfn
! b]lv % ldg]6;Dd M k|To]s sfo{sf nflu cz'e
Pj+ tgfjk"0f{, t/ klg ‘u0fklt’nfO{ :d/0f u/]/ /
;Vv/ vfP/ sfo{ k|f/De ul/G5 eg] z'e .
^ b]lv !) ldg]6;Dd M k|0fo k|;Ë, dBkfg, h'jf,
3f]8fbf}8 cflbsf nflu cg's"n . ‘z'qmfrfo{’sf] :d/0f
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^^ efb|

ug'{xf];\ / kmn vfP/ hfg'xf];\ .
!! b]lv !% ldg]6;Dd M k|To]s sfo{sf nflu
cz'e Pj+ afwfsf/s . ‘lxl8Daf’sf] Wofg ug'{xf];\ .
l3psf] eIf0f z'e .
!^ b]lv @) ldg]6;Dd M sfo{sf] k|f/Dedf
tgfjx¿, t/ kl5 l:yltdf ;'wf/, k|wfg b]j ‘clUg’sf]
:d/0f / ltn vfg' z'e .
@! b]lv @% ldg]6;Dd M h'jf, dB, 3f]8f bf}8,
;f}Gbo{ k|;fwg ;fdu|L laqmL, Jofkf/ cflbsf] nflu
cg's"n . k|wfg b]jtf ‘ljZjsdf{’ x'g'x'G5, ;Vv/ /
l3p vfg' z'e .
@^ b]lv #) ldg]6;DdM afwfsf/s ;do, t/ d'2f
dfldnf cflbsf nflu z'e . ‘xg'dfg\’nfO{ :d/0f u/]/,
;Vv/, l3p vfP/ hfFbf eg] cg's"n .
#! b]lv #% ldg]6;Dd M k|To]s sfo{sf nflu
;fdfGo cg's"n . k|wfg b]jtf ‘ds/Wjh’sf] :d/0f
ug'{xf];\ . tf]/L vfg' z'e .
#^ b]lv $) ldg]6;Dd M ofqflbsf nflu ljk/Lt
;do, z'e sfo{x¿df jlh{t, ‘lrqu'Kt’nfO{ :d/0f
ug'{xf];\ tyf km"n rkfP/ sfo{ k|f/De ul/of] eg] s]xL
cg's"ntf .
$! b]lv $% ldg]6;Dd M k|To]s sfo{ cyjf
ofqflbsf nflu k|f/Dedf afwfsf/s t/ kl5 z'e .
t/ klg ‘nIdL’nfO{ :d/0f ug'{xf];\ . rfdn rkfpg'
z'e .
$^ b]lv %) ldg]6;Dd M k|To]s sfo{sf nflu
Jojwfgk"0f{, t/ ‘uf}/L’nfO{ :d/0f u/]/ / bxL vfP/
sfo{ k|f/De ubf{ s]xL cg's"ntf .
%! b]lv %% ldg]6;Dd M h'jf v]Ngsf nflu z'e,
o; ;dosf b]jtf ‘sfn’ x'g\, dx vfP/ uOof] eg]
cg's"n .
%^ b]lv ^) ldg]6;Dd M z'e, ofqflbsf nflu
cg's"n, k|wfg b]jtf ‘a|Ådf’nfO{ :d/0f ug'{xf];\, / bxL
eIf0f z'e .
ho u'?b]j ¤
tflGqs ;fwgf tflGqs Wofg
dfgj hLjgsf] jf:tljs 1fg
cfWoflTds zlQm cg';Gwfg ;+:yf l;4f>d
zlQm s]Gb|;DaGwL s'g} klg hfgsf/L rflxPdf
kqfrf/ ug'{xf];\ M
z'e]R5f ;f]n] o'lg6
l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|
kf]=a=g+= !)%!!, a;'Gw/f, sf7df8f}F
kmf]gM )!–@!))!%#, @)&!@))
ssk.org.np, info@ssk.org.np
;'j0f{ cj;/
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL klqsf Pp6f
;Dk"0f{ klqsf ePsf]n] kf7sju{sf] ljz]if
cg'/f]wdf o;sf k'/fgf c+sx?nfO{ ;+sng
u/]/ x/]s jif{sf] leGbfleGb} a08n ljz]if
5'6df pknAw u/fOPsf] 5 . oL c+sx?
;Lldt dfqfdf -:6s /x'~h]n ;Dd_ dfq}
pknAw x'g] ePsf]n] cfh} cfkm\gf] k|lt
;'/lIft /fVg'xf]nf .
;Dks{—
s]Gb|Lo sfof{no ljt/0f sIfdf
lbpF;f] @M)) ah]b]lv ^M)) ah];Dd
k|frLg u"9 ljBfx¿sf] k|fdfl0fs
k|of]u / ljz]if hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{
;lsg] ljZjsf] Ps dfq klqsf
…d+q–t+q–o+q lj1fgÚ
vf]hL vf]hL k9f}“ .
lkt[ ljz]if 35

}
{
ckTofl/nf] ;To
dfgj hLjgsf] k|flKt cTo'Qd nfe, k"0f{tf /
;kmntfsf] nflu ePsf] xf] . To;}n] t u'? ;Qfsf] ljzfn
;d'b|df Psfsf/ x'g ;Sg' g} hLjgsf] pknlAw dflgG5 .
dflg; hGdFbf g} O{Zj/Lo zlQm a/fa/L lnP/ o; wtL{df
cfPsf] x'G5 . To;sf] pkof]u ug'{, gug'{ t JolQm :jo+sf]
xftdf 5 . dfgj :jefj}n] cGo k|f0fLeGbf km/s 5 .
vfg], ;'Tg], d}y'g ug] { / ;f+;fl/s ef]uljnf;df /xg] sfo{
t kz'n] klg ub{5 . To;}n] To;eGbf dfly p7L hLjgsf]
d"No a'‰g' g} u'?wd{ xf] . ;b\u'?b]jx¿sf] c;Ld s[kf,
cg'sDkf tyf cfzLjf{b:j¿k u'? k|flKtsf] af6f]df lxF8\b}
uf]/If lglvn zlQm -uf]lg zlQm_ sf] ;fy kfpg' ;Dk"0f{
dfgjtfsf] nflu ;f}efUosf] ljifo ag]sf] 5 .
dfgj hLjgnfO{ wGo agfpg jf:tljs u'? k|flKtsf]
;fFrf]sf] vf]hdf xfdL bf}l8/x]sf 5f} F . o; bf}8df k|ydtM
xfdLn] cfÇg} vf]h ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . d sf] x'F <
s] sf] nflu < sxfFaf6 sxfF;Dd < eGg] k|Zgsf] pQ/
cfkm}leq vf]Hg' clgjfo{ 5 . clg dfq u'? k|flKtsf]
k|j]zåf/ xfdL cfkm}leq k|fKt ug{ ;Sb5f}F . clg Tof]
k|j]zåf/¿kL ;fFrf]n] vf]Nb5 hLjgsf] jf:tljs lj/f6\
:j¿k / u'? ;Qfsf] dfu{ . o;sf] :kz{ / /;f:jfbgsf]
dfbstfn] xfdL wGowGo x'g]5f}F . s] xf] t Tof] /x:odo
;fFrf] h;sf] zlQmn] xfdL u'? ;Qf;Fu lvFlrFb} hLjgsf]
k/dfgGbdf e'Nb5f}F < Tof] zlQmdo /x:ofTds ;fFrf]
xfdLleq} n's]/ a;]sf] 5 . cfjZostf 5 To;sf] vf]hL
u/L Ifdtf j[l4 ug]{ .
u'? k|flKtsf] nflu cfTdlg/LIf0f jf :jo+sf] cWoog
u/L of] yfxf kfpg cfjZos 5 ls xfdL hLjgsf] s'g
ljGb'df k'u]sf 5f}F < u'?sf] nflu PslrQ efjdf /xL
slt ;do vr]{sf 5f}F < slt Wofg ;fwgfdf 8'a]sf
5f}F < u'? sfo{, Wofg / ;fwgfsf] nflu cf}krfl/stf
dfq} ckgfPsf t 5}gf}F < xfdL b]vfj6L 5f}F ls ;fFRr}
cfTd}b]lv u'?efjdf nLg eO/x]sf 5f} F < ca a]nf cfPsf]
5 cfTdlg/LIf0fsf] . cfkm}nfO{ lgofn]/ x]/f}F ls d]/f] hk,
tk / Wofgn] s] dnfO{ k|;Gg / cfTdljZjf;L agfPsf]
5 < d}n] cfÇgf] u'? sfo{sf] lhDd]jf/L s'g 9Ën] k"/f
ul//x]sf] 5' < d]/f uNtL–sdhf]/Lx¿ s] eO/x]sf 5g\ <
d]/f] hLjgdf ;kmntf jf c;kmntfn] s'g df]8 lnO/x]sf
36
5g\ < o;/L cfTdlgoGq0f / lg/LIf0fn] xfdLnfO{ ;hu
agfpFb5 tfls uNtLx¿ ;'wf/ ub}{ bf];|f]k6s uNtLaf6
aRg ;sf}F / hLjg lhpg] snfsf] ljsf; ug{ ;sf}F .
cfTdlg/LIf0fn] of] yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 ls xfdL slt
nf]slk|o / slt clk|o 5f}F . To:t} slt ;kmn / slt
c;kmn 5f}F . o;/L cfÇgf] cju'0f cfkm} klxrfg ub}{
gsf/fTdstfsf] Tofu u/L cfÇgf] k|ltefnfO{ phfu/ ub}
To;sf] ljsf;df nfUg'kb{5 .
cfÇgf] p2]Zo / dxŒjfsf+IffnfO{ kQf nufpFb} cfÇgf]
Ifdtf / zlQmnfO{ x]/f}F . xfdLn] cfkm}leq dxfg\ zlQm
n's]sf] b]Vg]5fF} . Tof] lj/f6\ u'?zlQmsf] Hjfnf cfkm}leq
kfpg]5f}F . ca To; zlQmsf] k|of]u ug]{ a]nf cfPsf]
5 . Tof] zlQmnfO{ x]g]{ k|of; u/f}F . clg dfq xfdL
cfTdlg/LIf0f u/L cfkm}nfO{ lrGg]5f}F . xfdL ;D´G5f}F ls
xfdL ;xL 5f}F, xfdLn] 7Ls u/]sf 5f}F . t/ ;Totf Tof]
gx'g klg ;Sb5 . xfd|f] uNtL ePsf] x'g ;Sb5 . x/]s
sfo{ q'l6k"0f{ x'g ;Sb5g\ . xfdL cfnf]rgfsf] lzsf/
x'g ;Sb5f}F t/ jf:tljstf s] xf] xfdLnfO{ yfxf gx'g
klg ;S5 . ca jf:tljstfsf] cfFvfn] :jo+nfO{ s]nfP/
x]/f}F / cfTdzlQmåf/f gsf/fTds zlQmnfO{ gfz ug]{
sf]lzz u/f}F . clg dfq xfdLleq c+s'l/t x'G5 Tof]
;kmntfsf] k|f/lDes ljZjf; . ToxL u'? k|flKtsf]
;fFrf]sf] gfd xf] cfTdljZjf; cyf{t\ :jo+sf] ljZjf; .
ha xfdLleq cfTdljZjf; hfu]/ cfpF5, xfdLleq /x]sf]
zlQm k|:km'l6t x'Fb} c;Dej u'? sfo{ klg ug{ ;Sb5f}F .
ljZjf;sf] zlQm dxfg\ 5 . olb ljZjf;sf ;fy xfdL
s'g} k|fKt dGq hKb5f}F eg] t'?Gt kmnbfoL x'G5 .
k|flKtsf] ;fFrf] g} cfTdljZjf; xf] . h;n] k|flKt u/]sf
5g\ pgLx¿df cfTdljZjf;sf] e08f/ x'G5 . u'¿k|lt,
cf>dk|lt / cWofTdk|lt xfd|f] ljZjf; hlt x'Fb}g Tolt
g} ¿kdf xfd|f] cflTds :t/ 36]/ hfG5 . ha xfdLnfO{
ljZjf; x'G5 ta sfo{zlQmsf] j[l4n] ;kmntfsf] lzv/
r'Db5 . cfTdljZjf; 36]sf] cj:yfdf zlQmdf x|f;
cfpFb5 . xfdLleq /x]sf] u'?Tj zlQm g} cfTdljZjf;df
c8]sf] x'G5 . To;}n] u'¿k|ltsf] b[9 ljZjf;n] g} u'?
k|flKt ;Dej agfPsf] 5 .
d s] ug{ ;S5' / < oxL sdhf]/ k|Zg efjn]
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^^ efb|

g} xfdLnfO{ ktgsf] af6f]df n}hfG5 . cfzÍfn] g}
c;kmntfnfO{ lgDTofpFb5 . u'? r/0fdf c>'wf/f aufO{
k|fy{gf ub}{ efjljÅjn xf]cf}F ls …x] a|Ådf08gfos
;b\u'?b]j ¤ d xh"/sf] c+z x'F . dnfO{ xh"/sf] r/0fsf]
bf; agfpg'xf];\ tfls xh"/sf] zlQmn] of] ;+;f/df uf]lg
zlQmsf] ;Gb]z km'Sg ;s"F . d d]/f] zlQm j[l4 ub}{ b[9
ljZjf; ub{5' ls xh"/nfO{ k|fKt u/]/} 5f]8\5', x/kn xh"/
d]/f] lz/df lj/fhdfg x'g'x'G5 . dnfO{ ljZjf; 5 ls hf]
xh"/ rfxg'x'G5 Tof] d ug{ ;S5' . ddf xh"/sf] zlQm
k|:km'l6t eO/x]sf] 5 . /f]d/f]ddf xh"/sf] efj ldl>t
eO/x]sf] 5 . knkn xh"/sf] ofbn] d 56\kl6G5' . ca
d xfg]{ 5}g, uf]lg o'usf] nflu d]/f] dxfŒjk"0f{ of]ubfg
/xg]5 . x] k/d s[kfn' ;b\u'?b]j dnfO{ s[kf ug'{xf];\ .Ú
ca x]g'{xf];\ jf:tljs u'?elQm t aNn kf] z'? x'G5 .
;fFRr} u'? xfd|f] Xbodf af; ug'{x'G5 . ha xfdL ?G5f}F,
cfF;' aufpFb5f}F ta xfd|f] dg z"Go x'G5, dfq u'? gfddf
of] dg /Db5 . ha xfdL ts{, a'l4 TofuL efjljÅjn
eO{ cfTdljZjf;sf ;fy u'? r/0fdf ;dlk{t x'G5f}F
To; cj:yfdf xfd|f] cjr]tg dg hfu[t ePsf] x'G5 .
ha xfd|f] cjr]tg dgdf u'? k|flKtsf] ;Gb]z / zlQm
k|;f/0f x'G5 Tof] cfTdljZjf;n] u'? ;Qf;Fu xfd|f] ;"rgf
k'¥ofpFb5 / xfdL u'? dfu{df nLg x'Fb} u'? k|flKtsf]
r]tgfdf 8'Ag ;S5f}F . xfd|f] nflu c;Dej s]xL /xg]
5}g dfq leq}b]lv ;To ljZjf; u/f}F ls x/kn u'?zlQm
ddf 5fO/x]sf] 5 .
u'? kyaf6 ljrlnt u/fpg ljleGg gsf/fTds
zlQmn] xfdLnfO{ ljrlnt u/fO/x]sf x'g ;Sb5g\ . o:tf]
k/LIffnfO{ kf/ ug{ gsf/fTds s'/fnfO{ Wofg glbO{
c´ cfTdljZjf; a9fO{ lxF8\g'kb{5 . ;dfhn] xfdLnfO{
e8\sfpg abgfd, cfnf]rgf, 6Lsfl6Kk0fL ug{ ;Sb5g\ .
t/ To;sf] s'g} jf:tf gu/L u'¿k|ltsf] ljZjf;nfO{
alnof] agfpFb} cl3 a9\g'kb{5 . k|foM dflg; ;kmntf /
c;kmntfnfO{ efUosf] v]n 7fGb5g\ . ljutsf uNtLnfO{
sf]6\ofP/ cfkm}nfO{ cf;kmn x'F eGb} bf]if lbO/xG5g\
/ pgLx¿sf] cfTdljZjf; sdhf]/ x'Fb} ;fFRr} g}
c;kmntfsf] hLjgofkg ug{ afWo x'G5g\ . jf:tjdf
xfdL xfd|f] hLjg / efUosf] :j¿k cfkm} lgwf{/0f ug{
;S5f}F . dfq vfFrf] 5— u'? z/0fsf], u'? k|flKtsf] .
gsf/fTds ;f]r, b'Mv, kL8f tyf c;kmntfsf] k5fl8
g} ;kmntf / u'? k|flKtsf] sf/0f n's]sf] x'G5 . o:tf
u'? k/LIffn] NofPsf] ;Gb]znfO{ ;'Gg] afgL a;fNg'kb{5 .
b'Mvleq klg ;'v x]g]{ ug'{kb{5 . o:tf nIf0f / ljz]iftfn]
g} el/k"0f{ x'G5g\ b[9 cfTdljZjf;L ;fws–;flwsf .
xfd|f] dg, ljrf/ g} xfd|f] zlQmsf] dfkb08 xf] . o;nfO{
cfTdljZjf;sf] k|sfzn] eg'{kb{5 . cfTdljZjf; g}
sdhf]/ ePsf] v08df xfd|f] Ifdtf 36]/ xfd|f] ;fwgf
zlQm klg x|f; x'G5 . dw'/ aQLn] cGwsf/df af6f]
b]vfpg ;Sb}g . xfdL u'?¿kL Hjfnfn] hfHjNodfg eP/
cfTdljZjf; / u'? ljZjf;n] c;kmntfsf] cGwsf/¿kL
8/nfO{ gi6 ug'{5 .
hlt klg j}1flgs cfljisf/ eP, cfWoflTds vf]h
/ cg';Gwfg eP, tL ;a} cfTdljZjf;sf] sf/0f g} ePsf
x'g\ . cfsfzdf xjfOhxfh p8fpg] /fO6 bfh'efOnfO{
klg ;dfhn] kfun eGy], lh:sfpFy] . cflv/ pgLx¿sf]
Tof] cbDo ;fx;, w}o{ / cfTdljZjf;n] cfh dflg;
xfjfdf p8\g ;s], xjfOhxfhsf] cfljisf/ eof] .
cfTdljZjf;nfO{ Xbo:kz{ ugf{n] k|ltef hfu]/ p7\b5,
u'? dfu{sf] 9f]sf v'Nb5 / hLjgsf] k"0ff{gGbdf /Dg
;lsG5 .
ca|fxd ln+sg ul/a kl/jf/df hGd]/ klg b[9
cfTdljZjf;n] ubf{ pgL cd]l/sfsf /fi6«klt eP .
pgn] cfTdfsf] cfjfh ;'g] ls u[xo'4sf] bnbndf km;]sf]
d]/f] /fi6«nfO{ d}n] ;DxfNg'k5{ . of] pgsf] cbDo
;fx; / cfTdljZjf;sf] kl/0ffd g} lyof] . o:t} y'k|}
j}1flgs, of]uL, Clifd'lgx¿n] of] ;+;f/nfO{ kl/jt{g u/L
;sf/fTds ;"rgf lbP/ uP . oL ;kmntfsf syfx¿
ltg} x:tLx¿sf] cfTdljZjf;sf sf/0f cfh xfdL ;'Gg
kfO/x]sf 5f}F .
PG;jy{ /f]j6{ Ps ljZjljVoft\ n]vs lyP . pgsL
>LdtL clt ´u8fn' / 5'RrL lyOg\ . pgL rfxlGyg\
ls /f]j6{n] n]vg sfo{ gu¿g\ . o;nfO{ 5f]8]/ c¿ g}
sfo{sf] k|f/De u¿g\ . Pslbg n]vs /f]j6{ cfÇgf] Pp6f
k':tssf] ;Dk"0f{ kf08'lnlk ldnfpFb} lyP . To;} qmddf
pgsL >LdtLn] l/;sf] ´f]Fsdf pQm kf08'lnlk cfuf]df
hnfOlbOg\ . /f]j6{ bz{s´}F eP/ Tof] b[ZonfO{ x]l//x] .
h] x'g' eO;Sof], ca k5'tfP/ s] ug]{ < pgsf] b'Mvn]
c´ gofF cfTdljZjf;nfO{ hGdfof] / Tof] k':tseGbf
/fd|f] kf08'lnkL k'gM tof/ kf/] . pgL k|Voft\ eP .
pgsf] ;kmntfsf] /x:o cfTdlgoGq0f / cfTdljZjf;
g} lyof] . xfdL klg cfTdljZjf;sf ;fy k|lt1f u/f}F
ls h:tf];'s} r'gf}tL / k/LIff cfP klg x'/Latf; clg
t'kmfg;Fu 6Ss/ lnP/ uf]lg o'usf] nflu nl8/xg] 5f}F /
;f/f ;+;f/nfO{ uf]lg zlQmsf] c;Ldtf b]vfOlbg]5f} F— k"0f{
cfTdljZjf;sf ;fy . ho u'?b]j ¤
lkt[ ljz]if 37

k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]jsf]
cjt/0f ofqf
o; :tDecGtu{t k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]j k/dx+; :jfdL
>L lglvn]Zj/fgGb dxf/fhsf] /x:o g} /x:on]
el/Psf] cjt/0f ofqfnfO{ qmdzM k|sflzt ub}{
cfPsf 5f“} . cfzf 5 o;af6 kf7sju{ nfeflGjt
x'g'x'g]5 .
tGq]Zj/–dGq]Zj/ k"Ho >LdfnLHo"
jfd dfu{, blIf0f dfu{ jf c3f]/ kGy ;a} If]qdf
k"Ho u'?b]jsf] ult ;dfg 5 . tGqsf] ;j{>]i7 pknlAw
ci6l;l4x¿sf] af/]df u'?b]jn] :ki6 JofVof ug' {ePsf] 5
eg] cToGt b'n{e l:yltsf] af/]df klg k|fdfl0fs¿kdf
l;sfpg'ePsf] 5, a'´fpg'ePsf] 5 . k/sfof k|j]z
-h;sf] dfWodaf6 cfÇgf] z/L/ 5f]8L d[t z/L/df
r]tgf ;+rf/ ul/G5_, xfbL ljBf -h;sf] dfWodaf6
ef]s–Kof; tyf dnd"q lj;h{g lqmofaf6 5'6sf/f
kfOG5_, sfbL ljBf -h;sf] dfWodaf6 z/L/nfO{
;bL{–udL{ tyf jiff{af6 ;'/lIft /fVg ;lsG5 cyf{t\
oL s'/fx¿n] z/L/nfO{ c;/ ub}{gg\_, dbfn;f ljBf
-h;sf] dfWodaf6 z/L/nfO{ 7"nf] jf ;fgf] hqf] cfsf/
klg lbg ;lsG5_, To:t} jfo' udg l;l4, ;"o{ l;4fGt,
d[t;~hLjgL ljBf, sgswf/f l;l4 cflb cToGt b'n{e
uf]kgLo clg hl6n lqmofx¿sf af/]df klg k"Ho u'?b]jn]
;a}sf nflu k|sfz kfg'{sf ;fy;fy} lzlj/x¿sf]
dfWodåf/f k|fof]lus¿kdf klg l;sfpg'ePsf] 5 .
k"Ho u'?b]j dGqsf] If]qdf klg ck|ltd x'g'x'G5 .
;d:t uf]kgLo clg n'Kt dGqx¿sf] pxfFn] lzlj/sf]
dfWodaf6, klqsfsf] dfWodaf6 tyf JolQmut¿kdf
k|sfzg u/L ;fj{hlgs ug'{sf ;fy} gofF 9Ën] k|of]u
klg u/fpg'ePsf] 5 . k|To]s lzlj/df olb ;fwgf
bf]xf]l/P klg cfh;Dd s'g} dGq bf]xf]l/Psf] 5}g cyf{t\
Pp6} dGq b'O{k6s k|of]u u/fpg'ePsf] 5}g . a? gofF
38 lkt[ ljz]if uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^^ 38 efb|

F
dGq gofF ljwfgåf/f ;fwgf u/fpg'ePsf] 5 .
;g\ !(*& df s'Nn'df tGq ;fwgf lzlj/ ;DkGg
ePsf] lyof] . k08fnleq u'?b]j tGqsf] ;"Idtfsf]
af/]df lgs} ;/n efiffdf k|jrg lbO/xg'ePsf] lyof] .
k08fnaflx/ Pp6f 9'Ëfdf Pshgf jfdL -tflGqs_
a;]sf] lyof] . p;n] u'?b]jnfO{ df/0f k|of]u u/]sf]
/x]5 . leq k|jrg ubf{ub}{ u'?b]jn] cfÇgf b'j} xftsf
rf]/L cf}Fnf cfk;df hf]8]/ ´6\sfb}{ 5'6\ofpg' dfq s]
ePsf] lyof], Psbd hf]8n] dfG5] n8]sf] cfjfh ;'lgof] .
s]xL lziox¿ Afflx/ uO{ x]bf{ t Tof] tflGqs e'OFdf
k5fl/Psf] lyof] . jf:tjdf u'?b]j tGq]Zj/ x'g'x'G5 /
lagfdGq k|efj pTkGg ug'{ s]jn pxfFs} jzdf 5 .
cfh xfdL ;a}n] ;dod} >Lr/0fx¿sf] cf>o l56f]eGbf
l56f] lng'k5{ lsgeg] o:tf lbJo k'?ifsf] bz{gsf nflu
klg olb xfdLn] 5'b| lrQåf/f ;dfhsf] 8/n] clN´/Åof}
eg] t hLjgsf] pTyfg km]l/ slxn] klg ;Dej x'g]
5}g . qmdzM
ho u'?b]j ¤
sljtf
hLjg
Pslaxfg} k+5Lsf] lr/la/;Fu} cfpg]
;"of]{bosf] Gofgf] dfof,
clg knkn hLjg sf]ifsf y}nLx?
l/lQg] / el/g] jfo'sf] cEof; dfq} xf] t hLjg ⁄
jfo'sf k|0f]tf ?v lj?jf
clg hnsf] l;+rg
cGg kmnsf] pkef]u clg
u'lnof], lk/f], cldnf]sf] :jfb klg t x}g hLjg ⁄
dfof, ddtf / jf;gfsf]
5tf5'Nn rfxgf,
qmf]w, nf]e clg O{iof{sf]
c;Lldt uxgf xf] / hLjg <
;w}F cefj} cefjsf]
e|dk"0f{ ef}lts ofqf,
slxNo} k"0f{ dx;'; gx'g]
kb, k};f / kfj/sf] hfqf
klg t /x]g5 hLjg
nfU5 hLjg t kl/efiff leq} 5}g
;fob hLjgsf] cgGttf
ef}ltstfsf] prfOn] gfKg} ;Qm}g,
j/k/sf 6'qmf6'qmL dfof, ddtf, nf]e clg df]xsf
syfn] afFWg} ;Qm}g,
To;}n] nfU5 hLjg t ggflkg] t]hk'~h xf],
1fgsf] Hof]lt xf],
cgGttfsf] vf]hL xf],
clg 1fg u'? xf],
;fob ;b\u'? xf] ⁄
— ;fws sf}zns'df/ kf}8]n
sf7df8f}F, g]kfn.
@)^^ efb| dlxgfdf kg]{ rf8kj{
efb| ! ut]
efb| @ ut]
efb| # ut]
efb| $ ut]
>L lzj uf]/If xjg
tfGqf]Qm j6's e}/j xjg,
k|bf]if j|t
tfGqf]Qm dxfnIdL xjg,
tfGqf]Qm ljGWojfl;gL xjg
tfGqf]Qm junfd'vL xjg,
tfGqf]Qm dxlif{ j]bJof; xjg,
s'z] cf}F;L, lktf ;Ddfg lbj;
efb| % ut] lbJo u'? dxf]T;j,
efb| ^ ut] b/ vfg] lbg
efb| & ut] xl/tflnsf-tLh_, u0f]z rt'yL{
efb| * ut] Clif k~rdL, ;Ktlif{ k"hf
efb| !! ut] b'jf{i6dL, dxfnIdL j|t z'ef/De
efb| !@ ut] uf]/vsfnL k"hf
efb| !% ut] xl/kl/jt{gL PsfbzL
efb| !^ ut] k|bf]if j|t
efb| !* ut] cgGt rt'b{zL, s'df/L–OGb|hfqf
efb| @) ut] ;f]x| >f4 z'?
efb| @^ ut] uf]/vsfnL k"hf,
dxfnIdL j|t ;dfKt
efb| @* ut] dft[ gjdL
efb| #) ut] OlGb/f PsfbzL
efb| #! ut] k|bf]if j|t
k|To]s a[x:kltaf/ laxfg !)M)) ah]—u'? k"hg
k|To]s lbg ;f“´ %M)) ah]—cf/tL
lkt[ ljz]if 39

u'? uLtf
:jz/L/+ zj+ kZog\
tyf :jfTdfgdåod\ .
oM :qL sgsdf]x£gM
; ej]t\ k/df] u'?M ..!&&..
efjfy{ M cfÇgf] z/L/nfO{ zj;dfg 7fGb}, cfÇgf]
cfTdfsf] clåtLotfnfO{ a'‰g], hf] :qL, k'?if, wg–;DklQ
cflbsf] df]xnfO{ ;dfKt kfg]{ x'g'x'G5, pxfF g} ;b\u'?
x'g'x'G5 . ;b\u'? k|fKt ePkl5 ;fwsnfO{ pxfFsf] s[kfn]
a|ÅdfgGbsf] cg'e"lt :jtM g} x'g yfN5 . tTkZrft\
p;sf] dg cGtnL{g x'g hfg] x'gfn] zf/Ll/s df]x
tyf ;f+;fl/s j:t'x¿;Fusf] s'g} klg k|sf/sf] ;DaGw
/xFb}g .
jfUdL t"Ts6;+;f/
;fu/f] Q/0fIfdM .
otf]›;f} ;+zoZ5]Qf
zf:q o'STog'e"ltleM ..!&*..
efjfy{ M jfSrft'o{k"0f{ o; ;+;f/¿kL ;fu/af6 lzionfO{
kf/ nufpgdf ;b\u'? ;Ifd x'g'x'G5 lsgls pxfFn] zf:q,
o'lQm tyf cg'e"ltx¿åf/f lziosf] Xbosf] c1fgnfO{
gi6 ul/lbg'x'G5 . h'g JolQm s'g} gbL of tnfpsf]
kf/L uPsf] 5 cyjf hfg ;dy{ 5, p;}n] c¿nfO{ klg
kf/L nfg ;S5 . ;b\u'? :jo+ To; k/dtŒj;Fu cjut
x'g'x'G5 . To;}n] cfÇgf lzionfO{ klg k/dfgGbdf
lgdUg u/fOlbg'x'G5 .
u'?gfd hkfb\ b]lj ¤
ax' hGdflh{tfGolk .
kfkflg ljno+ oflGt
gfl:t ;Gb]xd0jlk ..!&(..
efjfy{ M u'?d+qsf] hkn] hGd–hGdfGt/af6 clh{t kfk
gi6 x'G5g\, o;df s'g} ;+b]x 5}g . h;/L cfuf]sf]
l´Nsf ;fgf] eP klg ?jfsf] kxf8nfO{ Ps} If0fdf e:d
ul/lbG5, To:t} k|sf/n] u'?d+q klg lziosf cgGt
kfkx¿nfO{ ;dfKt ug{ ;Ifd x'G5 . u'? d+q ‘d+q/fhÚ
xf], o;df lglxt zlQm cgGt 5 . o;af6 lziosf
;d:t kfk–tfk ;dfKt x'G5g\ / o; gfdsf] dlxdfn]
pm kfjgtd x'G5 .
cfTdLo kf7sju{, u'?sf] dlxdf / dxŒjsf] af/]df zf:qn] pNn]v u/]sf
ljifox¿nfO{ hg;dIf phfu/ ub}{ u'¿k|ltsf] ;Rrf efj / elQm hfu[t
ug]{ p2]Zon] o; :tDecGtu{t cy{;lxt k|sflzt ub}{ cfO/x]sf 5f}“ .
>L u'/f]:;b[z+ b}j+
>Lu'/f]:;b[zM lktf .
u'?Wofg;d+ sd{
gfl:t gfl:t dxLtn] ..!*)..
efjfy{ M o; ;+;f/df u'? ;dfg b]j c¿ sf]xL 5}gg\,
u'? ;dfg lktf / u'?sf] Wofg ;dfg kfjgtd sd{
c¿ s]xL 5}g . …u'?M k/d b}jtd\Ú o; jfSocg';f/
u'?eGbf 7"nf] b]jtf c¿ sf]xL 5}gg\ lsgls u'?sf]
z/L/df ;d:t b]jtfx¿ ;"Id¿kn] ;dflxt x'G5g\ /
pxfFx¿ ;a}sf] zlQm klg u'?leq ljBdfg x'G5 . t;y{,
u'?afx]s c¿ s'g} 7"nf] b]jtfsf] sNkgf Joy{ 5 . o:tf
u'?sf] :kz{n] lzio cd[tŒj / sfnhoL x'g hfG5 .
s'n+ wg+ an+ zf:q+
afGwjf:;f]b/f Od] .
d/0f] gf]ko'HoGt]
u'?/]sf] lx tf/sM ..!*!..
efjfy{ M s'n, wg, an, zf:q, aGw'–afwj, ;DaGwLx¿
d[To'sfndf sf]xL klg pkof]uL 5}gg\ . oL gftfuf]tfx¿n]
d[To'af6 arfpg ;Sb}gg\ lsgls logLx¿ ;a} s'g} g
s'g} lbg d[To'sf] d'vdf kg]{5g\ . o:tf] l:yltdf logLx¿n]
c¿nfO{ s;/L d[To'af6 arfpg ;S5g\ < s]jn u'?n]
dfq d[To'–eoaf6 ;'/lIft ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 lsgls u'? g}
tf/0fxf/ x'g'x'G5 / :jo+ cd[tdo x'g'x'G5 . t;y{, pxfF
cfÇgf lzionfO{ cd/ agfOlbg'x'G5 .
s'nd]j kljq+ :oft\
;To+ :ju'?;]jof .
t[Ktf :o':;snf b]jf
a|ÅdfBf u'?tk{0fft\ ..!*@..
efjfy{ M ;fFrf] u'?;]jfn] s'n kljq x'G5, u'? v'zL
x'g'ePdf a|Ådf, lji0f' cflb ;d:t b]jtf t[Kt x'G5g\ .
u'?sf] cy{ xf]— lzionfO{ ;a} s'/f lbg'x'g] . u'?sf]
1fgnfO{ k|fKt ug]{ Pp6} dfq ljBf 5 – ‘;]jfÚ, h;/L
a'afn] of]Uo tyf ;'kfq 5f]/f kfP/ cfÇgf] ;d:t ;DklQ
p;nfO{ lbG5g\, To;}u/L lgZ5n Xbon] ul/Psf] ;]jfaf6
k|;Gg x'g'eP/ u'?n] cfÇgf ;d:t 1fg lzioleq ;dflxt
ul/lbg'x'G5 . qmdzM ho u'?b]j ¤
40
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^^ efb|

x:t/]vf lj1fg
cfkm\gf] xft
cfkm} x]/f}“
o; :tDecGtu{t x:t/]vf lj1fgcg';f/ dflg;sf]
xftdf /x]sf ljleGg kj{tx¿sf] af/]df xfdLn] rrf{
ub}{ cfO/x]sf 5f}F . k|To]s kj{tsf] cfÇg} dxŒj /
:jefj /x]sf] x'G5 h;cg';f/ o; c+sdf xTs]nfsf
lrÅgx¿sf] kmnsf] af/]df rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . of] n]v
k9]/ tkfO{F klg cfÇgf] xftsf] l:yltaf/] cWoog u/L
cfÇgf] :jefjaf/] hfGg ;Sg'x'G5 . o; :tDesf] af/]df
s'g} k|ltlqmof eP xfdLnfO{ k7fpg ;Sg'x'g]5 .
xTs]nfdf kfOg] lr≈gx?
xTs]nfsf] cWoog ug]{ a]nfdf To;df clÍt
lrÅgx¿sf] klg ;fjwfgLk"j{s cWoog ug'{kg]{ x'G5
lsgls eljiokmn / kmnfb]zdf oL lrÅgx¿n] w]/}
;xof]u k'¥ofpF5g\ .
xTs]nfdf h'g lrÅg b]lvG5g\, tL k|d'v lgDgk|sf/sf
5g\—
!= /]vf @= clws /]vfx¿ #= cfk;df sfl6Psf /]vfx¿
$= ljGb' %= qm; ^= gIfq &= ju{ *= j[Q (= lqsf]0f
!) hfnL .
kj{tx¿df kfOg] oL lrÅxx¿sf] z'efz'e kmn :ki6
ul/G5—
!= u'? kj{t M
Pp6f /]vf M sfo{df ;kmntf .
PseGbf clws /]vfx¿ M efUof]bo tyf gjLg sfo{x¿df
?lr
cfk;df sfl6Psf /]vfx¿ M lgDgsf]l6sf ljrf/ tyf
hLjgdf lbUbf/Lx¿
ljGb' M ;fdflhs k|lti7fdf sdL
qm; M j}jflxs hLjgdf k"0f{tf tyf 3/df df+ulns
sfo{
gIfq M pRr OR5fx¿ tyf ltgsf] k"lt{
ju{ M sNkgf / oyfy{sf] ;'vb ;dGjo
lqsf]0f M /fhg}lts Pj+ wfld{s sfo{x¿df ;kmntf
hfnL M cGwljZjf;, cz'e 36gfx¿ tyf xflg
j[Q M k|To]s sfo{df ;kmntf
u'? lrÅg M kj{tdf kfOg] u'0fx¿sf] ljsf;
zlg lrÅg M tGq ljBfdf ;kmntf
;"o{ lrÅg M nlntsnfdf ?lr .
a'w lrÅg M k|zf;lgs bIftf
z'qm lrÅg M pRr 3/sf dlxnfx¿df k|]d
rGb| lrÅg M o'4df lgk'0ftf .
@= zlg kj{t M
Pp6f /]vf M efUof]bodf j[l4
w]/} /]vfx¿ M hLjgdf lg/Gt/ afwfx¿
cfk;df sfl6Psf /]vfx¿ M b'ef{Uo tyf lrGtf
ljGb' M c;Defljt 36gfx¿df j[l4
qm; M sdhf]/L tyf gk'+;stf
gIfq M xTof ug]{ efjgfsf] ljsf;
ju{ M clgi6x¿af6 arfj
j[Q M dfËlns sfo{df ?lr
lqsf]0f M /x:odo sfo{x¿df j[l4
hfnL M efUoxLgtf
lkt[ ljz]if 41

zlg lrÅg M wd{, bz{g tyf tGqflb ljBfx¿df ?lr
u'? lrÅg M bz{gsf] If]qdf ljZjk|l;4 ;kmntf
;"o{ lrÅg M snfTds ;f}Gbo{sf] ljsf;
a'w lrÅg M Hof]ltif zf:qdf ?lr
z'qm lrÅg M ljk/Lt of]lgk|lt k|]dsf] cfj]u Pj+
c;kmntf
dËn lrÅg M GofofwLz Pj+ Gofolk|otf
#= ;"o{ kj{t M
Pp6f /]vf M wg, ;Ddfg Pj+ k|lti7fdf j[l4
w]/} /]vfx¿ M snfTds ?lr tyf prr kb k|flKtcfk;df
sfl6Psf /vfx¿ M gf]s/Ldf afwf? .
ljGb' M ckdfg Pj+ k/fho
qm; M k|l;l4df Go"gtf
gIfq M wg, pRr kb k|flKt
ju{ M ;dfhdf ljz]if ;Ddfg
j[Q M hLjgdf w]/}k6s ljb]z ofqf
lqsf]0f M snfsf] If]qdf pRr ;Ddfg
hfnL M dfg xflg
;"o{ lrÅg M snfsf] dfWodaf6 ljZjk|l;4 ;Ddfg tyf
>]i7 wg nfe
zlg lrÅg M tGq ljBfdf ?lr
u'? lrÅg M ;kmn /fhgLlt1
a'w lrÅg M jfSk6'
z'qm lrÅg M sljtf tyf snfk|lt ljz]if ´'sfj
rGb| lrÅg M ;flxlTos sfo{x¿df ;kmntf
dËn lrÅg M k|l;4 ;}lgs cyjf ;]gfWoIf .
$= a'w kj{t M
Pp6f /]vf M wgjfg\ tyf ;d[4
w]/} /]vfx¿ M Jofkf/df c;fwf/0f of]Uotf
cfk;df sfl6Psf /]vfx¿ M ;kmn lrlsT;s
ljGb' M Jofkf/df c;fwf/0f xflg
qm; M 6f6 kN6g'
gIfq M ljb]zdf Jofkf/ ug]{
ju{ M eljionfO{ lrGg]
j[Q M b'3{6gf tyf cfsl:ds d[To'
lqsf]0f M /fhg}lts ;kmntf
hfnL M dfg xflg
wAaf M Jofkf/df c;kmntf
a'w lrÅg M ;kmn Jofkf/L
42
u'? lrÅg M lj1fgdf c;fwf/0f of]Uotf
zlg lrÅg M hLjgdf x/]s If]qdf lg/fzf
;"o{ lrÅg M wfld{s efjgfsf] ljsf; Pj+ Hof]ltif zf:qdf
lgk'0ftf
z'qm lrÅg M wgsf] nfnrdf lgGbgLo k|]d
rGb| lrÅg M if8oGq tyf wf]sf lbg] k|j[lQ
dËn lrÅg M 7uL ljBfdf ;kmntf
%= z'qm kj{t M
Pp6f /]vf M tLj| sfdjf;gf
w]/} /]vfx¿ M cTolws ef]uL
cfk;df sfl6Psf /]vfx¿ M k|]ddf c;kmntf tyf
;Ddfg xflg
ljGb' M u'KtfËsf] /f]u
qm; M c;kmn k|]d tyf hLjgdf lg/fzfjfbL efjgfsf]
ljsf;
gIfq M k|]ldsfsf] sf/0f wg xflg
ju{ M h]n ofqf
j[Q M b'3{6gfdf zf/Ll/s Iflt
lqsf]0f M hLjgdf w]/} :qLx¿;Fu ef]u ug]{
hfnL M c:j:y z/L/
z'qm lrÅg M ljz]if ef]uL
u'? lrÅg M rfkn';L ug]{
zlg lrÅg M O{iof{ Pj+ cGofok"0f{ k|]d efjgf
;"o{ lrÅg M cfbz{ k|]d
a'w lrÅg M wgsf nflu k|]d
rGb| lrÅg M jf;gfk"0f{ ljrf/
dËn lrÅg M hLjgdf w]/}k6s :qLx¿af6 anfTsf/ .
qmdzM
ho u'?b]j ¤
hgsk'/ cf>d gof“ 7fp“df
l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|sf] hgsk'/df
/x]sf] k|:tfljt ;Dks{ sfof{no
xfn lzjrf]s, hgsk'/wfddf
;/]sf] hfgsf/L u/fOG5 .
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^^ efb|

dw'd]x
dw'd]x /f]u;Fu k|foM ;a}hgf kl/lrt g} 5g\ . o;
/f]udf /f]uLnfO{ af/Daf/ clws dfqfdf lk;fa x'G5
h;df lrgLsf] clwstf a9L x'gfn] sldnfx¿ cfsl+È{t
x'g] ub{5g\ . o;}sf/0fn] o; /f]unfO{ ‘lrgL’ /f]u klg
elgG5 . dw'd]xnfO{ c+u]|hLdf 8foljl6h (Diabetes)
elgG5 .
;fwf/0ftof vfgfdf ePsf] sfaf]{xfO8]«6sf] kfrgkZrft\
Un'sf]h aGb5 . h'g Un'sf]h zf]if0f x'g'kg]{ 7fpFdf x'g
g;s]/ /utdf Un'sf]hsf] :t/ a9\5 . z/L/sf] :jfefljs
lqmof:j¿k cfdfzodf ePsf ljlzi6 sf]lzsfx¿åf/f
OG;'lng gfds xfdf]{g pTkfbg x'G5 h;n] Un'sf]hnfO{
ljleGg sf]Èx¿df k'¥ofpg dxŒjk"0f{ sfo{ ub{5 .
o;sf] cltl/Qm csf]{ dxŒjk"0f{ sfo{ eg]sf] sf]Èleqsf]
Un'sf]hnfO{ e:d u/L pmhf{ pTkGg ug{ d2t
k'¥ofp“5 .
dw'd]xsf] la/fdLnfO{ oxL cfjZos tŒj ‘OG;'lng’sf]
sdL x'G5, h;sf] kmn:j¿k Un'sf]h z/L/sf sf]Èleq
k'Ug ;S+b}g / /utdf Un'sf]hsf] dfqf lg/Gt/¿kdf
a9\b} hfG5 . o;n] ubf{ w]/} dfqfdf Un'sf]h / kfgL
d[uf}nfåf/f 5flgG5 / clws lk;fa cfpg yfN5
h'g dw'd]xsf] k|d'v nÔ0f xf] . z/L/af6 Un'sf]h
/ kfgL lg:sg] x'gfn] a9L ef]s nfU5, Kof; lg/Gt/
nflu/xG5 .
k|d'v sf/0f M
lgM;Gb]x 8foljl6h Ps j+zf0f'ut /f]u xf] . olb cfdf
/ a'af b'j} o; /f]uaf6 u|l;t 5g\ eg] ;Gtfgdf x'g]
;Defjgf w]/} x'G5 . olb cfdf a'afdWo] s'g} Pshgfdf
5 eg] ;Gtfgdf x'g] ;Defjgf %) k|ltzt x'G5 . h'g
;d'bfodf ;uf]q ljjfxsf] lgÈ]w 5, pQm ;d'bfodf o:tf]
/f]u sd kfOG5 t/ k/:k/ /Qm ;DaGw ePsfaLr
ljjfx x'g]x¿df o:tf /f]usf] k|ltzt lbgfg'lbg a9\b}
uO/x]sf] 5 .
df]6f]kg o; /f]usf] sf/0fsf] csf]{ ;"rLdf cfpF5 .
df]6f] z/L/ hxfF pkxf;sf] s]Gb| aG5, ToxLF dw'd]xsf]
nflu lgdGq0ff–kqem}F x'G5 . dfgj z/L/df OG;'lngn]
Un'sf]hsf] pkof]u ug{'sf] ;fy} af];f] klg hDdf ug]{
sfo{ ub{5 h;sf] sf/0f df]6f] JolQmdf OG;'lngsf] sdL
x'G5 / dw'd]xsf] nflu af6f] v'nf x'G5 .
clws u'lnof] kbfy{sf] ;]jg klg dw'd]x /f]usf] nflu
lgdGq0ff lbg' xf] . a9L u'lnof] kbfy{ krfpg clws
dfqfdf OG;'lngsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . clws OG;'lng
pTkfbg ug]{ sf]lzsfnfO{ a9L sfo{ ug{'k5{, h;n] ubf{
pQm sf]lzsfx¿ lzlyn eP/ sfd ug{ 5f]8\5g\ /
OG;'lng pTkfbg /f]lsG5 .
dw'd]x Ps o:tf] /f]u xf] hf] pd]/df e/ kb}{g .
aRrfb]lv j[å;Dd h'g;'s} pd]/df x'g ;S5 . OG;'lng
pTkfbg ug]{ sf]lzsfx¿ hLjf0f'åf/f ;+qmd0f ePdf
klg OG;'lng pTkfbg x'g] lqmof aGb x'G5 .
lrlsT;f
dw'd]x /f]usf] lrlsT;f ug'{eGbf klxn] /f]uLsf] jhg /
cj:yfsf] 1fg x'g' h?/L 5 .
-s_ klxnf] k|sf/ M df]6f] / anjfg\ /f]uL .
-v_ bf];|f] k|sf/ M b'Anf] / b'a{n /f]uL .
df]6f] / anjfg\ /f]uLdf k/tGq dw'd]x x'G5 / o;sf]
nflu ;+zf]wg lrlsT;f pko'Qm x'G5 . b'Anf] tyf b'a{n
/f]uLdf :jtGq dw'd]x x'G5 . h;sf] nflu ;+jw{g
lrlsT;f pko'Qm x'G5 .
dw'd]xdf ljz]È cfo'j]{lbs cf}Èlwx? M
dw'd]x pkrf/0ffy{ ljleGg hl8a'6Lx¿ k|of]udf
cfPsf kfOG5g\ . h:t}M k|ftM s/]nfsf] :j/; !) b]lv
@) ld=ln= ;]jg x/]s /f]uLsf nflu pkof]uL 5 .
u'8df/sf] kq k|ftM ;]jg ug{ ;lsG5 . To:t} ;]tf]
;bf;'Gb/Lsf] kft, gLdsf slnnf sf]lknf, hfd'gsf]
aLh cflb pkof]uL 5g\ .
!= r"0f{ sNkgf M
– u'8"rL r"0f{
– gLd r"0f{
– hDa"kmnflb r"0f{
@= j6L -uf]nL_ sNkgf M
– rGb|k|efj6L
#= /; /;ofg M
– j;Gts';'dfs/ /;
– lznfhLt
– lqj+u e:d
– ;j{tf]eb| /;
lkt[ ljz]if 43

tLtf], 6/f]{, s6' /; ePsf] cf}Èlw dw'd]x lrlsT;fdf
pkof]u ul/G5 . hfd'gsf] aLh r"0f{, u'8df/, s/]nf,
ljho;f/, gLd, Kofh, n;'g, j6f+s'/, d]yL, hoGtL,
;Kt/+uL, lznfhLt, :j0f{dflÔs e:d cflb dw'd]x
/f]udf ax't} pkof]uL 5g\ .
k]6]G6 cfo'j]{b cf}Èlwx? M
-s_ lqj+ulznf @ rSsL lbgsf] @ k6s .
-v_ xfOkf]lg8 @ rSsL lbgsf] # k6s .
-u_ 8fo;f]df @ rSsL lbgsf] @ k6s .
-3_ 8foa]sd @ rSsL @ k6s .
-ª_ Pd/L Kn; kfp8/ ! rDrf lbgsf] @ k6s .
cfxf/ Joj:yf M
!= yf]/} yf]/} dfqfdf sd cGt/fndf vfgf vfg'kb{5 .
@= af];f]/lxt tyf k|f]l6gsf] dfqf clws ePsf] /]zfo'Qm
vfgf a9L k|of]u ug{'k5{ .
#= ;nfbsf] ;]jg ug'{k5{ .
$= s]jn jg:klthGo t]nsf] k|of]u ug'{k5{ .
%= /]zfo'Qm cgfhsf] ;]jg ug'{k5{ .
^= gLdsf] km"n / kftsf] clws ;]jg ug'{k5{ .
&= a]nkqsf] ;]jg nfesf/L 5 .
*= /f]uLsf] cj:yfg';f/ of]u tyf Jofofd cfjZos
x'G5 .
(= ld7fO{, d}bf / dlb/fkfgaf6 6f9f /xg'kb{5 .
!)= lrgLaf6 lgld{t ljleGg k|sf/sf ld7fO{sf] ;]jg
lgÈ]w 5 .
!!= dfgl;s lrGtf, på]u, qmf]w cflbaf6 6f9f
/xg'k5{ .
ho u'?b]j ¤
44
HANUMAN CONSTRUCTION
Hetauda-11
Specialist in all kinds of Civil,
Electrical, Mechanical Construction
HANUMAN TRADING SUPPLIERS
Hetauda-4
Supplier of all kinds of Construction
Equipments
Proprietor- Salik Ram Neupane
Mobile- 98510-70898
Office- 016214758
dw'd]x /f]udf pkof]uL
dw'd]x cfdfzo (Pancreas) af6 pTkfbg x'g] OG;'lng
xfdf]{gsf] sdLn] ubf{ x'g] /f]u xf] . cfdfzosf] :yfg
k]6glhs} kg]{ x'Fbf To:tf of]uf;gx¿ pkof]uL x'G5g\
h;sf] cEof; ubf{ pQm k|b]zdf /Qm ;~rf/ x'g
;sf];\, k|f0fjfo'sf] ;~rf/ x'g ;sf];\ . ctM lgDg
k|sf/sf cf;gx¿ Pj+ k|f0ffofdsf k|lqmofx¿ dw'd]xdf
nfebfos l;4 ePsf 5g\—
!= xnf;g
ljlw M
s_ 9f8sf] ann] pQfgf] k/]/ ;'Tg] / Zjf; leq eb}{
la:tf/} la:tf/} v'§fnfO{ p7fpg] . klxn] #) l8u|L
km]l/ ^) l8u|L;Dd p7fPkl5 v'§fnfO{ 6fpsf]af6
k5fl8 nfg] . 9f8nfO{ dfly p7fp“b} Zjf; aflx/
lgsfNb} n}hfg] .
v_ v'§fnfO{ 6fpsf]k5fl8 hldgdf 6]sfpg] . Zjf;sf]
ult ;fdfGo agfpg] . k|f/Dedf xftnfO{ ;'ljwfsf]
b[li6af6 sDd/sf] k5fl8 /fVg ;lsG5 . k"0f{
l:yltdf xftnfO{ hldgdf /fVg] . #) ;]s]08;Dd
of] l:yltdf a:g] .
u_ kms]{/ ;fdfGo cj:yfdf cfpg klxn] h'g qmdn] dfly
uOPsf] lyof], ToxL qmdn] xftn] hldgnfO{ bafpg] /
v'§fnfO{ ;Lwf agfpg] To;kl5 ´fb}{ hldgdf /fVg] .
;fjwfgL
sn]hf] / lkmof] w]/} a9]sf] cj:yfdf of] cf;g gug]{ .
pRr /Qmrfk / sf“w b'Vg] /f]uLn] klg of] cf;g gug]{ .
@= cw{dT:o]Gb|f;g
ljlw M
s_ ;'vf;gdf a;]/ b'j} v'§fnfO{ k;fg]{ / afof“ v'§fnfO{
df]8]/ s's'{RrfnfO{ bfof“ uf]8fsf] lt3|fd'lg /fVg] .
v_ bflxg] v'§fnfO{ afof“ v'§fsf] 3' F8fsf] glhs aflx/lt/
hldgdf /fVg] .
u_ afof“ xftnfO{ bflxg] 3' “8fsf] glhs aflx/ ;Lwf /fVb}
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^^ efb|

cf;g / k|f0ffofd
bflxg] uf]8fsf] k~hf cyf{t\ k}tfnfnfO{ ;dfTg] .
3_ bfof“ xftnfO{ k5fl8af6 3'dfP/ afof“ lt3|fsf] d"ndf
:kz{ ug]{, ub{gnfO{ bflxg]lt/ 3'dfP/ k5fl8 x]g]{ .
ª_ o;/L csf]{kl§af6 klg of] cf;gnfO{ ug]{ .
#= d08"sf;g
ljlw M
s_ ah|f;gdf a;]/ b'j} xftsf d'L aGb ug]{ . d'L
aGb ug]{ a]nfdf b'a} xftsf] a"9L cf}Fnfx¿nfO{ cGo
cf}Fnfx¿n] leq bafpg] -lyRg]_ .
v_ b'j} d'LnfO{ gfeLsf] b'O{ 5]pdf nufP/ Zjf;nfO{
tfGg] / pQm tfg]sf] Zjf;nfO{ aflx/ lgsfNb} k]6
36fpg] / cufl8 ´'Sg] . cfFvf cufl8 x]g]{ .
u_ s]xL ;do of] l:yltdf a;]/ k'gM jh|f;gdf la:tf/}
Zjf; tfGb} p7\g] / klxn]s} l:yltdf cfpg], o; qmdnfO{
#÷$ k6s bf]xf]¥ofpg] .
$= zzf° e'h+uf;g
ljlwM
s_ 3f]K6f] k/]/ ;Lwf eO{ b'j} v'§f hf]8]/ ;'Tg] .
v_ b'j} xTs]nf 5ftLsf] bfofF / afofF /fVg] .
of]u
u_ Zjf; tfg]/ /f]Sg], 6fpsf] / 5ftL p7fpg],
gfO6f]d'lgsf] efunfO{ e'OFdf g} /fVg] .
3_ v'§f hf]8]/ k~hfnfO{ k;fg]{, 6fpsf] / 5ftLnfO{
;s]hlt k5fl8 9NsfP/ cfsfzlt/ x]g]{ .
ª_ %÷!) ;]s]08 hlt Zjf; /f]s]/ la:tf/} Zjf; 5f]8\b}
3'F8f v'DRofP/ b'j} xftnfO{ k;fb}{ 3F'8f / lgwf/
5'jfpg] .
r_ b'j} s's{'Rrf / lgtDa Ps cfk;df 5'jfpg] /
zzfÍf;gdf a:g] .
5_ km]l/ la:tf/} xftnfO{ cufl8 a9fO{ Zjf; lnO{ /f]s]/
e'h+uf;g ug]{ .
h_ o;/L %÷^ k6s;Dd bf]xf]¥ofpg] .
%= skfneflt k|f0ffofd
ljlwM
s_ kßf;g jf ;'vf;gdf 9f8 ;Lwf u/L a:g] .
v_ z'?df @–# k6s nfdf] / ulx/f] Zjf; lng], 5f]8\g]
ug]{ .
u_ ca cfÇgf] dgnfO{ Zjf; lng]eGbf 5f]8\g]tkm{
s]lGb|t u/]/ k]6nfO{ leq tfGb} b'j} gfssf] Kjfnaf6
Zjf;nfO{ hf]8n] aflx/ ÇofFSg] .
3_ k]6nfO{ leq nfFb} gfssf] b'j} Kjfndf Wofg s]lGb|t
u/]/ Zjf;nfO{ aflx/ ÇofFSg] .
ª_ o;nfO{ z'?df @%–#) k6s;Dd nuftf/ u/]/
@–# k6s ulx/f] / nfdf] Zjf; lnFb}, 5f]8\b} cf/fd
ug'{kb{5 .
r_ o;/L $–% k6s;Dd cEof; ug{ ;lsG5 .
5_ s]xL xKtfkl5 la:tf/} %)–^) jf ;f]eGbf a9L
nuftf/ u/L &–* k6s;Dd bf]xf]¥ofP/ ug{
;lsG5 .
h_ o;df Zjf; lng]eGbf ÇofFSgdf a9L hf]8 / Wofg
lbg' cfjZos x'G5 .
;fjwfgL M
ue{jtL dlxnfn] of] k|f0ffofdnfO{ cEof; ug{ jlh{t
ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} d'6';DaGwL /f]u ePsf / sdhf]/
JolQmn] of]Uo k|lzIfssf] ;Nnfxdf ug{ plrt x'G5 .
dflysf cf;gx¿sf ;fy} kjg d'Qmf;g, do"/f;g,
gf}sf;g, cg'nf]d ljnf]d k|f0ffofd dw'd]x /f]udf
nfebfos x'G5g\ . ho u'?b]j ¤
lkt[ ljz]if 45

cf>d ultljlw
46
xjg sfo{qmd
k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]jx¿sf] k/d s[kf,
cg'sDkf Pj+ cfzLjf{b:j¿k l;4f>d
zlQm s]Gb|n] k|To]s dlxgfsf] klxnf]
xKtfsf] ljleGg af/x¿df ljleGg dlGb/
tyf zlQmkL7x¿df ;DkGg ub}{ cfO/x]sf]
dfl;s xjg sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ ut >fj0f
dlxgfdf klg lg/Gt/tf lbof] . xjg
sfo{qmdx¿cGtu{t >fj0f % ut] >L lzj
uf]/If xjg sfo{qmd kz'klt d[u:ynLl:yt
u'? uf]/vgfysf] dlGb/ k|f+u0fdf, >fj0f
^ ut] tfGqf]Qm j6's e}/j xjg sfo{qmd
nugv]nl:yt j6's e}/j dlGb/ k|f+u0fdf,
>fj0f & ut] tfGqf]Qm dxfnIdL xjg
sfo{qmd nugv]nl:yt dxfnIdL dlGb/
k|f+u0fdf tyf >fj0f ! ut] tfGqf]Qm
aunfd'vL xjg sfo{qmd kf6g s'De]Zj/
l:yt aunfd'vL dlGb/ k|f+u0fdf ;DkGg
eof] . pk/f]Qm xjg sfo{qmdx¿dWo]
tfGqf]Qm j6's e}/j xjg sfo{qmd laxfg
&M)) ah]b]lv *M)) ah];Dd tyf cGo
xjg sfo{qmdx¿ laxfg *M)) ah]b]lv
(M)) ah];Dd ;~rfng ePsf] lyof] .
o:t} dfl;s xjgs} z[ª\vnfdf ;Dks{
sfof{no /fd3f6 kf]v/fsf] cfof]hgfdf ut
>fj0f & ut] a'waf/ :yfgLo ljGWojfl;gL
dlGb/ k|f+u0fdf tfGqf]Qm ljGWojfl;gL xjg
sfo{qmd ;DkGg eof] eg] otf ;Dks{
sfof{no tgx'Fsf] cfof]hgfdf >fj0f ! ut]
laxLaf/ :yfgLo j]b Jof; u'kmf kl/;/df
tfGqf]Qm dxlif{ j]bJof; xjg sfo{qmd
;DkGg eof] . oL xjg sfo{qmdx¿ klg
laxfg *M)) b]lv (M)) ah];Dd ;~rfng
ePsf lyP .
o:t} ;Dks{ sfof{no eQmk'/n] klg
ut >fj0f dlxgfaf6 ;"o{ljgfos dlGb/df
tfGqf]Qm u0fklt xjg z'ef/De u¥of] .
>fj0f ^ ut] d+unaf/ laxfg &M)) b]lv
*M)) ah];Dd ;DkGg ePsf] pQm xjg
sfo{qmd k|To]s dlxgfsf] klxnf] d+unaf/
;f]xL ;dodf ;DkGg x'g]5 .
lbJo u'? dxf]T;j
uf]/If lglvn jf0fLsf] %) hgf ;b:o agfP/ ljb'/ >]i7, v]d/fh
sfsL{ / ldg' l;Ub]n nfddf a:g'ePsf] lyof], To:t} @) hgf ;b:o agfP/
oz' clwsf/L, d~h' /]UdL, ljGb' b]jsf]6f, Zofdnfn >]i7, ljho zfxL,
s]zjs'df/ s]=;L=, ;Ltf kf08], ljho dfgGw/, bfdf]b/ uf}td, lzj
nfld5fg], ;"o{ pkfWofo, cd[tf e§/fO{, lzjgf/fo0f dxh{g, 6f]kaxfb'/
a:g]t, l;l4 dxh{g / zld{nf s]=;L= klg nfddf a:g'ePsf] lyof] . s]xL
l5gkl5 pxfFx¿ ;a}sf] gfd qmd};Fu af]nfOof] / dfnf klx¥ofpg] / u'?
kmf]6f] k|bfg ug]{ qmd rNof] . pxfFx¿ ;a}n] ;b\u'?b]jx¿af6 k|bfg ePsf]
ljz]if wf/0f dfnf / ;b\u'?b]jx¿sf] kmf]6f] pkxf/ xlif{t / ulj{t d'b|fdf
lng'eof] . k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]jx¿sf] lrGtg lj:tf/df dxŒjk"0f{ of]ubfg
/x]sf] klqsf ;b:o lj:tf/ of]hgfdf ;xefuL ePkl5 pxfFx¿nfO{ lbJo
u'? dxf]T;jsf] cj;/df k'/:sf/ k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] .
ut >fj0f ^ ut] ut] dËnaf/ -h'nfO{ @! tf/Lv, @))(_
sf7df8f}Fsf] h}g ejgdf cfof]lht pQm lbJo u'? dxf]T;j ljleGg
sfo{qmdx¿sf aLr ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]j k/dx+;
:jfdL >L lglvn]Zj/fgGb dxf/fh 8f= gf/fo0fbQ >LdfnLsf] ¿kdf
o; w/tLdf cjtl/t x'g'ePsf] kfjg lbgsf] :d/0f ub}{ l;4f>d zlQm
s]Gb|n] k|To]s dlxgfsf] @! tf/LvnfO{ lbJo u'? dxf]T;jsf] ¿kdf dgfpFb}
cfO/x]sf] 5 .
:tjg jGbgf;Fu;Fu} laxfg !)M!% df z'? ePsf] dxf]T;jdf u'?
kfb'sfsf] lbJo k"hg, dGqhk, xjg, cf/tL, ehg–sLt{g, g[To cflb ;DkGg
ePsf lyP . lbJo u'? dxf]T;jdf k"hg ug]{ ;f}efUo cf/tL ;~rfng s]Gb|
Dx}kL, sLlt{k'/, l;dn6f/, uf]+ua', tLgs'g]n] k|fKt ug'{ePsf] lyof] .
sfo{qmdsf] bf];|f] r/0f u'? ;]jf bn g+ + #& sf ;b:o hoaxfb'/ dNnsf]
:jfut dGtJoaf6 z'? ePsf] lyof] . o; r/0fdf cf/tL ;+rfng s]Gb|
l;gfd+unaf6 ;fd"lxs g[To / cf/tL ;+rfng s]Gb| tLgs'g]af6 Psn
g[To k|:t't ePsf] lyof] . dxf]T;jdf ehg–sLt{gx¿ klg k|:t't ePsf
lyP h;n] ;a}nfO{ grfpg'sf ;fy} efjelQmdf r'n'{Dd 8'afPsf lyP .
dxf]T;jdf ejg lgdf{0fsf nflu ;Ltf kf08]n] ?= !,)),))%.– -Ps
nfv kfFr ¿k}ofF_ k|bfg ug'{ePsf] lyof] . dxf]T;j lbpF;f] #M#) ;Dd
rn]sf] lyof] .
>fj0f dlxgfe/ >L lzj uf]/If dxf]T;j
l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|n] >fj0f dlxgfnfO{ >L lzj uf]/If dxf]T;jsf]
¿kdf dgfpFb} cfO/x]sf]df ut >fj0fdf klg ljz]if ;'/Iff dGq hk
cg'i7fgsf ;fy dgfof] . ;j{;fwf/0fn] ;d]t hKg ldNg] u/L v'Nnf¿kdf
k|fKt uf]/If ;'/Iff dGq hKb} dlxgfe/df w]/} ;jfnfv cg'i7fgx¿ ;fws
;flwsfx¿n] k"/f ug' {ePsf] lyof] . ca cfpg ;Sg] ljs/fn kl/l:yltdf
cfÇgf lziox¿sf] /Iff ug{sf nflu klg x'g;S5 ;b\u'?b]jx¿af6 o:tf
lbJo sfo{qmdx¿ k|fKt x'g] u/]sf 5g\ .
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^^ efb|

u'?;]jf bnsf] tflnd
l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|n] ut >fj0f @) / @! ut]
sfo{stf{sf] bf];|f] jl/i7 tx u'? ;]jf bnsf] !@ cf}F
tflnd tyf k|lzIf0f sfo{qmd ;DkGg u¥of] .
sf7df8f}Fsf] sdnkf]v/Ll:yt cu|jfn ejgdf
cfof]lht b'O{ lbj;Lo pQm tflnd tyf k|lzIf0f
sfo{qmd b'j} lbg laxfg !) ah] ;b\u'?b]jx¿sf]
:t'ltjGbgf–k|fy{gfaf6 z'? eO{ ;fF´sf] lgTo cf/tLkl5
6'+luPsf] lyof] .
ljleGg ;qdf ;DkGg tflnd sfo{qmdsf b'j} lbg
lbJo u'? kfb'sf k"hg ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . zs'Gtnf
ltldlN;gf, 1fg' /]UdL, lji0f' ;fksf]6f, j[x:klt
;fksf]6f, ;'ldqf nfdf, ef]h/fh ;fksf]6f, dw'dlt
/+lht k"hgdf ;xefuL x'g'x'GYof] .
pQm sfo{qmddf cfGtl/s ;+u7g, ;+:yfut
ljrng, ;fj/ kGyL tx, u'?;]jf bn / ;+:yf, c=gf=k=
sfo{z}nL, cWofTd cflb ljifodf k|lzIffyL{x¿nfO{
k|lzlIft u/fOPsf] lyof] . pQm cj;/df ljz]if
Wofgsf k|ljlwx¿ klg k|lzIffyL{x¿nfO{ x:tfGt/0f
ul/Psf] lyof] .
sfo{qmddf sf7df8f}F, nlntk'/, uf]/vf, lrtjg,
:ofª\hf, sf:sL, ndh'ª, ;nf{xLnufot lhNnfaf6
cfpg'ePsf k|lzIffyL{x¿sf] ;xeflutf /x]sf]
lyof] . k|lzIf0fdf %* hgf k|lzIffyL{n] ;xeflutf
hgfpg'ePsf] lyof] .
sfo{qmddf ;fj/ kGyL ;b:o g+= # Ho"n] :jfut
dGtJo lbg'ePsf] lyof] eg] ;fj/ kGyL ;b:oqo /
;fj/ dft[sfHo"n] k|lzIffyL{x¿nfO{ k|lzIf0f k|bfg
ug'{'ePsf] lyof] . sfo{qmddf pb\3f]if0fsf] lhDd]jf/L
lgefpg] ;f}efUo ;f=k= ! Ho"n] k|fKt ug'{ePsf]
lyof] .
sfo{qmdsf] cGtdf ;'gfOPsf] u|]l8Ëdf lglvn
/ª, j}slNks lglvn /ª, uf]/If /ª, j}slNks uf]/If
/ª, /ftf] /ª, j}slNks /ftf] /ª, lgnf] /ª, j}slNks
lgnf] /ª / xl/of] /ªdf k|j]z ug]{x¿sf] gfd k9]/
;'gfOPsf] lyof] . u'? ;]jf bnsf] ;b:o sf]6f (& k'u]sf]
hfgsf/L klg sfo{qmddf lbOPsf] lyof] .
pQm tflnd tyf k|lzIf0f sfo{qmdsf] aLraLrdf
k|:t't r'8\sf ehgn] ;a}nfO{ grfpFbf k|lzIf0fsf]
cjlwdf yk hf]z, hfFu/ / cfgGb el/Psf] lyof] .
cf>d ultljlw
gof“ ;f+u7lgs ;+/rgf
k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]jx?sf] c;Ld s[kf:j?k l;4f>d
zlQm s]Gb|sf] ;f+u7lgs ;+/rgf ca gofF 9+uaf6 ul7t
x'g] qmdsf] z'?cft ePsf] 5 . o;cGtu{t ;+:yfsf] ;aeGbf
lgDgtd cf}krfl/s OsfOsf] ?kdf xfn :yflkt ;Dks{
sfof{nox?sf] nflu ;ft ;b:oLo ;d"x u7gsf] k|lqmof
z'ef/De ePsf] 5 . of] ;d"xsf ;b:ox?nfO{ qmdzM xflhgf,
;xxflhgf, sflhgf, ;xsflhgf, df;fg, ;xdf;fg / hfOgL
eGg] gfd k|fKt 5 . o;sf] ;fy} tLgj6f ;Dks{ sfof{nox?
olb Pp6} lhNnfsf] lglZrt If]qdf /x]sf] v08df bf];|f]
OsfOsf] u7g x'g] k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 h;df klg ;ft ;b:oLo
;d"x u7g x'g]5 . of] ;d"xsf ;b:ox?nfO{ qmdzM k|hft,
;xk|hft, af];|f, ;xaf];|f, ;+sfnL, sfd|fh / sfd|fh elgg]5 .
;+:yfdf c1ft gfy kGyLsf] sfo{z}nL lelqPkl5sf] k|d'v
;f+u7lgs km]/abnsf] ?kdf o;nfO{ lnOPsf] 5 . xfn;Dd
klxnf] OsfO u7g ePsf :yfgx?df /fd3f6 kf]v/f,
a;'Gw/f sf7df8f}F, l;Gw'nL, n]vgfy sf:sL, ;f}/kfgL uf]/vf,
ag]kf sfe|], nlntk'/, afg]Zj/ / ljGWojfl;gL kf]v/f /x]sf
5g\ eg] sf:sL lhNnfdf bf];|f] OsfO u7g eO;s]sf] 5 .
cfufdL lbgx?df o; ;+/rgfaf6 ;+:yfn] cem lj:tfl/t
Pj+ ;'Jojl:yt ?k lng] cfzf ug{ ;lsG5 .
?;Lx?df cfWoflTds r]tgf hfUb}
l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|sf] ;f+u7lgs k[i7e"ldnfO{
cGt/fli6«o?kdf bl/nf];Fu k'gM Psk6s :yflkt u/]/
;fj/kGyL ;b:o g+= ! / @ sf ;b:oHo"x? ut >fj0f !$
ut] :jb]z kms{g'eof] .
ut cfiff9 !) ut] ?; k|:yfg ug'{ePsf ;fj/ kGyL
;b:oHo"x?n] ToxfF u0f]z ;fwgf klg ;DkGg u/fpg'ePsf]
lyof] . o;}u/L ;fj/ kGyL ;b:ox?sf] ?; e|d0fsf] cjlwdf
ljleGg Wofgsf sIffx? klg ;DkGg ePsf lyP . ?; a;fOsf]
cjlwdf ;+:yfnfO{ cem Jofkstf lbg], ;+:yfsf] OsfO u7g
ug]{h:tf ljifonfO{ dxŒjsf ;fy lnOPsf] lyof] .
?;h:tf] ef}lts ;DkGgtf / clt ljsl;t d'n'sdf
l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb|sf] cjwf/0ff km}ng' / u'?b]jx?sf]
lrGtg lj:tf/ x'g'nfO{ cfkm}df 7"nf] pknlAwsf] ?kdf
lnOPsf] 5 . >L >L dxfof]uL u'? uf]/vgfy Pj+ k/dx+;
:jfdL >L lglvn]Zj/fgGb dxf/fhsf] o'u lgdf{0fsf] dxTjk"0f{
of]hgfnfO{ ;fsf/ ?k lbg] sfo{df ;+:yfsf] cGt/fli6«os/0f
d]?b08sf] ?kdf /xg] ljZjf; klg ul/Psf] 5 . ;f=k= åosf]
of] rf}yf] ?; e|d0f xf] .
lkt[ ljz]if 47

cf>d ultljlw
Clif tk{0fLdf k"hg
ut >fj0f @! ut] Clif tk{0fL -/IffaGwg_ sf]
lbgdf l;4f>d zlQm s]Gb| a;'Gw/fdf ljz]if u'?
k"hg, Clif k"hgsf] sfo{qmd ;DkGg eof] . laxfg
*M)) ah] :t'lt jGbgfaf6 z'ef/De ePsf] pQm
sfo{qmddf ;fj/kGyL g+= !, @ / # sf ;b:oHo"n]
k"hg ug]{ ;f}efUo kfpg' ePsf] lyof] . k"hgkZrft\
ufoqL dGqsf] pRrf/0fsf ;fy gofF hg} wf/0f
ul/g'sf ;fy} /IffaGwg cyf{t\ 8f]/f] afFWg] sfo{qmd
klg /x]sf] lyof] . sfo{qmdkZrft\ k|;fb ljt/0f klg
ul/Psf] lyof] . sfo{qmddf %)) eGbf a9L ;fws
;flwsf eQmhgx¿sf] ;xeflutf lyof] .
sLlt{k'/ -sf7df8f}“_M cf/tL ;+rfng s]Gb|
sLlt{k'/n] ut >fj0f % ut] :yfgLo s'z]Zj/ dxfb]j
dlGb/ kl/;/df hg;Dks{ sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf u¥of] .
laxfg ^M#) af6 z'? ePsf] pQm sfo{qmd sl/a !
306f;Dd rn]sf] lyof] .
ljzfngu/ -sf7df8f}“_M cf/tL ;~rfng s]Gb|
ljzfngu/n] ut >fj0f # ut] ehgsLt{g sfo{qmd ;lxt
cfÇgf] jflif{sf]T;j dgfof] . dWofÅg !@ ah]b]lv z'ef/De
eP/ ck/fÅg $ ah];Dd rn]sf] pQm sfo{qmddf $#!
hgfsf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] .
uf]bfj/L -nlntk'/_M ut >fj0f $ ut] cf/tL
;~rfng s]Gb| uf]bfj/Ln] cfÇgf] rf}yf] jflif{sf]T;j
ehgsLt{g sfo{qmdsf ;fy dgfof] . ck/fÅg ! ah]b]lv
$ ah];Dd ul/Psf] pQm ehgsLt{g sfo{qmddf %) hgf
;fws ;flwsf, eQmhgx¿sf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] .
;fy} >fj0f dlxgfnfO{ >L lzj uf]/If dxf]T;jsf] ¿kdf
dgfpg] qmddf o; cf/tL ;~rfng s]Gb|n] >fj0fsf]
k|To]s d+unaf/ cf]u/gfydf /f]6 ck{0f klg u¥of] .
tLgs'g] -sf7df8f}“_M cf/tL ;~rfng s]Gb|
tLgs'g]n] cfÇgf] bf];|f] jflif{sf]T;jsf] cj;/df ut
>fj0f !$ ut] ehgsLt{g sfo{qmd ;DkGg u¥of] .
dWofÅg !@ ah] k|fy{gf, :t'ltjGbgfaf6 z'ef/De ePsf]
pQm sfo{qmd ck/fÅg $ ah] ;dfkg ul/Psf] lyof] .
pkl:ylt /]s8{cg';f/ sfo{qmddf #%! hgfsf] pkl:ylt
lyof] .
uf]/If lglvn ;Gb]zgnsandesh@ssk.org.np
dGq tGq
oGq
lj1fg;DaGwL
g]kfns}
klxnf] /]l8of]
sfo{qmd
:yfg ;do :6]zg d]ufxh{
kf]v/f ;f]daf/ laxfg %M)%—%M$% df5fk'R5«] Pkm Pd (!
lrtjg ;f]daf/ laxfg %M))—%M$) sflnsf Pkm Pd (%=@
wgu9L ;f]daf/ laxfg %M#)—^M)) lbg]z Pkm Pd (#=*
;'v]{t ;f]daf/ laxfg %M!%—%M$% /]l8of] e]/L Pkm Pd (*=^
uf]/vf ;f]daf/ laxfg %M))—%M#) /]l8of] uf]/vf Pkm Pd (@=*
e}/xjf laxLaf/ laxfg %M))—%M$% ¿kGb]xL Pkm Pd !)@
bfª 3f]/fxL laxLaf/ laxfg %M#)—^M)) /]l8of] dWoklZrd Pkm Pd (!=$
kfNkf laxLaf/ laxfg %M))—%M#) /]l8of] d'lQmgfy Pkm Pd ()=*
l;Gw'nL laxLaf/ laxfg %M))—%M#) l;Gw'nLu9L Pkm Pd !)#=^
bfª ndxL z'qmaf/ laxfg %M#)—^M)) /]l8of] b]pv'/L Pkm Pd !)%=*
kf]v/f laxLaf/ laxfg %M#)—^M)) /]l8of] ;/f°f]6 Pkm Pd !)$=^
bdf}nL laxLaf/ laxfg %M@%—%M%% bdf}nL Pkm Pd ($=@
sf]xnk'/ laxLaf/ laxfg %M#)—^M)) sf]xnk'/ Pkm Pd !))=@
lrtjg ;f]daf/ laxfg %M))—%M$) lqj]0fL Pkm Pd !))=^
bdf}nL a'waf/ laxfg %M)%—%M#% dfbL;]tL Pkm Pd !)%=*
;Nofg laxLaf/ laxfg %M))—%M#) /]l8of] ;Nofg Pkm Pd !)!
48
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^^ efb|

L lzj uf]/If–
gfy+k|bfo
k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]j >L lzj uf]/If ;DaGwL ljleGg ;To tYo
s'/fx¿sf] af/]df hfgsf/L lbg] qmddf o; c+sb]lv >L ;fj/ ;+/rgf
zlQm s]Gb| g]kfnåf/f k|sflzt tyf of]uL lzjzlQmZj/fgGb Pj+ of]uL
sd{jL/fgGbåf/f lnlvt ‘>L lzj uf]/If–gfy+k|bfo’ u|Gyaf6 ljleGg
k|;+ux¿ qmdzM k|sflzt ub}{ hfg]5f}F . cfzf 5 o;af6 >L lzj
uf]/Ifsf] af/]df yk hfgsf/L kfO{ kf7sju{ nfeflGjt x'g'x'g]5 .
>L
>L dxfof]uL u'? uf]/Ifgfy cfkm}df cflb, cgflb, ch/,
cd/ sfofo'Qm clåtLo, cj0f{gLo, JolQmTj x'g'x'G5,
;fIfft\ eujfg lzj x'g'x'G5 . olt dfq geP/ eujfg\ lzjsf
:j¿kx¿sf d"n cfwf/ x'g'x'G5, ;jf{lws dxŒjk0f{ / /x:on] el/k"0f{
eujfg\ lzjsf cjtf/ x'g'x'G5 . o:tf clåtLo / cj0f{gLo JolQmTjsf
wgL, cflb cgflb eujfg\ >L lzj uf]/IfnfO{ j0f{gsf] ;Ldfleq /fVg
;lsFb}g, g t gfy ;Dk|bfoleq g} . x'g t gfy ;Dbfosf] cfÇg}
uf}/jdo k/Dk/f 5 . ;fIfft\ eujfg\ lzjsf :j¿kx¿ g} clåtLo
dxfof]uLx¿ x'g'ePsf sf/0f gfy ;Dk|bfosf] pRrtf, dxfgtf klg
cfk}mdf cj0f{gLo 5 . lbJotd of]uL, dxfof]uL, l;4, dxfl;4, u'?,
dxfu'? cflbn] ;lhPsf], pxfFx¿sf] Tofu, tk:of alnbfgaf6 l;lh{Psf]
gfy ;Dk|bfoaf6 g} ;[li6n] cfÇgf] ult lnFb} cfO/x]sf] 5 . o;}n] klg
oL zAbx¿ u'? uf]/vgfy / gfy+k|bfo cfk}mdf clt cfb/0fLo 5g\,
clt ;Ddflgt 5g\ . pRr cfb/, pRr ;Ddfgsf] bfo/fleq, zAb
rrf{leq g t j0f{g ug{ ;lsG5, g t ;d]6\g g} . o;}n] klg zAb
rrf{sf] kl/lwleq /fVg} g;lsg] oL ljifoj:t'nfO{ s]jn hfgsf/L lbg
k|of; k|oTg ub}{ s]xL xb;Dd eP klg ;Dk"0f{ cfb/0fLo kf7sx¿df
oL >4f¿kL, ;dk{0f¿kL zAbx¿ kl:sg] sf]lzz u/]sf 5f}F . clåtLo,
cj0f{gLo JolQmnfO{ ;Lldt bfo/fleq /fVg vf]Hg' d"v{tf klg x'g ;S5 .
cfÇgf k/d cfb/0fLo, k|ftM :d/0fLo k/dk"Ho ;b\u'?b]j >L >L dxfof]uL u'? uf]/Ifgfy;Fu k|ToIf ;/f]sf/
/fVg] pxfFs} tkf+zn] l;lh{Psf] gfy ;Dk|bfo ;Dk"0f{ ;[li6s} d"n :tDe xf] . o;}n] klg clt g} dxŒjk"0f{ ljifosf
af/]df ;f]wvf]h ug{' xfdL lziosf] st{Jo x'g cfpF5, lziowd{ x'g cfpF5 . o;}n] lziowd{leqaf6 nf}lss ;dfhsf]
;Lldttfleqsf ;Lldt kl/lwaf6 a'‰g, efjgf agfpg, >4f, elQm hufpgsf vflt/ klg o:tf ljifo k|;·nfO{
;dfh;dIf Nofpg' cfjZos Pj+ clgjfo{ 7flgG5 . k|frLgsfnb]lv u'?–lzio k/Dk/fleq ljsl;t x'Fb} cfO/x]sf]
gfy ;Dk|bfosf af/]df, gfy of]uLx¿sf] af/]df ;a}df sf}t'xn Pj+ lh1f;f x'g' :jfefljs klg dfGg'kb{5 . o;}
:jfefljs s'/fnfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ ;dfhsf] k|To]s ju{sf JolQm JolQmTjsf nflu ;+u|x0fLo xf];\, efjgf agfpg]
dfWod agf];\ egL xfdLn] cfÇgf] k|of;, k|oTgnfO{ oxfFx¿;dIf /fv]sf 5f}F .
lj/f6\ JolQmTj;Fu ;DalGwt lj/f6\ ;+u7g, h;nfO{ gfy ;Dk|bfo elgG5, oL b'j}nfO{ s'g} ;Lldttfleq afFWg
;lsFb}g . o;}n], xfd|f] ;Lldt bfo/fleqaf6 c;Lldt JolQmTjsf d"w{Go w/f]x/x¿nfO{ JofVof ug{ ;Sg] s'/} ePg .
o;}n] h] hlt pknAw u/fpg ;kmn eof}F, o;}nfO{ oxfFx¿n] u|x0f ul/lbg'xf]nf .
lkt[ ljz]if 49

gfy zAbsf] /x:o
gfy zAbleq lglxt u"9td /x:ox¿, o;sf
cy{x¿, o;sf kl/efiffx¿sf af/]df s]xL a'‰g] k|of;
u/fF} . gfy eGg]lalQs} ;fdfGo cy{df pRr:t/sf],
cfb/0fLo, dfGg'kg]{ JolQmTjsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . o;}n]
hxfF gfy zAbsf] k|of]u 5, hxfF o;sf] k|;· cfpF5,
ToxfF ;DdfggLo JolQmTjsf] kl/ro ldN5, Ifdtfjfg\
JolQmTjsf] pRrtfsf] ´ns kfOG5 . gfy zAbsf]
zflAbs ljZn]if0f ubf{ o;sf] cy{ o;/L nufOsf]
kfOG5— gf -cgflb ¿k_ y -e'jgqodf :yflkt
x'g'_ = gfy . o;/L cgflb¿kaf6 :yflkt wd{, h;sf]
sf/0fn] e'jgqosf] l:yltsf] sf/0f ag]sf] 5, ToxL g}
gfy xf] elgPsf] 5 h;nfO{ /fhu'Åodf o;/L pNn]v
ul/Psf] kfOG5—
gfsf/f] gflb ?k+ ysf/M :yfKot ;bf .
e'jgqo d]j}sM >L uf]/If gdf]:t't] ..
cyf{t\, cgflbsfnb]lv :yflkt tLg e'jgsf :jfdL
cgflb cgGtgfy >L uf]/IfnfO{ gfy¿kdf gdg ub{5' .
gfy zAbnfO{ zAb ljGof;af6 x]¥of}F eg] ‘gfy’
/ ‘cr\’ af6 ag]sf] kfOG5 . o;sf] cy{ x'G5 :jfdL,
k|e', /Ifs, dfofh]tf, sfdh]tf tyf ;fDk|bflos cy{df
Ps l;4, hf] lzjtŒjsf] k|d'v dflgG5 . ;Gt sjL/n]
klg gfy zAbnfO{ dfofh]tf cyf{t\ lqe'jghoLsf] ¿kdf
pNn]v u/]sf 5g\— ægfy ;f]O{ hf] lqe'jg htLÆ .
uf]/If l;4fGt ;+u|xdf gfy kbsf] cfzo a|Ådf,
lji0f', ?b|, lzj, e}/j, >Ls07, ;bflzj, O{Zj/, ;[li6stf{,
k/dkb, u'?, k/dtŒjsf] cy{df k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 .
o;af6 klg gfy zAbn] lbJotf Pj+ k/dkbsf] cy{
af]s]sf] kfOG5 .
gfy zAb tyfutsf] ¿kdf l:y/lrQ l;l4 k|fKt
of]uLsf] kof{ojfrLsf] ¿kdf k|of]u ePsf] kfOG5 .
gfy ;Dk|bfosf d"n k|jt{s cnv lg/~hg, lg/fsf/,
lglj{sf/, lg/fdo, lglj{sNk Pj+ cuDo–cuf]r/ eujfg\
lzj uf]/Ifsf] /x:odo nLnfleq l;lh{Psf] ;d:t
a|Ådf08sf] /rgf Pj+ gfy ;Dk|bfo cfkm}df /x:odo
g} 5 . ;f/f hLj hut\sf] sNof0ffy{ s'g} a]nf u'?, s'g}
a]nf lzio, slxn] ‘Hof]lt’:j¿k slxn] ‘çsf/’ :j¿k,
slxn] c+z¿k, slxn] lg/fsf/ lgu'{0f ¿k t slxn]
;u'0f ;fsf/ ¿k, o:tf /x:odoL dxfof]uL dxfgfysf]
af/]df hfGg' a'‰g' Clifd'lg, b]jLb]jtfsf] jzsf] s'/f
50
/xFb}g eg] ;fwf/0f dg'ion] a'‰g] t k|Zg} p7\b}g .
xfd|f k|frLg zf:qx¿ Pj+ w/f]x/x¿df plNnlvt
ljleGg k|;·x¿n] gfy zAb w]/} k|frLg ePsf] s'/fnfO{
k'li6 ub{5g\ . j}lbs sfndf klg gfy zAbsf] ljleGg
cy{ nufOPsf] kfOG5, ;fy} j]bdf klg o; zAbsf]
pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . CUj]bsf] bzd d08nsf] !#)
cf}F ;"Qmdf gfy zAb ;[li6stf{, 1ftf / ;[li6sf/ssf
¿kdf k|o'Qm ePsf] kfOG5 h'g s'/f l;4gfy ;+lxtfdf
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
‘zlQm ;+ud tGq’df gfy zAbsf] JofVof ub}{
o;nfO{ o;/L kl/eflift ul/Psf] kfOG5— ‘gf’ zAbsf]
cy{ gfba|Åd h'g df]If 1fgk|bfossf] ¿kdf bIf
dflgPsf] 5 eg] ‘y’sf] cy{ c1fgnfO{ ljlgi6 ug]{jfnf
dflgPsf] 5 . o;/L ‘gfy’ zAbnfO{ a|Åd ;fIffTsf/sf]
dfWod Pj+ c1fgtfnfO{ x6fO{ 1fg k|bfg ug]{ dflgPsf]
kfOG5 . CUj]bdf ‘gfy’ zAbnfO{ ;[li6stf{, 1ftf Pj+
;[li6sf/sf] ¿kdf k|of]u u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;+:s[ltsf
efiosf/ d'lgbQn] gfy zAbnfO{ ;b\u'?sf] cy{df lbPsf
5g\ . gfy zAbnfO{ af}4dfuL{x¿ Pj+ h}g / j}i0fj
u|Gyx¿df klg pRr cfb/sf ;fy lnOPsf] kfOG5 .
To:t} gfy ;Dk|bfo eujfg\ cflbgfyaf6 z'? ePsf] /
cflbgfy eujfg\ lzj x'g'ePsf]n] klg gfy zAbnfO{
lzjsf] kof{osf] ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 .
gfy zAbnfO{ kl/eflift ug{ vf]Hg'eGbf klxnf,
o;sf] cy{ a'‰g'eGbf klxnf o; zAbsf] k|of]u x'g]
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^^ efb|

cj:yfsf] af/]df a'‰g' clt cfjZos x'G5 . gfy zAb
l;4dfu{, of]udfu{sf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ zAb xf] . c‰f
o;eGbf dfly p7]/ x]bf{ >L u'? lzj uf]/Ifsf lbJotd
jf0fLx¿df, pxfFsf dxf1fgx¿df l;4fGtsf JofVofsf
qmddf :jo+nfO{ ‘gfy’ zAbn] ;+s]t ug'{ePsf]n] o;
zAbsf] ljlzi6tfsf] rrf{ c;Dej 5 . ;Dk"0f{ r/fr/
hut\nfO{ cfÇgf] of]uann] rnfodfg u/fpg'x'g] eujfg\
>L u'? lzj uf]/If hf] ;Dk"0f{ gfyx¿df >Lgfy,
cflbgfy cflb gfdn] lrlgP klg gfyx¿df
pxfF dxfgfy x'g'x'G5 .
gfy zAb l;4x¿sf nflu k|of]u
x'g] ub{5 . s'g} klg ;fws, of]uL ta
dfq l;4 sxnfpg of]Uo x'G5 ha
p;n] k/dtŒjnfO{ a'‰f]sf] xG5,
lzj / zlQmsf] ;fo'HotfnfO{
a'´]sf] x'G5, l;l4 / zlQmnfO{
cfTd;ft\ u/]sf] x'G5 . o;}n] hf]
JolQmn] cfÇgf] b]xnfO{ u'?s[kf
Pj+ ;fwgfn] l;4 u/fpg ;Sb5,
Tof] JolQm g} l;4 x'G5 . To:t} gfy
zAbn] d"ntM of]udfu{sf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{
ePsf]n] hf] jf:tljs¿kdf of]uL x'G5 To:tf]
JolQm g} gfysf] nflu efuLbf/ x'G5 . of]udfu{ g} To:tf]
dfu{ xf] hxfFaf6 k|To]s ;fws l;4 aGg ;Sb5, of]uL
aGg ;Sb5 . k/dfTdf¿kL k/a|Åddf nLg x'g] k|lqmof
g} of]udfu{sf] nIo x'G5 . o:tf] nIo k|fKt ug]{ JolQm
g} gfy x'G5 . gfy of]uL ;j{ lg/k]If k/dtŒjnfO{ lzj
dfGb5g\ . ;f/f hut\sf] e]b ce]beGbf ;j{yf leGg eujfg\
lzj :jo+ k|sfz / r]tgfeGbf ;t\lrt\cfgGb:j¿kdf
x'g'x'G5 . pxfFs} zlQm hut\sf] gfd–¿kfTds ;Qfsf]
¿kdf cleJoQm ePsf] 5 . o;/L Pp6} tŒj cfÇgf]
zfZjt\ Pj+ lg/k]If bzfdf lzj x'G5 eGg] uTofTds
Pj+ ;fk]If cj:yfdf zlQm . dfgj z/L/df cjl:yt 5g\
lzj / zlQm h;sf] of]u g} ;fwssf] nIo xf] . ;fwsx¿
of]u, ;fwgfåf/f dg, a'l4, OlGb|o Pj+ ef}lts z/L/sf
;Ldfx¿nfO{ kf/ u/L k/dtŒj lzjdf Psfsf/ x'G5g\ .
oxL lzjdf no x'g]nfO{ gfy of]uL elgG5 . ;+;f/df
/x]/ klg ljifo–ef]u, ;f+;fl/s dfofhfnaf6 dfly p7\g]
JolQmnfO{ g} gfy egL kl/eflift ul/Psf] kfOG5 h;nfO{
uf]/vjf0fLdf o;/L pNn]v ul/Psf] 5—
xl;af if]lnaf wl/af Wofg .
cxlgl; slyjf a|Åd luof+g ..
x;} if]n} g s/] dg e+u .
t] lgxrn ;bf gfys] ;+u ..
dg'io hLjgsf] ;fy{stf eGg' g} o;sf] plrt
;b'kof]u ug'{ xf] g ls Joy{df lgikmn ug'{ . ;f+;fl/s
/fu–/+u tyf cfgGb–pT;jx¿df ;+nUg x'Fb},
/Db}–/dfpFb} oL ;Dk"0f{af6 dfly p7]/ cgf;Qm eO{
hLjfTdfn] k/dfTdfsf] Wofg, lrGtg / :d/0fdf
lg/Gt/ nflu/xFb} a|Åd1fg, k/dfTd:j¿ksf] dgg,
ljrf/ ul//xg'kb{5 . dgnfO{ jzdf
/fVg] k|f0fLnfO{ g} gfy elgG5 . ;fy}
k/a|Åd k/dfTdf;Fusf] ;xh
;DaGwn] of]uo'Qm /xg] JolQm
g} of]uL xf] .
o;/L gfy eg]sf] ;f+;fl/s
k|k~rx¿af6 dfly p7L
;w}F a|Åd1fg k|flKtsf] nflu
clj/n nflu/xg], dgnfO{
lhTg], dgsf] :jfdL egL
:ki6¿kdf JofVof ul/Psf] 5 .
u'?–lzio k/Dk/fsf] uf}/jzfnL
k/Dk/fdf ljsl;t x'Fb} cfPsf] ‘gfy
;Dk|bfo’leq ‘gfy’ zAb dfq} k|of]u ePdf
dxfof]uL >L u'? uf]/IfnfO{ a'l‰fG5 . To:t}, cfÇgf] u'?n]
of]Uo Pj+ ;Ifd 7fg]sf] v08df sfg lr/L ‘gfy’ gfdn]
lje"lift u/L gfy of]uLsf] bhf{df /flvPsf] kfOG5 .
gfysf] kl/efiffnfO{ ljb]zL n]vsx¿n] ‘sfg lr/L
s'08n nufPsf JolQm gfy x'g\, ;fy} sfgkm§f of]uLx¿ g}
gfy x'G5g\’ egL pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 . gfy ;Dk|bfosf]
ljsf;;Fu} gfy of]uLx¿df h'g lsl;dsf] gLlt, lgod /
cg'zf;g x'g'kYof]{, To;sf] cefjdf cfh;Dd cfOk'Ubf
s]jn gfy eg]sf] sfg 5]8]/ s'08n nufPsf JolQm
x'g\ eGg] ;+s'lrt kl/efiff ;j{dfGo x'g k'u]sf] 5 .
sfg 5]8]/ s'08n nufPs} e/df s'g} hf]uL, of]uL jf
s'g} JolQm jf:tljs¿kdf gfy of]uL x'g ;Sb}gg\ .
gfy of]uL x'gnfO{ >L u'? uf]/Ifk|bQ 1fg k|fKt u/]sf],
pxfFn] z'?cft ug'{ePsf k4lt, l;4fGtx¿nfO{ c·Lsf/
u/L cufl8 a9]sf], st{Jolgi7 ;Rrf u'?eQm Ifdtfjfg\
JolQm x'g' cfjZos 5 . gfy of]uL x'g s'08n nufpg]
cflb cfÇg} lsl;dsf lgodx¿ 5g\, k4ltx¿ 5g\,
cfÇg} lsl;dsf ljlzi6 ljlw–ljwfgx¿ 5g\ . qmdzM
ho u'?b]j ¤
lkt[ ljz]if 51

h/f 5f]8]/ af]qmflt/ nfUbf
hf“bf hf“b}
P3f/f}F jif{sf] klxnf] c+s tkfO{Fsf] xftdf 5. Pp6f ;fgf] b'O{ kfgfsf] d'vkqaf6 z'ef/De
ePsf] o; klqsfsf] Oltxf; cfkm}df /f]rs / ckTofl/nf] 5. 3f]/ slnsfnsf] ef}ltstfn]
u|:t ;dfhdf ljz'4 cfWoflTds klqsf k|sfzg g} cfkm}df r'gf}tLk"0f{ lyof] eg] Ps bzs;Dd
c6'6 / cgj/t?kdf k|sflzt x'g' jt{dfg kl/j]zdf ;Dej nfUg] s'/f xf]Og t/ of] c;DejnfO{
;Dej agfPsf] 5 tkfO{Fsf] cfkm\g} klqsf uf]/If lglvn jf0fLn]. bz jif{ lalt;s]5, ljutn]
xfdLnfO{ w]/} kf7 l;sfPsf] 5. b'Mv, ;+3if{, cefjdf klg s;/L afFRg] eGg] snf l;sfPsf]
5. cfWoflTds klqsfn] lg/Gt/tf kfpg} ;St}g eg]/ xtf]T;fxL ug]{x?nfO{ bl/nf] hjfkm
ag]/ plePsf] 5. of] klqsf 5 dlxgfd} aGb x'G5 eg]/ c8\sn sf6\g]x?nfO{ klg lha|f] 6f]Sg
afWo agfPsf] 5.
xfd|f] ;dfhdf /fd|f] sfd ug]{nfO{ slxn] kf] k|f]T;fxg ldn]sf] 5 /< s;}n] Ps 5fs vfg
kfOgF, dnfO{ ;xof]u ug'{xf];\ eg]/ ;fyLefO, Oi6ldqnfO{ u'xf¥of] eg] ;xof]u ug]{ sf]xL x'Fb}gg\
t/ ToxL JolQm /S;L vfg, h'jftf; v]Ng eGof] eg] ltg} ;fyLefOn] hlt klg ;xof]u u5{g\.
dlGb/ agfpg, cf>d agfpg, bfg k'0o cflb kljq sd{ ug{ ;xof]u dfUbf 6fpsf] sGofpg]x?
lkslgs hfg, Sofl;gf] hfg, /]:6'/]06 hfg, hfF8/S;L vfg hlt klg vr{ ul//x]sf 5g\.
hLjgdf slt b'Mv u/]/ sdfPsf] wg b'?kof]u eO/x]sf]df pgLx?nfO{ s'g} ckm;f]r 5}g.
rf8kj{, ljleGg ;+:sf/ cflbdf dx+uf n'uf / uxgfdf 7fFl6P/ cfkm"nfO{ d} x'F eg]/ b]vfpg
hlt klg vr{ ug{ ;S5g\ t/ ToxL rf8kj{ ljz]ifsf] k"hg, xjg cflb d"n sd{sf nflu eg]===.
lax] u5{g\ t/ ;+:sf/sf nflu eGbf ;Ddfgsf nflu vr{ u5{g\. ;Ktfx nufpF5g\ t/ k'/f0f
;'Gg'eGbf bf]xf]/L ufP/ sDd/ xNnfpFbfdf g} wd{ sdfPsf] 7fG5g\. x'g t nf]stGqdf ;a}nfO{
5'6 5. h;nfO{ h] ubf{ cfgGb cfpF5, p;n] ToxL ug{ kfpF5. t/ a8f] ljlrqsf] s'/f] t s]
5 eGbf clxn] xfd|f] ;dfh d"n cyf{t\ h/f]nfO{ 5f]8]/ kft l6Kgd} d:t 5. tLhsf] lbg j|t
a:5g\ ls a:b}gg\ t/ /jfkm b]vfpg eg] Ps dlxgfcl3b]lv b/ vfg] eGb} Pscsf{sf] 3/3/
wfpF5g\. bz}Fdf 3/df hd/f /fv]/ b'uf{k"hf ug{ lal;{;s], v;L sf6]/ /S;L vfg clg h'jftf;
v]Ng rflxF s;}n] l;sfpg' kb}{g. ca eGg';\ t, h;nfO{ tLh slxn] k5{ eg]/ yfxf 5}g, pm
Ps dlxgfcl3b]lv b/ vfg lxFl8/x]sf] x'G5. h;sf] 3/df b'uf{k"hf ul/Fb}g, pm ljhofbzdL
dgfpg nfuLk5{. 5}g t crDd< o:tf] rng ljZjdf st} klg 5}g xf]nf. ;a}sf] cfcfkm\gf]
wd{, ;+:s[lt, /Lltl/jfh x'G5. ;a}n] rf8kj{ dgfpF5g\ t/ xfdL g]kfnLx? ljZjd} ;+:s[ltsf
wgL eg]/ lrlgG5f}F t/ ;+:s[ltsf] gfddf ljs[ltnfO{ o;/L g} leq\ofpFb} hfg] xf] eg] s'g} lbg
;+:s[ltsf] wgL xf]Og, ljs[ltsf] wgL d'n's eg]/ lrlgg a]/ gnfUnf. rf8kj{sf] df};d z'?
eO;s]sf] 5. t;y{ cgfjZos wfs, /jfkm b]vfP/ ;dfhdf ljs[lt km}nfpg]tkm{ gnfuf}F.
o;sf] d"n dd{nfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/]/ oL rf8kj{sf] efjgfcg'?k cfkm"nfO{ kl/jt{g ug]{ ;+sNk
u/f}F. ;dfh To;} ?kfGtl/t x'Fb}g. o;sf nflu ;+sNkjfg\ JolQmx?sf] cfjZostf x'G5. z'?
sxLF g sxLFaf6 x'g}k5{. cfh}, clxNo}, oxL If0faf6} kl/jt{gsf] z'?cft x'g'k5{ gq ;+:s[ltsf]
gfddf lelqPsf ljs[ltn] tkfO{F xfdL dfq geO{ cfpg] k':tfnfO{ ;d]t ufFHg]5 / g]kfn eg]sf]
Psfb]zdf ;+:s[ltsf] wgL /fi6« lyof] /] eg]/ syf ;'gfpg]5g\ xfd|f ;Gtltn]. c:t'.
52
uf]/If lglvn jf0fL, @)^^ efb|