Nepali 200 layout 1-490 org.pmd - Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya

låhflt ljjfxdf & / %% dft[sf k"hf M tyf zfZjttf
— dbgdl0f bLlIft
cfpFbf] r}q @)^$ kl5 g]kfndf j}lbs ljjfx k4ltsf
nUgx¿ c;f/ @)^% ;Dd rNg]5g\ . d]/} gflt clgz bLlIftsf]
ljjfxsf] sGofbfg cflb ;du| lqmofx¿ @^, @& kmfNu'gdf
l;l4Psf] lyof] . ;f}efUojz g]kfnsf j}lbs k/Dk/fsf ljjfxx¿df
Tof] k|frLg k/Dk/fsf sltko nIf0fx¿ cfh klg ljBdfg 5g\ .
tyflk ;dfhdf cg]s kl/jt{gx¿ eO/x]5g\, rln/x]5g\ . ut
@))) jif{b]lv dg':d[ltn] rf/ hftsf ;+:sf/ut ljefhgx¿
u¥of] cfh klg Tof] ljefhg rln/x]sf] 5 . t/ ;fy} ;dfhdf
cGthf{tLo ljefhg / ljnLgLs/0f klg plQs} dfqfdf rln/x]sf]
5 .
oxfF d j}lbs ljjfxk4ltsf] k|frLgtfsf cfjf{lzi7 s]xL
nIf0flt/ Wofg lbg] r]i6fdf 5' . låhfltsf] cfwf/df ljjfx dfq
xf]Og, cGo ;+:sf/x¿;d]tnfO{ b'O{ k[ys\ efudf 5'6\ØfP/ ;DkGg
ug] { u/]sf] b]lvG5 . klxnf] ;+:sf/sf] cª\unfO{ k"jf{Ë elgG5 /
of] ;fdfGotof ;a} ;+:sf/df ;DkGg ul/G5 . k"jf{Ësf] d'Vo
p2]Zo xf], kl/jf/sf d/]/ uPsf lkt[x¿sf] ;D‰gf ug' { / ltgsf
lglDt sfo{x¿ ;DkGg ug' { .
k"jf{Ësf] d'Vo cf/fwfgf ;Ktdft[sf / krkGg dft[sfx¿sf]
k"hf ;DkGg u/L ul/G5 . ljjfx x' Fbf hGtL hfg]eGbf klxn]
ul/g] k"jf{Ëdf lkt[ / dft[sfx¿sf] ;D‰gf u/L ltgsf] cfzLjf{b
lng'nfO{ j}lbs ljlwn] dfGotf k|bfg ug' { :jfefljs xf] . oxfF Tof]
k"hfljlwsf] k|frLgtfaf/] ;ª\If]kdf s]xL pNn]v ug' { o'lQm;ª\ut g}
x'g]5 .
k"jf{Ë / dft[sfk"hf ul/g] sf]7fnfO{ ælhptL sf]7fÆ eGg]
k|rng 5 . Tof] sf]7fsf] k"j{kl§sf] leQfdf Ps hf]8L xl/of] b"af]
3';fl/Psf] ufO{sf] uf]a/sf ;fgf ;ftcf]6f y'Dsf 6fFl;Psf
x'G5g\ . tL y'Dsfx¿ k"jL{o leQfsf] hldgeGbf 8]9 xft hlt
dfly 6fFl;Psf xG5g\ . leQfdf 6fF:g'sf] cy{ ltgLx¿ k[YjLaf6
435

{
labf eO;s]sf t/ :ju{ gk'u]sf cj:yfsf b]jLx¿sf] ;D‰gf ug' {
xf] . b'nxL3/af6 b'nxfn] sGof leœofPkl5 Tof] …lhptL sf]7fÚ df
nu]/ cfˆgL cfdfl;t gofF b'nxLsf] kl/ro u/fpF5g\ . To;kl5
;f;'–a'xf/Ln] xfdL Ps ;dfg xf} F eGg] efj k|blz{t ug{ cf–cfˆgf
r'N7f hf]/]/ leQfdf 6fFl;Psf ;Ktdft[sfk|lt cfˆgf] >4f¿kL
b"wwf/f aufpF5g\ .
tL ;Ktdft[sfsf cfˆgf gfpFx¿ 5g\ . To;kl5 hldgdfly
knfF; sf7sf] kx] Fnf] lksf{df %% cf]6f dft[sfk|lt >4f ck{0f
ul/G5 . cfh cfP/ dft[sfsf gfpF / ;ª\Vof tf]lsPsf 5g\ t/
Tof] k|frLg dft[k|wfg ;dfhsf] ;'?df ;Ktdft[sf clg Tof]
;ª\Vofdf j[l4 x' Fb} uP/ %% dft[sfdf k'Uof] . lgZro g} tL ;a}
hLljt dft[sf lyP, hf] ;dfhdf cfˆgf] k|wfgtfsf] Jojxf/ ug]
uy] { . kl5 uP/ ;dfhdf gf/Lk|fwfGosf] 7fpFnfO{ k'?ifk|wfgtfn]
u|x0f ub} { uof] . kmntM lhpFbf s'df/Lx¿sf] k|lt¿ksf ¿kdf
leQfdf 6fFl;Psf / hldgsf] knfF; lksf{dfly c8\ofOPsf dft[sfx¿sf]
cr{gf x'g yfNof] .
k|frLg ;dodf klZrd ef/tsf] l;Gw';Eotfn] k'?ifk|wfg
;dfhsf] ¿kdf ljsl;t ul/;Sbf -lj=k"= @&)) b]lv_ dft[sfx¿
uf]j/sf] ;fgf] y'Dsf] h:tf]df kl/0ft x' Fb} uP . tyflk g]kfnsf]
pkTosfdf tL dft[sfx¿ lhpFbf / sGof¿kdf g} /lx/x], hf]
cfh;Dd Joj:yfsf] ¿kdf hLljt 5g\ . hLljt 5g\ lsgeg] s'g}
klg sf/0fn], l;Gsfsf] 6'Kkf]n] 3f]r]/ Ps yf]kf /ut ltgsf]
z/L/af6 aUof] eg] klg ltgn] hLljt s'df/L k"hf kfpg]
clwsf/af6 jl~rt x'G5g\ / ;f] 7fpFdf csf] { sGofs'df/Lsf]
j/0f x'G5 . l;Gw' ;Eotfsf] ljgfzkl5 s'df/L k"hfk4ltnfO{
cjlzi7 ;}Gwjx¿n] dxf/fi6«df k'¥ofP, hxfFaf6 Tof] Joj:yfn]
k|frLg sfndf g]kfn pkTosfdf k|j]z u¥of] elgG5 .
CUj]bsf] …;"of{ljjfxÚ ;"Qmn] låhfltsf ljjfx x' Fbfsf k4ltx¿sf]
rrf{ u/]sf] 5 . g]kfndf cfh To:tf ljjfx x' Fbf pQm ;"of{ljjfx
;"Qmsf sltko dGqx¿ pRrf/0f ul/G5g\ .
436

of] k4lt slxn]b]lv ;'? eof] eGg]af/] klg s]xL ;ª\s]t
kfOG5g\ . ljjfxdf sGofbfg x' Fbf sGofnfO{ pm hlGdPsf] uf]qaf6
5'6\ØfP/ ljjfx ubf{ j/ x'g]sf] uf]ql;t hf]8\g] ul/G5 . uf]qljefhgsf]
of] k4lt l;Gw';Eotf o'usf] eGbf klxn]sf] ;dfhdf /x]sf]
cg'dfg ug] {x¿ 5g\ .
ljjfxsfo{k4ltx¿ l;4ØfP/ b'nxfn] b'nxLnfO{ cfˆgf] 3/
n}hfFbf ;j{k|yd …hLptL sf]7fÚdf k'¥ofP/ leQfsf / lksf{sf ;ft
/ krkGg dft[sfnfO{ ljjfxafkt wGojfb lbFb} cfzLjf{b dfu]/
ljjfx 6'ª\UofOG5 .
dflysf s'/fx¿af/] d}n] cfˆgL 5f]/L ONofsf] ljjfxdf oxL
3/df lgDTofPsf b'nxLkl§sf lgDtfn'x¿;fd' atfPsf] lyPF .
tL lgDtfn'dWo] Ps hgf ;f]leot s"6gLlt1 klg lgDtf dfGg
cfPsf lyP . d}n] ltgnfO{ ljjfx d08kdf ufl8g] kfFrcf]6f afF;,
d08ksf] aLrdf /xg] cfuf]sf] d08k, To;sf] 7Lsdfly afFlwg]
rFb'jf, clUgd08ksf] rf/}lt/ agfOg] /]vflrqx¿ / kfFrcf]6f
afF;sf ;fy} /flvg] kfgLn] el/Psf] df6fsf efF8f cflb ;a}
cfh;Dd rlncfPsf k|frLg hLjg k4ltsf k|tLs x'g\ egL
atfPsf] lyPF .
l;Gw'–;Eotf eg]kl5 cfheGbf $&)) jif{ klxn]sf] ;dfh
xf] . of] @&)) jif{leq Tof] ;dfh, To;sf ;f+:s[lts / hLjg
k4lt o'ufGtsf/L k/jt{g / ljsf; eP . cfh xfdL æ;gftg
wd{Æ egL h]nfO{ eG5f} F, To;sf] Oltxf; slDtdf $&)) jif{
k'/fgf] cjZo g} xf] .
oxfF;Dd d}n] låhfltdf ljjfx x' Fbfsf dft[sfx¿n] kfpg]
u/]sf] k"hfaf/] rrf{ u/] F . dft[sfk"hf Toltd} ;Lldt 5}g .
;+jt\ !((! lt/ d]/f lktfsf] kl/jf/ af/f lhNnfdf a:bf
d}n] k|To]s ufpFsf] 5]pdf 7"nf] lkknsf] af]6d'lg …j/dÚ
/ …dfO{Ú sf jflif{s k"hf x'g] u/]sf] b]v]sf] lyPF . klZrd
g]kfnaf/] d Tolt ;f/f] eGg ;lQmgF t/ k"jL{o g]kfnsf] t/fO{
efudf ;d]t ;a} hflt / j0f{n] a8f] w"dwfdsf ;fy of] k"hf
437

ug] { u5{g\ . ltgsf] wf/0ffcg';f/ tL …j/dÚ / …dfO{Ú ufpFsf
/Ifs b]jLb]jtf x'g\ . To;sf/0f ufpFsf k|To]s hflt pkhflt
k|hfltn] w"dwfdsf ;fy ltgsf] k"hfcr{gf ug' {k5{ .
oxfF …j/dÚ eGgfn] s'g k|frLg k/Dk/fnfO{ af]w u/fpF5
eGg]af/] d lglZrt s]xL eGg ;lSbgF . k'/f0fx¿n] a|Xdf -j/d_
af6 ;du| ljZjsf] ;[li6 ePsf] xf] eGg] u¥of] . t/ d]/f] ljrf/
cg';f/ l;Gw'–;Eotfdf …j/dÚsf] xf]Og, dft[sfsf] cyjf of]u/t
kz'kltsf] cf/fwgf x'g] ub{Yof] . oL b'j} b]jtf cfh klg k"lht
5g\ . cfh klg af/f lhNnfdf x/]s kfFr jif{ …u9LdfO{sf] d]nfÚ
nfUb} cfPsf] 5 . of] u9LdfO{ eg]sf] ;Ktdft[sfdWo] k|wfg
x'g\ . logLx¿ ;ft lbbLalxgL lyP eGg] k|rng tL lhNnfel/
clxn];Dd 5 . u9LdfO{sf] d]nfdf d';fnufot ;ftcf]6f rf/v'§]
kz' jf b'O{v'§] kIfLsf nfvf} F jnL lbOG5 . of] aln k|yfsf] d'Vo
k'hf/L eg] u9LdfO{sf Ps hgf yf¿ 5g\ .
g]kfnsf] tl/ofgL If]qsf ufpFx¿df clxn] klg gj/fqsf]
b]jLk"hfsf] cj;/df gf/Lx¿n] /ftdf cfˆgf] lz/df Ps–Pscf]6f
/ftf] 38f lnP/ ufpF 3'Dg] ub{5g\ . tL 38fsf kLFwafx]s k]6 /
3fF6L;Dd rf/}lt/ y'k| } Kjfnx¿ agfOPsf x'G5g\ . 38fsf] leqL
efudf kLFw dfly hfHjNodfg bLklzvfx¿ aln/x]sf x'G5g\ .
gj/fqdf ul/g] of] gf} lbg] bLklzvfsf] k|bz{gnfO{ t/fO{df
…l‰l‰ofÚ eGg] rng 5 .
lkknaf]6d'lg dfO{sf] k"hf jf l‰l‰ofsf] k"hfn] xfdLnfO{
dfly elgPsf] …l;Gw'–;EotfÚ sf] ;D‰gf u/fpF5 . 3} F6f]leq aNbf]
cfuf] lnP/ tL gf/Lx¿ l;Gw'–;Eotfdf klg cfˆgf] If]qsf] e|d0f
uy] { . sf7df8f} F pkTosfdf /x]sf s'df/L sGofx¿sf lz/sf
d's'6sf ¿k / /ª\unfO{ x]/]df ltgn] lz/df hfHjNodfg cfuf]
lnP/ lxF8\g] uly{g\ eGg] ;D‰gf lbnfpF5 .
d}n] of] n]vdf oxfF;Dd dft[sfsf] ¿kdf gf/Lk|fwfGosf]
cfh;Dd klg rlncfPsf] k/Dk/faf/] pNn]v u/] F . clxn] d}n]
k':ts jf k':tsn]vssf] gfpF ;D‰g ;lsgF t/ ;f] k':tscg';f/
438

lxdfnL pkdxfb]zsf] of] dft[sf k"hf k4lt s'g} ;do clk|msfsf
k"jL{o t6jtL{ b]zx¿df ;d]t k|rngdf lyof] .
…l;Gw'–;EotfÚsf gfld{0fL -df]x] hf] 8]/f]_ tyf xl/o'lkof
-x/Kkf_ jf sfnLaª\uf -of] 7fpFsf] j}lbs gfpF 1ft 5}g_ ljZjs}
k|yd gu/fo0f lyP egL 8f= b]jLk|;fb r6f]kfWofon] cfˆgf]
k':ts History of Science and Technology in ancient India
gfds k':tsdf n]v]sf 5g\ . pQm k':ts ;fx| } g} uDeL/ cWoog
xf] eGg] s'/f a]nfotsf plQs} 7"nf ljz]if1 k|f]= lg8 Xofdn]
e"ldsfsf] ¿kdf k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . Tof] l;Gw'–;Eotfdf dft[sfk"hf
cjlzi7 ¿kdf dfq cfh pknAw 5 . gu/fo0f ;'? x'g'eGbf
c‰} !)))–!%)) jif{ klxn] ToxfFsf] u|fdL0f ;dfh dft[sf
k|wfgo'Qm /x]sf] lyof] . of] s'/f dWok|b]z ljZjljBfnoåf/f
k|sflzt …cfO{x¿sf] Oltxf;Ú eGg] k':tssf] cjnf]sgaf6 yfxf
x'G5 .
;dfh ljsf;sf] Oltxf;af/] cWoog ug] {x¿n] ljut @))
jif{b]lv :yfkgf u/]cg';f/ c;Eoaf6 jj{/ clg ;Eo ;dfhsf]
k|f/De ePsf] xf] . dfgjn] j0fL kfpg yfn]sf] ;dfhsf] jj{/
cj:yfb]lv xf] . Tof] o'udf dfgj ¿vsf xfFuf 5f]8]/ k[YjLsf
u'kmfdf a:g yfNof], h'g u'kmfaf6 dflg;n] 5fk|f] xfn]/ 3/
agfpg] Joj:yf ;'? u/]sf] lyof] . csf] { zAbdf o;nfO{ e"–ue{
zf:qLx¿ gj–kfif0fo'u eGg] ub{5g\ . Pl;ofdf ;fOa]l/ofsf] lgs}
blIf0flt/ s]xL xhf/ jif{;Dd :yfoL lxdk|0ft x'g] uYof]{ .
cfheGbf b; xhf/ jif{ klxn] Tof] lxdk|0ft ;b} { uP/ pQ/L
;fOa]l/of cyf{t\ cfl6{s If]qdf ;Lldt x'g k'Uof] .
Pl;ofdf dft[sfk|wfg;dfhsf] pbo gj–kfiff0fo'usf] oxL
aLrsf] cjlwdf ePsf] xf] eGg] ljZjf; ul/G5 . of] lxdfnL
pkdxfb]zdf ljqmd k"j{ ^–& xhf/ jif{sf] ;dodf dft[sfk|wfg
;dfh lyof] . ;dfhdf gf/Lk|wfgtfsf cjz]ifx¿ s'?If]q o'4
-lj=k"= !$))_ sf] ;dodf lxdfnosf] tn /x]sf] …:qL /fHoÚsf]
¿kdf s[i0få}kfog Jof;n] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . Tof] dft[sfk|wfg
;dfhsf cjlzi7 nIf0fx¿n] slxn] g]kfn k|j]z u/] xf]nfg\ eGg]
439

{
cg'dfg ug' { cfh cWoogsf] cefjdf lgs} ufx|f] ePsf] 5 .
tyflk 8f]Nkf lxdfnb]lv l;lSsd;Ddsf lxdfnL If]qdf kfOg]
ax'klt k|yf cyjf kTgLn] v'§fn] ;fl/lbPkl5 dfq} kltn] yfnsf]
ef]hg kfpg] cj:yfn] ;dfhdf gf/L k|wfgtflt/ ;ª\s]t u/]sf] 5
g} .
ef/tdf k|fu\ jf k|frLg Oltxf;af/] cWoog / zf]wsfo{
;'? ePsf] Ps ztfAbL klg k"/f ePsf] 5}g . To;f] x' Fbf k|frLg
Oltxf;af/] of] lxdfnL pkdxfb]zsf] ;Gbe{df o'/f]lkogx¿n]
7f]s'jf u/]/ h] elglbG5g\, To;}dfly cfh xfdLn] ljZjf; ug'
k/]sf] 5 .
k/Gt' of] lxdfnL pkxfb]zsf] k|fu\ / k|frLg Oltxf;
cn+Uo ;dob]lv gfNb} cfPsf] 5 eGg] ljZjf; ug] {x¿ 5g\ . s]xL
JolQmx¿ CUj]bsf dGqx¿nfO{ nfvf}F jif{ klxn]sf O{Zj/Lo
k| ]/0ffaf6 dGqa4 ePsf x'g\ eGg] ljZjf; ug] {x¿ klg 5g\,
k/Gt' lat]sf ;f7L jif{leq ltg} k|frLg o'/f]kLo lrGtg /
lgisif{sf cfwf/df of] lxdfnL pk–dxfb]zsf] Oltxf;nfO{ a'´g]
k|lqmof ;'? ePsf] 5 . of] k|lqmofn] cfk"mnfO{ cg'dfgaf6 d'Qm
u/L slxn] cfk"mnfO{ oyfy{df c8\ofpg] xf] eGg]af/] clxn] g} s]xL
eGg ;lsGg . pbfx/0flglDt ;g\ !(@@ df ;'? ePsf] x/Kkfsf]
pTvGggn] cjZo g} cnJo j:t'sf] Oltxf;nfO{ k|s6 u/]sf] 5 .
t/ s] klg eGg} k5{ eg] of] ljzfn lxdfnL pkdxfb]zdf k|frLg
;}GbDo ;EotfnfO{ b]vfpg] cf7 jf b;cf]6f 7fpFaf/] dfq
pTvGgg / cWoog ePsf 5g\ .
k/Gt' o:tf] l:yltn] lg/Gt/tf kfpg] c;Dej 5 . g]kfns}
Pp6f s'/f u/f} F, a'6jnsf] Pp6f s'gfdf /x]sf] kj{tLo If]qdf !
s/f]8 jif{eGbf klxn]sf] cj:yfdf /x]sf] g/–jfg/sf] c:yL
cjz]if ut ztfAbLleq km]nf k¥of] . Tof] cl:y–cjz]if /x]sf]
Onfsfsf] ;+/If0f / ;'k|aGw c‰} ePsf] 5}g egL ut kmfNu'g
dlxgfdf 6]lnlehgn] u'gf;f] u/]sf] lyof] . o:tf] c1fgsf] l:ylt
;bfsfnsf lglDt sfod /xg]5}g eGg]af/] cfh xfdL ljZjf;
440

{
F
u5f} F . d}n] ;'?df g]kfnsf låhftLox¿sf ljjfx x' Fbf ;ft / %%
dft[sfx¿n] k"hf–cf/fwgf kfpg] k|rngaf/] pNn]v u/]sf] lyPF .
Tolt dfq lsg, tL ljjfxdf sGofbfgkl5 ljjfx–d08knfO{ sGof
/ j/n] k6sk6s kl/qmdf ug] { rng 5 . tL kl/qmdf x' Fbf
x/]sk6s ljjfx–d08ksf] 5]pdf /flvPsf] l;nf}6f] dfly
nf]xf]/f]df sGofn] 6]Sg] / j/n] nf]xf]/f]df 6]s]sL jw"sf] v'§fnfO{
x6fpg] rng 5 . of] lqmofk4lt k|frLg ;dosf] s'g k|lqmofsf]
cjz]if xf] < To:t} ljjfxsf] bf];|f] lbg rt'yL{sd{ k4lt ubf{
l;nf}6f]¿kL Tof] lzz'nfO{ zogfuf/lt/ k'¥ofpF5g\ . s'g clt
k|frLg k|lqmofsf] of] cjlzi7 ¿k xf] of] < dnfO{ yfxf 5}g t/
d}n] eljiodf k|Zgstf{nfO{ yfxf lbg'kg] {5 g} .
oL o:tf ljifox¿af/] ddf ;+jt\ !((% df cfˆgf] ljjfx
x' Fbf ;'? ePsf lyP . To;a]nf xfd|f] ljjfx u/fpg] d'Vo kl08t
…rt'j]{bfWofoL >L/ª\u e§/fO{Ú x'g'x'GYof] . To;a]nfb]lv ddf
pTkGg lh1f;f k|Zgdfly k|Zg ub} { ‰g\‰g\ a9\b} uPsf 5g\ .
s}of} F k|Zgn] ;fdfGo pQ/ klg kfPsf 5g\ tyflk of] ljjfx
k4ltaf/] ;du| lh1f;f oyfjt\ 5 .
;ª\lIfKt x' Fbf–x' Fbf ;du| ljjfx k4lt vf/]h x' Fb} uPsf]
5 . Tof] k4ltcGtu{t ;DkGg ul/g] g/fd|f dfq xf]Og, /fd|f
kIf;d]t x6fOg yfn]sf 5g\ . d]/f] ljrf/df CUj]bsf] b;f}
d08ndf /x]sf] æ;"of{ ljjfxÆn] bfDkTo hLjgdf hf] kljqtf
l:y/tf / pRr dfgjLotf b]Vg] r]i6f u/]sf] lyof], tL ;a}nfO{
jt{dfg o'un] qmdzM vf/]h ub} { uPsf] 5 . dfgj;dfhsf nIf0f
jf rl/q :yfoL¿ksf x' Fbf klg x' Fb}gg\ .
clxn] d oxfF dxfef/tdf plNnlvt ;fª\Vo / d}qLsf]
ljifodf cfOk'u]sf] 5' . ;ft jf krkGg dft[sfsf k"hf cf/fwgf
u/]/ ljjfx ;DkGg ubf{ Tof] dfgjLo ;DaGwdf dfgjaLr d}qL–
s?0ff / ;fª\Vosf hu alnof eO;s]sf x'G5g\ . tL hudf
bfDkTo ;DaGwn] sfd ubf{ d'VotM dfgjLo ;DaGw g} lqmofzLn
/x]sf] kfOG5 .
441

o; ljifodf dxfef/tsf s]xL k|d'v 36gfx¿lt/ Wofg
lbpFm . s'GtLn] cfˆgf ;GtfgnfO{ ;d]t 5f]8]/ cfˆgf] h]7f] ;Gtfg
s0f{af/]sf] ;TonfO{ n'sfP/ w[t/fi6« / ufGwf/Lsf cfhLjg /
oyfy{df lgik[x ;]jf ul/g\ tyflk ltgs} 5f]/fx¿ / s'GtLsf
cfˆgf 5f]/fx¿aLr ljs/fn o'4 eof] . s'GtLk'qx¿k|lt ufGwf/Ldf
k'qjt\ :g]x c6'6 / cfEoGtl/s /x]sf] lyof] . tyflk o'4 ;dfKt
ePkl5 lgodcg';f/ ltgn] cfˆgf] cfFvfsf] kl§ vf]n]/ b[li6n]
Hjfnfd'vLåf/f kf08jx¿nfO{ e:d t'Nofpg] dg;fo u/]sL
lyOg\ . tyflk kf08jx¿ hf]lug' cs} { s'/f xf] . s'GtLdf eg]
ufGwf/L k'q sf}/jx¿k|lt lgd]if dfq klg s'g} b'ef{j slxNo} k|s6
ePg . xf], Psk6s ltgn] ljb'nfsf] pkfVofg s[i0fnfO{ ;'gfP/
ljb'nfk'q ;~ho ‰} F gk' +zs eP/ ga; egL d]/f tkm{af6
;'gfOlbg" eg]sL cjZo lyOg\ . k/Gt' abnf efj k| ]l/t eP/
ltgn] Tof] ;Gb]z k7fPsL lyOgg\, a? Iflqox¿n] k/flht eP/
knfog x'g' x' Fb}g eGg] ;D‰gf u/fpg dfq .
ljhokl5 5f]/fx¿ xl:tgfk'/df ;j]{;jf{ eP/ a;] .
o'lwli7/sf] dlGqd08n ljlwjt\ aGof] . b|f}kbLsf] huhuL a9\of]
xf]nf, dftf s'GtL ;Ddflgt eOg\ xf]nf . t/ w[t/fi6«n] jfgk|:yL
eP/ ufGwf/LnfO{ ;Fu} lnP/ jgk|j]z ubf{ s'GtL h]7fgLsf] kl5
nflug\ / ltgsf] ;]jf ub} { jgsf] bfjfgndf c¿ ;a} ;Fu} cfk"m
klg v/fgL eOg\ .
tL b'O{ gf/L s'GtL / ufGwf/LaLrsf] Tof] d}qLaf/] Tolt
;fx|f] rrf{ ePsf 5}gg\ . tyflk dnfO{ nfU5, s?0ffdf cfwfl/t
Tof] d}qLsf] csf] { pbfx/0f ;+;f/s} s'g} clen]vdf 5}g . s'GtL /
ufGwf/L gf/L x'g\ . ltgn] cfk;df h'g dof{bfsf] kfng u/]
CUj]bsf] æ;"of{ ljjfxÆ -!)÷*%_ rlr{t bfDkToeGbf tn jf
dfljysf] eGbf k[ys\ 5}g . s'GtLdf pknAw /x]sf] pRrtd
dfgjtf To;/L s?0ff / d}qLdf cleJoQm ePsf] 5 . log}
s'/fnfO{ …;"of{ ljjfxÚn] bDktLsf cfbz{sf] ¿kdf k|s6 u/]sf]
lyof] . dxfef/tdf b'O{ dfgj cyf{t\ b'O{ gf/LaLrsf] ;DaGwdf
ToxL k|uf9 dgf]efj k|s6 ePsf] lyof] .
442

F
gf/L / k'?ifaLr d}qLsf d}qL cfwfl/t bfDkTosf ljVoft
pbfx/0fx¿ k|frLg cfO{b]zLo jfª\dodf dgUo kfOG5g\ . kl5Nnf]
o'un] ;D‰gfsf ¿kdf ;Dk"0f{ cg'df]bgo'Qm pNn]v u/]sf]af6
bfDkTosf tL pbfx/0fdf d}qL / s?0ff /x]sf] x'g} k5{ eGg] d
7fGb5' . gn / bdoGtL clq / cg';"of, cut:o / nf]kfd'b|f,
of1jNSo / d}q]oL, dxfb]j / kfj{tL, k'?vf / pj{zL, k'?s'T; /
gj{bf, ;'wf; / bdoGtL, rGb|df / /f]lx0fLsf bfDkTo tyf
dfgjLo ;DaGwo'Qm d}qLnfO{ j}lbs k/Dk/fn] cfh;Dd ;lD‰g]
u/]s} 5 . Toltdfq xf]Og, cfhsf k|To]s j}lbs k4ltsf ljjfx
j/jw"n] j[4fj:yfdf kf/:kl/s ;fª\Vo / d}qLsf hLjg latfpmg\
eGg] k|lt1f ub} { Tof] d}qLsf b'O{ kIfsf ¿kaf/] o;f] eg]—
cfdf]x˜l:d ;fTjd\ h]p /xd ;fdf xdl:d
l/Qm Tj+ 5f}/x+ k[lyjL Tjd\ . tfj]xL ljjxfjx}
;x /]tf] bwfjx}, k|hf+ k|hgof
jx} k'qfg ljGbfjx} jx'g\ t] ;Gt' h6biKo
hLj]d z/bM ztM >0f'ofd z/bM ztd\ .
d k|f0f x' F, d lji0f' x' F, ltdL nIdL xf}, d cfsfz x' F . d
;fdj]b x' F, ltdL CUj]b xf}, d cfsfz x' F, ltdL k[YjL xf} . cfpm
xfdL b'j} ljjfx u/f} F, ;Fu} jLhf/f]k0f u/f} F, w]/} k|hfx¿ hGdfcf}
w]/} 5f]/fx¿nfO{ x'sf{cf} F, ltgLx¿ ;w} F lr/fo' /x"g\ . xfdL ;o
z/b\ afFrf} F . ;o z/b\;Dd dflg;sf :j/ ;'gf} F .
cfO{b]zn] d}qLnfO{ lgs} g} pkNnf] dfgjLo ;fdflhs /
/fhgLlts ;DaGwsf] ¿kdf ;d]t P]ltxfl;s sfnb]lv dfGotf lbFb}
cfof] . /fHox¿aLr cfuf]nfO{ ;fIfL /fvL u/]sf d}qL ;GwLx¿nfO{
pkof]u ug' {nfO{ cfO{ b]zsf] Oltxf;n] Tolt cfbz{ dfg]g . x'g t
/fd / ;'u|Ljn] To;} u/]sf lyP .
oxfF d}n] j}lbs / lxGb"ljjfxk4ltaf/] rrf{ ;'? u/L Tof]
dfgjLo ;DaGwdf n}ª\lus tŒj b]vf k/] tfklg d"ntM dfgjLo
;DaGw g} lyof] eGg] b]vfpg] r]i6f u/]sf] x' F . of] b[li6sf]0faf6
443

k| ]l/t bfDkTo ;DaGw xf];\ jf d}qL ;DaGw ltgdf zfZjttf
/xG5, ;gftg wd{n] ;'?b]lv log} d}qLk"0f{ h'g Jojxf/nfO{
ckgfof] eGg]df d]/f] egfO xf] . ;To xf], ;gftg lxGb"wd{df
bfDkTo;DaGwL of] d}qLk"0f{ b[li6sf]0f s]xL ckjfbafx]s clwsf+z
hLjGt 5 . oxL s'/f afFsL ;+;f/lglDt ;gftg wd{sf] ¿kdf xfd|f]
;fd' k|:t't 5 . tyflk Tof] zfZjt l;4fGtdf ljv08g /
ljrng ;'? eP/ To;n] gofF lbzf lng yfn]sf] xf] ls eGg]
zª\sf;d]t 5 .
gf/L / k'?ifaLrsf] bfDkTo ;DaGwdf clt k|frLg sfnb]lv
ljj/0fut kl/jt{gx¿ x' Fb} cfP . tyflk Tof] ;DaGwdf /x]sf]
dfgjLo kIfdf zfZjttf eg] sfod 5 / /lx/xg]5 eGg]df d
ljZj:t 5' .
444