g]kfn /fhkq g]kfn /fhkq

\\
\\
g]kfn /fhkq
g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f k|sflzt
v08 ^#_ sf7df8f}+, h]7 #! ut], @)&)
;fn -cltl/Qmfª
cltl/Qmfª\
\s &
efu @
g]kfn ;/sf/
sfg"g, Gofo, ;+ljwfg ;ef tyf ;+;bLo dfldnf dGqfno
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f **sf] pkwf/f -!_
adf]lhd dlGqkl/ifbsf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6«klt 8f= /fdj/0f ofbjaf6 hf/L
ePsf] tn n]lvPadf]lhdsf] cWofb]z ;j{;fwf/0fsf] hfgsf/Lsf] nflu
k|sfzg ul/Psf] 5 .
;+jt\
\ @)&) ;fnsf] cWofb]z g+= $
;+ljwfg ;ef ;b:osf] lgjf{rgsf ;DaGwdf Joj:yf ug{ ag]sf] cWofb]z
k|:tfjgf M ;fj{ef}d;Qf / /fhsLo;Qf ;DkGg g]kfnL hgtfn] cfkm\gf] nflu
cfk}Fmn] gofF ;+ljwfgsf] lgdf{0f ug]{] k|of]hgsf nflu ;+ljwfg ;efsf] u7g
ug{ ;+ljwfg ;ef ;b:osf] lgjf{rg tyf lgjf{rg k|0ffnL / lgjf{rg

k|lqmofsf ;DaGwdf tTsfn sfg"gL Joj:yf ug{ cfjZos ePsf] / xfn
Joj:yflksf–;+;b gePsf]n],
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f ** sf] pkwf/f -!_
adf]lhd dlGqkl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6«kltaf6 of] cWofb]z hf/L ePsf]5 .
kl/R5]b–!
k|f/lDes
!= ;+lIfKt gfd / k|f/De M -!_ o; cWofb]zsf] gfd æ;+ljwfg ;ef
;b:o lgjf{rg cWofb]z, @)&)Æ /x]sf]5 .
@=
-@_ of] cWofb]z t'?Gt k|f/De x'g]5 .
kl/efiff M ljifo jf k|;Ën] csf]{ cy{ gnfu]df o; cWofb]zdf,–
-s_
-v_
-u_
-3_
æcbfntÆ eGgfn] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !!* adf]lhd u7g
ePsf] ;+ljwfg ;ef cbfnt ;Demg' k5{ .
æcfof]uÆ eGgfn] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@* adf]lhdsf] lgjf{rg
cfof]u ;Demg' k5{ .
æpDd]bjf/Æ eGgfn] bkmf @! adf]lhd ;+ljwfg ;efsf]
;b:odf pDd]bjf/ x'g dgf]gog ul/Psf] JolQm ;Demg' k5{
/ ;f] zAbn] ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cGtu{t x'g]
lgjf{rgsf nflu /fhg}lts bnn] bkmf & adf]lhd cfof]u
;dIf k]z u/]sf] pDd]bjf/sf] aGb;"rLdf gfd ;dfj]z
ePsf] JolQm ;d]tnfO{ hgfpF5 .
æpDd]bjf/sf] aGb;"rLÆ eGgfn] ;Dk"0f{ d'n'snfO{ Ps
lgjf{rg If]q dfgL /fhg}lts bnnfO{ dt lbg] ;dfg'kflts
lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cGtu{t x'g] lgjf{rgsf lgldQ dlxnf,
blnt, pTkLl8t hflt÷cflbjf;L hghflt, lk5l8Psf] If]q,
dw];L, v; cfo{ tyf cGo ;d"x ;d]tsf] ;dfg'kflts
k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L pDd]bjf/L lbg] k|of]hgsf nflu
/fhg}lts bnn] pDd]bjf/sf] gfd ;dfj]z u/L bkmf &
adf]lhd cfof]u ;dIf k]z u/]sf] ;"rL ;Demg' k5{ .
2

-ª_
-r_
-5_
-h_
ætf]lsPsf]Æ jf ætf]lsP adf]lhdÆ eGGffn] of] cWofb]z jf
o; cWofb]z cGtu{t ag]sf] lgoddf jf cfof]un] g]kfn
/fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L hf/L u/]sf] cfb]zdf
tf]lsPsf] jf tf]lsP adf]lhd ;Demg' k5{ .
ælgjf{rgÆ eGgfn] o; cWofb]z adf]lhd x'g] ;+ljwfg
;efsf ;b:osf] lgjf{rg ;Demg' k5{ / ;f] zAbn] klxnf]
x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL adf]lhd lgjf{lrt eO{
cfPsf] ;b:osf] kb l/Qm ePsf] cj:yfdf ul/g]
pklgjf{rg ;d]tnfO{ hgfp“5 .
ælgjf{rg clws[tÆ eGgfn] cfof]uaf6 lgo'Qm ePsf] d'Vo
lgjf{rg clws[t / lgjf{rg clws[t ;Demg' k5{ / ;f]
zAbn] ;xfos lgjf{rg clws[t ;d]tnfO{ hgfpF5 .
ælgjf{rg If]qÆ eGgfn] bkmf # adf]lhdsf] lgjf{rg If]q
;Demg' k5{ .
-em_ æklxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnLÆ eGgfn] bkmf %
adf]lhdsf] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL ;Demg' k5{ .
-`_
-6_
-7_
-8_
ædtbftfÆ eGgfn] lgjf{rgsf] nflu k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd
dtbftf gfdfjnLdf gfd btf{ ePsf] JolQm ;Demg' k5{ .
ædtkqÆ eGgfn] lgjf{rgdf dtbfg ug{sf nflu Joj:yf
ul/Psf] bkmf #% adf]lhdsf] dtkq ;Demg' k5{ / ;f]
zAbn] ljB'tLo pks/0faf6 dtbfg x'g] Joj:yf ePsf]df
To:tf] dtbfgdf k|of]u x'g] ljB'tLo pks/0f / k|bfg u/]sf]
dt ;Í]t ;d]tnfO{ hgfpF5 .
ædtbfg clws[tÆ eGgfn] bkmf !$ adf]lhd lgo'Qm ePsf]
dtbfg clws[t ;Demg' k5{ / ;f] zAbn] ;xfos dtbfg
clws[t ;d]tnfO{ hgfpF5 .
ældl>t lgjf{rg k|0ffnLÆ eGgfn] bkmf $ adf]lhdsf]
lgjf{rg k|0ffnL ;Demg' k5{ .
3

] ]
-9_
-0f_
-t_
-y_
-b_
æ/fhg}lts bnÆ eGgfn] k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd btf{ ePsf]
/fhg}lts bn ;Demg' k5{ .
æ;b:oÆ eGgfn] o; cWofb]z adf]lhd lgjf{lrt ePsf]
;+ljwfg ;efsf] ;b:o ;Demg' k5{ .
æ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnLÆ eGgfn] bkmf ^ adf]lhdsf]
lgjf{rg k|0ffnL ;Demg' k5{ .
æ;+ljwfgÆ eGgfn] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# ;Demg'
k5{ .
æ;+ljwfg ;efÆ eGgfn] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ^# adf]lhd u7g
x'g] ;+ljwfg ;ef ;Demg' k5{ .
kl/R5]b–@
lgjf{rg If]q tyf lgjf{rg k|0ffnL
#= lgjf{rg If]q / ;b:o ;+Vof M ;+ljwfg ;ef ;b:osf] lgjf{rgsf]
nflu b]xfosf] lgjf{rg If]q / ;b:o ;+Vof /xg]5g\ M–
-s_
-v_
-u_
klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cg';f/
x'g] lgjf{rgsf] nflu b'O{ ;o rfnL; lgjf{rg
If]qaf6 lgjf{lrt b'O{;o rfnL; hgf ;b:o,
/fhg}lts bnnfO{ dt lbg] ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg
k|0ffnL cg';f/ x'g] lgjf{rgsf] nflu ;Dk"0f{
d'n'snfO{ Ps lgjf{rg If]q dfgL sfod ul/Psf]
lgjf{rg If]qaf6 lgjf{lrt b'O{;o rfnL; hgf
;b:o,
/fli6«o hLjgdf dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf ljlzi6
JolQmx? / v08 -s_ / -v_ adf]lhdsf
lgjf{rgaf6 k|ltlglwTj x'g g;s]sf cflbjf;L
hghfltx?dWo]af6 ;xdltsf cfwf/df
dlGqkl/ifb\af6 dgf]gog x'g] ] P3f/hgf ;b:o .
4

$= ldl>t lgjf{rg k|0ffnL M ;+ljwfg ;ef ;b:osf] lgjf{rgsf] nflu
b]xfo adf]lhdsf] ldl>t lgjf{rg k|0ffnL ckgfpg' kg]{5 M–
-s_ klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL, /
-v_
/fhg}lts bnnfO{ dt lbg] ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg
k|0ffnL .
%= klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL M -!_ klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt
x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cGtu{t bkmf # sf] v08 -s_ adf]lhd lgwf{l/t
lgjf{rg If]qsf nflu Ps lgjf{rg If]q Ps kbsf] cfwf/df ;a}eGbf
a9L dt k|fKt ug]{ pDd]bjf/ ;+ljwfg ;efsf] ;b:odf lgjf{lrt
x'g]5 .
-@_ klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cg';f/ x'g]
lgjf{rgdf Ps JolQmn] a9Ldf b'O{ lgjf{rg If]qsf nflu pDd]bjf/L
lbg ;Sg]5 . o;/L b'O{ lgjf{rg If]qsf nflu pDd]bjf/L lbPsf]
JolQm b'j} lgjf{rg If]qaf6 lgjf{lrt ePdf lgjf{rg kl/0ffd 3f]if0ff
ePsf] ldltn] tL; lbgleq s'g} Ps lgjf{rg If]qsf] ;b:otf sfod
/fvL lgh lgjf{lrt ePsf] cGo lgjf{rg If]qsf] ;b:otf Tofu ug]{
u/L lnlvt ?kdf ;+ljwfg ;efsf] cWoIf ;dIf /fhLgfdf k]z ug'{
kg]{5 . o;/L l/Qm x'g cfPsf] ;+ljwfg ;efsf] ;b:osf] :yfg
lgjf{rg cfof]un] tTsfn pklgjf{rgåf/f k"lt{ ug]{5 .
-#_ klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL adf]lhd
/fhg}lts bnx?n] pDd]bjf/ rog ubf{ ;dfj]zL l;4fGtnfO{ Wofg
lbg' kg]{5 .
^= ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL M -!_ ;Dk"0f{ d'n'snfO{ Ps lgjf{rg
If]q dfgL /fhg}lts bnnfO{ dt lbg] ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL
cg';f/ ePsf] lgjf{rgdf s'g} /fhg}lts bnn] k|fKt u/]sf] s'n dt
;+Vofsf] cg'kftdf ;f] /fhg}lts bnsf tk{maf6 ;dfg'kflts
lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cGtu{t k|ltlglwTj ug]{ ;+ljwfg ;efsf ;b:ox?
lgjf{lrt x'g]5g\ .
5

&=
-@_ klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cg';f/ pDd]bjf/
x'g] JolQmsf] gfd ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cg';f/sf] ;"rLdf
;dfj]z ug{ kfOg] 5}g .
pDd]bjf/sf] aGb;"rL M -!_ ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cg';f/ x'g]
lgjf{rgsf] nflu To:tf] lgjf{rgdf efu lng rfxg] /fhg}lts bnn]
cfkm\gf] bnsf] tk{maf6 p7fOg] pDd]bjf/sf] aGb;"rL tof/ ug'{
kg]{5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd /fhg}lts bnn] pDd]bjf/sf]
aGb;"rL tof/ ubf{ ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cGtu{t lgjf{lrt
x'g] s'n ;b:o ;+Vofsf] sDtLdf bz k|ltzt ;b:osf nflu
pDd]bjf/L lbg] u/L To:tf] aGb;"rL tof/ ug'{ kg]{5 .
-#_ /fhg}lts bnn] pDd]bjf/ ;"rLs[t ubf{ cg';"rL–! df
pNn]v eP adf]lhd dlxnf, blnt, pTkLl8t hflt÷cflbjf;L
hghflt, lk5l8Psf] If]q, dw];L, v; cfo{ tyf cGo ;d"x ;d]tsf]
hg;+Vof k|ltztsf] cfwf/df ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L
cg';"rL–@ adf]lhd pDd]bjf/sf] aGb;"rL tof/ ug'{ kg]{5 . o;/L
dlxnfsf] pDd]bjf/L ;"rLs[t ubf{ blnt, pTkLl8t hflt÷cflbjf;L
hghflt, lk5l8Psf] If]q, dw];L, v; cfo{ tyf cGo ;d"x ;d]tsf]
;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L ;dfj]zL l;4fGt cg'?k ug{' kg]{5 .
dw];Laf6 pDd]bjf/L rog ubf{ blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt / cGo
;d"x ;d]tsf] hg;+Vof k|ltztsf] cfwf/df ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj
x'g] u/L pDd]bjf/sf] ;"rL tof/ ug'{ kg]{5 . To;/L tof/ u/]sf]
pDd]bjf/sf] aGb;"rL cfof]un] tf]s]sf] ;dofjlwleq ;DalGwt
/fhg}lts bnn] cg';"rL–@ adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf cfof]u ;dIf k]z
ug'{ kg]{5 .
:ki6Ls/0f M o; pkbkmfsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu æhg;+Vof
k|ltztsf] cfwf/Æ eGgfn] ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg x'g'eGbf
cl3sf] /fli6«o hgu0fgf adf]lhdsf] hg;+Vof k|ltztsf]
cfwf/ ;Demg' k5{ .
-$_ pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd /fhg}lts bnn] pDd]bjf/
;"rLs[t ubf{ pTkLl8t ;d"x, u/La ls;fg, dhb'/ / ckfË ;d]tsf
JolQmsf] k|ltlglwTjnfO{ ;d'lrt Wofg k'¥ofpg' kg{]5 .
6

] ]
] ]
-%_ ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL adf]lhd lbOg] dlxnf
pDd]bjf/sf] ;+Vofdf klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL
cg';f/ lbOg] dlxnf pDd]bjf/sf] ;+Vof hf]8]/ s'n ;+Vofdf Go"gtd
Ps ltxfO{ dlxnf pDd]bjf/ x'g' kg]{5 .
-^_ pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd bnaf6 k|fKt pDd]bjf/sf] aGb;"rL
cfof]u ;dIf k]z ePkl5 ;dfg'kflts / ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf
cfwf/df k|ltlglwTj eP gePsf] olsg u/L ;DalGwt /fhg}lts
bnnfO{ ;ft lbgleq ;Rofpg cfof]un] ;'lrt ug]{5 . To;/L ;'lrt
u/]kl5 ;DalGwt bnn] pDd]bjf/sf] aGb;"rLnfO{ ;+zf]wg u/L ;ft
lbgleq k7fpg' kg]{5 / o;/L k|fKt pDd]bjf/sf] aGb;"rL g} clGtd
;"rLsf] ?kdf sfod x'g]5 .
-&_ /fhg}lts bnn] ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cg';f/
ePsf] lgjf{rgdf hlt dt k|fKt u/]sf] 5 ;f]xL cg'kftdf pkbkmf
-#_ adf]lhd cfof]udf k]z u/]sf] pDd]bjf/sf] aGb;"rLdf gfd
;"rLs[t ePsf pDd]bjf/dWo] ;f]xL pkbkmf adf]lhd ;dfg'kflts
k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L ;DalGwt /fhg}lts bnsf] ] s]Gb|Lo sfo{sfl/0fL
;ldlt jf ;f] ;/xsf] ;ldltsf] ] lg0f{oaf6 5gf}6 ePsf] pDd]bjf/sf]
gfdfjnLsf] ;"rL cfof]un] tf]s]sf] ;doleq cfof]u ;dIf k]z ug'{
kg]{5 . o;/L cfof]u ;dIf k|fKt x'g cfPsf] pDd]bjf/sf]
gfdfjnLsf] ;"rLdf gfd ;dfj]z ePsf pDd]bjf/x? lgjf{lrt
ePsf] 3f]if0ff cfof]un] ug]{5 .
-*_ /fhg}lts bnåf/f pkbkmf -&_ adf]lhd k]z ug]{
lgjf{lrt pDd]bjf/sf] gfdfjnLdf ;DalGwt ;d"xsf] ;+Vof k"0ff{Í
geO{ 3tfÍ /x]sf] cj:yfdf ;DalGwt /fhg}lts bnn] cfk"mn]
lgjf{lrt 3f]if0ff ug{ kfpg] ;L6df ga9\g] u/L To:tf] 3tfÍ
;+VofeGbf 7Ls d'lgsf] k"0ff{Í jf 7Ls dflysf] k"0ff{Í ;+Vofdf
;d"xdf gfd /fvL k7fPsf] pDd]bjf/sf] gfdfjnLnfO{ lgjf{rg
cfof]un] dfGotf lbg]5 .
-(_ pkbkmf -&_ adf]lhd 5gf}6 eO{ cfof]u ;dIf k]z
ePsf] pDd]bjf/sf] gfdfjnL pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd ;dfg'kflts
k|ltlglwTj eP jf gePsf] ;DaGwdf cfof]un] 5fglag ug]{5 .
7

t/ pDd]bjf/sf] 5fglag ubf{ k|To]s ju{sf] s'n ;+Vofsf]
bz k|ltzt;Ddsf] 3l6a9L ePsf]df To;nfO{ cfof]un] :jLsf/
ug]{5 .
-!)_ pkbkmf -(_ adf]lhd cfof]un] 5fglag ubf{ ;DalGwt
/fhg}lts bnn] 5gf}6 u/L k]z u/]sf] pDd]bjf/sf] gfdfjnL pkbkmf
-#_ adf]lhd ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj ePsf] gkfOPdf cfof]un]
;DalGwt /fhg}lts bnnfO{ ;f] adf]lhd ;RofO{ gfdfjnL k]z ug{
n]vL k7fpg]5 .
-!!_ pkbkmf -!)_ adf]lhd cfof]un] n]vL k7fPsf] tLg
lbgleq ;DalGwt /fhg}lts bnn] pkbkmf -&_ sf] k|of]hgsf nflu
;+zf]lwt gfdfjnLsf] ;"rL cfof]u ;dIf k]z ug'{ kg]{5 .
-!@_ pkbkmf -!!_ adf]lhd cfof]u ;dIf k]z ePsf]
pDd]bjf/sf] ;+zf]lwt gfdfjnLdf klg pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd
;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj ePsf] gkfOPdf h'g ;d"xsf] hlt ;+Vofsf]
pDd]bjf/sf] gfdfjnL pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L
pknAw ePsf] 5 ;dfg'kflts ?kn] Tolt g} k|ltzt :yfgdf
;DalGwt /fhg}lts bnsf] pDd]bjf/ lgjf{lrt ePsf] 3f]if0ff
cfof]un] ug]{5 .
t/ lgjf{lrt pDd]bjf/sf] 3f]if0ff ubf{ k|To]s ju{sf] s'n
;+Vofsf] bz k|ltzt;Ddsf] 3l6a9L ePsf]df To;nfO{ cfof]un]
:jLsf/ ug]{5 .
-!#_ o; bkmf adf]lhd pDd]bjf/x? lgjf{lrt ePsf] ;"rgf
cfof]un] ;fj{hlgs u/L ;f]sf] hfgsf/L ;DalGwt /fhg}lts bnnfO{
;d]t lbg' kg]{5 .
-!$_ o; cWofb]z adf]lhd tof/ u/L cfof]u;dIf k]z
ul/g] pDd]bjf/sf] aGb;"rLdf ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf nflu
lgwf{l/t s'n ;b:o ;+VofeGbf a9L x'g] u/L pDd]bjf/sf] gfd
;"rLs[t ug{ kfOg] 5}g .
-!%_ o; bkmfdf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtfklg
;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cGtu{tsf] lgjf{rg k|of]hgsf nflu
pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd pDd]bjf/sf] aGb;"rL tof/ ubf{ / pkbkmf -&_
adf]lhd lgjf{lrt x'g] pDd]bjf/sf] 5gf}6 ubf{ To:tf] lgjf{rg
k|0ffnL cGtu{t lgjf{lrt x'g] s'n ;b:o ;+Vofsf] tL; k|ltzt eGbf
8

]]
]]
]]
sd dfq pDd]bjf/ ;"rLs[t ug]{ /fhg}lts bnn] cg';"rL–! cGtu{t
lgwf{l/t k|ltztdf dlxnf / k'?ifsf] ;+Vof a/fa/ x'g] u/L blnt,
pTkLl8t hflt÷cflbjf;L hghflt, lk5l8Psf] If]q, dw];L, v; cfo{
tyf cGo ;d"xsf] ] oyfzSo k|ltlglwTj u/fO{ k|ltzt 3l6a9L
ePsf]nfO{ / Pshgf dfq pDd]bjf/ lgjf{lrt x'g] /fhg}lts bnsf]
xsdf ;DalGwt /fhg}lts bnn] pDd]bjf/sf] aGb;"rLdf ;"rLs[t
u/]sf]dWo] s'g} pDd]bjf/nfO{ 5gf}6 u/]sf]df lgjf{rg cfof]un]
dfGotf k|bfg ug'{ kg]{5 .
*= pDd]bjf/sf] aGb;"rL ;+ljwfg ;efsf] sfo{sfne/ dfGo x'g]
] M -!_
/fhg}lts bnn] bkmf & adf]lhd cfof]u ;dIf k]z u/]sf]
pDd]bjf/sf] aGb;"rL ;+ljwfg ;efsf] sfo{sfne/ dfGo x'g]5 .
-@_ ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cg';f/ lgjf{lrt ;+ljwfg
;efsf] s'g} ;b:osf] d[To' eO{ jf /fhLgfdf lbO{ jf bn Tofu u/L
jf cGo sf/0fn] kb l/Qm ePdf pDd]bjf/sf] aGb;"rLdf ;"rLs[tx?
dWo]af6 ;DalGwt /fhg}lts bnsf] s]Gb|Lo sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt jf
;f] ;/xsf] ;ldltn] bkmf & sf] pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd k|ltlglwTj
x'g] u/L 5gf}6 u/]sf] pDd]bjf/ lgjf{lrt ePsf] dflgg]5 .
(= pDd]bjf/L /2 x'g]
] M ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cGtu{tsf] lgjf{rg
k|of]hgsf nflu s'g} /fhg}lts bnn] pDd]bjf/sf] aGb;"rLdf
;"rLs[t s'g} pDd]bjf/ lgjf{rg k"/f gx'Fb} ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ^%
cg';f/ cof]Uo 5 jf x'g uPsf] 5 eGg] k|Zg p7]df tT;DaGwdf
cfjZos 5fglag u/L cfof]un] cof]Uo ePsf] 7x/ u/]df To:tf]
pDd]bjf/sf] pDd]bjf/L /2 x'g]5 .
t/ cfof]un] lg0f{o ug'{ cl3 ;DalGwt pDd]bjf/nfO{
cfkm\gf] egfO{ k]z ug]{ dgfl;a df}sf pknAw u/fpg' kg]{5 .
kl/R5]b–#
lgjf{rg clws[t, dtbfg clws[t / cGo sd{rf/L
!)= lgjf{rg clws[tsf] lgo'lQm M -!_ lgjf{rgsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu
;+ljwfg, of] cWofb]z tyf k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd lgjf{rg If]qdf
9

;Dkfbg ug{' kg]{ sfdx? ug{ u/fpgsf nflu cfof]un] cfjZostf
cg';f/ lgjf{rg clws[t lgo'Qm ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd lgjf{rg clws[t lgo'Qm ubf{
cfof]un] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !!) sf] pkwf/f -!_ sf] k|ltaGWffTds
jfSof+z adf]lhd Gofo kl/ifb\sf] :jLs[lt lnO{ GofofwLznfO{ / Gofo
;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lnO{ g]kfn Gofo ;]jfsf sDtLdf /fhkqflÍt
låtLo >]0fLsf clws[t sd{rf/LnfO{ lgo'Qm ug{ ;Sg]5 .
!!= d'Vo lgjf{rg clws[tsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ M -!_ cfof]usf]
lgb]{zgsf] cwLgdf /xL cfk"mnfO{ tf]lsPsf] lhNnfleqsf] lgjf{rg
If]qx?sf] lgjf{rg ;DaGwL sfdsf] ;dGjo / ;'kl/j]If0f u/L
cfjZos lgb]{zg lbg' d'Vo lgjf{rg clws[tsf] st{Jo x'g]5 .
!@=
-@_ d'Vo lgjf{rg clws[tn] cfk"mnfO{ tf]lsPsf] lgjf{rg
If]qdf lgjf{rg clws[tsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/sf] k|of]u / kfng
;d]t ug]{5 .
lgjf{rg clws[tsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ M -!_ cfof]usf]
lgb]{zgsf] cwLgdf /xL cfk"m vl6Psf] lgjf{rg If]qdf o; cWofb]z
adf]lhd lgjf{rg u/fpg] ;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ sfd sf/afxL :jtGq /
lgikIf ?kdf ug'{ u/fpg' lgjf{rg clws[tsf] st{Jo x'g]5 .
-@_ lgjf{rg clws[tsf] cGo sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/
cfof]un] hf/L u/]sf] cfb]z, lgb]{zg / lgb]{lzsfdf pNn]v eP
adf]lhd x'g]5 .
-#_ lgjf{rg clws[tn] lgjf{rgsf] sfd ug{ v6fPsf]
sd{rf/LnfO{ cfjZostf cg';f/ cfkm\gf] clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ug{
;Sg]5 .
-$_ pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ubf{
dgf]gogkq hfFRg], ;b/ jf ab/ ug]{ jf vf/]h ug]{, dtkq ;b/ jf
ab/ ug]{ / dtu0fgf kl/0ffd 3f]if0ff ug]{ clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ug{
;lsg] 5}g .
10

!#= ;xfos lgjf{rg clws[t / cGo sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm M -!_ lgjf{rg
clws[tn] cfof]un] tf]s] adf]lhdsf] ;+Vofdf ;xfos lgjf{rg
clws[t / cGo sd{rf/Lx? lgo'Qm ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-@_ lgjf{rg clws[tn] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
:jfldTj jf lgoGq0fdf /x]sf] jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cg'bfgdf
;~rflnt ;+:yf jf :yfgLo lgsfosf] sd{rf/L jf ;fd'bflos
ljBfnosf] lzIfsnfO{ cfjZostf cg';f/ lgjf{rgsf] sfddf
v6fpg ;Sg]5 .
!$= dtbfg clws[tsf] lgo'lQm
M -!_ lgjf{rg clws[tn] ;DalGwt
lgjf{rg If]qsf nflu cfjZos ;+Vofdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] jf g]kfn
;/sf/sf] :jfldTj jf lgoGq0fdf /x]sf] jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
cg'bfgdf ;~rflnt ;+:yf jf :yfgLo lgsfosf] sd{rf/L jf
;fd'bflos ljBfnosf] lzIfsnfO{ dtbfg clws[t jf ;xfos
dtbfg clws[t lgo'Qm ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd lgo'Qm dtbfg clws[t / ;xfos
dtbfg clws[tn] of] cWofb]z / o; cWofb]z cGtu{t ag]sf] lgod
jf cfb]zn] tf]s] adf]lhdsf] dtbfg u/fpg] ;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ sfo{
:jR5, :jtGq / lgikIf ?kdf ;DkGg u/fpg' kg]{5 .
-#_ dtbfg clws[t tyf ;xfos dtbfg clws[tsf] cGo
sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ cfof]un] hf/L u/]sf] cfb]z, lgb]{zg /
lgb]{lzsfdf pNn]v eP adf]lhd x'g]5 .
kl/R5]b–$
lgjf{rgsf] ;"rgf
!%= lgjf{rg u/fpg] M cfof]un] o; cWofb]z adf]lhd x'g] ;+ljwfg
;efsf ;b:osf] lgjf{rg ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ^# sf] pkwf/f -@_
adf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] ldltdf u/fpg]5 .
11

!^=
!&=
lgjf{rgsf] ;"rgf M -!_ ;+ljwfg ;efsf] ;b:osf] lgjf{rgsf] nflu
g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ^# sf] pkwf/f -@_ adf]lhd tf]s]sf]
ldltdf dtbfg ;DkGg ug{ cfof]un] ;do tf]sL ;f]sf] ;"rgf hf/L
ug]{5 / To:tf] ;"rgf g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sfzg ug]{5 .
-@_ g]kfn ;/sf/n] ef}uf]lns cj:yf, df};d tyf cGo
kl/l:ylt ;d]t ljrf/ u/L Ps jf PseGbf a9L lgjf{rg If]qdf
lgjf{rgsf] nflu dtbfg ug{ Pp6} jf cnu–cnu ldlt tf]Sg
;Sg]5 / o;/L g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s] adf]lhd Pp6} jf cnu–cnu
ldltdf lgjf{rg sfo{qmd cg';f/ ePsf] lgjf{rg Ps}k6s ePsf]
dflgg]5 .
lgjf{rg sfo{qmdsf] ;"rgf M -!_ bkmf !^ adf]lhd lgjf{rgsf]
;"rgf k|sflzt ePkl5 ;DalGwt lgjf{rg clws[tn] cfof]un]
lgwf{/0f u/]sf] sfo{qmd cg';f/ klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] lgjf{rg
k|0ffnL cGtu{t pDd]bjf/sf] dgf]gogkq btf{ ug]{, dgf]gogkq btf{
ePsf] pDd]bjf/sf] ;"rL k|sfzg ug]{, pDd]bjf/Lsf] bfaL lj/f]wdf
ph"/L lbg], dgf]gogkq hfFr ug]{, dgf]gog ePsf] pDd]bjf/sf]
gfdfjnL k|sfzg ug]{, pDd]bjf/n] gfd lkmtf{ lng], pDd]bjf/sf]
clGtd gfdfjnL k|sfzg ug]{ / pDd]bjf/nfO{ lgjf{rg lrGx k|bfg
ug]{ ldlt, ;do / :yfg tf]sL lgjf{rg sfo{qmdsf] ;"rgf k|sfzg
ug]{5 .
-@_ bkmf !^ adf]lhd lgjf{rgsf] ;"rgf k|sflzt ePkl5
;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cGtu{t x'g] lgjf{rgsf] nflu
pDd]bjf/sf] aGb;"rL cfof]udf k]z ug]{, ;f] pk/ bfaL lj/f]w ug]{ /
clGtd pDd]bjf/sf] aGb;"rL k|sfzg ug]{ ;d]tsf sfo{qmd cfof]un]
k|sfzg ug]{5 .
kl/R5]b–%
pDd]bjf/ tyf dgf]gogkq
!*= pDd]bjf/sf] of]Uotf M lgjf{rgdf pDd]bjf/ x'g s'g} klg JolQmn]
b]xfosf] of]Uotf k"/f u/]sf] x'g' kg]{5 M–
12

-s_ g]kfnL gful/s,
-v_ sDtLdf kRrL; jif{ pd]/ k"/f u/]sf],
-u_ g}lts ktg b]lvg] kmf}hbf/L s;"/df ;hfo gkfPsf],
-3_ s'g} nfesf] kb wf/0f gu/]sf] .
:ki6Ls/0f M v08 -3_ sf] k|of]hgsf] nflu ænfesf] kbÆ
eGgfn] lgjf{rg jf dgf]gogåf/f k"lt{ ul/g] /fhg}lts
kb afx]s s'g} ;/sf/L sf]ifaf6 kfl/>lds jf cGo s'g}
cfly{s ;'ljwf kfpg] cGo s'g} kbnfO{ hgfpg]5 .
!(= pDd]bjf/sf] cof]Uotf M o; cWofb]zdf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf]
ePtfklg b]xfosf] JolQm lgjf{rgdf pDd]bjf/ x'g cof]Uo
dflgg]5 M–
-s_
-v_
-u_
-3_
-ª_
-r_
dtbftf gfdfjnLdf gfd ;dfj]z gePsf],
g]kfn ;/sf/ jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jfldTj jf
lgoGq0fdf /x]sf] jf g]kfn ;/sf/af6 cg'bfg k|fKt
;+:yfdf kfl/>lds kfpg] u/L axfn /x]sf],
lgjf{rg ;DaGwL k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd ;hfo kfO{
;f] ;hfo kfPsf] ldltn] b'O{ jif{ e'Qmfg gu/]sf],
e|i6frf/, hah{:tL s/0fL, dfgj j]rljvg tyf
cf];f/k;f/, nfu' cf}ifw laqmL ljt/0f tyf lgsf;L
jf k}7f/L, ;DklQ z'4Ls/0f jf /fxbfgL b'?kof]u
;DaGwL s;"/df cbfntsf] clGtd km};nfaf6 ;hfo
kfPsf],
Hofg ;DaGwL d'2fdf cbfntsf] cGtLd km};nfaf6
;j{:j ;lxt hGds}b jf hGds}bsf] ;hfo kfPsf],
a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] C0f lgotjz glt/L
k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd sfnf] ;"rLdf /x]sf],
-5_ duh lau|]sf] .
13

@)=
@!=
pDd]bjf/sf] pd]/sf] u0fgf M lgjf{rgdf pDd]bjf/ x'gsf] nflu
pDd]bjf/sf] pd]/sf] u0fgf ubf{ klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] lgjf{rg
k|0ffnLsf] xsdf pDd]bjf/sf] dgf]gogkq btf{ ug]{ / ;dfg'kflts
lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] xsdf cfof]udf pDd]bjf/sf] aGb;"rL k]z ug]{
ldlt;Dddf kRrL; jif{ pd]/ k"/f u/]sf] x'g' kg]{5 .
pDd]bjf/sf] dgf]gog M -!_ ;+ljwfg / o; cWofb]z adf]lhd
pDd]bjf/ x'g of]Uotf k'u]sf] / s'g} lgjf{rg If]qsf] dtbftf
gfdfjnLdf dtbftfsf] ?kdf gfd btf{ ePsf] s'g} JolQmnfO{ o;
cWofb]z adf]lhd x'g] lgjf{rgdf tf]lsP adf]lhd pDd]bjf/
dgf]gog ug{ ;lsg]5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd s'g} lgjf{rg If]qsf] nflu
pDd]bjf/ dgf]gog ubf{ Pshgf k|:tfjs / Pshgf ;dy{s x'g'
kg]{5 . To:tf] k|:tfjs / ;dy{s ;f]xL lgjf{rg If]qsf] dtbftf
gfdfjnLdf gfd btf{ ePsf] dtbftf x'g' kg]{5 .
-#_ lgjf{rg k|of]hgsf] nflu btf{ ePsf] /fhg}lts bnn]
v8f u/]sf] pDd]bjf/sf] ;DaGwdf ;f] bnn] lghnfO{ cf}krfl/s kq
;d]t lbPsf] x'g' kg]{5 / To:tf] cf}krfl/s kq k|bfg ug{ clwsf/
kfPsf] ;f] bnsf] kbflwsf/Ln] To:tf] kqsf] Ps k|lt lgjf{rg
clws[tnfO{ ;d]t k7fpg' kg]{5 .
-$_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd s'g} JolQmnfO{ k|:tfj ul/Psf]
cj:yfdf lghn] dgf]gogkqdf cfkm\gf] d~h'/L n]vL ;xL5fk ;d]t
ug'{ kg]{5 .
-%_ s'g} JolQmnfO{ Pp6} lgjf{rg If]qsf] lgjf{rgsf] nflu
a9Ldf tLg dgf]gogkqåf/f dgf]gog ug{ ;lsg]5 .
-^_ o; bkmfdf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtfklg
;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cg';f/ pDd]bjf/ dgf]gog ubf{
/fhg}lts bnn] o; cWofb]z adf]lhd of]Uotf k'u]sf] pDd]bjf/sf]
gfd pDd]bjf/sf] aGb;"rLdf ;dfj]z u/L To:tf] aGb;"rL cfof]u
;dIf k]z u/]df pDd]bjf/sf] dgf]gog u/]sf] dflgg]5 . dgf]gog
u/]sf k|To]s pDd]bjf/sf] s'g 7fpFsf] dtbftf gfdfjnLdf gfd
;dfj]z ePsf] 5 ;f] / lghsf] g]kfnL gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqsf]
k|ltlnlk Pj+ 7]ufgf ;d]t pNn]v ePsf] x'g' kg]{5 .
14

]]
@@= dgf]gogkq k|dfl0ft ug]{ clwsf/L ;DaGwL Joj:yf M -!_ lgjf{rg
k|of]hgsf] nflu cfof]udf btf{ ePsf] /fhg}lts bnsf] tk{maf6
pDd]bjf/ dgf]gogsf] cf}krfl/s kq k|bfg ug{ clwsf/ kfPsf]
/fhg}lts bnsf] kbflwsf/Lsf] gfd, y/, kb / lghsf] b:tvtsf]
gd'gf ;f] /fhg}lts bnsf] s]Gb|Lo sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt jf ;f] ;/xsf]
;ldltn] ] tf]s]sf] kbflwsf/Ln] k|dfl0ft u/L pDd]bjf/sf] nflu
dgf]gogkq bflvnf ug]{ clGtd ldlt eGbf sDtLdf ;ft lbg cufj}
cfof]unfO{ pknAw u/fpg' kg]{5 .
@#=
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] /Lt gk'¥ofO{ dgf]gogkq
bflvn ePsf] cj:yfdf To:tf] /fhg}lts bnsf] pDd]bjf/nfO{ ;f]
/fhg}lts bnsf] pDd]bjf/sf] ?kdf dfGotf lbOg] 5}g .
dgf]gogkqsf] btf{ M -!_ pDd]bjf/sf] dgf]gogkq pDd]bjf/ cfkm}+n]
jf lghsf] k|ltlglwn] jf k|:tfjs jf ;dy{sn] ;DalGwt lgjf{rg
If]qsf] lgjf{rg clws[t ;dIf k]z ug'{ kg]{5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd k]z ePsf] dgf]gogkq ;DalGwt
lgjf{rg clws[tn] o; cWofb]z adf]lhd /Ltk"j{ssf] 5 jf 5}g x]/L
/Ltk"j{ssf] eP btf{ u/L tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] lg:;f dgf]gogkq btf{
ug{ Nofpg] JolQmnfO{ lbg' kg]{5 .
-#_ lgjf{rg clws[tn] k|:tfjs jf ;dy{s gePsf] jf
k|:tfjs jf ;dy{s bf]xf]l/Psf] jf o; cWofb]z adf]lhdsf] w/f}6L
/fv]sf] lg:;f gePsf] jf k|:tfjs jf ;dy{s jf pDd]bjf/ x'g]
JolQmsf] ;xL5fk gePsf] jf cGo /Lt gk'u]sf] dgf]gogkq btf{ ug{
NofPdf /Lt gk'u]sf] hlt ;Rofpg nufO{ ;f] dgf]gogkq btf{ ug'{
kg]{5 . o;/L /Lt gk'u]sf] s'/f ;Rofpg' kg]{ Joxf]/f g;RofO{
dgf]gogkq btf{ u/fpg rfx]df ;f]xL Joxf]/f dgf]gogkqdf hgfO{
;f]sf] ;"rgf dgf]gogkq btf{ u/fpg] JolQmnfO{ lbg' kg]{5 .
-$_ dgf]gogkq btf{ ug]{ ;do ;dfKt ePkl5 lgjf{rg
clws[tn] lgjf{rg sfo{qmdsf] ;"rgfdf tf]lsPsf] ldlt, ;do /
:yfgdf dgf]gogkq btf{ ePsf] pDd]bjf/sf] ;"rL k|sfzg ug]{5 .
-%_ pkbkmf -$_ adf]lhd k|sflzt ;"rLdf plNnlvt s'g}
pDd]bjf/sf] of]Uotfsf] ;DaGwdf ph"/L lbg rfxg] pDd]bjf/ jf
15

@$=
lghsf] k|ltlglwn] lgjf{rg sfo{qmdsf] ;"rgfdf tf]lsPsf] ldlt,
;do / :yfgdf lgjf{rg clws[t ;dIf ph"/L lbg ;Sg]5 .
-^_ o; bkmfdf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg
;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cGtu{t x'g] lgjf{rgsf nflu bkmf @!
sf] pkbkmf -^_ adf]lhd /fhg}lts bnn] pDd]bjf/ dgf]gog ug]{
k|of]hgsf] nflu k]z u/]sf] pDd]bjf/sf] aGb;"rL adf]lhd
pDd]bjf/sf] dgf]gogkq btf{ ePsf] dflgg]5 .
dgf]gogkqsf] hfFr M -!_ klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL
cGtu{t x'g] lgjf{rgsf nflu btf{ ePsf] dgf]gogkq hfFr ug{
lgjf{rg sfo{qmdsf] ;"rgfdf tf]lsPsf] ldlt, ;do / :yfgdf
k|:tfjs, ;dy{s jf pDd]bjf/ :jo+ jf lghn] lnlvt ?kdf clwsf/
lbPsf] Pshgf k|ltlglw pkl:yt x'g' kg]{5 .
-@_ lgjf{rg clws[tn] pkbkmf -!_ df pNn]v ul/Psf
JolQmx? ;dIf To:tf ;Dk"0f{ pDd]bjf/x?sf] dgf]gogkq hfFr
ug]{5 .
t/ To;/L pkl:yt x'g' kg]{ s'g} k|:tfjs, ;dy{s jf
pDd]bjf/ jf lghsf] k|ltlglw pkl:yt gePdf klg dgf]gogkq
hfFr ug{ / ;f] ;DaGwdf sfg"g adf]lhd lg0f{o ug{ o; pkbkmfn]
afwf k'¥ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g .
-#_ lgjf{rg clws[tn] pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd pDd]bjf/x?sf]
dgf]gogkq hfFr ubf{ bkmf @# sf] pkbkmf -%_ adf]lhd s'g}
pDd]bjf/sf] lj/f]wdf ph"/L k/]sf] /x]5 eg] ;f] ;DaGwdf ;d]t
cfjZos hfFra'em u/L lg0f{o ug'{ kg]{5 . o;/L hfFra'em ubf{
k|:tfjs / ;dy{s bf]xf]l/Psf] kfOPdf ;DalGwt pDd]bjf/nfO{
;Rofpg] df}sf lbg' kg]{5 / dgf]gogkqdf /x]sf] ;fgf]ltgf]
e"nr"ssf] sf/0fn] dfq ;f] dgf]gogkq ab/ ul/g] 5}g .
:ki6Ls/0f M o; pkbkmfsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu æ;fgf]ltgf]
e"nr"sÆ eGgfn] dtbftf gfdfjnLdf jf dgf]gogkqdf
pDd]bjf/, k|:tfjs jf lghx?;Fu ;DalGwt JolQmsf] gfd,
y/, jtg jf qmd;+Vofsf] n]vfO{ jf 5kfO{ ;DaGwL k|fljlws
jf cIf/, dfqf jf cÍsf] q'6L ePdf / ;f] q'6Ln] s'g}
tflTjs km/s gkfg]{ ePdf To:tf] q'6LnfO{ hgfpg]5 .
16

@%=
@^=
-$_ b]xfosf cj:yfdf lgjf{rg clws[tn] o; bkmf
adf]lhd ug'{ kg]{ dgf]gogkqsf] hfFr ;DaGwL sf/afxL :ylut ug{
;Sg]5 M–
-s_ dgf]gogkq hfFr ug]{ :yfgdf ;f] hfFr ug]{
;dodf x'nbËf nufot cGo c;fdfGo kl/l:ylt
pTkGg ePdf, jf
-v_ k|fs[lts ljklQsf] sf/0fn] sfa"aflx/sf] kl/l:ylt
pTkGg ePdf .
-%_ pkbkmf -$_ adf]lhd dgf]gogkqsf] hfFr ;DaGwL
sf/afxL :ylut ePdf lgjf{rg clws[tn] ;do / :yfg tf]sL
oyf;Dej l56f] dgf]gogkqsf] hfFr ug'{ kg]{5 .
dgf]gogkq ab/ x'g] cj:yf M b]xfosf] cj:yfdf dgf]gogkq ab/
x'g]5 M–
-s_
-v_
;+ljwfg / o; cWofb]z adf]lhd pDd]bjf/sf]
of]Uotf gePdf,
pDd]bjf/ x'g] JolQmsf] d~h'/L gePdf jf lghsf]
jf lghsf] pDd]bjf/ dgf]gog ug]{ k|:tfjs /
;dy{ssf] ;xL5fk gePdf jf sLt]{ ;xL5fk ePdf,
-u_ bkmf ^& adf]lhd bflvnf ug'{ kg]{ w/f}6L g/fv]df,
-3_
-ª_
bkmf !& adf]lhd tf]lsPsf] ;doleq dgf]gogkq
btf{ gePdf,
bkmf @@ / @# df n]lvP adf]lhd dgf]gogkq
bflvnf gePdf,
-r_ o; cWofb]z adf]lhd cGo /Lt gk'u]sf] ePdf .
pDd]bjf/sf] gfdfjnL M lgjf{rg clws[tn] dgf]gogkqx?sf] hfFr
ul/;s]kl5 sfg"g adf]lhd /Lt k'u]sf dgf]gogkq adf]lhdsf
pDd]bjf/x?sf] tf]lsP adf]lhd gfdfjnL tof/ ug'{ kg]{5 / ;f]
gfdfjnLsf] Ps k|lt cfkm\gf] sfof{nodf k|sfzg ug'{ kg]{5 .
17

@&=
@*=
t/ ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cg';f/ x'g] lgjf{rgsf
nflu /fhg}lts bnn] k]z u/]sf] pDd]bjf/sf] aGb;"rLdf /x]sf
gfdfjnL cfof]un] ;fj{hlgs ug'{ kg]{5 .
gfd lkmtf{ lng] M -!_ s'g} pDd]bjf/n] cfkm\gf] gfd pDd]bjf/sf]
gfdfjnLaf6 x6fpgsf] nflu gfd lkmtf{ lng rfx]df bkmf !& sf]
pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd tf]lsPsf] ;doleq lgjf{rg clws[tnfO{
lnlvt ;"rgf lbO{ cfkm\gf] gfd lkmtf{ lng ;Sg]5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd gfd lkmtf{ lnPsf] ;"rgf
pDd]bjf/ cfkm}+n] jf lghsf] k|ltlglwn] bflvn ug'{ kg]{5 .
-#_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd gfd lkmtf{ lnPsf] ;"rgf lgjf{rg
clws[t ;dIf bflvnf e};s]kl5 ;f] ;"rgf ab/ ug{ jf lkmtf{ lng
kfpg] 5}g .
-$_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd bflvnf ePsf] ;"rgfsf] ;Totfdf
lgjf{rg clws[t ;Gt'i6 ePdf gfd lkmtf{ lng] pDd]bjf/sf] gfd
pDd]bjf/sf] gfdfjnLaf6 x6fpg' kg]{5 / gfd x6fOPsf] ;"rgf
lgjf{rg clws[tn] cfkm\gf] sfof{nodf t'?Gt k|sfzg ug]{5 .
-%_ s'g} /fhg}lts bnn] v8f u/]sf] s'g} pDd]bjf/sf]
;DaGwdf ;f] bnsf] clwsf/ k|fKt JolQmn] lghsf] gfd lkmtf{ lng]
u/L lgjf{rg clws[tnfO{ bkmf !& sf] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd
tf]lsPsf] ;doleq n]vL k7fPdf lghnfO{ pDd]bjf/sf] ?kdf sfod
/flvg] 5}g .
-^_ pDd]bjf/sf] aGb;"rLdf ;"rLs[t s'g} pDd]bjf/n] bkmf
!& sf] pkbkmf -!_ df tf]lsPsf] ;doleq cfkm\gf] gfd pDd]bjf/sf]
aGb;"rLaf6 x6fpg rfx]df cfof]u ;dIf lgj]bg lbg' kg]{5 . o;/L
lgj]bg k/]df cfof]un] To:tf] pDd]bjf/sf] gfd pDd]bjf/sf]
aGb;"rLaf6 x6fO{ ;f]sf] hfgsf/L ;DalGwt /fhg}lts bnnfO{ lbg'
kg]{5 .
pDd]bjf/sf] clGtd gfdfjnL M -!_ bkmf !& sf] pkbkmf -!_
adf]lhd pDd]bjf/n] gfd lkmtf{ lng] ;do ;dfKt ePkl5 lgjf{rg
clws[tn] afFsL /x]sf pDd]bjf/x?sf] gfdfjnL tf]lsP adf]lhd
tof/ ug'{ kg]{5 / ;f] gfdfjnLsf] Ps k|lt cfkm\gf] sfof{nodf t'?Gt
k|sfzg u/L ;f]sf] Ps k|lt cfof]udf k7fpg' kg]{5 .
18

@(=
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] gfdfjnLdf pDd]bjf/sf] gfd
j0ff{g'qmd cg';f/ n]lvg]5 / s'g} /fhg}lts bnaf6 dgf]gLt
pDd]bjf/ ePdf lghx?sf] dgf]gogkqdf n]lvPsf] 7]ufgfdf ;f]
bnsf] gfd ;d]t pNn]v ul/g]5 .
;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cGtu{t pDd]bjf/sf] bfaL lj/f]w
;DaGwL Joj:yf M -!_ bkmf & adf]lhd k|fKt pDd]bjf/sf] aGb;"rL
pk/ cfjZos hfFra'em u/L cfof]un] ;f] ;"rL ;fj{hlgs ug'{
kg]{5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd pDd]bjf/sf] aGb;"rL k|sfzg ubf{
cfof]un] To:tf] ;"rLdf gfd ;dfj]z ePsf] s'g} pDd]bjf/sf]
;+ljwfg / o; cWofb]z adf]lhdsf] of]Uotf gk'u]sf] eP ;f]
;DaGwdf bfaL lj/f]w ug{ ;ft lbgleq lgj]bg lbg cfpg' eGg]
Joxf]/fsf] ;"rgf ;d]t k|sfzg ug'{ kg]{5 .
-#_ cfof]un] pkbkmf -!_ / -@_ adf]lhd pDd]bjf/sf]
aGb;"rL / bfaL lj/f]w ug{ cfpg' egL ;"rgf k|sfzg u/]sf] Joxf]/f
cfjZostf cg';f/ /fli6«o:t/sf ;~rf/ dfWodaf6 ;d]t k|sfzg
/ k|;f/0f ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-$_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd k|sflzt pDd]bjf/sf] aGb;"rLdf
gfd ;dfj]z ePsf] s'g} pDd]bjf/sf] ;+ljwfg jf o; cWofb]z
adf]lhd of]Uotf gk'u]sf] egL s'g} /fhg}lts bn jf pDd]bjf/sf]
aGb;"rLdf gfd ;dfj]z ePsf] s'g} JolQmn] cfof]un] lgwf{/0f u/]sf]
;doleq k|df0f ;lxt cfof]u ;dIf bfaL lj/f]w ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-%_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd bfaL lj/f]wsf] lgj]bg k|fKt ePdf
;f] ;DaGwdf cfof]un] cfjZos hfFra'em ug{ ;Sg]5 / hfFra'emaf6
pDd]bjf/sf] aGb;"rLdf gfd ;dfj]z ePsf] JolQm ;+ljwfg / o;
cWofb]z adf]lhdsf] of]Uotf k'u]sf] gb]lvPdf cfof]un] ;f]xL Joxf]/f
hgfO{ To:tf] pDd]bjf/sf] gfd To:tf] ;"rLaf6 x6fpg' kg]{5 .
-^_ o; cWofb]z adf]lhd bfaL lj/f]wsf] sfd ;dfKt
ePkl5 cfof]un] cfkm\gf] sfof{nodf clGtd pDd]bjf/sf] aGb;"rL
k|sfzg ug]{5 .
-&_ o; cWofb]z adf]lhd bfaL lj/f]wsf] sfd ;dfKt
ePkl5 cfof]un] clGtd pDd]bjf/sf] aGb;"rL k|dfl0ft u/L
;DalGwt /fhg}lts bnnfO{ k7fpg' kg]{5 .
19

#)= lglj{/f]w lgjf{lrt ePsf] dflgg] M klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] lgjf{rg
k|0ffnL cGtu{t s'g} lgjf{rg If]qdf Pshgf dfq pDd]bjf/ sfod
x'g cfPdf lgjf{rg clws[tn] ;f] lgjf{rg If]qaf6 To:tf] pDd]bjf/
lglj{/f]w lgjf{lrt ePsf] egL tf]lsP adf]lhd 3f]if0ff ug]{5 .
#!= lgjf{rg lrGx M -!_ o; cWofb]z adf]lhd klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g]
lgjf{rg k|0ffnL tyf ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cGtu{t x'g]
lgjf{rgsf nflu qmdzM pDd]bjf/ tyf /fhg}lts bnnfO{ ljt/0f
ug]{ lgjf{rg lrGx cfof]un] lgwf{/0f ug]{5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] lgjf{rg lrGx
/fhg}lts bn tyf pDd]bjf/nfO{ tf]lsP adf]lhd k|bfg ul/g]5 .
-#_ pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd lgjf{rg lrGx k|bfg ubf{ cfof]un]
o; cWofb]z adf]lhd btf{ ePsf] k|To]s /fhg}lts bnnfO{ klxnf]
x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cGtu{t x'g] lgjf{rgsf] lgjf{rg
If]qdf ;DalGwt /fhg}lts bnn] v8f u/]sf k|To]s pDd]bjf/n]
k|of]u ug{ kfpg] u/L / ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cGtu{t x'g]
lgjf{rgsf nflu /fhg}lts bnn] k|of]u ug{ kfpg] u/L Ps} k|sf/sf]
lgjf{rg lrGx k|bfg ug]{5 .
-$_ pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd k|bfg ul/Psf] lgjf{rg lrGx ;f]
/fhg}lts bnsf pDd]bjf/ jf /fhg}lts bn afx]s c? s;}n] klg
k|of]u ug{ kfpg] 5}g .
-%_ pDd]bjf/n] lgjf{rg lrGx k|fKt ul/;s]kl5 lghn] ;f]
/fhg}lts bn Tofu u/] klg jf csf]{ bndf k|j]z u/] tfklg ;f]
lgjf{rg lrGx kl/jt{g x'g ;Sg] 5}g . ;f] pDd]bjf/ lgjf{lrt ePdf
lrGx k|bfg ug]{ bnn] k|df0f ;lxt cfof]udf ph"/L lbPdf lghsf]
;b:otf vf/]h x'g]5 .
-^_ o; bkmf adf]lhd lgjf{rg lrGx ljt/0f ubf{ ;Djt\
@)^$ ;fndf ePsf] ;+ljwfg ;ef ;b:o lgjf{rgaf6 ;+ljwfg
;efdf k|ltlglwTj ePsf /fhg}lts bn / To:tf] /fhg}lts bnaf6
ljefhg eO{ of] cWofb]z k|f/De x'Fbfsf avt cfof]udf btf{ sfod
/x]sf] /fhg}lts bnnfO{ cfof]uaf6 To:tf] lgjf{rgsf] k|of]hgsf
nflu ljt/0f ul/Psf] lgjf{rg lrGx g} ljt/0f ug'{ kg]{5 . o;/L
lgjf{rg lrGx ljt/0f ubf{ s'g} uNtL ePsf] jf km/s kg{ uPsf]
eGg] cfof]unfO{ nfu]df cfof]un] To:tf] lrGx kl/jt{g ug{ ;Sg]5 .
20

#@=
-&_ :jtGq pDd]bjf/sf] lgldQ 5'6\ofOPsf] lgjf{rg lrGxsf]
;d"xaf6 :jtGq ?kn] v8f ePsf] pDd]bjf/n] k|of]u ug]{ u/L
lgwf{/0f ul/Psf lgjf{rg lrGx tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] tl/sf cg';f/
lgjf{rg clws[tn] k|bfg ug]{5 .
pDd]bjf/sf] d[To' ePdf M -!_ bkmf @* adf]lhd pDd]bjf/sf] clGtd
gfdfjnL k|sflzt x'g'eGbf cl3 /fhg}lts bnaf6 dgf]gog ePsf]
pDd]bjf/sf] dgf]gogkq /Ltk"j{ssf] 7xl/O;s]sf] / cfkm\gf] gfd
lkmtf{ glnPsf] s'g} pDd]bjf/sf] d[To' ePdf / To:tf] d[To' ePsf]
lnlvt ;"rgf lgh pDd]bjf/sf] lgjf{rg k|ltlglw jf ;DalGwt
/fhg}lts bnaf6 k|fKt ePdf lgjf{rg clws[tn] ;f] lgjf{rg If]qsf]
cGo sfo{qmd t'?Gt :ylut ug'{ kg]{5 / To;sf] hfgsf/L
cfof]unfO{ lbg' kg]{5 . To;/L sfo{qmd :ylut ePsf] ;"rgf cGo
pDd]bjf/x? ;d]tsf] hfgsf/Lsf] nflu lgjf{rg clws[tn] cfkm\gf]
sfof{nodf 6fF:g' kg]{5 .
t/ ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rgsf nflu pDd]bjf/sf] aGb;"rLdf
gfd ;dfj]z ePsf] s'g} pDd]bjf/sf] d[To' ePdf lgjf{rg sfo{qmd
:ylut x'g] 5}g .
-@_ bkmf @* adf]lhd pDd]bjf/sf] clGtd gfdfjnL
k|sflzt ePkl5 s'g} /fhg}lts bnaf6 dgf]gog ePsf] pDd]bjf/sf]
d[To' ePdf / To:tf] d[To' ePsf] lnlvt ;"rgf lgh pDd]bjf/sf]
lgjf{rg k|ltlglw jf ;DalGwt /fhg}lts bnaf6 k|fKt ePdf
lgjf{rg clws[tn] ;f] lgjf{rg If]qsf] cGo sfo{qmd t'?Gt :ylut
ug'{ kg]{5 / To;sf] hfgsf/L cfof]unfO{ lbg' kg]{5 . To;/L sfo{qmd
:ylut ePsf] ;"rgf cGo pDd]bjf/x? ;d]tsf] hfgsf/Lsf] nflu
lgjf{rg clws[tn] cfkm\gf] sfof{nodf 6fF:g' kg]{5 .
t/ ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rgsf nflu pDd]bjf/sf] aGb;"rLdf
gfd ;dfj]z ePsf] s'g} pDd]bjf/sf] d[To' ePdf lgjf{rg sfo{qmd
:ylut x'g] 5}g .
-#_ cfof]un] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] hfgsf/L k|fKt u/]kl5
;f] lgjf{rg If]qdf dtbfgsf] sfo{qmddf c;/ gkg]{ u/L
pDd]bjf/sf] dgf]gog ;DaGwL sfo{qmd oyfzSo l56f] k"/f ug{ csf]{
sfo{qmd lgwf{/0f u/L lgjf{rg clws[tnfO{ k7fpg' kg]{5 . o;/L
sfo{qmd lgwf{/0f ubf{ h'g /fhg}lts bnsf] pDd]bjf/sf] d[To' ePsf]
21

xf] ;f]xL /fhg}lts bnn] dfq k'gM pDd]bjf/ dgf]gog ug{ ;lsg]
u/L sfo{qmd lgwf{/0f ug'{ kg]{5 .
-$_ cfof]un] pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhdsf] hfgsf/L k|fKt u/]kl5
;f] lgjf{rg If]qdf dtbfg ug]{ ldlt nufot lgjf{rgsf] nflu o;
kl/R5]b adf]lhdsf] cGo sfo{qmd k'gM lgwf{/0f u/L lgjf{rg
clws[tnfO{ k7fpg' kg]{5 .
-%_ bkmf @* adf]lhd k|sflzt pDd]bjf/sf] clGtd
gfdfjnLdf gfd /x]sf] pDd]bjf/n] k'gM dgf]gogkq bflvnf ug'{ kg]{
5}g / h'g /fhg}lts bnsf] pDd]bjf/sf] d[To' ePsf] xf] ;f]
/fhg}lts bnsf] tk{maf6 dfq k'gM pDd]bjf/ dgf]gog ug{
;lsg]5 .
-^_ o; bkmfdf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtfklg
pDd]bjf/sf] d[To' eO{ lgjf{rgsf] sfo{qmd :ylut ug'{ kbf{ lgjf{rg
sfo{qmddf n]lvP adf]lhdsf] sfd ;DkGg ug'{ kg]{ cjlw kGw| lbg
eGbf a9L ePdf k'gM csf]{ sfo{qmd k|sfzg ug'{ kg]{ 5}g, ;f]xL
sfo{qmdsf] ;dofjlwleq g} dtbfgsf] sfddf afwf gk'Ug] u/L
pDd]bjf/sf] dgf]gog ;DaGwL sfd k"/f ug'{ kg]{ u/L ldnfpg'
kg]{5 .
##= pDd]bjf/sf] kl/rokq M o; kl/R5]b adf]lhd clGtd gfdfjnLdf
sfod /x]sf klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cGtu{tsf
pDd]bjf/x?nfO{ lgjf{rg clws[tn] tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] kl/rokq
;d]t lbg]5 .
kl/R5]b–^
dtbfg s]Gb|, dtkq / dtk]l6sf
#$= dtbfg s]Gb| M -!_ cfof]un] lgjf{rg If]qdf cfjZos ;+Vofdf
dtbfg s]Gb| tyf pks]Gb|x? tf]Sg]5 / To;sf] ;"rL tf]lsP adf]lhd
k|sfzg ug]{5 .
-@_ dtbfg s]Gb| tf]Sg] cfwf/, k|lqmof / cGo Joj:yf
tf]lsP adf]lhd x'g]5 .
22

-#_ lgjf{rg clws[tn] cfjZos ePdf cfof]usf] k"j{
:jLs[lt lnO{ dtbfg s]Gb|sf] ;+Vofdf yk36 ug{ jf ;'ljwfhgs jf
Jojxfl/s b[li6af6 pko'Qm x'g] 7fpFdf dtbfg s]Gb| yKg, 36fpg
jf ;fg{ ;Sg]5 .
-$_ Pp6f dtbfg s]Gb|sf] If]qleq cfjZostf cg';f/ Ps
jf PseGbf a9L dtbfg s]Gb| jf pks]Gb|x? jf dtbfg sIfx? /xg
;Sg]5g\ .
#%= dtkq M -!_ cfof]un] klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL tyf
;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cGtu{t x'g] lgjf{rgsf nflu 5'§f5'§}
/Ësf] dtkqsf] Joj:yf ug'{ kg]{5 .
-@_ dtkq ;DaGwL cGo Joj:yf cfof]un] tf]s] adf]lhd
x'g]5 .
#^=
dtk]l6sf M cfof]un] klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL tyf
;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cg'?k x'g] lgjf{rg dtbfgsf] nflu
k|of]u x'g] 5'§f5'§} dtk]l6sfsf] Joj:yf ug'{ kg]{5 .
kl/R5]b–&
dtbfg
#&=
dtbfgsf] ;do M dtbfg x'g] ldltdf dtbfg ug]{ ;do bkmf !^ sf]
pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] ;"rgfdf tf]s] adf]lhd x'g]5 .
#*= dtbfg M -!_ s'g} lgjf{rg If]qsf] s'g} ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt jf
gu/kflnsfsf] s'g} j8fsf] dtbftf gfdfjnLdf gfd btf{ ePsf]
dtbftfn] ;f]xL lgjf{rg If]qsf] ;f]xL ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt jf
gu/kflnsfsf] ;f]xL j8fdf dfq dtbfg ug{ kfpg]5 .
t/ c:yfoL dtbftfnfO{ of] aGb]h nfu" x'g] 5}g .
-@_ dtbftfn] dtbftf gfdfjnL cg';f/ cfk"mnfO{ tf]lsPsf]
dtbfg s]Gb|df dfq dtbfg ug{ kfpg]5 .
-#_ dtbftfn] cfk"mn] dtbfg ug{ tf]lsPsf] dtbfg s]Gb|df
klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cGtu{t x'g] lgjf{rgsf]
nflu tf]lsP adf]lhd dtkq lnO{ ;f]sf] nflu /flvPsf] dtk]l6sfdf
dtbfg ul/;s]kl5 ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cGtu{t x'g]
23

lgjf{rgsf nflu tf]lsP adf]lhd dtkq lnO{ ;f]sf] nflu /flvPsf]
dtk]l6sfdf dtbfg ug'{ kg]{5 .
t/ c:yfoL dtbftfn] tf]lsP adf]lhd ;dfg'kflts
lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cGtu{t x'g] lgjf{rgsf nflu dfq dtbfg ug{
;Sg]5 .
-$_ dtbftf gfdfjnLdf gfd btf{ ePsf] dtbftfsf]
gfdaf6 ;f] dtbftf afx]s cGo s'g} JolQmn] dtbfg ug{ kfpg]
5}g .
-%_ o; cWofb]z adf]lhd dtbfg ug{ of]Uotf gk'u]sf]
JolQmn] lgjf{rgdf dtbfg ug{ kfpg] 5}g .
-^_ s'g} klg dtbftfn] Pp6} lgjf{rgdf PseGbf a9L
lgjf{rg If]qdf jf Ps} lgjf{rg If]qsf] PseGbf a9L dtbfg s]Gb|df
dtbfg ug{ kfpg] 5}g .
-&_ s'g} klg dtbftfn] klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] lgjf{rg
k|0ffnL / ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cGtu{tsf] lgjf{rgdf afx]s
s'g} lgjf{rg If]qdf PseGbf a9L k6s dtbfg ug{ kfpg] 5}g .
#(= dtbfgsf] tl/sf M -!_ dtbfg s]Gb|df dtbfgsf] nflu pkl:yt
dtbftfnfO{ dtbfg clws[tn] tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] /Lt k'¥ofO{
tf]lsPsf] dtkq lbg]5 .
-@_ dtbftfnfO{ dtkq lbg' cl3 dtbfg clws[tn] dtbftf
gfdfjnLdf tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] Joxf]/f hgfO{ tf]lsP adf]lhd dtkq
lbg]5 .
-#_ dtbftfn] dtkqdf tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] 5fk jf lrGx
uf]Ko tj/n] nufO{ dtbfg ug'{ kg]{5 .
-$_ dtbftfn] klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL
cGtu{t x'g] lgjf{rgsf] xsdf dtkqdf cfk"mn] /f]h]sf] s'g} Pshgf
pDd]bjf/sf] sf]7fdf / ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cGtu{t x'g]
lgjf{rgsf] xsdf /fhg}lts bnsf] sf]7fdf pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhdsf]
5fk jf lrGx nufO{ tf]lsP adf]lhd dtk]l6sfdf v;fnL dtbfg
ug'{ kg]{5 .
24

-%_ o; cWofb]zdf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg
dtbfg ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu ljB'tLo pks/0f k|of]u ul/Psf]
cj:yfdf dtbftfn] tf]lsP adf]lhd ljB'tLo pks/0fåf/f dtbfg
ug'{ kg]{5 .
$)= ljz]if kl/l:yltdf dtbfg :ylut ug{ ;lsg] M -!_ s'g} dtbfg
s]Gb|df x'nbËf nufot cGo c;fdfGo kl/l:ylt pTkGg eO{ jf s'g}
sf/0fn] ljB'tLo pks/0f ;~rfng x'g g;sL jf pkb|j jf
k|fs[lts ljklQ jf cfkm\gf] sfa"aflx/sf] s'g} sf/0fn] dtbfgsf] sfd
x'g g;Sg] s'/fdf ;f] dtbfg s]Gb|df lgo'Qm dtbfg clws[t jf ;f]
lgjf{rg If]qsf] lgjf{rg clws[t ljZj:t ePdf lghn] ;f] dtbfg
s]Gb|sf] dtbfg sfo{ tTsfn :ylut ug{ ;Sg]5 / ;f]sf] ;"rgf ;f]xL
:yfgdf k|sfzg ug]{5 . dtbfg clws[tn] ;f] dtbfg :ylut u/]sf]
/x]5 eg] lghn] ;f]sf] ;"rgf t'?Gt lgjf{rg clws[tnfO{ lbg' kg]{5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd dtbfg :ylut ePsf] Joxf]/fsf]
hfgsf/L lgjf{rg clws[tn] t'?Gt cfof]unfO{ / cGo ;DalGwt
clwsf/LnfO{ ;d]t lbg' kg]{5 .
-#_ pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhdsf] hfgsf/L k|fKt u/]kl5 cfof]un]
cGoyf lgb]{zg lbPdf afx]s lgjf{rg clws[tn] ;f] dtbfg s]Gb|df
k'gM dtbfg x'g] ldlt / ;do tf]sL ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L k'gM
dtbfg u/fpg]5 .
$!= dtbfg s]Gb|sf] cglws[t sAhf M -!_ b]xfosf cj:yfdf dtbfg
s]Gb|sf] cglws[t sAhf ePsf] dflgg]5 M–
-s_
-v_
s;}n] an k|of]u u/L jf 8/ qf; b]vfO{ jf wDsL
lbO{ dtbfg s]Gb| jf dtbfg ug{ lglZrt ul/Psf]
:yfg jf ljB'tLo pks/0f cfkm\gf] sAhfdf lnO{
dtbfgsf] sfo{df k|efj kf/]df jf s'g} pDd]bjf/sf]
;dy{s dtbftfx?nfO{ dfq dtbfg ug{ lbPdf jf
cGo dtbftfx?nfO{ dtbfg ug{ glbPdf,
s;}n] an k|of]u u/L jf gu/L dtbftfnfO{ s'g}
pDd]bjf/sf] kIfdf dtbfg ug{ jf gug{ 8/ qf;
b]vfPdf jf wDsL lbPdf jf dtbfg ug{sf nflu
dtbfg s]Gb| jf dtbfg ug]{ :yfgdf hfg jf k|j]z
ug{ glbPdf,
25

$@=
-u_
s;}n] an k|of]u u/L jf gu/L dtbfg sfo{
;~rfng ug{ vl6Psf clwsf/LnfO{ cfkm\gf] st{Jo
kfng ug{ glbPdf jf lghsf] lhDdfdf /x]sf]
dtkq, dtk]l6sf, dtbfg ug{ /flvPsf] ljB'tLo
pks/0f jf dtbfg ;DaGwL ;fdu|L vf];]df jf
cGo To:t} sfo{ u/L dtbfgsf] sfo{ lgikIf tyf
:jtGq ?kdf ;fdfGo 9Ën] ;~rfng gx'g] jf x'g
g;Sg] u/L k|efljt u/]df .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] s'g} cj:yf k/]df To;sf] /fo
;lxtsf] k|ltj]bg dtbfg clws[tn] lgjf{rg clws[tnfO{ / lgjf{rg
clws[tn] cfof]unfO{ t'?Gt lbg' kg]{5 .
-#_ pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhdsf] k|ltj]bg k|fKt ePkl5 cfof]un]
;f] :yfgdf hfFra'em ug{ cg'udg 6f]nL v6fpg ;Sg]5 / To;/L
cg'udg 6f]nL v6fOPsf]df ;f] 6f]nLn] lbPsf] k|ltj]bg / cGo
j:t'l:ylt ;d]tsf] cfwf/df cfof]un] ;f] dtbfg s]Gb|sf] dtbfg /2
ug{ ;Sg]5 / o;/L /2 ul/Psf] ;f] dtbfg s]Gb|df cfof]usf]
lgb]{zgdf lgjf{rg clws[tn] k'gM dtbfg ug]{ ldlt / ;do
tf]Sg]5 .
-$_ pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhdsf] k|ltj]bg / cGo j:t'l:yltaf6
dtbfg s]Gb|x?df cglws[t sAhf ePsf] sf/0fn] lgjf{rgsf]
kl/0ffddf k|efj kg]{ ;Defjgf b]lvPdf cfof]un] ;f] lgjf{rg If]qsf]
lgjf{rg /2 ug{ ;Sg]5 / ;f] lgjf{rg If]qdf cfof]usf] lgb]{zgdf
lgjf{rg clws[tn] k'gM dtbfg ug]{ ldlt / ;do tf]Sg]5 .
dtk]l6sf, ljB'tLo pks/0f gf]S;fg ePdf jf tf]8kmf]8 ul/Pdf M
-!_ s'g} dtbfg s]Gb|df dtbfgsf] nflu k|of]u ePsf] dtk]l6sf jf
dtbfg ug{ /flvPsf] ljB'tLo pks/0f b'3{6gfjz gf]S;fg ePdf jf
hfgfhfg tf]8kmf]8 u/L gf]S;fg ul/Pdf dtbfg clws[tn] ;f]
dtbfg s]Gb| /x]sf] lgjf{rg If]qsf] lgjf{rg clws[tnfO{ / lgjf{rg
clws[tn] cfof]unfO{ To;sf] k|ltj]bg t'?Gt lbg' kg]{5 .
-@_ dtbfg clws[tn] lgjf{rg clws[tnfO{ a'emfO;s]sf]
dtbfgsf] nflu k|of]u ePsf] dtk]l6sf jf ljB'tLo pks/0f s'g}
lsl;dn] vf]l;Pdf jf b'3{6gfjz gf]S;fg ePdf jf hfgfhfg
26

tf]8kmf]8 u/L gf]S;fg ul/Pdf lgjf{rg clws[tn] cfof]unfO{ To;sf]
/fo ;lxtsf] k|ltj]bg t'?Gt lbg' kg]{5 .
-#_ cfof]un] pkbkmf -!_ jf -@_ adf]lhdsf] /fo ;lxtsf]
k|ltj]bg k|fKt u/]kl5 ;f] ;DaGwdf ;a} 36gf / kl/l:yltsf]
hfFra'em ug{ cg'udg 6f]nL v6fpg ;Sg]5 / To;/L cg'udg 6f]nL
v6fOPsf]df ;f] 6f]nLsf] k|ltj]bg ;d]tsf] cWoog u/L ;f] dtbfg
s]Gb|sf] dtbfg /2 ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-$_ pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd dtbfg /2 ul/Psf] dtbfg
s]Gb|df cfof]usf] lgb]{zgdf ;DalGwt lgjf{rg clws[tn] k'gM
dtbfg ug]{ ldlt / ;do tf]Sg]5 / To;sf] ;"rgf k|sfzg ug]{5 .
$#= gfd 9fF6L dtbfg ug{ cfPdf lj/f]w ug]{ M -!_ s'g} JolQmn] cfkm\gf]
gfd 9fF6L csf]{ dtbftfsf] gfdn] dtbfg ug{sf] nflu dtkq lng
cfPdf /fhg}lts bn jf pDd]bjf/ jf ltgsf] k|ltlglwn] tf]lsP
adf]lhdsf] /sd w/f}6L /fvL dtbfg clws[t ;dIf tf]lsP adf]lhd
lj/f]w ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd lj/f]w ePdf dtbfg clws[tn] ;f]
;DaGwdf 7f8f] a'emL tTsfn lg0f{o ug'{ kg]{5 / o;/L kg{ cfPsf]
lj/f]w / ;f]sf] lg0f{o tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] lg0f{o lstfadf t'?Gt
hgfpg' kg]{5 .
-#_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd lj/f]w 7Ls 7x/]df dtbfg
clws[tn] ;f] w/f}6L /sd ;DalGwt JolQmnfO{ lkmtf{ lbg]5 . lj/f]w
7Ls g7x/]df ;f] w/f}6L /sd hkmt x'g]5 .
$$= dtbfg s]Gb|df k|j]z M -!_ dtbfg clws[tn] dtbfg s]Gb|df
b]xfosf JolQmx? afx]s c? s;}nfO{ k|j]z ug{ lbg] 5}g M–
-s_
-v_
-u_
-3_
dtbftfx?,
/fhg}lts bnsf] k|ltlglw jf pDd]bjf/ jf lghsf]
Pshgf k|ltlglw,
cfof]uaf6 cg'dlt k|fKt ko{j]Ifsx?,
cfof]u jf lgjf{rg clws[t jf dtbfg clws[taf6
cg'dlt kfPsf JolQmx? .
27

-@_ dtbfgsf] ;do ;dfKt ePkl5 dtbfg s]Gb|df k|j]z
ul/;s]sf dtbftf afx]s cGo dtbftfn] dtbfg s]Gb|df k|j]z ug{
kfpg] 5}g .
$%= dtbfg clws[tn] lg/LIf0f ug]{ M s'g} dtbftf dt ;Í]t ug]{ :yfgdf
dgfl;a ;do eGbf a9L ;do;Dd a;]df jf dtbfg clws[tnfO{
s'g} zÍf nfu]df lghn] dt ;Í]t ug]{ :yfgdf k|j]z u/L lg/LIf0f
ug{ ;Sg]5 .
$^=
czQm dtbftf M -!_ s'g} dtbftfn] zf/Ll/s czQmtf jf c? s'g}
sf/0fjz cfk}m dtbfg ug{ g;Sg] eO{ cfkm\gf] kTof/sf] s'g}
JolQmnfO{ ;fy n}hfg cg'dlt dfu]df / dtbfg clws[tn] ;f]
pko'Qm ;Dem]df To:tf] JolQmnfO{ dtbftfsf] ;fydf dt ;Í]t ug]{
:yfgdf k|j]z ug{ cg'dlt lbg]5 .
-@_ s'g} dtbftf :jo+ dtbfg ug{ c;dy{ eO{ dtbfg
clws[tnfO{ dtkqdf cfk"mn] /f]h]sf] lrGx /x]sf] sf]7fdf dt ;Í]t
ul/lbg cg'/f]w u/]df jf lghn] lghsf] tk{maf6 cGo s'g} JolQmnfO{
cfk"mn] /f]h]sf] lrGx /x]sf] sf]7fdf dt ;Í]t ul/lbgsf nflu
dtbfg clws[t ;dIf cg'/f]w u/]df ;f] dtbfg clws[tn] jf ;f]
dtbftfsf] OR5f cg';f/ lghsf] xsdf lghn] /f]h]sf] JolQmnfO{ dt
;Í]t ug]{ sfddf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] Joj:yf ug'{ kg]{5 .
-#_ o; cWofb]zdf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg
b[li6ljxLg, ckfË, j[4, ue{jlt dlxnf jf o:t} k|sf/sf] s'g}
zf/Ll/s czQmtf ePsf] dtbftfsf] nflu cfof]un] dtbfg ug]{
ljz]if Joj:yf ug{ ;Sg]5 .
$&=
kl/R5]b–*
dtu0fgf / lgjf{rg kl/0ffd
lgjf{rg clws[tn] dtu0fgf ug{' u/fpg' kg]{ M lgjf{rg clws[tn]
cfkm\gf] lgjf{rg If]qsf] lgjf{rgsf] dtu0fgf ug]{ sfd cfkm\gf]
k|ToIf /]vb]v tyf lgoGq0fdf ug{' u/fpg' kg]{5 .
28

$*= dtu0fgfsf] ;"rgf M lgjf{rg If]qsf ;a} dtbfg s]Gb|sf] dtbfg
ePsf ;a} dtk]l6sfx? dtbfg clws[taf6 k|fKt u/]kl5 lgjf{rg
clws[tn] dtu0fgf ug]{ :yfg, ldlt / ;dosf] ;"rgf /fhg}lts bn
tyf pDd]bjf/x?sf] hfgsf/Lsf] nflu k|sfzg ug'{ kg]{5 . o;/L
dtu0fgfsf] ;do tf]Sbf ;Dej eP;Dd b'j} lgjf{rg k|0ffnL
cGtu{tsf] dtu0fgf Ps} ;dodf x'g] u/L tf]Sg' kg]{5 / To;/L Ps}
;dodf dtu0fgf ug{ ;Dej gePdf klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g]
lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cGtu{t ePsf] lgjf{rgsf] dtu0fgfnfO{ k|fyldstf
lbg' kg]{5 .
$(= dtu0fgf M -!_ lgjf{rg clws[tn] bkmf $* adf]lhdsf] ;"rgfdf
pNn]v ul/Psf] :yfg, ldlt / ;dodf ;Dej eP;Dd b'j} lgjf{rg
k|0ffnL cGtu{tsf] dtu0fgf Ps} ;dodf k|f/De ug'{ kg]{5 / Ps}
;dodf k|f/De ug{ g;lsPdf klxn] klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g]
lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cGtu{t ePsf] lgjf{rgsf] dtsf] tf]lsP adf]lhd
dtu0fgf k|f/De ug'{ kg]{5 / ;f] dtu0fgfsf] sfd ;dfKt ePkl5
;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cGtu{t ePsf] lgjf{rgdf /fhg}lts
bnn] k|fKt u/]sf] dtsf] tf]lsP adf]lhd dtu0fgf ug'{ kg]{5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] dtu0fgf ug]{ :yfg, ldlt /
;dodf /fhg}lts bn, pDd]bjf/ jf ltgsf] lgjf{rg k|ltlglw /
cfjZostf cg';f/ dtu0fgf k|ltlglw pkl:yt /xg ;Sg]5g\ .
-#_ o; cWofb]z adf]lhd s'g} lgjf{rg If]qsf] s'g} dtbfg
s]Gb|df k'gM dtbfg ug'{ kg]{ ePdf To:tf] dtbfg s]Gb|sf] dtbfgsf]
sfo{ ;dfKt geP;Dd ;f] lgjf{rg If]qsf] cGo dtbfg s]Gb|sf]
dtu0fgf k|f/De ul/g] 5}g .
%)= dtu0fgf ug]{ :yfgdf k|j]z M -!_ lgjf{rg clws[tn] /fhg}lts
bnsf] k|ltlglw jf pDd]bjf/ jf lghsf] lgjf{rg k|ltlglw tyf
dtu0fgf k|ltlglw, dtu0fgfsf] sfddf vl6Psf JolQmx?, ko{j]If0f
tyf cg'udgsf nflu vl6Psf JolQmx?, ;'/Iffsf] nflu vl6Psf
sd{rf/Lx? tyf cfof]un] v6fPsf] JolQmnfO{ dtu0fgf ug]{ :yfgdf
k|j]z ug{ cg'dlt lbg ;Sg]5 .
-@_ dtu0fgf ug]{ sfddf afwf k'¥ofpg] s'g} klg JolQmnfO{
lgjf{rg clws[tn] dtu0fgf ug]{ :yfgaf6 aflx/ hfg cfb]z lbg
;Sg]5 / To:tf] cfb]z kfPsf] JolQmn] dtu0fgf ug]{ :yfgaf6 aflx/
29

hfg' kg]{5 . ;f] cfb]z kfng gu/L c6]/ ug]{ JolQmnfO{ lgjf{rg
clws[tsf] cfb]zn] ;'/IffsdL{n] ;f] :yfgaf6 aflx/ k7fpg]5 .
%!= dtu0fgf nuftf/ ug]{ M -!_ lgjf{rg clws[tn] dtu0fgf k|f/De
u/]kl5 dtu0fgf ;dfKt geP;Dd ;f] dtu0fgfsf] sfd nuftf/
ug'{ kg]{5 .
%@=
-@_ sfa"aflx/sf] kl/l:ylt k/L dtu0fgfsf] sfd aLr}df
/f]Sg' k/]df lgjf{rg clws[tn] u0fgf ul/;s]sf dtkqx?, dtu0fgf
clen]vx?, dtu0fgf ug{ afFsL /x]sf dtkqx? / dtu0fgf ug{
afFsL dtk]l6sfx?sf] nut ;d]t cnu–cnu vfd, y}nf] jf af]/fdf
aGb u/L cfkm\gf] nfxf5fk nufpg' kg]{5 . /fhg}lts bn jf
pDd]bjf/ jf ltgsf] dtu0fgf k|ltlglw jf lgjf{rg k|ltlglwn] ;d]t
To:tf] vfd, y}nf] jf af]/fdf cfkm\gf] nfxf5fk nufpg ;Sg]5 .
-#_ pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd /f]lsPsf] dtu0fgfsf] sfd
oyfzSo k'gM k|f/De ug'{ kg]{5 . o; pkbkmf adf]lhd dtu0fgf
k'gM k|f/De x'g] ;"rgf ;f] :yfgdf pkl:yt /fhg}lts bn jf
pDd]bjf/ jf ltgsf] lgjf{rg k|ltlglw jf dtu0fgf k|ltlglwnfO{
lbg' kg]{5 / dtu0fgf ug]{ :yfgdf ;d]t k|sfzg ug'{ kg]{5 .
t/ s'g} /fhg}lts bn jf pDd]bjf/ jf ltgsf k|ltlglw
pkl:yt x'g gcfPsf] sf/0fn] dtu0fgf ug]{ sfddf afwf k'u]sf]
dflgg] 5}g .
dtu0fgf k"/f x'g' cl3 dtkq gf]S;fg ePdf M -!_ dtu0fgf k"/f
x'g'eGbf klxn] s'g} dtbfg s]Gb|df k|of]u ul/Psf] dtkq, dtkq
/x]sf] dtk]l6sf jf dtbfgsf] nflu /flvPsf] ljB'tLo pks/0f
lgjf{rg clws[tsf] lgoGq0faf6 u}/sfg"gL tj/n] cGoq nluPdf jf
vf]lnPdf jf gf]S;fg ul/Pdf jf tf]8kmf]8 ul/Pdf jf x/fPdf jf
b'3{6gfjz gf]S;fg ePdf lgjf{rg clws[tn] dtu0fgfsf] sfd
:ylut u/L ;f] s'/fsf] k|ltj]bg cfof]unfO{ t'?Gt lbg' kg]{5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd dtu0fgfsf] sfd :ylut ul/Pkl5
cfof]un] To:tf] dtbfg s]Gb|sf] ;Dk"0f{ dtbfg cj}w ePsf] 3f]if0ff
ug]{5 / cfof]usf] lgb]{zgdf lgjf{rg clws[tn] To:tf] dtbfg
s]Gb|df k'gM dtbfg ug]{ :yfg, ldlt / ;do tf]sL ;"rgf k|sfzg
ug]{5 .
30

%#= dtu0fgf:ynsf] cglws[t sAhf M -!_ b]xfosf cj:yfdf
dtu0fgf:ynsf] cglws[t sAhf ePsf] dflgg]5 M–
-s_
-v_
s;}n] an k|of]u u/L jf 8/ qf; b]vfO{ jf wDsL
lbO{ dtu0fgf :ynnfO{ cfkm\gf] sAhfdf lnPdf jf
dtu0fgfsf] sfo{df ;+nUg /x]sf clwsf/L jf
sd{rf/Laf6 dtkq jf To:tf] dtkq /x]sf
dtk]l6sf jf dtbfg ug{sf] nflu /flvPsf]
ljB'tLo pks/0f cfkm\gf] sAhfdf lnPdf jf o:t}
cGo sfo{ u/L dtu0fgfsf] sfo{df bvn lbPdf jf
k|efljt kf/]df, jf
dtu0fgfsf] sfo{df ;+nUg /x]sf] s'g} JolQmn] v08
-s_ adf]lhdsf] sfo{ u/]df jf ;f] sfo{ ug{ ;xof]u
k'¥ofPdf jf cg'dlt lbPdf .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd dtu0fgf:ynsf] cglws[t sAhf
ePdf lgjf{rg clws[tn] dtu0fgfsf] sfo{ tTsfn :ylut u/L
To;sf] k|ltj]bg cfof]unfO{ t'?Gt lbg' kg]{5 .
-#_ pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhdsf] k|ltj]bg k|fKt ePdf cfof]un]
;f] 36gfsf] ;DaGwdf s'g} hfFra'em ug'{ kg]{ 7x¥ofPdf cfof]usf]
cfo'Qm jf cg'udg 6f]nL v6fO{ hfFra'em u/fpg ;Sg]5 .
-$_ pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhdsf] k|ltj]bgsf] cfwf/df jf
pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd hfFra'em ug{ v6fOPsf] cfo'Qm jf cg'udg
6f]nLsf] k|ltj]bgsf] cfwf/df ;f] dtu0fgf:yn pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd
cglws[t tj/n] sAhf ePsf] eGg] 7x¥ofPdf ;f] sAhfaf6 c;/
k/]sf] dtbfg s]Gb|x?sf] ;Dk"0f{ dtkqx? cj}w 3f]lift u/L dtbfg
/2 ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-%_ cfof]uaf6 pkbkmf -$_ adf]lhd dtbfg /2 ul/Psf]
dtbfg s]Gb|df lgjf{rg clws[tn] k'gM dtbfg x'g] :yfg, ldlt /
;do tf]sL ;"rgf k|sfzg ug]{5 .
%$= dtkq ab/ x'g] cj:yf M b]xfosf cj:yfdf dtkq ab/ x'g]5 M–
-s_ ;DalGwt dtbfg clws[tsf] ;xL gePsf],
-v_
tf]lsP adf]lhd dt ;Í]t gu/L cGo s'g} lsl;dn]
dt ;Í]t ul/Psf] jf cGo s'g} lrGx n]lvPsf],
31

-u_
-3_
-ª_
-r_
dt ;Í]tsf] lrGx ga'lemg] u/L k|of]u ul/Psf],
pDd]bjf/ jf /fhg}lts bnsf] lrGx /x]sf] sf]7fdf
tf]lsP adf]lhd dt ;Í]t gu/L cGoq dt ;Í]t
ul/Psf],
dt glbg] lgZro u/L dtbfg clws[tnfO{ lkmtf{
lbOPsf],
s'g pDd]bjf/ jf /fhg}lts bnsf] nflu dt
lbPsf] xf] ;f] g5'l§g] u/L dt ;Í]t ul/Psf],
-5_ PseGbf a9L pDd]bjf/sf] sf]7fx?df s'g
pDd]bjf/nfO{ dt ;Í]t ul/Psf] eGg] 5'6\ofpg
g;lsg] u/L dt ;Í]t u/]sf],
-h_
-em_
;DalGwt dtbfg s]Gb|sf] nflu lgwf{l/t ul/Psf]
dtkq afx]s cGo dtkqåf/f dtbfg ul/Psf],
cfof]un] hf/L u/]sf] dtkq afx]s cGo dtkq
k|of]u ul/Psf],
-`_ ;DalGwt lgjf{rg If]qsf] nflu k|of]u ug'{ kg]{
dtkq cGo lgjf{rg If]qsf] nflu k|of]u u/]sf] .
%%= k'gM dtu0fgf M -!_ s'g} dtbfg s]Gb|sf] dtu0fgf ;dfKt gx'Fb} jf
u0fgf ul/Psf] dtkq l;naGbL x'g'eGbf klxn] ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg
k|0ffnL cGtu{t ePsf] lgjf{rgsf] dtu0fgfsf] ;DaGwdf s'g}
/fhg}lts bnsf] k|ltlglw / klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL
cGtu{t ePsf] lgjf{rgsf] dtu0fgfsf] ;DaGwdf ;DalGwt lgjf{rg
If]qsf] s'g} pDd]bjf/ jf lghsf] lgjf{rg k|ltlglw jf dtu0fgf
k|ltlglwn] s]xL jf ;a} dtkq bf]xf]¥ofO{ uGtL u/fO{ kfpF egL
tTsfn lgjf{rg clws[t ;dIf sf/0f ;lxt lnlvt lgj]bg lbg
;Sg]5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd lgj]bg kg{ cfPdf lgjf{rg
clws[tn] ;f] lgj]bg tTsfn} btf{ u/L bf]xf]¥ofO{ dtu0fgf ug'{ kg]{
b]lvPdf bf]xf]¥ofO{ dtu0fgf ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-#_ pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd lgjf{rg clws[tn] bf]xf]¥ofO{
dtu0fgf ug'{ gkg]{ ePdf ;f]xL Joxf]/fsf] lg0f{o u/L ;f] :yfgdf
32

] ]
%^=
%&=
pkl:yt /x]sf lgh pDd]bjf/ jf lghsf] lgjf{rg k|ltlglw jf
dtu0fgf k|ltlglwnfO{ lgjf{rg kl/0ffdsf] 3f]if0ff ug'{eGbf klxn] ;f]
lg0f{osf] ;"rgf lbg' kg]{5 .
dt a/fa/ ePdf M klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cGtu{t
ePsf] lgjf{rgdf dtu0fgfsf] sfd k"/f eO;s]kl5 b'O{ jf b'O{ eGbf
a9L pDd]bjf/sf] dt a/fa/ ePdf lgjf{rg clws[tn] dt a/fa/
kfpg] pDd]bjf/x?sf aLr uf]nf xfnL lg0f{o ug]{5 .
klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] lgjf{rg kl/0ffdsf] k|sfzg M -!_ klxnf] x'g]
lgjf{lrt x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cGtu{t s'g} lgjf{rg If]qdf dtbfg
ePsf] ;a} dtbfg s]Gb|x?sf] dtu0fgfsf] sfo{ k"/f eO;s]kl5
lgjf{rg clws[tn] tf]lsP adf]lhd dtu0fgfsf] tflnsf tof/ u/L
tf]lsP adf]lhd lgjf{rg kl/0ffd k|sfzg ug]{5 / ;f] kl/0ffd
tflnsfsf] Ps k|lt t'?Gt cfof]udf k7fpg' kg]{5 .
-@_ lgjf{rg clws[tn] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd lgjf{rgsf]
kl/0ffd k|sflzt ubf{ ;a}eGbf a9L ;b/ dt kfpg] pDd]bjf/
lgjf{lrt ePsf] 3f]if0ff ug'{ kg]{5 / tf]lsP adf]lhd lgjf{lrt ePsf]
k|df0fkq lbg' kg]{5 .
-#_ lgjf{rgsf] kl/0ffd k|sflzt ul/;s]kl5 lgjf{rg
clws[tn] lgjf{rg ;DaGwL tf]lsP adf]lhd ljj/0fx? ;d]t ePsf]
cfkm\gf] k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L cfof]udf oyfzL3| k7fpg' kg]{5 .
-$_ cfof]un] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd lgjf{rg kl/0ffd tflnsf
k|fKt u/]kl5 lgjf{lrt ;b:ox?sf] gfdfjnL tof/ u/L] To:tf]
gfdfjnLsf] ] Ps k|lt /fi6«klt ;dIf k7fpg]5 / cfof]un] ;f]
gfdfjnL g]kfn /fhkqdf ;d]t k|sfzg ug]{5 .
%*= ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rgsf] kl/0ffdsf] 3f]if0ff M -!_ lgjf{rg clws[tn]
;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cGtu{t x'g] lgjf{rgsf] nflu v;]sf]
dtkqsf] u0fgf u/L k|To]s /fhg}lts bnn] k|fKt u/]sf] s'n ;b/
dt ;+Vof tf]lsP adf]lhd tflnsfdf v'nfO{ cfof]u ;dIf t'?Gt
k7fpg' kg]{5 .
-@_ ;Dk"0f{ d'n'snfO{ Ps lgjf{rg If]q dfgL lgjf{rg ePsf]
;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] lgjf{rgdf /fhg}lts bnx?n] k|fKt
u/]sf] s'n ;b/ dt ;+Vofsf] ljj/0f d'n'se/af6 k|fKt ul/;s]kl5
k|To]s /fhg}lts bnn] k|fKt u/]sf] s'n ;b/ dt ;+Vofsf] cg'kftdf
33

;f] /fhg}lts bnn] cfof]u ;dIf k]z u/]sf] pDd]bjf/sf] aGb;"rLdf
;"rLs[t pDd]bjf/x?dWo] bkmf & sf] pkbkmf -&_ adf]lhd
/fhg}lts bnsf] s]Gb|Lo sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt jf ;f] ;/xsf] ;ldltsf]
lg0f{on] 5gf}6 u/L cfof]u ;dIf k]z ePsf pDd]bjf/x? lgjf{lrt
ePsf] 3f]if0ff cfof]un] ug]{5 . o;/L lgjf{lrt ePsf] pDd]bjf/sf]
gfd cfof]un] /fi6«klt ;dIf k7fpg' kg]{5 / cfof]un] ;f] gfdfjnL
g]kfn /fhkqdf ;d]t k|sfzg ug]{5 .
-#_ ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cGtu{t ePsf] lgjf{rgdf
/fhg}lts bnn] k|fKt u/]sf] s'n ;b/ dt ;+Vofsf] cg'kftdf ;f]
/fhg}lts bnn] k|fKt ug]{ ;L6 ;+Vofsf] lgwf{/0f ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu
cfof]un] cg';"rL–# df pNn]v eP adf]lhdsf] dt kl/0ffd ljefhs
;"q cg';f/ ;f] /fhg}lts bnn] k|fKt ug]{ ;L6 ;+Vofsf] lgwf{/0f
ul/g]5 .
-$_ pkbkmf -#_ df n]lvP cg';f/ dt kl/0ffd ljefhs
;"q cg';f/ /fhg}lts bnx?n] k|fKt u/]sf] s'n ;b/ dtnfO{ efu
u/L bnn] k|fKt ug]{ ;L6 ;+Vof afF8kmfF8 ubf{ s'g} ;L6sf ;DaGwdf
PseGbf a9L /fhg}lts bnsf] a/fa/ efukmn /x]sf] kfOPdf uf]nf
xfnL pQm ;L6 s'g /fhg}lts bnn] k|fKt ug]{ eGg] s'/fsf] lgwf{/0f
ul/g]5 .
%(= lgjf{lrt ldlt M -!_ klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL
cGtu{t ePsf] lgjf{rgsf] ;DaGwdf lgjf{rg clws[tn] bkmf %&
adf]lhd lgjf{rgsf] kl/0ffd k|sfzg u/]sf] ldltnfO{ ;DalGwt
pDd]bjf/ lgjf{lrt ePsf] ldlt dflgg]5 .
^)=
-@_ ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cGtu{t ePsf] lgjf{rgsf]
;DaGwdf cfof]un] bkmf %* adf]lhd pDd]bjf/sf] aGb;"rLdf gfd
/x]sf /fhg}lts bnsf] pDd]bjf/ ljhoL ePsf] 3f]if0ff u/]sf]
ldltnfO{ To:tf pDd]bjf/ lgjf{lrt ePsf] ldlt dflgg]5 .
kl/R5]b–(
pDd]bjf/sf] k|ltlglw
lgjf{rg k|ltlglw M -!_ s'g} pDd]bjf/n] s'g} JolQmnfO{ lgjf{rgsf]
nflu cfkm\gf] lgjf{rg k|ltlglw lgo'Qm u/]df ;f]sf] lnlvt ;"rgf
lgjf{rg clws[tnfO{ lbg' kg]{5 .
34

^!=
^@=
^#=
-@_ ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] lgjf{rgsf] ;Dk"0f{ sfd
sf/afxLdf /fhg}lts bnn] tf]lsP adf]lhd cfkm\gf] lgjf{rg
k|ltlglwsf] lgo'lQm ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-#_ pkbkmf -!_ / -@_ adf]lhd lgo'Qm ePsf] lgjf{rg
k|ltlglwnfO{ pDd]bjf/ jf /fhg}lts bnn] h'g;'s} avt ab/ u/L
csf]{ lgjf{rg k|ltlglw lgo'Qm ug{ ;Sg]5 / To;sf] ;"rgf lgjf{rg
clws[tnfO{ t'?Gt lbg' kg]{5 .
-$_ lgjf{rg k|ltlglwsf] of]Uotf tf]lsP adf]lhd x'g]5 .
lgjf{rg k|ltlglwsf] st{Jo M bkmf ^) adf]lhd lgo'Qm lgjf{rg
k|ltlglwn] of] cWofb]z / o; cWofb]z cGtu{t ag]sf] lgoddf
lgjf{rg k|ltlglwn] ug'{ kg]{ egL pNn]v u/] adf]lhdsf] sfd ug'{
lghsf] st{Jo x'g]5 .
dtbfg k|ltlglw / dtu0fgf k|ltlglw
k
M -!_ pDd]bjf/ jf lghsf]
lgjf{rg k|ltlglw /fhg}lts bn jf bnsf] k|ltlglwn] k|To]s dtbfg
s]Gb|sf] nflu tf]lsP adf]lhd dtbfg k|ltlglw lgo'Qm ug{ ;Sg]5 /
To;sf] lnlvt ;"rgf dtbfg clws[t / lgjf{rg clws[tnfO{ lbg'
kg]{5 .
-@_ pDd]bjf/ jf lghsf] lgjf{rg k|ltlglw jf /fhg}lts
bn jf bnsf] k|ltlglwn] dtu0fgf:yndf pkl:yt /xg tf]lsP
adf]lhd dtu0fgf k|ltlglw lgo'Qm ug{ ;Sg]5 / To;sf] lnlvt
;"rgf lgjf{rg clws[tnfO{ lbg' kg]{5 .
-#_ pkbkmf -!_ jf -@_ adf]lhd lgo'Qm ePsf] dtbfg
k|ltlglw jf dtu0fgf k|ltlglwnfO{ pDd]bjf/ jf lgjf{rg k|ltlglwn]
h'g;'s} avt ab/ u/L csf]{ dtbfg k|ltlglw jf dtu0fgf k|ltlglw
lgo'Qm ug{ ;Sg]5 / dtbfg k|ltlglw lgo'Qm ul/Psf]df dtbfg
clws[tnfO{ / dtu0fgf k|ltlglw lgo'Qm ul/Psf]df lgjf{rg
clws[tnfO{ t'?Gt hfgsf/L lbg' kg]{5 .
-$_ dtbfg k|ltlglw / dtu0fgf k|ltlglwsf] of]Uotf tf]lsP
adf]lhd x'g]5 .
dtbfg k|ltlglw / dtu0fgf k|ltlglwsf] st{Jo M -!_ of] cWofb]z /
o; cWofb]z cGtu{t ag]sf] lgod adf]lhd dtbfg k|ltlglwn]
dtbfg s]Gb|df ug'{ kg]{ ;a} sfd ug'{ lghsf] st{Jo x'g]5 .
35

^$=
-@_ of] cWofb]z / o; cWofb]z cGtu{t ag]sf] lgod
adf]lhd dtu0fgf k|ltlglwn] ug'{ kg]{ ;a} sfd ug'{ lghsf] st{Jo
x'g]5 .
pDd]bjf/ jf s'g} k|ltlglw cg'kl:yt /x]df M of] cWofb]z / o;
cWofb]z cGtu{t ag]sf] lgod adf]lhd lgjf{rg k|ltlglw jf dtbfg
k|ltlglw jf dtu0fgf k|ltlglw lgo'Qm gePdf jf pDd]bjf/ jf
lghsf] s'g} k|ltlglw pkl:yt /xg' kg]{ cj:yfdf pkl:yt g/x]df
jf lghx?dWo] s;}n] ug'{ kg]{ sfd gu/]df ;f]xL sf/0fn] dfq
dtbfgsf] jf dtu0fgfsf] sfd /f]lsg] 5}g / o:tf] sfd cj}w
dflgg] 5}g .
^%=
^^=
kl/R5]b–!)
ljljw
pklgjf{rg M klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cGtu{t
lgjf{lrt ;+ljwfg ;ef ;b:osf] kb ;+ljwfg ;efsf] cjlw 5
dlxgf eGbf a9L sfod /xFb} s'g} sf/0fn] l/Qm ePdf cfof]un]
To:tf] l/Qm kb pklgjf{rgåf/f k"lt{ ug]{5 .
lgljbf dtkq ;DaGwL Joj:yf M -!_ s;}n] csf]{ dtbftfsf] gfdaf6
dtkq lnO;s]sf] jf dtbfg ul/;s]sf] / kl5af6 dtbfg ug{
cfpg] JolQm g} jf:tljs dtbftf xf] eGg] s'/f lghn] k]z u/]sf]
k|df0faf6 b]lvg cfPdf dtbfg clws[tn] To:tf] dtbftfnfO{ lgljbf
dtkq lbg]5 . To:tf] lgljbf dtkq lbPsf]df ;f] dtkqdf
dtbftfn] cfkm\gf] dt ;Í]t ul/;s]kl5 To:tf] dtkq dtk]l6sfdf
gxfnL ;f] k|of]hgsf] nflu /flvPsf] 5'§} vfddf /fVg' kg]{5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd lgljbf dtkq lbg], /fVg] /
tT;DaGwL cGo sfo{ljlw tf]lsP adf]lhd x'g]5 .
-#_ o; cWofb]z adf]lhd dtu0fgf ubf{ pkbkmf -!_
adf]lhd 5'§} vfddf /flvPsf lgljbf dtkqx? ;f] ;dodf u0fgf
ul/g] 5}g . lgjf{rg ;DaGwL ph"/L kg{ cfO{ ;f] ph"/Lsf] lg0f{o
ug{sf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ egL cbfntn] 7x/ u/]df ;f] cbfntn]
To:tf] lgljbf dtkqx? ;d]t u0fgf ug{ ;Sg]5 .
36

^&=
^*=
^(=
w/f}6L /fVg' kg]{ ]{ ]{ M -!_ klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL
cGtu{t x'g] lgjf{rgdf s'g} Ps lgjf{rg If]qaf6 pDd]bjf/ x'gsf]
nflu tLg xhf/ ?k}ofF / ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cGtu{t x'g]
lgjf{rgdf cfof]u ;dIf pDd]bjf/sf] aGb;"rL k]z ug]{ /fhg}lts
bnn] bz xhf/ ?k}ofF w/f}6L /fVg' kg]{5 .
-@_ klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cGtu{t x'g]
lgjf{rgdf s'g} Ps lgjf{rg If]qaf6 Pp6} pDd]bjf/sf] lgldQ
PseGbf a9L dgf]gogkq bflvnf ePsf] cj:yfdf Pp6f
dgf]gogsf] nflu dfq w/f}6L /fv] k'Ug]5 .
-#_ klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cGtu{t x'g]
lgjf{rgsf] nflu pDd]bjf/sf] nflu dgf]gogkq bflvnf ubf{
lgjf{rg clws[tsf] sfof{nodf gub w/f}6L /fv]sf] a}Í /l;b jf
gub} dgf]gogkq ;fy ;+nUg ug'{ kg]{5 . ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg
k|0ffnL cGtu{t x'g] lgjf{rgsf] nflu /fhg}lts bnn] pDd]bjf/sf]
aGb;"rL k]z ubf{ cfof]udf gub w/f}6L /fv]sf] /l;b jf cfof]usf]
gfddf a}Í /l;b To:tf] aGb;"rL ;fy ;+nUg u/L k]z ug'{ kg]{5 .
w/f}6L hkmt x'g] ]]] M -!_ klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL
cGtu{tsf] s'g} lgjf{rgdf dtbfg ul/Psf] hDdf ;b/ dtsf] bz
k|ltzt eGbf sd ;b/ dt kfpg] pDd]bjf/sf] w/f}6L hkmt x'g]5 .
t/ lgjf{lrt pDd]bjf/sf] xsdf of] s'/f nfu" x'g] 5}g .
-@_ ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cGtu{tsf] lgjf{rgdf s'g}
/fhg}lts bnn] dtbfg ePsf] s'n ;b/ dtdWo] sDtLdf Ps ;L6
k|fKt gu/]df /fhg}lts bnn] /fv]sf] w/f}6L hkmt x'g]5 .
-#_ pkbkmf -!_ jf -@_ adf]lhd w/f}6L hkmt x'g] cj:yfdf
afx]s cGo pDd]bjf/ / dgf]gogkq :jLs[t gePsf] jf gfd lkmtf{
lnPsf JolQmn] /fv]sf] w/f}6L ;f] lgjf{rg kl/0ffd 3f]if0ff ePsf]
ldltn] tLg dlxgfleq ;DalGwt JolQmn] lkmtf{ lng' kg]{5 .
-$_ pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhdsf] Dofbleq w/f}6L lkmtf{ glnPdf
;f] w/f}6Lsf] /sd ;l~rt sf]ifdf bflvnf x'g]5 .
lgjf{rg vr{ M -!_ klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cGtu{t
x'g] lgjf{rgdf pDd]bjf/n] / ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cGtu{t
37

&)=
x'g] lgjf{rgdf /fhg}lts bnn] vr{ ug{ kfpg] /sdsf] xb cfof]un]
g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L tf]lslbP adf]lhd x'g]5 .
-@_ /fhg}lts bn, pDd]bjf/ jf ltgsf] lgjf{rg k|ltlglwn]
lgjf{rgsf] cjlwdf lgjf{rgdf ePsf] ;Dk"0f{ vr{sf] ljj/0f
tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfdf tf]lsP adf]lhd /fVg' kg]{5 .
:ki6Ls/0f M o; pkbkmfsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu ælgjf{rgsf]
cjlwÆ eGgfn] s'g} lgjf{rg If]qdf pDd]bjf/sf]
dgf]gogkq jf ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rgsf nflu pDd]bjf/sf]
aGb;"rL btf{ ePsf] ldlt b]lv To:tf] lgjf{rgsf] kl/0ffd
3f]if0ff ePsf] ldlt;Ddsf] cjlw ;Demg' k5{ .
-#_ s'g} /fhg}lts bn jf pDd]bjf/n] lgjf{rgdf u/]sf]
hDdf vr{ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd tf]lsPsf] vr{sf] /sdsf] xbeGbf
a9L x'g' x'Fb}g .
-$_ pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhdsf] lgjf{rg vr{sf] ljj/0f
;dfg'kflts lgjf{rgsf] xsdf /fhg}lts bnn] lgjf{rg kl/0ffd
3f]if0ff ePsf] ldltn] k}+tL; lbgleq cfof]u ;dIf / klxnf] x'g]
lgjf{lrt x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cGtu{t x'g] lgjf{rgdf efu lng]
pDd]bjf/sf xsdf To:tf pDd]bjf/ jf lghsf k|ltlglwn] lgjf{rg
kl/0ffd 3f]if0ff ePsf] ldltn] k}+tL; lbgleq lhNnf lgjf{rg
sfof{no ;dIf k]z ug'{ kg]{5 . o;/L k|fKt ePsf] vr{sf] ljj/0f
lhNnf lgjf{rg sfof{non] cfof]udf k7fpg' kg]{5 .
lgjf{rg ;DaGwL sfuhftsf] uf]Kotf M -!_ lgjf{rgdf k|of]u ePsf]
sfuhftdWo] dtu0fgfsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu cfjZostf cg';f/ vf]nL
x]/L dtu0fgfsf] sfd ;dfKt ePkl5 l;naGbL u/L lhNnf lgjf{rg
clwsf/Lsf] lhDdfdf /flvg]5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd l;naGbL eO/x]sf] dtkqsf]
cw{s§L, dtbfgdf k|of]u ul/Psf] dtbftf gfdfjnL / ;b/ tyf
ab/ ePsf] dtkqx? /flvPsf] l;naGbL vfd, y}nf] jf af]/f k|rlnt
sfg"g adf]lhd k/]sf] ph"/Lsf] l;nl;nfdf cbfntn] dfq vf]Ng /
x]g{ ;Sg]5 .
-#_ pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd cbfntsf] cfb]zn] vf]nL
x]l/;s]kl5 ;f] cbfntn] tL sfuhft oyf?kdf l;naGbL u/L /fVg'
38

]]
&!=
kg]{5 . cbfnt afx]s cGo s'g} clwsf/L jf lgsfonfO{ To:tf] aGbL
vfd, y}nf] jf af]/f vf]nL x]g]{ clwsf/ x'g] 5}g .
-$_ o; bkmfdf plNnlvt sfuhx? d'2f k/]sf]df d'2fsf]
clGtd 6'Ëf] nfu]sf] ldltn] / d'2f gk/]sf]df ph"/L ug]{ Dofb e'Qmfg
ePsf] ldltn] tLg dlxgf;Dd ;'/lIft /fVg' kg]{5 .
uf]Kotf eË ug{ gx'g] M -!_ sfg"g adf]lhd clwsf/ kfPsf]df afx]s
lgjf{rg ;DaGwL sfd ug{ vl6Psf] s'g} klg sd{rf/L jf pDd]bjf/
jf lgjf{rg k|ltlglw jf dtbfg k|ltlglw jf dtu0fgf k|ltlglw jf
cGo s'g} JolQmn] dtkqdf dtbftfn] ;Í]t u/]sf] dt jf
tT;DaGwdf cfk"mnfO{ hfgsf/L /x]sf] jf x'g cfPsf] cGo s'g} s'/f
s;}nfO{ eGg, n]Vg jf s'g} lsl;dn] k|sfz ;d]t ug'{ x'Fb}g .
-@_ of] cWofb]z jf cGo k|rlnt sfg"gdf h'g;'s} s'/f
n]lvPsf] eP tfklg o; cWofb]z cGtu{t rn]sf] sfg"gL sf/afxLdf
s'g} klg ;fIfL jf s'g} JolQmnfO{ lgjf{rgdf lghn] s;nfO{ dt
lbPsf] xf] egL jf s;n] s;nfO{ dt lbPsf] xf] egL k|Zg ul/g]
5}g .
&@= cfb]z hf/L ug]{ / lgb]{zg lbg]
] M -!_ of] cWofb]z / o; cWofb]z
cGtu{t ag]sf] lgoddf n]lvPsf] s'/fsf cltl/Qm lgjf{rgsf]
;DaGwdf cfof]un] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L cfjZos
cfb]z hf/L ug{ ;Sg]5 .
&#=
-@_ cfof]un] lgjf{rg ;~rfngsf] nflu lgjf{rgsf] sfddf
vl6Psf sd{rf/LnfO{ cfjZos lgb]{zg lbg ;Sg]5 .
-#_ o; bkmf adf]lhd cfof]un] hf/L u/]sf] cfb]z / lgb]{zg
kfng ug'{ g]kfn ;/sf/, ;/sf/L sfof{no tyf lgsfo, ;/sf/L,
cw{;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf tyf lgsfo, /fhg}lts bn,
pDd]bjf/, lghsf] k|ltlglw, lgjf{rg ;DaGwL sfd sf/afxLsf] k|rf/
k|;f/ ug]{ JolQmx? tyf lgjf{rgsf] sfddf vl6Psf sd{rf/Lx?
;d]tsf] st{Jo x'g]5 .
d2t lng ;lsg] M -!_ lgjf{rg clws[t, dtbfg clws[t jf
cfof]un] lgjf{rgsf] sfddf v6fPsf] cg'udg 6f]nL, ko{j]Ifs jf
cGo s'g} clws[tn] lgjf{rgsf] sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf :yfgLo txdf
/x]sf k|x/L nufotsf s'g} klg ;/sf/L jf ;'/Iff ;DaGwL cGo
lgsfosf] d2t lng ;Sg]5 .
39

\\
&$=
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd d2t dfluPdf cfjZos d2t
k'¥ofpg' ;DalGwt k|x/L nufotsf ;/sf/L tyf ;'/Iff ;DaGwL cGo
lgsfosf] st{Jo x'g]5 .
lgod agfpg] clwsf/ M of] cWofb]z sfof{Gjog ug{ cfof]un]
cfjZos lgodx? agfpg ;Sg]5 .
&%= lgb]{lzsf agfO{ nfu" ug{ ;Sg] M cfof]un] of] cWofb]z jf o;
cWofb]z cGtu{t ag]sf] lgodx?sf] cwLgdf /xL of] cWofb]z
sfof{Gjog ug{ cfjZos lgb]{lzsfx? agfO{ nfu" ug{ ;Sg]5 .
&^=
&&=
sfo{ljlw agfpg ;Sg] M of] cWofb]z tyf o; cWofb]z cGt{ut
ag]sf lgodsf] sfof{Gjogsf ;DaGwdf cfof]un] cfjZos sfo{ljlw
agfO{ nfu" ug{ ;Sg]5 .
afwf c8\
\sfp k'msfpg] M of] cWofb]z tyf o; cWofb]z cGtu{t
hf/L ePsf] lgod, lgb]{lzsf tyf cfb]zsf] sfof{Gjog ubf{ s'g}
afwf cfOk/]df cfof]un] cfjZos cfb]z hf/L u/L To:tf] afwf
c8\sfp k'msfpg ;Sg]5 .
40

cg';"rL
;"rL–!
-bkmf & sf] pkbkmf -#_ ;Fu ;DalGwt_
pDd]bjf/sf] aGb;"rLsf] nflu pDd]bjf/sf] k|ltzt
qm=;+= k|ltlglwTj x'g] ;d"x pDd]bjf/sf] k|ltzt
dlxnf %) %
!= dw];L dlxnf !%=^ %
k'?if !%=^ %
@= blnt dlxnf ^=% %
k'?if ^=% %
#= pTkLl8t
hflt÷cflbjf;L
hghflt
dlxnf !*=( %
k'?if !*=( %
$= lk5l8Psf] If]q dlxnf @ %
k'?if @ %
%= v; cfo{ tyf cGo dlxnf !%=! %
k'?if !%=! %
:ki6Ls/0f M sltko pDd]bjf/n] PseGbf a9L ;d"xsf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ ePsf] x'Fbf
;a} ;d"xsf] pDd]bjf/ k|ltztsf] hf]8 ;o eGbf a9L k|ltzt b]lvg cfPsf] 5 .
b|i6Jo M
ælk5l8Psf] If]qÆ eGgfn] c5fd, sflnsf]6, hfh/sf]6, h'Dnf, 8f]Nkf, aemfª,
afh'/f, d'u' / x'Dnf lhNnfnfO{ ;Demg' k5{ .
æv; cfo{ tyf cGoÆ eGgfn] j|fDx0f, IfqL, 7s'/L, bzgfdL ;Gof;L tyf o;
cg';"rLdf :ki6 pNn]v gePsf cGo ;d"xx?nfO{ ;Demg' k5{ .
41

cg';"rL–@
-bkmf & sf] pkbkmf -#_ ;Fu ;DalGwt_
======================== /fhg}lts bn
pDd]bjf/sf] aGb;"rL
qm=;+= pDd]bjf/
sf] gfd
dw];L
pTkLl8t
hflt÷
cflbjf;L
hghflt
blnt
lk5l8Psf]
If]q
v; cfo{
tyf cGo
! ==========
====
dlxnf k'?if dlxnf k'?if dlxnf k'?if dlxnf k'?if dlxnf k'?if
@ ==========
====
# ==========
====
$ ==========
====
% ==========
====
^ ==========
====
& ==========
====
* ==========
====
( ==========
====
!) ==========
42

====
hDdf M–
k|ltzt
clwsf/ k|fKt JolQmsf],
/fhg}lts bnsf] 5fk ;xL M ==================================
gfd M ===================================
/fhg}lts bnsf] gfd M =============
ldlt M ===================================
b|i6Jo M /fhg}lts bnx?n] o; cg';"rLdf plNnlvt tflnsfdf n]lvP
adf]lhd pDd]bjf/sf] gfd / pDd]bjf/n] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ ;d"xx?
:ki6 v'nfP/ lgjf{rg cfof]u ;dIf k]z ug'{ kg]{5 . pDd]bjf/x?n]
PseGbf a9L ;d"xsf] k|ltlglwTj ug{ ;Sg]5g\ .
pbfx/0f M s'g} pDd]bjf/n] dlxnf, dw];L, blnt nufotsf ;d"xsf] k|ltlglwTj
ug{ ;Sg]5 . æv; cfo{ tyf cGoÆ eGgfn] j|fDx0f, IfqL, 7s'/L,
bzgfdL ;Gof;L tyf cGo ;d"xnfO{ ;Demg' k5{ . s'g} klg
;d"xsf nflu tf]lsPsf] k|ltzt adf]lhd eP gePsf] 6'Ëf] ug]{
k|of]hgsf nflu cg';"rL–! adf]lhdsf] tflnsfdf pDd]bjf/sf]
gfd / ;f] pDd]bjf/n] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ ;a} ;d"xsf] sf]i7df !–!
n]Vg] / hDdf x/kmdf ;DalGwt ;d"xsf] sf]nddf ePsf] ;a}
;+Vof hf]8]/ /fVg' kg]{5 . ;fy} k|ltzt n]lvPsf] x/kmdf hDdf
x/kmdf ePsf] ;+Vof s'n pDd]bjf/ ;+Vofsf] k|ltztdf u0fgf u/L
/fVg' kg]{5 .
43

cg';"rL–#
-bkmf %* sf] pkbkmf -#_ ;Fu ;DalGwt_
dt kl/0ffd ljefhs ;"q
dt kl/0ffd ljefhs ;"q cg';f/ k|To]s /fhg}lts bnsf] nflu
v;]sf] dtnfO{ efu ug]{ kåltn] >[·vnfj4 ?kdf efu ul/g]5 . o; cg';f/
k|To]s bnn] k|fKt u/]sf] dt kl/0ffdnfO{ w]/} efhsx?n] efu ul/G5
-pbfx/0f M !=$, #, %, &, ( cflb_ To;/L efu k|fKt x'g] glthfnfO{ bnsf]
efukmn -Sof];]G6_ elgG5 . efukmn k|fKt ePkl5 ;L6 ;+Vofx? 7"nf]
efukmnaf6 ;fgf]nfO{ af“8kmf“8 ub}{ ;L6 g;ls“bf;Dd af“8kmf“8 ul/g]5 .
o;/L af“8kmf“8 ubf{ s'g} /fhg}lts bnn] hlt;'s} dt k|fKt u/]sf] ePtfklg
To:tf] /fhg}lts bnn] ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t u/]sf] pDd]bjf/ ;+Vofdf ;Lldt /xL
To:tf] /fhg}lts bnn] k|fKt ug]{ ;L6sf] af“8kmf“8 ul/g]5 .
pbfx/0f M t]x|j6f ;L6 ;+Vof kf“r j6f /fhg}lts bnnfO{ af“8kmf“8 ug'{ k/]df
To:tf bnn] k|fKt u/]sf] dt kl/0ffdsf] cfwf/df b]xfo adf]lhd af“8kmf“8
ug{' kg]{5 M–
efhs
bn s bn v bn u bn 3 bn ª
dt ;+Vof –
$,)),)))
!,)),))) @,)),))) %),))) %,%),)))
!=$ @,*%,&!$÷@ &!,$@(÷( !,$@,*%&÷$ #%,&!$÷ #,(@,*%&÷!
# !,##,###÷% ##,###÷ ^^,^^&÷!) !^,^^&÷ !,*#,###÷#
% *),)))÷& @),)))÷ $),)))÷ !),)))÷ !,!),)))÷^
& %&,!$#÷!@ !$,@*^÷ @*,%&!÷ &,!$#÷ &*,%&!÷*
( $$,$$$÷ !!,!!!÷ @@,@@@÷ %,%%^÷ ^!,!!!÷!!
44

!! #^,#^$÷ (,)(!÷ !*,!$@÷ $,%$%÷ %),)))÷!#
!# #),&^(÷ &,^(@÷ !%,#*%÷ #,*$^÷ $@,#)*÷
kl/0ffd $ ! @ ) ^
k|dfl0fs/0f ldlt @)&).@.#!.^
cf1
f1fn],
fn],
g/]Gb|dfg >]i7
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lg= ;lrj
45