Current Issues and Enduring Questions

x_vi_ii_---.-I3_RJ_EFC()~1_'I:i_NT~ __ ~ ..._ .. _
PART FOUR CURRENT ISSUES: OCCASIONS
FOR DEBATE 503
15 Abortion: Whose Right to Life Is It Anyway? 507
16 AJJirrnative Action: Is It Fa ir? 519
17 Gun Control: Would It Really Help? 537
18 Laptops in the Classroom: May Professors Ban Them? 555
Current Issues and Enduring
Questions: A Guide to Critical
Thinking and Argument, with
Readings (Paperback)
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Contents
Preface t:
PART ONE CRITICAL THINKING AND READING
Critical Thinking 3
Thinking about Drivers' Licenses and Photographic Identification 4
Thinking about Another Issue Concerning Drivers' Licenses:
Imagination, Analysis, Evaluation 9
Writing as a Way of Thinking 10
A CHECKLIST FOR CRITICAL THINKING 14
A Short Essay Illustrating Critical Thinking 14
ALAN DERSHOWITZ, Why Fear NationallD Cards? 15
"A national ID card could actually enhance civil liberties by reducing the
need [or racial and filmic stereotypinq. " claims a prominent lawyer.
Examining Assumptions 17
A CHECKLIST FOR EXAMINING ASSUMPTIONS 19
Thinking about Wild Horses 19
DEANNE STILLMAN. Last Roundup for Wild Horses 20
"The animal America rode in on is facing its meanest battle."
A CHECKLIST FOR EVALUATING LETTERS OF RESPONSE 22
LEITERS OF RESPONSE BY HOLLY WILLIAMS

xx CONTENTS
LUKE SAGINAW (S1lJDENT ESSAY), Why Flag-Burning
Should Not Be Permitted 24
A student argues that "the attachment that most Americans have LO their flag,
like their attachment LO their religion, is something that our govemment ought
LO protect against assaults. "
FIV.E EXERCISES I CRITICAL THI 'KING 26
2 Critical Reading: Getting Started 31
Active Reading 31
Previewing, 31 Skimming: Finding the Thesis, 32 Reading with a
Pencil: Underlining, Highlighting, Annotating, 32 "This; Therefore,
That," 34 First, Second, and Third Thoughts, 34
Summarizing and Paraphrasing 36
A Note about Paraphrase and Plagiarism 39
Summarizing 39
SUSAN JACOBY, A First Amendment Junkie 41
A feminist argues against those feminists who seek to ban
pornography.
Summarizing Jacoby, Paragraph by Paragraph 44
A CHECKLIST FOR GETTING STARTED 47
GWEN WILDE (STUDENT ESSAY), Why the Pledge
Last Words (Almost) about
of Allegiance Should Be Revised 47
A student concludes that "those who wish to exercise religion are free LO do so.
but the place to do so is not in a pledge that is required of all school children
and of all new citizens. "
A Casebook Far Critical Reading: Should Some Kinds of Speech Be Censored? 5 1
SUSAN BROWNMILLER, Let's Put Pornography
Back in the Closet 52
The founder of Women against Pornography argues thai "contemporary
community standards" should be decisive.
CHARLES R, LAWRENCE IlL On Racist Speech 55
"Whenever we decide that racist speech must be tolerated because of the
importance of maintaining societal tolerance for all unpopular speech.
we are asking blacks and ether subordinated groups to bear the burden
for the good of all. "
DEREK BOK Protecting Freedom of Expression
on the Campus 60
Prompted by the display of Confederate flags hung from the window of a
Harvard dormitory, the president of Harvard says that students have the right to
"';"_',,... •• 11.,.,.. nFJrI~ l-l1tf kn nVfl,·O,""O. 1-Ti('"ro aret " 17}1r1 cuaaeets th at etudr nts who
----------- ..__._--_ .._----. CONTENTS xxi
STANLEY FISH, Conspiracy Theories 101 63
"Academic freedom has nothing to do with content.. . Rathel; academic
freedom is the freedom to study anything. "
LETTERS OF RESPONSE BY JONAH SELIGMAN,
RICHAl~p DIMATTEO, MIRIAM CHERKES-mLKOWSKI,
JOSEPH KYLE, AND PATRICK WARD 66
JEAN KILBOURNE, "Own This Child" 68
Because advertising "promotes beliefs and behavior that have significant and
sometimes harmful effects, " we should prevent advertisers from capturing the
attention of children.
EXERCISE: LETTER TO THE EDITOR 73
3 Critical Reading: Getting Deeper into Arguments 75
Persuasion, Argument, Dispute 75
Reason Versus Rationalization 77
Some Procedures in Argument 78
Definition, 78 Assumptions, 82 Premises and Syllogisms, 84
Deduction, 84 Sound Arguments, 85 Induction. 88 Evidence:
Experimentation, 90 Examples, 91 Authoritative Testimony, 95
Statistics, 96
A CHECKLIST FOR EVALUATING STATISTICAL
EVIDENCE 99
Nonrational Appeals 100
Satire, Irony, Sarcasm, Humor, 100 Emotional Appeals, 101
Does All Writing Contain Arguments? 103
A CHECKLIST FOR ANALYZING AN ARGUMENT 104
An Example: An Argument and a Look at the Writer's Strategies 105
GEORGE E WILL, Being Green at Ben and Jerry's 106
Statistics and humor are among the tools this essayist uses in arguing on behalf
of drilling for oil in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge.
George F. Will's Strategies, 108
GLORIA JIMENEZ (STUDENT ESSAY), Against the Odds,
and Against the Common Good 112
A student analyzes [he arguments for state-run lotteries and concludes that
"state legislators who genuinely have the interests of their constituents at heart
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xxii CONTENTS
ANNA LISA RAYA (STUDENT ESSAY), It's Hard Enough
Being Me 115
An undergraduate, who in college discovered that she was a Latina, objects co
being stereotyped and explains how she decided to try to be true to herself not to
the image that others have constructed for her.
RONALD TAKAKI, The Harmful Myth of Asian Su per iorjtv 1j 7
The image of Asian Americans as a "model minority" is not only harmful,
but false, writes a professor of ethnic studies.
JAMES Q. WILSON, Just Take Away Their Guns 119
A professor explains why he favors "encouraging the police co make street .
frisks" to get guns out of the hands of those most likely 10 use them for criminal
purposes.
NADYA LAB!, Classrooms for Sale 123
"If you think Toys 'R' Us and MTV are the only places where kids are being
trained as consumers, take a walk through any elementary school or high
school. "
NADINE STROSSEN, Everyone Is Watching You 126
Writing on the Internet. the president of the American Civil Liberties Union
calls attention to video surveillance cameras in such places as banks, malls, and
convenience stores, and she urges us to "take political and other direct aaion 10
remedy the current lack of legal protection against the ubiquitous electronic
'peeping Toms.'" Her posting evokes a variety of responses, which we reprint.
E-mail Responses to Nadine Strossen 128
SALLY SATEL, Death's Waiting List 132
Our nation's organ-donor policy is governed by a tenet that closes off a large
supply of potential organs - the notion that organs from any donor. deceased or
living, must be given freely.
LETTERS OF RESPONSE BY DOROTHY H. HAYES, CHARLES B.
FRUIT, AND MICHELLE GOODWIN 134
PAUL KANE, A Peaceful Call to Arms 136
A former Marine argues that we should restore the draft, "a lottery without any
deferments .... It may be our last best chance to avoid war with Iran. "
LETTERS OF RESPONSE BY JULIE E. DINNER STEIN, MURRAY
POLNER, JOAN Z, GREINER. AND JONATHAN ZIMMERMAN 138
4 Visual Rhetoric: Images as Arguments 141
Some Uses of Images 141
Appeals To The Eye 141
Are Some Images Not Fit to Be Shown? 146
Reading Advertisements 151
A CHECKLIST FOR ANALYZING IMAGES
(ESPECIALLY ADVERTISEMENTS) 154
Writing about a Political Cartoon 156
CONTENTS
---xxiii
-----_._---- •........__.-._--
A CHECKLIST FOR ANALYZING POLITICAL CARTOO S 158
JACKSON SMITH (STUDENT ESSAY), Pledging Nothing? 158
Visuals As Aids to Clarity: Maps, Graphs, Tables, and Pie Charts 160
A CHECKLIST FOR CHARTS AND GRAPHS 162
A Note on Using Visuals in Your Own Paper 162
A Note on Formatting Your Paper: Document Design 163
Additional Images for Analysis 165
NORA EPHRON, The Boston Photographs 168
Arguing againsl the widespread view that newspapers ought not to print
pictures of dead bodies, Ephron suggests that, since "death happens to be one of
life 5 main events, " it is "irresponsible" for newspapers to fail to show it.
PART TWO CRITICALWRITING 175
5 Writing an Analysis of an Argument 177
Analyzing an Argument 177
Examining the Authors Thesis, 177
Examining the Author's Methods, 178
Summary, 181
A CHECKLIST FOR ANALYZING A TEXT 182
Examining the Author's Purpose, 178
Examining the Author's Persona, 180
An Argument, Its Elements, and a Student's Analysis of the Argument 182
NICHOLAS D, KRISTOF, For Environmental Balance,
Pick Up a Rifle 183
BETSY SWI TO, (STUDE T ESSAY), Tracking Kristof 187
An Analysis of the Student's Analysis 190
A CHECKLIST FOR WRITING AN ANALYSIS OF
AC\TARGUM.ENT 190
Arguments lor Anolysis 191
JEFF JACOBY, Bring Back Flogging 191
A iournalist araues that. tor manv offenses. Iloaaina would be an imnrovement ,

xxiv CO TE TS
---------
JOHN IRVING, Wrestling with Title IX 194
A writer who was also a wrestler and wrestling coach says that although
federal law prohibits sex discrimination in educational programs, the law in
effect invites discrimination against male athletes.
PETER SINGER, Animal Liberation 199
Should supporters of equality for women and minorities support equality for
animals? Yes, says a philosopher, who explains why.
JONATHAN SWIfT, A Modest proposal 212
A satirist writes about poverty and overpopulation in eighteenth-century Ireland.
6 Developing an Argument of Your Own 221
Planning, Drafting, and Revising an Argument 221
Getting Ideas, 222 The Thesis, 228
A CHECKLIST FOR A THESIS STATEMENT, 229
Imagining an Audience, 229 The Audience as Collaborator, 230
A CHECKLIST FOR IMAGINING AN AUDIENCE, 233
The Title, 234 The Opening Paragraphs, 235 Organizing and
Revising the Body of the Essay, 237 The Ending, 241 Two Uses of an
Outline, 242 Tone and the Writer's Persona, 243 We, One, or l? 246
Avoiding Sexist Language, 247
A CHECKLIST FOR ATTENDTNG TO THE NEEDS
OF THE AUDIENCE 247
Peer Review 248
A Student's Essay,from Rough Notes to Final Version 248
A PEER REVIEW CHECKLIST FOR A DRAFT
OF AN ARGUMENT 249
EMILY ANDREWS, Why I Don't Spare "Spare Change" 253
The EssayAnalyzed 255
EXERCISE 255
7 Using Sources 257
Why Use Sources? 257
Choosing a Topic 259
Finding Material 260
A Word About Wikipedia 261
Finding Quality Information on the Web 263
Finding Articles Using Library Databases 264
Locating Books 265
Evaluating Your Sources 266
A CHECKLIST FOR EVALUATI G PRI T SOURCES
Taking Notes 267
CONTENTS
---~---~--~- xxv
A CHECKLIST FOR EVALUATING ELECTRONIC SOURCES 268
A Note on Plagiarizing, Paraphrasing, and Using
Common Knowledge 269
A CHECKLIST FOR AVOIDING PLAGIARISM 271
Compiling an Annotated Bibliography 272
Writing the Paper 273
267
Organizing Your Notes, 273 The First Draft, 274
Later Drafts, 274 A Few More Words about Organization, 275
Choosing a Tentative Title, 275 The final Draft, 276
Quoting from Sources 276
The Use and Abuse of Quotations, 276 How to Quote, 277
A CHECKLIST FOR USING QUOTATlONS RATHEH THAN
SUMMARIES 278
Documentation 278
A Note on Footnotes (and Endnotes), 279 MLA Format: Citations within
the Text, 279 Ml.A Format: The List of Works Cited, 284 APAFormat:
Citations within the Text, 294 APA format: The List of References, 295
A CHECKLIST FOR PAPERS USING SOURCES 299
An Annotated Student ResearchPaper in MLA Format 300
THERESA WASHINGTON, Why Trials Should Not
Be Televised 301
An Annotated Student ResearchPaper in APA Format 314
LAURA DEVEAU, The Role of Spirituality and Religion in Mental
Health 315
PART THREE FURTHER VIEWS ON ARGUMENT 323
8 A Philosopher'sView: The Toulmin Model 325
The Claim 326

xxvi CONTENTS
Warrants 327
Backing 328
Modal Qualifiers 329
Rebuttals 330
A Model Analysis Using the ToulminMethod 330
A CHECKLIST FOR USING THE TOULMIN METHOD 333
Putting the Toulmin Method 10 Work: Responding 10 an Argument 333
MICHAEL S. DUKAKIS AND DANIEL J. B. MITCHELL,
Raise Wages, Not Walls 333
Thinking with Toulmin'sMethod 335
9 A Logician's View: Deduction, Induction, Fallacies 337
Deduction 337
Induction 349
Observation and Inference, 349 Probability, 351
Confirmation. Mechanism, and Theory, 355
Fallacies 356
Mill's Methods, 353
Fallacies of Ambiguity 357 Ambiguity, 357 Division, 357
Composition, 358 Equivocation, 358 Fallacies of Presumption, 359
Distorting the Facts, 359 Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc. 359 Many
Questions, 360 Hasty Generalization 360 The Slippery Slope, 360
False Analogy, 361 Straw Man, 362 Special Pleading, 363 Begging
the Question, 363 False Dichotomy, 363 Oversimplification, 364
Red Herring, 364 Fallacies of Relevance, 364 Tu Quoque, 364
The Genetic Fallacy, 365 Poisoning the Well, 365 Appeal to
Ignorance, 366 Ad Hominem, 366 Appeal to Authority, 366
Appeal to Fear. 367 Death by a Thousand Qualifications, 367
Protecting the Hypothesis, 368
A CHECKLIST FOR EVALUATING AN ARGUMENT FROM A
LOGICAL POINT OF VIEW 369
EXERCISE: FALLACIES-OR NOT? 369
MAX SHULMAN, Love Is a Fallacy 371
.A short story about the limits of logic: "Can you give me one logical reason why
you should qo steady with Petey Bellows?"
lOA Moralist's View: Ways of Thinking Ethically 381
Ammal Reasonina 383
-..---.--.---.----~- CONTENTS xxvii
._---.__.-._-._----
Moral Reasoning: A Closer Look 387
Criteria For Moral Rules 389
A CHECKLlST FOR MORAL REASONING 390
PETER SINGER, Famine, Affluence, and Morality 390
.A moral philosopher argues that it is the responsibility of ClJJluentnations, such
as the United States, to assist poor nations in which people are starving to
death.
GARRETT HARDIN, Lifeboat Ethics: The Case against Helping
the Poor 402
.A professor of human ecology argues that a prosperous country is like a lifeboat
that is nearly full; taking on additional passengers-helping the desperately
needy of poor countries-will, he says, swamp the lzfeboat.
RA DY COHEN, Three Letters (to an Ethicist) 413
A weekly columnist offers advice concerning the moral problems that we
face daily.
11 A Lawyer's View: Steps toward Civic Literacy 417
Civil and Criminal Cases 418
Trial and Appeal 419
Decision and Opinion 419
Majority, Concurring, and Dissenting Opinions 420
Factsand law 421
Balancing Interests 422
A Word of Caution 423
A CHECKLIST FOR ANALYZING LEGAL ARGUMENTS 424
A Casebook on the law and Society: What Rights Do the Constitution and the Bill of
Rights Protect? 425
WILLIAM J. BRENNAN JR. AND WILLIAM H. REHNQUIST, Texas v,
Johnson 425
Does the First Amendment, which holds that "Congress should make no law.
abridging the freedom of speech, " protect flag burners? US Supreme Court
Justices disagree.
BYRON R. WHITE AND JOHN PAUL STEVENS,
New Jersey v. TL.O. 434
Maya higJz school official search a girl who has been caught smoking in the
lavatory? The Fourth Amendment prohibits "unreasonable searches, " but a

xxviii CONTENTS
HARRY BLACKMUN AND WILLIAM H. REHNQUIST,
Roe v. Wade 440
A majority of the U.S. Supreme Court voted that although limitations may be
placed on abortion, the right to privacy includes" a woman's decision whether
or not to terminate her pregnancy. " A minority disagreed.
12 A Psychol09is~s View: Rogerian Argument 453
Rogerian Argument: An Introduction 453
CARL R. ROGERS, Communication: Its Blocking and Its
Facilitation 455
A psychotherapist explains why we must see things from the other person's
point of view.
A CHECKLIST FOR ANALYZINGROGERIAN ARGUMENT 461
JANE WILLY(STUDENT ESSAY),Is the College Use of American
Indian Mascots Racist? 461
A student tries to offer a balanced view, one that considers the feelings of
Indians (who themselves are not united on this issue) and of whites.
13 A Literary Critic's View: Arguing about literature 465
Interpreting 466
Judging (or Evaluating) 467
Theorizing 470
A CHECKLIST FOR AN ARGUMENT ABOUT LITERATURE 470
Examples: Two Students Interpret Robert Frost's "Mending Wall" 471
ROBERT FROST, Mending Wall 472
JONATHAN DEUTSCH, The Deluded Speaker in Frost's
"Mending Wall" 474
FELICIA ALONSO, The Debate in Robert Frost's
"Mending Wall" 477
Exercises: Reading a Poem and a Story 480
ANDREW MARVELL,To His Coy Mistress 480
KATE CHOPIN, The Story of an Hour 483
Thinking about the Effectsof literature 486
PLATO, "The Greater Part of the Stories Current Today We Shall
Thinking About Government Funding Forthe Arts 494
14 A Forensic View: Oral Presentation and Debate 495
Standard Debate Format 496
The Audience 497
Delivery 498
The Talk 500
A CHECKLIST FOR PREPARING FOR A DEBATE 501
PART FOUR CURRENT ISSUES: OCCASIONS
FOR DEBATE 503
Debates As an Aid to Thinking 504
A CHECKLIST FOR ANALYZINGA DEBATE 506
15 Abortion: Whose Right to Life Is It Anyway? 507
ELLEN WILLIS, Putting Women Back into the
Abortion Debate 507
CONTENTS xxix
"Since my daughter's birth my feelings about abortion ... have changed, " says
a freelance writer.
Analyzing a Visual: Abortion 51 5
RANDALL A. TERRY,The Abortion Clinic Shootings: Why? 516
The founder of Operation Rescue, the antiabortion organization, places the
blame for violence against clinic workers and patients on "the abortion
industry. "
16 AHirmative Action: Is It Fair? 519
TERRYEASTLAND, Ending Affirmative Action 519
A conservative writer argues that affirmative action is overdue for repeal.
Analyzing a Visual: Affirmative Action 526
BURKE MARSHALL AND NICHOLAS DEB.KATZENBACH,Not
Color Blind: Just Blind 527
A former assistant attorney general and a former attorney general write

xxx CONTENTS
17 Gun Control: Would It Really Help? 537
SARAH THOMPSON, Concealed Carry Prevents
Violent Crimes 537
A physician argues that" Learning to protect oneself from crime and violence is
as important to a woman's health as is learning to detect breast cancer or
prevent heart disease. "
Analyzing a Visual: Gun Control 548
NAN DESUKA, Why Handguns Must Be Outlawed 548
If handguns are available only to law enforcement officials, crime and
accidental deaths will be reduced.
18 Laptops in the Classroom: May Professors Ban Them? 555
ROBERT McCLELLAN, No Laptops, Please 555
A professor argues that laptops in the classroom get in the way of teaching and
learning.
Analyzing a Visual: Laptops in the Classroom 557
TINA ROSOVSKY (STUDENT ESSAY), Why Ban Laptops from
the Classroom? 558
A first-year student defends "the right of students to =: up on ,:heir e-mail
during a lecture if that is the way they Wish to spend their time.
19 Obesity: Who Is Responsible for Our Weight? 561
RADLEY BALKO, Are You Responsible for Your
Own Weight? Pro 561
Instead of intervening in the array of food options available to Americans, our
government ought to be working to foster a personal sense of responsibility for
our health and well-being. "
Analyzing a Visual: Obesity 563
KELLYBROWNELL AND MARION NESTLE, Are You Responsible
for Your Own Weight? Con 564
"Government should be doing everything it can to create conditions that lead to
healthy eating .... "
20 Sex Education: Should Condoms Be Distributed
in Schools? 567
RUSH H. LIMBAUGH III, Condoms: The New Diploma 567
According to a talk radio personality, "the schools send a nonsensical message
when they teach kids not to have sex but then give them condoms. "
ANNA QUINDLEN, A Pyrrhic Victory 573
CONTENTS xxxi
A columnist asserts that opponents of condom distribution live in "Fantasyland. "
PART FIVE CURRENT ISSUES: CASEBOOKS 577
21 A College Education: What Is Its Purpose? 579
STANLEYFISH, Why We Built the Ivory Tower 579
"The practices of responsible citizenship and moral behavior should be
encouraged in our young adults-but it's not the business of the university to
do so, except when the morality in question is the morality that penalizes
cheating, plagiarizing, and shoddy teaching ..
DAVE EGGERS, Serve or Fail 583
"Colleges give their students the intellectual tools for life beyond campus, [but}
they largely ignore the part about how they might contribute to the world. "
LETTERS OF RESPONSE BY DIXIE DILLON, SHARON S. EPSTEIN,
AND PATRICIA R. KING 586
DAVID BROOKS, "Moral Suicide," .A la Wolfe 587
Reflecting on a new a novel by Tom Wolfe, a columnist suggests that "highly
educated young people are tutored, taught, and monitored in all aspects of their
lives, except the most important, which is character building. "
LETTERS OF RESPONSE BY SCOTT BRADLEY,BARRY OSHRY,
PAUL CUTRONE, AND REBECCA CHOPP 589
Readers join the conversation, offering a range of views.
PATRICK ALLITT,Should Undergraduates Specialize? 591
A graduate of the British system, where undergraduates specialize, contemplates
his daughter'S liberal arts curriculum in the United States.
LETTERS OF RESPONSE BY CAROL GEARYSCHNEIDER AND
ELLIS M. WEST 594
LOUIS MENAND, Re-imagining Liberal Education 597
A college teacher tells his fellow teachers that "the only way to develop curiosity,
sympathy, principle, and independence [in students} is to practice being curious,
sympathetic, principled, and independent .... We are the books OUT students
read most closely. "
22 The Death Penalty: Is It Ever Justified? 601
EDWARD I. KOCH, Death and Justice: How Capital Punishment
Affirms Life 601

xxxii CONTENTS
DAVID BRUCK, The Death Penalty 606
A lawyer responds /0 Koch and says, "By that logic, we also trivialize rape
unless we sodomize rapists."
GEORGE RYAN,Speech Announcing Commutation of An Illinois
Prisoners' Death Sentences 612
A governor describes his journey from staunch supporter of capital punishment
to reformer.
GARYWILLS, The Dramaturgy of Death 626
An opponent of capital punishment reviews the topic.
POTTER STEWART,Gregg v. Georgia 637
The Supreme Court argues that the death penalty. If properly administrated, is
not a "cruel and unusual punishment."
HARRY BLACKMUN, Dissenting Opinion in Callins v. Collins 645
A Supreme Court Justice says, "1feel morally and intellectually obligated
simply to concede that the death penalty experiment has [ailed.: . The problem
is that the inevitability ojfaaual. legal, and moral error gives us a system that
we know must wrongly kill some defendants. "
HELEN PREJEAN, Executions Are Too Costly-Morally 649
A Roman Catholic nun argues that allowing our qoverment to kill citizens
compromises the deepest moral values on which this country was conceived: the
inviolable dignity of human beings.
ALEX KOZINSKI AND SEAN GALLAGHER,For an Honest
Death Penalty 654
The death penalty is needed, and a majority favors it, but opponents have
reduced the rate of executions to a trickle. What is needed is a political
compromise that will ensure that "the worst of the very bad-mass murderers,
hired killers, airplane bombers, for example" - will indeed be executed.
23 Drugs: Should Their Sale and Use Be legalized? 659
WILLIAM J. BENNETT,Drug Policy and the Intellectuals 659
A former government official complains that "the arguments mustered against
our current drug policy by America's intellectuals make for very thin gruel
indeed. "
JAMES Q. WILSON, Against the Legalization of Drugs 666
A political scientist claims we did not lose the war on heroin in the 1970.1 and
will not lose the war on cocaine-unless we decide to surrender.
MILTON FRIEDMAN, There's No Justice in the
War on Drugs 680
A Nobel Prize-winning economist argues that the "war on drugs" has been
-'
ELLIOTT CURRIE, Toward a Policy on Drugs 684
CONTENTS xxxiii
----~-----
"I think much would be gained if we followed the example of some European
countries and moved toward decriminalization of the drug user. [ also think
there is a strong argument for treating marijuana differently from the harder
drugs. "
24 Immigration: What Is to Be Done? 695
DAVID COLE, Five Myths about Immigration 695
A professor at Georgetown University argues that much of what we think we
know about immigration is not true.
BARRYR. CHISWICK, The Worker Next Door 699
A specialist in the labor market dismisses the idea that immigrants fill a need
for cheap labor: "The point is that with a decline in Low-skilled foreign workers,
izfe would go on. "
JOHN TIERNEY,Angels in America 702
A journalist whose low-skilled grandfather came to America from Ireland asks
why a comparable person cannot now come from Mexico.
VICTOR DAVIS HANSON, Our Brave New World of
Immigration 705
"We ask too little of too many of our immigrants. We apparently don't care
whether they come legally or learn English."
CARDINAL ROGER MAHONY, Called by God to Help 707
A Roman Catholic cardinal argues that" denying aid to a fellow human being
violates a law with a higher authority than Congress-the law of God. "
25 Intelligent Design: Is It Science? 710
WILLIAM A, DEMBSKI, Intelligent Design 710
"As a scientific research program, intelligent design investigates the effects of
intelliqence and not intelligence as such."
MICHAEL J. BERE, Design for Living 717
A professor of biological sciences at Lehigh University, the author of Darwin's
Black Box: The Biochemical Challenge to Evolution, and a leading
proponent of desiqn as an explanation for biological systems begins by explaining
what intelligent design is not. and then argues on behalf of/he idea that a
scientist can "see roles for both the messiness of evolution and the elegance
of design "
LETTERS OF RESPONSE BY AL GRAND, MELISSA
HENRIKSEN, KAREN R. ROSENBERG, JON SANDERS,
AND BRUCE ALBERTS 719

xxxiv CONTENTS
HAROLD MOROWITZ, ROBERT HAZEN, AND JAMES TREFIL,
Intelligent Design Has No Place in the Science Curriculum 722
Three scientists argue that we shouldn't teach students" about intelligent design
for the same reason that we don't teach them that earth is flat, or that flies are
produced by spontaneous generation from rotting meat. "
LETTERS OF RESPONSE BY L. RUSS BUSH III, MICHAEL
FRIEDLANDER, WALTERCOLLINS, MICHAEL BLANCO, AND
JUDITH SHAPIRO 729
EDITORIAL, The New York Times, Intelligent Design Derailed 732
"Any community that is worried about the ability of its students to compete in a
global economy would be wise to keep supernatural explanations out of its
science classes. "
LETTERS OF RESPONSE BY SUSAN ISRAEL, ROBERT L.
CROWTHER II, AND JOHN SCOTT 734
26 Marriage: What Is Its Future? 737
THOMAS B. STODDARD, Gay Marriages: Make Them Legal 737
A lawyer argues against the "monstrous injustice" of laws that deprive gay
adults of the marriage of their choice.
LISA SCHIFFREN, Gay Marriage, an Oxymoron 740
One may feel affection for one's homosexual friends and relatives and yet. "for
principled reasons, " oppose gay marriage.
JULIE MATTHAEI,Political Economy and Family Policy 742
An economist claims that the" 'natural' family system is inadequate,
oppressive, and is coming apart at the seams. "
ELLEN GOODMAN, Backward Logic in the Courts 755
Responding to a ruling by Washington State's Supreme Court upholding
legislation that limited marriage to persons of the opposite sex on the grounds
that procreation is the chief purpose of marriage, Goodman says, "If that's rue,
isn't it time for the legislatures ... [to] refuse to wed anyone past menopause?
Shouldn 't they withhold a license, let alone blessings and benefits, from anyone
who is infertile?"
Marriage: A Parlfoliaaf Cartoons 757
DIANA MEDVED, The Case against Divorce 759
"No one ever emerqes from a divorce unscathed-he or she is inevitably
permanently harmed. "
ELIZABETH JOSEPH, My Husband's Nine Wives 769
Plural marriage is "attractive to the modern career woman. "
B. AISHA LEMU, In Defense of Polygamy 77l
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xxxvi CONTENTS
CHARLES KRAUTHAMMER, The Truth about Torture 812
There are "very real cases in which we are morally permitted -indeed morally
compelled-to do terrible things."
ANDREW SULLIVAN,The Abolition of Torture 820
Responding to Krauthammer's essay, Sullivan argues thai "ill order to retain
[undamental American values, we have to banish from the United States the
totalitarian impulse that is integral to every act of torture. " .
PART SIX ENDURING QUESTIONS: ESSAYS, A STORY,
POEMS, AND A PLAY 831
30 What Is the Ideal Saciety? 833
THOMAS MORE, From Utopia 834
The writer who coined the word utopia in the sixteenth century presents his
image of an ideal society.
NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI, From The Prince 847
What are the realities of politics? An observer of the Medici court in Renaissance
Italy speaks his mind.
THOMAS JEFFERSON, The Declaration of Independence 856
American colonists state the reasons for their break with the king of England.
ELIZABETH CADY STANTON, Declaration of Sentiments and
Resolutions 860
The men and women at the .1848 Seneca Falls Convention adopt a new
declaration, accusing men of failures and crimes parallel to those that led
Jefferson in 1776 to denounce George III.
MARTIN LUTHERKING JR., I Have a Dream 865
A civil rights leader shares his vision of the American dream.
W. H. AUDEN, The Unknown Citizen 869
"Was he free? Was he happy? The question is absurd. "
LANGSTON HUGHES, Let America Be America Again 871
An African American poet calls on America to live up to its ideals.
URSULAK. LE GUIN,The Ones Who Walk Away from Ornelas 874
This short story tells of a happy society built on injustice. What should citizens
do when they learn about the foundations of their happiness?
31 How Free Is the Will of the Individual within Society? 880
Thoughts about Free Will 880
CONTENTS xxxvii
GEORGE ORWELL,Shooting an Elephant 896
"I often wondered whether any of the others grasped that 1had {shot the
elephant! solely to avoid looking a fool. "
WALTERT. STACE,Is Determinism Inconsistent with
Free Will? 902
A philosopher explores the great question: Can we both act of our own free will
and also be subject to the laws of nature?
MARTIN LUTHERKING JR., Letter from Birmingham Jail 9lO
A jailed civil rights leader argues that victims of unjust laws have the right to
break those laws as long as they use nonviolent tactics.
STANLEYMILGRAM, The Perils of Obedience 926
A social psychologist reports his experiments that raise troubling questions
about the willingness of ordinary people to do terrible things when ordered to
do so by those in authority.
THOMAS HARDY,The Man He Killed 939
In this poem, a man thinks about the time he killed another man in battle.
T. S. ELIOT,The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock 940
"In a minute there is time / For decisions and revisions which a minute will
reverse. "
SUSAN GLASPELL,Trifles 945
Two women in this short play subvert the law because they believe it is fair
to do so.
MITSUYE YAMADA,To the Lady 956
In this contemporary poem, a woman of Japanese birth asks what she should
have done when ordered into an American internment camp in 1942.
32 What Is Happiness? 958
Thoughts About Happiness, Ancient and Modern 958
DARRIN M. MCMAHON, In Pursuit of Unhappiness 959
The idea that we should be happy, the author of this short history of happiness
tells us, is only a few hundred years old.
EPICTETUS,from The Handbook 963
An ancient stoic philosopher, born a slave, tells us that "everything has two
handles, one by which it can be carried and one by which it cannot. " Happiness
lies in taking things by the right handle.
BERTRAND RUSSELL,The Happy Life 965
One ojthe most famous philosophers of the twentieth century argues that "the
happy hfe is to an extraordinary extent the same as the good life. "
THE DALAI LAMA AND HOWARD C. CUTLER,
Inner Contentment 9(,7

xxxviii CONTFNTS
C. S. LEWIS. We Have No "Right to Happiness" 970
A noted writer says that more often than not the claim that we have a "right to
happiness" really means a right to sexual happiness. but if we grant "every
impulse carte blanche ... our civilization will have died at heart. '"
DANIELLE CRITTENDEN. About Love 975
A writer notes that some women find great happiness in marriage.
JUDY BRADY. I Want a Wife 978
A feminist sets forth her vision of marriage in America.
Index of Authors and Titles 987
Index of Terms 993