Cyclone and Storm Surge - Iczmpwb.org

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1.2 IMD, in its website (http://www.imdmumbai.gov.in/cycdisasters.htm) article on the surge prone coasts of India also mentions that the vulnerability to storm surges is not uniform along Indian coasts. The following segments of the east coast of India are most vulnerable to high surges: 1. North Orissa and West Bengal coasts. 2. Andhra Pradesh coast between Ongole and Machilipatnam. 3. Tamil Nadu coast, south of Nagapatnam. It may be of interest to note that the West coast of India is less vulnerable to storm surges than the east coast of India in terms of both the height of storm surge as well as frequency of occurrence. The strong winds associated with a cyclone may destroy infrastructure, including dwelling houses especially if these are the rural thatched types with mud walls. It must be remembered that the regions very prone to cyclonic storms lie along the coastline and the socio-economic standard of the people residing here is, on an average, rather low except for the few towns. It is also well known that cyclonic storms are also associated with heavy precipitation. Hence, inundation by flooding due to high rainfall is also considered as a disaster related to tropical cyclones. The table of disasters in India (for the entire nineteenth century) presented in the UNDP website under the title “Disaster Related Database” also shows that the State of West Bengal has suffered the worst due to cyclonic storms, followed by floods, droughts and earthquakes. Hence, the present task of evaluating the hazard caused by cyclones to the state and recommendations of mitigation measures has been the result of a prudent and timely decision. 1.2. Background, key concepts and methodology The project was initiated at the request of the Department of Relief, Government of West Bengal after an initial meeting that took place in June, 2005 at Writer’s Building’s, Kolkata. It emerged from this and the subsequent meetings that the loss of lives and property due to cyclones having been quite heavy for the State, there is an urgent need to evaluate the hazard and vulnerability of the different cyclone prone regions and suggest possible disaster mitigation measures. It was also decided that the suggestive measures should more or less be in the lines of National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project (NCRMP) guidelines. The core of the project lies in the determination of the following: 1. Hazard analysis: This includes the study of cyclone tracks and related information for past years as available and evaluation of the hazard to the different parts of the state that are
1.3 most likely to be affected by its effect. Since historical records would show a range of storms varying from the most severe to the mild, it would be necessary to categorise the storms and decide upon a certain feasible storm intensity which may practicably be countered by the various risk mitigation measures. Adoption of a very severe storm is likely to lead to an uneconomical solution. In addition, study of the storm surges likely to be generated by the action of cyclones. This has to be tested with the most severe as well as the most practicable storm as obtained from the cyclone data analysis as mentioned in the paragraph above. Conditions of simultaneous occurrence of high tides have also to be kept in mind. A study of river water level rise due to the rise of the ocean water level as a result of the storm surge coupled with high tide as explained above is necessary. The upland discharge has also to be considered, since a higher discharge may lead to a higher elevation of the river water level. Study of water logging scenario in the urban cluster of the State capital of Kolkata and its surroundings due to heavy precipitation resulting from tropical cyclones is a part of the urban hazard analysis due to cyclones. 2. Vulnerability studies: Vulnerability or susceptibility is related to the characteristics of the region and has to be studied in detail after dividing the study area (in this case the cyclone prone region of the State) into appropriate units. In the present study, it was decided to choose the Development Block as one unit while studying the vulnerability vis-à-vis the effect of cyclones. It may be remembered that assessing the vulnerability of human settlements is an important task, which can be correctly assessed by taking into account the following factors (a) Shelter type including construction material, (b) Physical connectivity, including road and navigation network, (c) Local economy, (d) Physical infrastructure, (e) Social infrastructure, and (f) Incidence of disaster impact on various socio-economic groups. 3. Mitigation measures in the form of embankments that may be newly constructed or the older ones strengthened. In the coastal districts of West Bengal, especially in the Sundarban region, the 54 of the 102 islands of the river Ganga estuary are inhabited and most of them are enclosed by circuit embankments. Many of these embankments are more than a century old and not constructed according to scientific principles. These need strengthening. 4. Mitigation measures in the form of mangrove plantations that may protect the embankments from getting eroded or shelter belt plantations that may lessen the impact of the severe storms moving inland.
Page 2 and 3: HAZARD ASSESSMENT AND DISASTER MITI
Page 4 and 5: Project Team Though the outcome of
Page 6 and 7: Preamble The State of West Bengal,
Page 10 and 11: 1.4 5. Proposals for location of cy
Page 12 and 13: 2.2 region is that which struck the
Page 14 and 15: 2.4 Figure 2-2. Track of the 1970 B
Page 16 and 17: 2.6 The most destructive element as
Page 18 and 19: 2.8 the two regions is rather diffe
Page 20 and 21: 2.10 2.4. The eastern coastal zone
Page 22 and 23: 2.12 velocity is first checked. As
Page 24 and 25: 2.14 Strong winds known as cyclones
Page 26 and 27: 2.16 2.4.6. Soil characteristics Th
Page 28 and 29: 2.18 All rivers have in general sou
Page 30 and 31: 2.20 Another interesting feature of
Page 32 and 33: 2.22 formed does not pose so much o
Page 34 and 35: 2.24 2.4.11. Forest composition The
Page 36 and 37: 2.26 Canning (Bidyadhari Outfall in
Page 38 and 39: 2.28 Administrative information Pop
Page 40 and 41: 2.30 Mangrove plantation beyond the
Page 42 and 43: 2.32 A retired embankment of river
Page 44 and 45: 2.34 The beaches are flattened by s
Page 46 and 47: 2.36 of a doiminant tidalbasin of t
Page 48 and 49: 2.38 primary mode is centered on th
Page 50 and 51: 2.40 Aquaculture ponds located betw
Page 52 and 53: 2.42 All the islands are situated w
Page 54 and 55: 2.44 • Transport the water to the
Page 56 and 57: 2.46 The other type of failure may
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2.48 channel floor, some of the riv
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2.50 embankments. Crops and propert
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2.52 2. To reduce the average dista
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3.2 a storm surge caused by a tropi
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3.4 these merchants may have been t
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3.6 Figure 3-1. Map of India during
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3.8 larger volume of sewage and dra
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3.10 receive, at least during the r
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3.12 3.9. Drainage scheme of Dr. B.
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3.14 3.10. CMPO and KMDA (originall
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3.16 Flows are diverted to the loca
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3.18 the Bhangar region through the
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3.20 the ocean level as a result of
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3.22 Table 3-6. Major pumping stati
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3.24 Table 3-9. Drainage basin area
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3.26 will lead to significant impro
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3.28 locks, one at Chitpur and anot
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3.30 Respectively. The discharge of
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3.32 Figure 3-6. The downstream of
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3.34 Figure 3-10 shows the tail end
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3.36
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3.38
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4.2 In US, there is a steady decrea
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4.4 This shows that Orissa (with 10
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4.6 30 25 20 15 10 Severe Cyclone C
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4.8 Table 3: Return periods of cycl
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4.10 Table 5: The number and return
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4.12 work station (the Automated Tr
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4.14 through this trough into the d
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4.16 Mean Low water 1.51 1.39 1.34
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4.18 τx,τy : x and y components o
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4.20 formulation. However, the rete
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4.22 ∂u ~ ∂ ~ ~ ∂ ~ ~ ∂ζ 1
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4.24 Δ p p(r) = p( ∞) − [1+ (r
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4.26 maximum surge for this event w
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4.28 U-Component of Velocity (Surfa
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4.30 ## ## ## #### ### ## ########
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4.32 V-component of Velocity (Surfa
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4.34 U-component of Velocity (Surfa
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## ################################
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4.38 V-Component of velocity (Surfa
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5.2 particular human settlement to
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5.4 The Composite Vulnerability Ind
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5.6 (2004 prices) prevalent in dist
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5.8 Moyna 0.6280 0.1592 0.542286 0.
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5.10 5.4.2. Social infrastructure H
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5.12 Budge-Budge(Part-II) 0.0000 0.
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5.14 secondary and tertiary activit
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5.16 F i Fˆ i ⎛ Total no. of =
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5.18 Table 5-4: Composite Index of
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5.20 M ′ = H M ′′ = I . S whe
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Chapter Six Mitigation Strategies a
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6.3 Beside these differences in lev
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6.5 • to reduce the destructive f
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6.7 6.2.4. Methods of Construction
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6.9 is attached to the structure. T
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6.11 (b) Medium rivers to armour th
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6.13 Likewise, in all the embankmen
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6.15 Figure 6 -5 Figure 6 -6 Figure
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6.17 Benefit cost ratio Area benefi
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6.19 Location and cost of proposed
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6.21 Swaraupnagar Swaraupnagar 100
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6.23 Gobadia Kakdwip Dk Kasiabad &
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6.25 Location and cost of proposed
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6.27 " Jagaddal " 800 6400000 " Jag
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6.29
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6.31
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6.33
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6.35 Figure 6 -11 Figure 6 -12
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6.37 Figure 6 -15 Figure 6 -16
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6.39 Figure 6 -19 6.2.7. Recommenda
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6.41 4. Rajraj Swarup & Ramnagar Ab
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6.43 project. Such sediment deficit
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6.45 paludosa, Rhizophora apiculata
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6.47 15. Ceriops tagal 0.22 0.40 0.
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6.49 shelterbelt (average 100 m wid
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6.51 (assuming land acquisition cos
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6.53 location are missing reducing
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7.2 resulted in large scale waterlo
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7.4 5. No adverse effect in drainin
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7.6 15 LT Panel L.S. 2,200,000 16 I
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7.8 Bagjola, Kestopur and SWF chann
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Executive Cost Summary of Recommend
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References Kanjilal (2005) “Sunde
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“……………….Designingadis
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